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Sim MM, Mollica MY, Alfar HR, Hollifield M, Chung DW, Fu X, Gandhapudi S, Coenen DM, Prakhya KS, Mahmood DFD, Banerjee M, Peng C, Li X, Thornton AC, Porterfield JZ, Sturgill JL, Sievert GA, Barton-Baxter M, Zheng Z, Campbell KS, Woodward JG, López JA, Whiteheart SW, Garvy BA, Wood JP. Unfolded Von Willebrand Factor Binds Protein S and Reduces Anticoagulant Activity. bioRxiv 2024:2024.02.08.579463. [PMID: 38370737 PMCID: PMC10871343 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.08.579463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Protein S (PS), the critical plasma cofactor for the anticoagulants tissue factor (TF) pathway inhibitor (TFPI) and activated protein C (APC), circulates in two functionally distinct pools: free (anticoagulant) or bound to complement component 4b-binding protein (C4BP) (anti-inflammatory). Acquired free PS deficiency is detected in several viral infections, but its cause is unclear. Here, we identified a shear-dependent interaction between PS and von Willebrand Factor (VWF) by mass spectrometry. Consistently, plasma PS and VWF comigrated in both native and agarose gel electrophoresis. The PS/VWF interaction was blocked by TFPI but not APC, suggesting an interaction with the C-terminal sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) region of PS. Microfluidic systems, mimicking arterial laminar flow or disrupted turbulent flow, demonstrated that PS stably binds VWF as VWF unfolds under turbulent flow. PS/VWF complexes also localized to platelet thrombi under laminar arterial flow. In thrombin generation-based assays, shearing plasma decreased PS activity, an effect not seen in the absence of VWF. Finally, free PS deficiency in COVID-19 patients, measured using an antibody that binds near the C4BP binding site in SHBG, correlated with changes in VWF, but not C4BP, and with thrombin generation. Our data suggest that PS binds to a shear-exposed site on VWF, thus sequestering free PS and decreasing its anticoagulant activity, which would account for the increased thrombin generation potential. As many viral infections present with free PS deficiency, elevated circulating VWF, and increased vascular shear, we propose that the PS/VWF interaction reported here is a likely contributor to virus-associated thrombotic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha M.S. Sim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, KY, USA
| | - Molly Y. Mollica
- Bloodworks Northwest Research Institute, WA, USA
- Division of Hematology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, WA, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, MD, USA
| | - Hammodah R. Alfar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, KY, USA
| | - Melissa Hollifield
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, KY, USA
| | - Dominic W. Chung
- Bloodworks Northwest Research Institute, WA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, WA, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Fu
- Bloodworks Northwest Research Institute, WA, USA
- Division of Hematology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, WA, USA
| | - Siva Gandhapudi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, KY, USA
| | - Daniëlle M. Coenen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, KY, USA
| | | | | | - Meenakshi Banerjee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, KY, USA
| | - Chi Peng
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, KY, USA
| | - Xian Li
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, KY, USA
| | | | - James Z. Porterfield
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, KY, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease, University of Kentucky, KY, USA
| | - Jamie L. Sturgill
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, KY, USA
| | - Gail A. Sievert
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Kentucky, KY, USA
| | | | - Ze Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Kenneth S. Campbell
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Kentucky, KY, USA
| | - Jerold G. Woodward
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, KY, USA
| | - José A. López
- Bloodworks Northwest Research Institute, WA, USA
- Division of Hematology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, WA, USA
| | - Sidney W. Whiteheart
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, KY, USA
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, KY, USA
| | - Beth A. Garvy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, KY, USA
| | - Jeremy P. Wood
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, KY, USA
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, KY, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Gill Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Kentucky, KY, USA
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Cui J, Li H, Zhang G, Zhang Y, Yang L, Sim MM, Wood JP, Wei Y, Li Z, Wu C. Inhibiting NINJ1-dependent plasma membrane rupture protects against inflammasome-induced blood coagulation and inflammation. bioRxiv 2023:2023.08.30.555561. [PMID: 37693519 PMCID: PMC10491273 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.30.555561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Systemic blood coagulation accompanies inflammation during severe infection like sepsis and COVID. We've previously established a link between pyroptosis, a vital defense mechanism against infection, and coagulopathy. During pyroptosis, the formation of gasdermin-D (GSDMD) pores on the plasma membrane leads to the release of tissue factor (TF)-positive microvesicles (MVs) that are procoagulant. Mice lacking GSDMD release fewer TF MVs. However, the specific mechanisms leading from activation of GSDMD to MV release remain unclear. Plasma membrane rupture (PMR) in pyroptosis was recently reported to be actively mediated by the transmembrane protein Ninjurin-1 (NINJ1). Here we show that NINJ1 promotes procoagulant MV release during pyroptosis. Haploinsuffciency or glycine inhibition of NINJ1 limited the release of procoagulant MVs and inflammatory cytokines and protected against blood coagulation and lethality triggered by bacterial flagellin. Our findings suggest a crucial role for NINJ1-dependent PMR in inflammasome-induced blood coagulation and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Cui
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Hua Li
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Guoying Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Martha M.S. Sim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Jeremy P. Wood
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Yinan Wei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Congqing Wu
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
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Sim MM, Wood JP. Dysregulation of Protein S in COVID-19. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2022; 35:101376. [PMID: 36494145 PMCID: PMC9395234 DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2022.101376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been widely associated with increased thrombotic risk, with many different proposed mechanisms. One such mechanism is acquired deficiency of protein S (PS), a plasma protein that regulates coagulation and inflammatory processes, including complement activation and efferocytosis. Acquired PS deficiency is common in patients with severe viral infections and has been reported in multiple studies of COVID-19. This deficiency may be caused by consumption, degradation, or clearance of the protein, by decreased synthesis, or by binding of PS to other plasma proteins, which block its anticoagulant activity. Here, we review the functions of PS, the evidence of acquired PS deficiency in COVID-19 patients, the potential mechanisms of PS deficiency, and the evidence that those mechanisms may be occurring in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha M.S. Sim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jeremy P. Wood
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA,Gill Heart and Vascular Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA,Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA,Corresponding author. University of Kentucky, 741 S Limestone, BBSRB B359, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
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Sim MM, Banerjee M, Myint T, Garvy BA, Whiteheart SW, Wood JP. Total Plasma Protein S Is a Prothrombotic Marker in People Living With HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2022; 90:463-471. [PMID: 35616596 PMCID: PMC9246910 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-1 infection is associated with multiple procoagulant changes and increased thrombotic risk. Possible mechanisms for this risk include heigthened expression of procoagulant tissue factor (TF) on circulating monocytes, extracellular vesicles, and viral particles and/or acquired deficiency of protein S (PS), a critical cofactor for the anticoagulant protein C (PC). PS deficiency occurs in up to 76% of people living with HIV-1 (PLWH). As increased ex vivo plasma thrombin generation is a strong predictor of mortality, we investigated whether PS and plasma TF are associated with plasma thrombin generation. METHODS We analyzed plasma samples from 9 healthy controls, 17 PLWH on first diagnosis (naive), and 13 PLWH on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Plasma thrombin generation, total and free PS, PC, C4b-binding protein, and TF activity were measured. RESULTS We determined that the plasma thrombin generation assay is insensitive to PS, because of a lack of PC activation, and developed a modified PS-sensitive assay. Total plasma PS was reduced in 58% of the naive and 38% of the ART-treated PLWH samples and correlated with increased thrombin generation in the modified assay. Conversely, plasma TF was not increased in our patient population, suggesting that it does not significantly contribute to ex vivo plasma thrombin generation. CONCLUSION These data suggest that reduced total plasma PS contributes to the thrombotic risk associated with HIV-1 infection and can serve as a prothrombotic biomarker. In addition, our refined thrombin generation assay offers a more sensitive tool to assess the functional consequences of acquired PS deficiency in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha M.S. Sim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Meenakshi Banerjee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Thein Myint
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Bluegrass Care Clinic, Kentucky Clinic, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Beth A. Garvy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Sidney W. Whiteheart
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Lexington Veterans’ Affairs Healthcare System, Lexington, KY
| | - Jeremy P. Wood
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Gill Heart and Vascular Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
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Sim MM, Li X, Bidarian SJ, Song X, Banerjee M, Myint T, Whiteheart SW, Wood JP. A Refined Plasma Thrombin Generation Assay Identifies Functional Importance of the First Two EGF‐like Domains of the Anticoagulant Protein S. FASEB J 2020. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.06196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
The first total syntheses of verrucines A and B and anacine (revised structure) were accomplished on Sasrin resin. This work confirmed the structure of verrucine A and unambiguously showed verrucine B to be a derivative of D-phenylalanine and L-glutamine. The study also proved that anacine and its epimer are quinazoline alkaloids, not benzodiazepines as originally proposed. 1-Hydroxyverrucine B, derived from air oxidization of verrucine B, was also isolated and characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 30 Medical Drive, Singapore 117609, Singapore
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lin
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 30 Medical Drive, Singapore 117609, Singapore
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Abstract
A small chemical library has been synthesized and assayed for inhibition of HCV helicase activity. This study provides the structure-activity relationship of the reported inhibitors, with emphasis placed on the aminophenylbenzimidazole moiety and the linkers. Our data highlight the importance of preserving the aminophenylbenzimidazole core and the hydrophobic linkers for biological activity. The development of a robust HCV helicase assay is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Phoon
- Medicinal and Combinatorial Chemistry Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 30Medical Drive, 117609, Singapore
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Sing WT, Lee CL, Yeo SL, Lim SP, Sim MM. Arylalkylidene rhodanine with bulky and hydrophobic functional group as selective HCV NS3 protease inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:91-4. [PMID: 11206478 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00610-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Arylalkylidene rhodanines 2(a-d) inhibit HCV NS3 protease at moderate concentrations. They are better inhibitors of other serine proteases such as chymotrypsin and plasmin. However, the selectivity of arylmethyliden e rhodanines (8a, 9a) with bulkier and more hydrophobic functional groups increases by 13- and 25-fold towards HCV NS3 protease respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- W T Sing
- Medicinal and Combinatorial Chemistry Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore
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Wang H, Lim KL, Yeo SL, Xu X, Sim MM, Ting AE, Wang Y, Yee S, Tan YH, Pallen CJ. Isolation of a novel protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, 2-methyl-fervenulone, and its precursors from Streptomyces. J Nat Prod 2000; 63:1641-1646. [PMID: 11141106 DOI: 10.1021/np000293+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput screening identified an extract from Streptomyces sp. IM 2096 with inhibitory activity toward several protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). Four 1,2,4-triazine compounds 2096A-D (1-4) were isolated from this extract and their structures elucidated by interpretation of spectroscopic data and confirmed by degradation and synthesis. The novel glycocyamidine derivatives 1 and 2 are diastereomers and may interconvert. Both are inactive in the PTP inhibition assay. Compounds 1 and 2 are unstable and partially decompose to 3 and glycocyamidine (5) at room temperature. Compound 3, known as MSD-92 or 2-methyl-fervenulone, is a broad-specificity PTP inhibitor with comparable potency to vanadate. The imidazo[4, 5-e]-1,2,4-triazine (4), inactive in the PTP-inhibition assay, may be a degradation product of 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wang
- Medicinal and Combinatorial Chemistry Laboratory, Cell Regulation Laboratory, Lead Discovery Group, Microbial Collection and Screening Laboratory, Singapore
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Abstract
We are investigating compounds that could be useful in the treatment of neoplastic lesions of the cervix by acting on the oncoprotein E6 of human papillomavirus-16. The E6 protein contains two potential zinc-binding domains that are required for most of its functions. We have published tests that measure (i) the release of zinc ions after chemical alteration of the cysteine groups of these zinc-binding domains (TSQ assay), (ii) the interaction of E6 with the cellular proteins E6AP and E6BP (BIACORE assay), and (iii) the viability of tumor cell lines that require the continuous expression of HPV oncoproteins (WST1 assay). Based on these tests, we identified 4.4'-dithiodimorpholine as a potential lead compound. In this study we examined whether the dithiobisamine moiety of 4,4'-dithiodimorpholine may be an important molecular prerequisite for further drug development in this system. We have evaluated 59 new substances including organic disulfides and those containing the dithiobisamine moiety, as well as structural analogues. The compounds with significant reactivity in all three assays were observed only for dithiobisamine derivatives with saturated cyclic amines and aryl substituted piperazines. The identity of these substances suggests that the N-S-S-N moiety is necessary but not sufficient for reactivity in our assays, and that dithiobisamine based substances are useful as lead compounds that target the cysteine groups of HPV-16 E6 zinc fingers.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Beerheide
- Drug Screen Development Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore.
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Abstract
For the past decade the immune system has been exploited as a rich source of de novo catalysts. Catalytic antibodies have been shown to have chemoselectivity, enantioselectivity, large rate accelerations, and even an ability to reroute chemical reactions. In many instances catalysts have been made for reactions for which there are no known natural or man-made enzymes. Yet, the full power of this combinatorial system can only be exploited if there was a system that allows for the direct selection of a particular function. A method that allows for the direct chemical selection for catalysis from antibody libraries was so devised, whereby the positive aspects of hybridoma technology were preserved and re-formatted in the filamentous phage system to allow direct selection of catalysis. This methodology is based on a purely chemical selection process, making it more general than biologically based selection systems because it is not limited to reaction products that perturb cellular machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Janda
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Chan HSO, Hor TSA, Sim MM, Tan KL, Tan BTG. X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopic Studies of Polyquinazolones: An Assessment of the Degree of Cyclization. Polym J 1990. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.22.883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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