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Kosmidis C, Hashad R, Mathioudakis AG, McCahery T, Richardson MD, Vestbo J. Impact of self-reported environmental mould exposure on COPD outcomes. Pulmonology 2023; 29:375-384. [PMID: 34130917 DOI: 10.1016/j.pulmoe.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indoor and outdoor mould exposure can affect respiratory symptoms, but its contribution to COPD outcomes such as exacerbation rates or antibiotics courses is not well defined. Some patients with COPD develop chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA), but the contribution of environmental exposure is not known. METHODS We correlated activities or exposures related to mould with COPD outcomes in patients with COPD with or without CPA using a questionnaire. RESULTS One hundred and forty patients were included and 60 had CPA in addition to COPD. Seventy-six were male and mean age was 66.9 years (range 40-87). Thirty-nine (28%) were active cigarette smokers. On multivariate analysis, occupational contact with agricultural resources (p = 0.017), vacuuming once weekly or more often (p = 0.026) and not asking visitors to remove shoes on home entry (p = 0.035) were significantly more common in participants reporting ≥ 4 office visits for COPD symptoms in the last year. Living within one mile of industrial composting sites (p = 0.013), vacuuming once weekly or more often (p = 0.016) and not asking visitors to remove shoes on home entry (p = 0.028) were significantly more common in participants reporting ≥4 antibiotics courses in the last year. Patients with CPA showed a trend for residence within one mile of farms or agricultural areas (P = 0.088, OR 2, 95% CI 0.9-4.4). CONCLUSION Activities potentially leading to mould exposure were common in a population with COPD with or without CPA and were associated with adverse COPD outcomes. Environmental mould exposure may play a role in the development of CPA in patients with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kosmidis
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, United Kingdom; National Aspergillosis Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M23 9LT, United Kingdom.
| | - R Hashad
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, United Kingdom; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - A G Mathioudakis
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, United Kingdom; The North West Lung Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M23 9LT, United Kingdom
| | - T McCahery
- National Aspergillosis Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M23 9LT, United Kingdom
| | - M D Richardson
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, United Kingdom; Mycology Reference Centre Manchester, ECMM Excellence Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Southmoor Rd, Manchester M23 9LT, United Kingdom
| | - J Vestbo
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, United Kingdom; The North West Lung Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M23 9LT, United Kingdom
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Vergidis P, Moore CB, Novak-Frazer L, Rautemaa-Richardson R, Walker A, Denning DW, Richardson MD. High-volume culture and quantitative real-time PCR for the detection of Aspergillus in sputum. Clin Microbiol Infect 2019; 26:935-940. [PMID: 31811917 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2019.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sputum culture is an insensitive method for the diagnosis of pulmonary aspergillosis. Growth of the organism allows identification of the causative species and susceptibility testing, both of which can inform treatment choices. The current practice is to culture an aliquot of diluted sputum. We assessed the value of culturing large volumes of unprocessed sputum, a method that we have termed high-volume culture (HVC). METHODS Specimens were processed by conventional culture (using an aliquot of homogenized, diluted sputum on Sabouraud agar at 37°C and 45°C for up to 5 days) and HVC (using undiluted sputum on Sabouraud agar at 30°C for up to 14 days). A separate specimen was tested by quantitative real-time PCR. Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed by the EUCAST standard. RESULTS We obtained sputum specimens from 229 individuals with the following conditions: chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (66.8%, 153/229), allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (25.3%, 58/229) and Aspergillus bronchitis (7.9%, 18/229). Individuals with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis were not included. The positivity rate of conventional culture was 15.7% (36/229, 95% CI 11.6%-21.0%) and that of HVC was 54.2% (124/229, 95% CI 47.7%-60.5%) (p < 0.001). The higher positivity rate of HVC was demonstrated regardless of administration of antifungal treatment. Quantitive real-time PCR had an overall positivity rate of 49.2% (65/132, 95% CI 40.9%-57.7%), comparable to that of HVC. CONCLUSION Detection of Aspergillus spp. in sputum is greatly enhanced by HVC. HVC allows for detection of azole-resistant isolates that would have been missed by conventional culture. This method can be performed in any microbiology laboratory without the need for additional equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vergidis
- National Aspergillosis Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK; Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - C B Moore
- Mycology Reference Centre Manchester, ECMM Excellence Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - L Novak-Frazer
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Mycology Reference Centre Manchester, ECMM Excellence Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - R Rautemaa-Richardson
- National Aspergillosis Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK; Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Mycology Reference Centre Manchester, ECMM Excellence Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - A Walker
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - D W Denning
- National Aspergillosis Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK; Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - M D Richardson
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Mycology Reference Centre Manchester, ECMM Excellence Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.
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Richardson MD, Mattina G, Sarno M, McCalla JH, Karcher DE, Thoms AW, Dickson KH, Sorochan JC. Shade Effects on Overseeded Bermudagrass Athletic Fields: II. Rooting, Species Composition, and Traction. Crop Science 2019. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.2135/cropsci2019.05.0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Richardson
- Dep. of Horticulture; Univ. of Arkansas; 316 Plant Sciences Bldg. Fayetteville AR 72701
| | - Girolamo Mattina
- Dep. of Agricultural and Forest Sciences; Univ. of Palermo; Viale delle Scienze, 13- 90128 Palermo Italy
| | - Mauro Sarno
- Dep. of Agricultural and Forest Sciences; Univ. of Palermo; Viale delle Scienze, 13- 90128 Palermo Italy
| | - John H. McCalla
- Dep. of Horticulture; Univ. of Arkansas; 316 Plant Sciences Bldg. Fayetteville AR 72701
| | - Douglas E. Karcher
- Dep. of Horticulture; Univ. of Arkansas; 316 Plant Sciences Bldg. Fayetteville AR 72701
| | - Adam W. Thoms
- Dep. of Horticulture; Iowa State Univ.; 106 Horticulture Hall Ames IA 50011
| | - Kyley H. Dickson
- Dep. of Plant Science; Univ. of Tennessee; 2431 Joe Johnson Dr. Knoxville TN 37996
| | - John C. Sorochan
- Dep. of Plant Science; Univ. of Tennessee; 2431 Joe Johnson Dr. Knoxville TN 37996
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Boyle PE, Richardson MD, Savin MC, Karcher DE, Potter DA. Ecology and management of earthworm casting on sports turf. Pest Manag Sci 2019; 75:2071-2078. [PMID: 31099176 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Earthworm activity is beneficial in most natural and agricultural systems, but excessive earthworm casting is a problem on sports fields worldwide. Expulsion of soil-rich earthworm fecal matter, or casts, as mounds of soil on the turf canopy can muddy the surface, reduce photosynthesis, and lead to thinning, weed invasion and surface softening. Casts affect ball roll on sports fields, cause fouling of maintenance equipment, and dull mower blades. Build-up of cast material on reel mower units can affect height and quality of cut. Casting activity is dependent on environmental conditions such as soil texture, temperature, moisture, pH, and organic matter. Response to environmental conditions varies by species. Management options are limited, because no pesticides are specifically labeled for earthworm control at this time, and cultural control methods such as soil modification, turfgrass clipping removal, and sand topdressing have limited and inconsistent efficacy. Products containing plant-derived saponins and irritants show promise for earthworm management. Pest management practices to mitigate excessive earthworm casting will likely need to be species-specific, but limited knowledge of earthworm identification by end-users further inhibits the efficacy of control measures. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige E Boyle
- Department of Horticulture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | | | - Mary C Savin
- Department of Crop, Soils, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Douglas E Karcher
- Department of Horticulture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Daniel A Potter
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Pornaro C, Macolino S, Richardson MD. Measuring Stolons and Rhizomes of Turfgrasses Using a Digital Image Analysis System. J Vis Exp 2019. [PMID: 30855572 DOI: 10.3791/58042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Length and diameter of stolons or rhizomes are usually measured using simple rulers and calipers. This procedure is slow and laborious, so it is often used on a limited number of stolons or rhizomes. For this reason, these traits are limited in their use for morphological characterization of plants. The use of digital image analysis software technology may overcome measurement errors due to human mistakes, which tend to increase as the number and size of samples also increase. The protocol can be used for any kind of crop but is particularly suitable for forage or grasses, where plants are small and numerous. Turf samples consist of aboveground biomass and an upper soil layer to the depth of maximum rhizome development, depending on the species of interest. In studies, samples are washed from the soil, and stolons/rhizomes are cleaned by hand before analysis by digital image analysis software. The samples are further dried in a laboratory heating oven to measure dry weight; therefore, for each sample, the resultant data are total length, total dry weight, and average diameter. Scanned images can be corrected before analysis by excluding visible extraneous parts, such as remaining roots or leaves not removed with the cleaning process. Indeed, these fragments normally have much smaller diameters than stolons or rhizomes, so they can be easily excluded from analysis by fixing the minimum diameter below which objects are not considered. Stolon or rhizome density per unit area can then be calculated based on sample size. The advantage of this method is quick and efficient measurement of the length and average diameter of large sample numbers of stolons or rhizomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Pornaro
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals, and Environment, University of Padova;
| | - Stefano Macolino
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals, and Environment, University of Padova
| | - Michael D Richardson
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals, and Environment, University of Padova
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Richardson
- USDA, ARS, Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, R. B. Russell Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 5677, Athens, Georgia 30604-5677
| | - Charles W. Bacon
- USDA, ARS, Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, R. B. Russell Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 5677, Athens, Georgia 30604-5677
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Rodriguez-Goncer I, Thomas S, Foden P, Richardson MD, Ashworth A, Barker J, Geraghty CG, Muldoon EG, Felton TW. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is associated with adverse clinical outcomes in critically ill patients receiving veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 37:1251-1257. [PMID: 29623451 PMCID: PMC6015116 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-018-3241-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
To identify the incidence, risk factors and impact on long-term survival of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) and Aspergillus colonisation in patients receiving vv-extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). A retrospective evaluation was performed of patients receiving vv-ECMO at a tertiary hospital in Manchester (UK) between January 2012 and December 2016. Data collected included epidemiological data, microbiological cultures, radiographic findings and outcomes. Cases were classified as proven IPA, putative IPA or Aspergillus colonisation according to a validated clinical algorithm. One hundred thirty-four patients were supported with vv-ECMO, median age of 45.5 years (range 16.4-73.4). Ten (7%) patients had putative IPA and nine (7%) had Aspergillus colonisation. Half of the patients with putative IPA lacked classical host risk factors for IPA. The median number of days on ECMO prior to Aspergillus isolation was 5 days. Immunosuppression and influenza A infection were significantly associated with developing IPA in a logistic regression model. Cox regression model demonstrates a three times greater hazard of death associated with IPA. Overall 6-month mortality rate was 38%. Patients with putative IPA and colonised patients had a 6-month mortality rate of 80 and 11%, respectively. Immunosuppression and influenza A infection are independent risk factors for IPA. IPA, but not Aspergillus colonisation, is associated with high long-term mortality in patients supported with vv-ECMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Rodriguez-Goncer
- Infectious Diseases Department, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - S Thomas
- Microbiology Department, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - P Foden
- Medical Statistics Department, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - M D Richardson
- Mycology Reference Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - A Ashworth
- Cardiothoracic Critical Care Unit, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - J Barker
- Cardiothoracic Critical Care Unit, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - C G Geraghty
- Manchester Medical School, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - E G Muldoon
- Infectious Diseases Department, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.
- Infectious Diseases Department, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, D07 R2WY, Ireland.
| | - T W Felton
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.
- Cardiothoracic Critical Care Unit, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.
- Acute Intensive Care Unit, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Southmoor Road, Manchester, M23 9LT, UK.
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Oladele RO, Irurhe NK, Foden P, Akanmu AS, Gbaja-Biamila T, Nwosu A, Ekundayo HA, Ogunsola FT, Richardson MD, Denning DW. Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis as a cause of smear-negative TB and/or TB treatment failure in Nigerians. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2018; 21:1056-1061. [PMID: 28826456 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.17.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) as an alternative diagnosis of smear-negative tuberculosis (TB) and treatment failure in TB patients in Nigeria. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional multicentre survey in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive and negative adult patients at the end of their TB treatment in clinics in Lagos and Ilorin states. All were assessed using clinical examination, chest X-ray (CXR) and aspergillus immunoglobulin G (IgG) serology, and some for sputum fungal culture. CPA was defined as a positive Aspergillus fumigatus IgG titre with compatible CXR or a positive sputum culture of Aspergillus with a visible fungal ball on CXR with symptoms of underlying lung disease. RESULTS Of 208 patients recruited between June 2014 and May 2015, 153 (73.6%) were HIV-positive. The mean age was 39.8 years, 124 (59.6%) were female and 39 (18.8%) were unable to work. The median CD4 count was 169.5 cells/ml (range 4-593) in HIV-infected patients with positive Aspergillus IgG. Overall, 109 (52.4%) had documented TB, 140 (67.3%) had a productive cough and 50 had haemoptysis. CPA prevalence was 8.7%; 10 (6.5%) had HIV infection and 8 (14.5%) were HIV-negative (Fisher's exact P = 0.092). CONCLUSION CPA is a neglected disease in Nigeria, and most cases match the World Health Organization diagnostic criteria for smear-negative TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- R O Oladele
- College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester
| | - N K Irurhe
- College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - P Foden
- Medical Statistics Department, University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - A S Akanmu
- College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | - A Nwosu
- College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | - F T Ogunsola
- College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - M D Richardson
- Mycology Reference Centre Manchester, University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, National Aspergillosis Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - D W Denning
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, National Aspergillosis Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Royce S, Falzon D, van Weezenbeek C, Dara M, Hyder K, Hopewell P, Richardson MD, Zignol M. Multidrug resistance in new tuberculosis patients: burden and implications. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2013; 17:511-3. [PMID: 23485384 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.12.0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2010, 30 countries with anti-tuberculosis drug resistance surveillance data were each estimated to have more than 700 multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) cases among their notified TB cases. New TB patients comprised a median of 54% (interquartile range 45-67) of the MDR-TB cases. The occurrence of MDR-TB in a new TB patient is a warning sign that MDR-TB is spreading in a community. While MDR-TB case-finding efforts should first prioritize previously treated patients, reaching universal access requires rapidly adding other risk groups, and then all new TB patients. Epidemiological data as presented in this paper can help inform country scale-up plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Royce
- Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94105, USA.
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Lortholary O, Petrikkos G, Akova M, Arendrup MC, Arikan-Akdagli S, Bassetti M, Bille J, Calandra T, Castagnola E, Cornely OA, Cuenca-Estrella M, Donnelly JP, Garbino J, Groll AH, Herbrecht R, Hope WW, Jensen HE, Kullberg BJ, Lass-Flörl C, Meersseman W, Richardson MD, Roilides E, Verweij PE, Viscoli C, Ullmann AJ. ESCMID* guideline for the diagnosis and management of Candida diseases 2012: patients with HIV infection or AIDS. Clin Microbiol Infect 2013; 18 Suppl 7:68-77. [PMID: 23137138 DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal candidiasis is frequent in immunocompromised HIV-infected highly active antiretroviral (HAART) naive patients or those who have failed therapy. Mucosal candidiasis is a marker of progressive immune deficiency. Because of the frequently marked and prompt immune reconstitution induced by HAART, there is no recommendation for primary antifungal prophylaxis of mucosal candidiasis in the HIV setting in Europe, although it has been evidenced as effective in the pre-HAART era. Fluconazole remains the first line of therapy for both oropharyngeal candidiasis and oesophageal candidiasis and should be preferred to itraconazole oral solution (or capsules when not available) due to fewer side effects. For patients who still present with fluconazole-refractory mucosal candidiasis, oral treatment with any other azole should be preferred based on precise Candida species identification and susceptibility testing results in addition to the optimization of HAART when feasible. For vaginal candidiasis, topical therapy is preferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Lortholary
- Université Paris Descartes, Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Necker-Enfants malades, APHP, Centre d'Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, IHU Imagine, Paris, France.
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Ullmann AJ, Akova M, Herbrecht R, Viscoli C, Arendrup MC, Arikan-Akdagli S, Bassetti M, Bille J, Calandra T, Castagnola E, Cornely OA, Donnelly JP, Garbino J, Groll AH, Hope WW, Jensen HE, Kullberg BJ, Lass-Flörl C, Lortholary O, Meersseman W, Petrikkos G, Richardson MD, Roilides E, Verweij PE, Cuenca-Estrella M. ESCMID* guideline for the diagnosis and management of Candida diseases 2012: adults with haematological malignancies and after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT). Clin Microbiol Infect 2013; 18 Suppl 7:53-67. [PMID: 23137137 DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Fungal diseases still play a major role in morbidity and mortality in patients with haematological malignancies, including those undergoing haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Although Aspergillus and other filamentous fungal diseases remain a major concern, Candida infections are still a major cause of mortality. This part of the ESCMID guidelines focuses on this patient population and reviews pertaining to prophylaxis, empirical/pre-emptive and targeted therapy of Candida diseases. Anti-Candida prophylaxis is only recommended for patients receiving allogeneic stem cell transplantation. The authors recognize that the recommendations would have most likely been different if the purpose would have been prevention of all fungal infections (e.g. aspergillosis). In targeted treatment of candidaemia, recommendations for treatment are available for all echinocandins, that is anidulafungin (AI), caspofungin (AI) and micafungin (AI), although a warning for resistance is expressed. Liposomal amphotericin B received a BI recommendation due to higher number of reported adverse events in the trials. Amphotericin B deoxycholate should not be used (DII); and fluconazole was rated CI because of a change in epidemiology in some areas in Europe. Removal of central venous catheters is recommended during candidaemia but if catheter retention is a clinical necessity, treatment with an echinocandin is an option (CII(t) ). In chronic disseminated candidiasis therapy, recommendations are liposomal amphotericin B for 8 weeks (AIII), fluconazole for >3 months or other azoles (BIII). Granulocyte transfusions are only an option in desperate cases of patients with Candida disease and neutropenia (CIII).
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Ullmann
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Julius-Maximilians-University, Würzburg, Germany.
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Cornely OA, Bassetti M, Calandra T, Garbino J, Kullberg BJ, Lortholary O, Meersseman W, Akova M, Arendrup MC, Arikan-Akdagli S, Bille J, Castagnola E, Cuenca-Estrella M, Donnelly JP, Groll AH, Herbrecht R, Hope WW, Jensen HE, Lass-Flörl C, Petrikkos G, Richardson MD, Roilides E, Verweij PE, Viscoli C, Ullmann AJ. ESCMID* guideline for the diagnosis and management of Candida diseases 2012: non-neutropenic adult patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 2013; 18 Suppl 7:19-37. [PMID: 23137135 DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 830] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This part of the EFISG guidelines focuses on non-neutropenic adult patients. Only a few of the numerous recommendations can be summarized in the abstract. Prophylactic usage of fluconazole is supported in patients with recent abdominal surgery and recurrent gastrointestinal perforations or anastomotic leakages. Candida isolation from respiratory secretions alone should never prompt treatment. For the targeted initial treatment of candidaemia, echinocandins are strongly recommended while liposomal amphotericin B and voriconazole are supported with moderate, and fluconazole with marginal strength. Treatment duration for candidaemia should be a minimum of 14 days after the end of candidaemia, which can be determined by one blood culture per day until negativity. Switching to oral treatment after 10 days of intravenous therapy has been safe in stable patients with susceptible Candida species. In candidaemia, removal of indwelling catheters is strongly recommended. If catheters cannot be removed, lipid-based amphotericin B or echinocandins should be preferred over azoles. Transoesophageal echocardiography and fundoscopy should be performed to detect organ involvement. Native valve endocarditis requires surgery within a week, while in prosthetic valve endocarditis, earlier surgery may be beneficial. The antifungal regimen of choice is liposomal amphotericin B +/- flucytosine. In ocular candidiasis, liposomal amphotericin B +/- flucytosine is recommended when the susceptibility of the isolate is unknown, and in susceptible isolates, fluconazole and voriconazole are alternatives. Amphotericin B deoxycholate is not recommended for any indication due to severe side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Cornely
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Clinical Trials Centre Cologne, ZKS Köln, BMBF 01KN1106, Center for Integrated Oncology CIO KölnBonn, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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14
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Cuenca-Estrella M, Verweij PE, Arendrup MC, Arikan-Akdagli S, Bille J, Donnelly JP, Jensen HE, Lass-Flörl C, Richardson MD, Akova M, Bassetti M, Calandra T, Castagnola E, Cornely OA, Garbino J, Groll AH, Herbrecht R, Hope WW, Kullberg BJ, Lortholary O, Meersseman W, Petrikkos G, Roilides E, Viscoli C, Ullmann AJ. ESCMID* guideline for the diagnosis and management of Candida diseases 2012: diagnostic procedures. Clin Microbiol Infect 2013; 18 Suppl 7:9-18. [PMID: 23137134 DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
As the mortality associated with invasive Candida infections remains high, it is important to make optimal use of available diagnostic tools to initiate antifungal therapy as early as possible and to select the most appropriate antifungal drug. A panel of experts of the European Fungal Infection Study Group (EFISG) of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) undertook a data review and compiled guidelines for the clinical utility and accuracy of different diagnostic tests and procedures for detection of Candida infections. Recommendations about the microbiological investigation and detection of candidaemia, invasive candidiasis, chronic disseminated candidiasis, and oropharyngeal, oesophageal, and vaginal candidiasis were included. In addition, remarks about antifungal susceptibility testing and therapeutic drug monitoring were made.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cuenca-Estrella
- Servicio de Micología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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15
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Baxter CG, Denning DW, Jones AM, Todd A, Moore CB, Richardson MD. Performance of two Aspergillus IgG EIA assays compared with the precipitin test in chronic and allergic aspergillosis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2013; 19:E197-204. [PMID: 23331929 DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Detection of Aspergillus IgG antibodies is important in the diagnosis of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Immunoprecipitation techniques to detect these antibodies appear to lack sensitivity and accurate quantitation compared with enzyme immunoassays (EIA). This study assessed the performance of two commercial EIAs compared with counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE). This was a prospective cohort study of 175 adult patients with chronic or allergic pulmonary aspergillosis. Aspergillus IgG antibodies were detected using CIE, Phadia ImmunoCap Aspergillus IgG and Bio-Rad Platelia Aspergillus IgG. Inter-assay reproducibility was determined for each method and 25 patients had two serum samples analysed within a 6-month interval. When compared with CIE, both ImmunoCap and Platelia Aspergillus IgG had good sensitivity (97 and 93%, respectively) for detection of Aspergillus IgG antibodies. The level of agreement between the two EIAs for positive results was good, but the concentration of antibodies was not correlated between the tests or with CIE titre. ImmunoCap IgG inter-assay coefficient of variation was 5%, whereas Platelia IgG was 33%. Median ImmunoCap IgG values for CPA and allergic aspergillosis were 95 and 32 mg/L, respectively, whereas Platelia IgG values were >80 and 6 AU/mL. The direction of CIE titre change over 6 months was mirrored by ImmunoCap IgG levels in 92% of patients, and by Platelia IgG in 72% of patients. Both ImmunoCap and Platelia Aspergillus IgG EIAs are sensitive measures of Aspergillus IgG antibodies compared with CIE. However, ImmunoCap appears to have better reproducibility and may be more suitable for monitoring patient disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Baxter
- The National Aspergillosis Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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16
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Trappe JM, Karcher DE, Richardson MD, Patton AJ. Shade and Traffic Tolerance Varies for Bermudagrass and Zoysiagrass Cultivars. Crop Sci 2011. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.2135/cropsci2010.05.0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jon M. Trappe
- Dep. of Agronomy Purdue Univ.; 915 W. State St. West Lafayette IN 47907-2054
| | - Douglas E. Karcher
- Dep. of Horticulture; Univ. of Arkansas; 316 Plant Sciences Bldg. Fayetteville AR 72701
| | - Michael D. Richardson
- Dep. of Horticulture; Univ. of Arkansas; 316 Plant Sciences Bldg. Fayetteville AR 72701
| | - Aaron J. Patton
- Dep. of Agronomy Purdue Univ.; 915 W. State St. West Lafayette IN 47907-2054
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17
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Migliori GB, Sotgiu G, Jaramillo E, Mirzayev F, Centis R, Colvin C, Richardson MD. Development of a standardised multidrug-resistant/extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis assessment and monitoring tool. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2009; 13:1305-1308. [PMID: 19793438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis (TB) threaten global TB control. The MDR/XDR-TB Assessment and Monitoring Tool was developed to standardise evaluations of country capacity to prevent, diagnose and treat MDR/XDR-TB and identify program gaps. It provides data to guide national plans, generates baseline data to measure progress, provides information for Green Light Committee (GLC) and Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria applications, guides technical assistance and informs donor investment. In field testing, the tool scoring system performed equally well in high- and low-prevalence settings. This GLC-endorsed tool supports global efforts to contain MDR/XDR-TB and is useful in developing national MDR/XDR-TB control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Migliori
- Fondazione S Maugeri, Care and Research Institute, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for TB and Lung Diseases, Tradate, Italy
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- DT Roberts
- Department of Dermatology, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - MD Richardson
- Medical Mycology Unit, Anderson College, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - PK Dwyer
- Department of Dermatology, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - R Donegan
- Medical Mycology Unit, Anderson College, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
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19
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Migliori GB, Eker B, Richardson MD, Sotgiu G, Zellweger JP, Skrahina A, Ortmann J, Girardi E, Hoffmann H, Besozzi G, Bevilacqua N, Kirsten D, Centis R, Lange C. A retrospective TBNET assessment of linezolid safety, tolerability and efficacy in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Eur Respir J 2009; 34:387-93. [PMID: 19282348 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00009509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Linezolid is used to treat patients with multidrug-resistant (MDR)/extensively drug-resistant (XDR)-tuberculosis (TB) cases, although clinical data on its safety, tolerability and efficacy are lacking. We performed a retrospective, nonrandomised, unblinded observational study evaluating the safety and tolerability of linezolid at 600 mg q.d. or b.i.d. in MDR/XDR-TB treatment in four European countries. Efficacy evaluation compared end-points of 45 linezolid-treated against 110 linezolid-nontreated cases. Out of 195 MDR/XDR-TB patients, 85 were treated with linezolid for a mean of 221 days. Of these, 35 (41.2%) out of 85 experienced major side-effects attributed to linezolid (anaemia, thrombocytopenia and/or polyneuropathy), requiring discontinuation in 27 (77%) cases. Most side-effects occurred after 60 days of treatment. Twice-daily administration produced more major side-effects than once-daily dosing (p = 0.0004), with no difference in efficacy found. Outcomes were similar in patients treated with/without linezolid (p = 0.8), although linezolid-treated cases had more first-line (p = 0.002) and second-line (p = 0.02) drug resistance and a higher number of previous treatment regimens (4.5 versus 2.3; p = 0.07). Linezolid 600 mg q.d. added to an individualised multidrug regimen may improve the chance of bacteriological conversion, providing a better chance of treatment success in only the most complicated MDR/XDR-TB cases. Its safety profile does not warrant use in cases for which there are other, safer, alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Migliori
- WHO Collaborating Centre for TB and Lung Diseases, Fondazione S. Maugeri, Care and Research Institute, Tradate, Italy
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20
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Sotgiu G, Ferrara G, Matteelli A, Richardson MD, Centis R, Ruesch-Gerdes S, Toungoussova O, Zellweger JP, Spanevello A, Cirillo D, Lange C, Migliori GB. Epidemiology and clinical management of XDR-TB: a systematic review by TBNET. Eur Respir J 2009; 33:871-81. [PMID: 19251779 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00168008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) is present in all regions and poses serious challenges for public health and clinical management. Laboratory diagnosis is difficult and little evidence exists to guide clinicians in treating people with XDR-TB effectively. To summarise the available data on diagnosis and treatment, the current authors performed a systematic review on 13 recent studies of the epidemiology and clinical management of XDR-TB. Studies that met inclusion criteria were reviewed, in order to assess methodology, treatment regimens and treatment outcomes. Meta-analysis of currently available data is not possible because of inconsistent definitions and methodologies. Data show that XDR-TB can be successfully treated in up to 65% of patients, particularly those who are not co-infected with HIV. However, treatment duration is longer and outcomes are in general poorer than for non-XDR TB patients. To strengthen the evidence for extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis diagnosis, treatment and prevention, future studies should: 1) be prospective in design; 2) adopt standardised, internationally accepted definitions; 3) use quality-assured laboratory testing for all first- and second-line drugs; and 4) collect data on an agreed-upon set of standard variables, allowing for comparisons across studies. Early diagnosis and aggressive management of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis provide the best chance of positive outcome, but prevention is still paramount.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sotgiu
- Hygiene and Preventive Medicine Institute, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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21
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Ogden RK, Coblentz WK, Coffey KP, Turner JE, Scarbrough DA, Jennings JA, Richardson MD. Ruminal in situ disappearance kinetics of nitrogen and neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen from common crabgrass forages sampled on seven dates in northern Arkansas1. J Anim Sci 2006; 84:669-77. [PMID: 16478959 DOI: 10.2527/2006.843669x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Southern crabgrass (Digitaria ciliaris [Retz.] Koel.) is often an undesirable species in field and forage crops, but visual observations suggest that livestock prefer it to many other summer forages. The objectives of this study were to assess the nutritive value of crabgrass sampled weekly between July 11 and August 22, 2001 and then to determine ruminal in situ disappearance kinetics of N and neutral detergent insoluble N (NDIN) for these forages. A secondary objective was to compare these kinetic estimates for crabgrass with those of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers.), and or-chardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) as control hays. All kinetic evaluations were conducted with 5 ruminally cannulated Gelbvieh x Angus x Brangus steers (383 +/- 22.7 kg). Concentrations of N for crabgrass decreased linearly (P < or = 0.002) across sampling dates for leaf, stem, and whole-plant tissues. Conversely, percentages of the total N pool within NDIN and ADIN fractions generally increased over sampling dates in mostly linear patterns. For crabgrass, the immediately soluble portion of the total N pool (fraction A; overall mean = 54.6% of N) was greater (P < 0.001) than for all control hays. Crabgrass exhibited a more rapid N disappearance rate (overall mean = 0.093/h; expressed as a proportion disappearing/h) than that of bermudagrass (0.046/h; P < 0.001), but the disappearance rate for alfalfa N (0.223/h) was considerably faster (P < 0.001) than for crabgrass. The effective ruminal disappearance of N was greater (P < 0.001) for crabgrass (overall mean = 85.4%) than for the alfalfa (83.3%), bermudagrass (72.3%), or orchardgrass (76.0%) control hays. For alfalfa, the ruminal disappearance rate of NDIN (0.150/h) was more rapid (P < 0.001) than for crabgrass (overall mean = 0.110/h); however, the disappearance rate for crabgrass was faster than that for bermudagrass (0.072/h; P < 0.001) or for orchardgrass (0.098/h; P = 0.010). Effective ruminal disappearance of NDIN was greater (P < 0.001) for crabgrass (overall mean = 72.0%) than for the bermudagrass (69.0%) or alfalfa hays (50.5%), but there was no difference (P = 0.865) between crabgrass and orchardgrass (72.1%). Although crabgrass forages exhibited concentrations of total N that were comparable with those of alfalfa and rates of ruminal N disappearance that were < 50% of those for the alfalfa hay control, improvements in N use efficiency relative to alfalfa are questionable because of the excessively large Fraction A for crabgrass.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Ogden
- Division of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, 72701, USA
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22
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Urquhart DM, Edwards ER, Graves SE, Williamson OD, McNeil JJ, Kossmann T, Richardson MD, Harrison DJ, Hart MJ, Cicuttini FM. Characterisation of orthopaedic trauma admitted to adult level 1 trauma centres. Injury 2006; 37:120-7. [PMID: 16414050 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2005.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2005] [Accepted: 10/19/2005] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the vast number of traumatic injuries that are orthopaedic in nature, comprehensive epidemiological data that characterise orthopaedic trauma are limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the nature of orthopaedic trauma admitted to adult Level 1 Trauma Centres. METHODS Data were obtained from the Victorian Orthopaedic Trauma Outcomes Registry (VOTOR), which includes all patients with orthopaedic trauma admitted to the two adult Level 1 Trauma Centres in Victoria (Australia). Information was collected from the medical record and hospital databases on patients' demographics and injury event, diagnoses and management. RESULTS Data were analysed on 784 patients recruited between August 2003 and March 2004. Patients were mainly young (<65 years) (70.7%), male (59.1%) and injured in a transport collision (51.3%). Fractures of the femur (23.7%) and spine (23.5%) were the most common injuries and were predominately managed with operative (87.6%) and conservative (78.8%) methods, respectively. Differences in most parameters were evident between younger (<65 years) and older (> or =65 years) patients. CONCLUSIONS This study presents epidemiological data on patients with orthopaedic trauma who were admitted to adult Level 1 Trauma Centres. This information is critical for the future monitoring and evaluation of the outcomes of orthopaedic trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Urquhart
- Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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23
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Best AI, Richardson MD, Boudreau BP, Judd AG, Leifer I, Lyons AP, Martens CS, Orange DL, Wheeler SJ. Shallow seabed methane gas could pose coastal hazard. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006eo220001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Ogden RK, Coblentz WK, Coffey KP, Turner JE, Scarbrough DA, Jennings JA, Richardson MD. Ruminal in situ disappearance kinetics of dry matter and fiber in growing steers for common crabgrass forages sampled on seven dates in northern Arkansas1. J Anim Sci 2005; 83:1142-52. [PMID: 15827259 DOI: 10.2527/2005.8351142x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Southern crabgrass (Digitaria ciliaris [Retz.] Koel.) is often viewed as an undesirable weed, largely because it encroaches upon field and forage crops, gardens, and lawns. However, visual observations of livestock grazing mixed-species pastures suggest that cattle seem to prefer crabgrass to many other summer forages. The objectives of this study were to assess the nutritive value of crabgrass sampled weekly between July 11, and August 22, 2001, and then to determine ruminal in situ disappearance kinetics of DM and NDF for these crabgrass forages. A secondary objective was to compare these kinetic estimates with those of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers.), and orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) control hays. All forages were evaluated in situ using five (383 +/- 22.7 kg) ruminally cannulated crossbred (Gelbvieh x Angus x Brangus) steers. Whole-plant crabgrass exhibited more rapid (P < or = 0.002) ruminal disappearance rates of DM (overall range = 0.069 to 0.084 h(-1)) than did bermudagrass (0.054 h(-1)) and orchardgrass (0.060 h(-1)) hays, but disappearance rates were slower (P < 0.001) for crabgrass than for alfalfa hay (0.143 h(-1)). Effective ruminal disappearance of DM was greater (P < 0.001) for crabgrass (overall range = 69.3 to 75.4%) than for all the control hays. Similarly, disappearance rates of NDF for crabgrass (overall range = 0.069 to 0.086 h(-1)) were more rapid (P < 0.001) than observed for bermudagrass and orchardgrass hays; however, NDF in alfalfa disappeared at a faster (P < 0.001) rate (0.107 h(-1)) than crabgrass. These results indicate that crabgrass offers greater effective ruminal degradability of DM and NDF than orchardgrass or alfalfa of moderate quality. More importantly, it potentially offers faster and more extensive ruminal disappearance than perennial warm-season grasses typically found throughout the southeastern United States, and it should likely support improved performance by ruminant livestock in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Ogden
- Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, 72701, USA
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25
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Cuenca-Estrella M, Moore CB, Barchiesi F, Bille J, Chryssanthou E, Denning DW, Donnelly JP, Dromer F, Dupont B, Rex JH, Richardson MD, Sancak B, Verweij PE, Rodríguez-Tudela JL. Multicenter evaluation of the reproducibility of the proposed antifungal susceptibility testing method for fermentative yeasts of the Antifungal Susceptibility Testing Subcommittee of the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AFST-EUCAST). Clin Microbiol Infect 2003; 9:467-74. [PMID: 12848721 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-0691.2003.00592.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the intra- and inter-laboratory reproducibility of a new standard for susceptibility testing of fermentative yeasts. This standard is based on the M27-A procedure of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS), but incorporates several modifications, including spectrophotometric growth-dependent endpoint reading. METHODS Nine laboratories participated in the study. Common material lots were used to test six Candida species (one each of C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata, C. krusei, and C. lusitaniae), and two quality control strains (C. krusei ATCC6258 and C. parapsilosis ATCC22019). Triplicate testing on three separate days was performed in microtiter format with RPMI-2% glucose, pH 7.0. Flucytosine, fluconazole and itraconazole were tested. In total, 3888 MIC values were included in the analyses. Reproducibility was calculated by means of agreement (percentage of MICs within one two-fold dilution of the mode) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC, maximum value of 1). RESULTS The average intra-laboratory agreements were 99% and 96% after 24 h and 48 h of incubation, respectively, with ICCs of 0.98 and 0.97 (P < 0.05). Two strains exhibiting a trailing effect showed intra-laboratory agreement of 92% and ICCs of < 0.91 at 48 h. The inter-laboratory agreement was 94% and 88% after 24 h and 48 h, respectively, with ICCs of 0.93 and 0.91 (P < 0.05). Lower values of agreement and ICCs were obtained for strains exhibiting trailing after 48 h of incubation. Itraconazole yielded the lowest values of reproducibility. CONCLUSION The new procedure of EUCAST for antifungal susceptibility testing is a reproducible method within and between laboratories and offers several advantages over the NCCLS approved method.
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26
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Kilts JD, Gerhardt MA, Richardson MD, Sreeram G, Mackensen GB, Grocott HP, White WD, Davis RD, Newman MF, Reves JG, Schwinn DA, Kwatra MM. Beta(2)-adrenergic and several other G protein-coupled receptors in human atrial membranes activate both G(s) and G(i). Circ Res 2000; 87:705-9. [PMID: 11029407 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.87.8.705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac G protein-coupled receptors that couple to Galpha(s) and stimulate cAMP formation (eg, beta-adrenergic, histamine, serotonin, and glucagon receptors) play a key role in cardiac inotropy. Recent studies in rodent cardiac myocytes and transfected cells have revealed that one of these receptors, the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor (AR), also couples to the inhibitory G protein Galpha(i) (activation of which inhibits cAMP formation). If beta(2)ARs could be shown to couple to Galpha(i) in the human heart, it would have important ramifications, because levels of Galpha(i) increase with age and in failing human heart. Therefore, we investigated whether beta(2)ARs in the human heart activate Galpha(i). By photoaffinity labeling human atrial membranes with [(32)P]azidoanilido-GTP, followed by immunoprecipitation with antibodies specific for Galpha(i), we found that Galpha(i) is activated by stimulation of beta(2)ARs but not of beta(1)ARs. In addition, we found that other Galpha(s)-coupled receptors also couple to Galpha(i), including histamine, serotonin, and glucagon. When coupling of these receptors to Galpha(i) is disrupted by pertussis toxin, their ability to stimulate adenylyl cyclase is enhanced. These data provide the first evidence that beta(2)AR and many other Galpha(s)-coupled receptors in human atrium also couple to Galpha(i) and that abolishing the coupling of these receptors to Galpha(i) increases the receptor-mediated adenylyl cyclase activity.
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MESH Headings
- Adenylate Cyclase Toxin
- Adenylyl Cyclases/metabolism
- Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Antagonists
- Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Antagonists
- Adrenergic beta-Agonists/pharmacology
- Aged
- Atrial Appendage/chemistry
- Atrial Appendage/metabolism
- Cell Membrane/chemistry
- Dobutamine/pharmacology
- Ethanolamines/pharmacology
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go/metabolism
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs/metabolism
- Humans
- Isoproterenol/pharmacology
- Middle Aged
- Myocardial Contraction/physiology
- Pertussis Toxin
- Photoaffinity Labels
- Precipitin Tests
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/analysis
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/analysis
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/analysis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Glucagon/metabolism
- Receptors, Histamine/metabolism
- Receptors, Serotonin/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Virulence Factors, Bordetella/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Kilts
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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27
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Abstract
A series of studies was conducted to test the antifungal activity of clavicipitaceous endophytes and to identify potential fungal inhibitors in this symbiotic infection. A diverse group of endophytes was screened for antifungal activity using organic extracts from liquid fermentation cultures. Fungal inhibitors were purified from fermentation cultures of Epichloë festucae using a bioassay-directed extraction with Cryphonectria parasitica as the test organism. Compounds shown to have antifungal activity were subsequently identified using NMR and GC-MS. Extracts from a wide range of fungal isolates had various degrees of antifungal activity, but the greatest antifungal activity was observed in E. festucae and Neotyphodium tembladerae. Three types of inhibitors were isolated from a batch culture of E. festucae, including several indole derivatives, a sesquiterpene, and a diacetamide. Among the indole derivatives, indole-3-acetic acid and indole-3-ethanol were identified as the major indoles. These compounds were previously reported in endophytic fungi, and this study suggests a role in host disease resistance against other pathogens. The diversity in fungal inhibitors produced by this endophyte also suggests that fungal inhibitors may act additively or synergistically to reduce colonization of endophyte-infected hosts by potential fungal competitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Yue
- Departments of Plant Science and Plant Pathology, Cook College, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
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28
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Salonen JH, Richardson MD, Gallacher K, Issakainen J, Helenius H, Lehtonen OP, Nikoskelainen J. Fungal colonization of haematological patients receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy: emergence of azole-resistant Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Hosp Infect 2000; 45:293-301. [PMID: 10973747 DOI: 10.1053/jhin.1999.0718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Fungal colonization during cytotoxic chemotherapy was studied in 42 patients with a recent diagnosis of a haematological malignancy. In total, 2759 surveillance cultures were taken from the nostrils, throat, urine, stool and perineal region. Seven hundred and ninety-six positive surveillance cultures (28.9%) yielded 968 fungal isolates. The rate of fungal colonization did not differ between patients with acute leukaemia, patients with other haematological malignancies and control patients in the same ward at admission (71% vs. 67% vs. 80%). Patients with acute leukaemia were colonized at a significantly lower rate in samples from the throat (32%), urine (10%), stool (45%) and perineum (29%) taken during hospitalization when compared with other haematological patients (respective values 58%, 21%, 67% and 45%; P-values 0.001). This could be attributed to differences in the use of antifungal drugs. Although 21/42 (50%) of our patients had multiple-site fungal colonization at the end of follow-up, only one systemic Candida infection was diagnosed. Extensive use of antifungal treatment may have influenced the low incidence of systemic fungal infections during the follow-up. In addition to Candida species, Malassezia furfur, Geotrichum candidum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were frequently isolated. The rate of S. cerevisiae isolation increased significantly over time after admission (1%, vs. 18% of isolates, P<0.001), suggesting hospital-acquired transmission. These isolates were highly resistant to azole antifungals (MIC90 128 microg/mL for fluconazole and 16 microg/ml, for itraconazole), and caused persistent multiple site colonization in 12 patients. Extensive use of antifungal agents in a haematological ward may keep the incidence of invasive fungal infections low in spite of heavy fungal colonization. However, there may be a risk of emergence of resistant fungal strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Salonen
- Department of Medicine, Turku University Central Hospital, Finland.
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Abstract
Air sampling and surveillance cultures for fungi were performed in a Scottish general haematology ward over a five-month period in 1997. The mean total fungal count from the air sampling appeared to be correlated with the number of patients colonized by Aspergillus. The most commonly isolated species were Aspergillus versicolor, A. fumigatus and A. niger. Rooms with portable air filtration units had significantly lower total fungal counts than the others. Swabs were taken from 70 patients (mean age 62 years); 114 of the 563 cultures (20.2%) were positive. The most commonly isolated species were A. fumigatus, Candida albicans, C. glabrata and C. parapsilosis. Samples taken from the tongue and perineum showed colonization more often than those taken from the nostrils. Almost half the patients (48.6%) were colonized on, or within seven days of, admission; 11.4% became colonized whilst on the unit. One patient developed fatal aspergillosis. We conclude that colonization or high air-borne spore concentrations are not necessarily predictive of fungal infection but may prompt early treatment or more aggressive prophylaxis of potentially fatal invasive infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Richardson
- Regional Mycology Reference Laboratory, Western Infirmary, Glasgow, UK.
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Abstract
Nosocomially acquired aspergillosis typically occurs in the setting of treatment for leukaemia or other haematological malignancy. As Aspergillus species can be readily found in the environment, it has been widely believed that aspergillosis occurs as a consequence of exogenous acquisition of the fungus. Stringent environmental controls in transplant units have included high-efficiency air filtration, positive-pressure ventilation and frequent room air changes. Although there have been several well-documented examples of aspergillosis outbreaks as a result of hospital demolition and reconstruction, it has not always been possible to demonstrate elevated spore counts in clinical areas during building work. The sampling of air for Aspergillus is very problematic. Careful attention must be given to the design of air sampler, sampling protocols and an understanding of air sampling data. This review outlines many of the physical and environmental parameters that influence meaningful air sampling and recommends a simple procedure that has been tried and tested in many aspergillosis outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Morris
- Environmental Health, Scottish Centre for Infection and Environmental Health, Glasgow, UK
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Abstract
Profound and prolonged neutropenia following chemotherapy is a major risk factor for systemic fungal infections. Mortality associated with disseminated fungal infection is high, and treatment with conventional amphotericin B is complicated by renal toxicity. Candida and Aspergillus are among the major pathogens in these patients. Many patients remaining neutropenic over a prolonged period of time will receive empirical antifungal therapy. The clinical and laboratory diagnoses of these infections are neither sensitive nor specific and are generally limited in the early detection of invasive fungal infection. However, several new approaches to diagnosis are being developed, which should be translated into routine practice, based on a greater understanding of the pathogenesis of systemic fungal infection and virulence determinants of fungal pathogens. These include antigen detection and polymerase chain reaction. Patients with presumed fungal infection require more intense and accurate monitoring for signs of disseminated infection. Early diagnosis may guide appropriate treatment and prevent mortality. Continued development of commercial tests should help achieve the objective of definitive diagnostic tests for systemic fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Richardson
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Richardson MD, Kokki MH. Lipid preparations of amphotericin for the treatment of fungal infections. Br J Haematol 1999; 105:847-9. [PMID: 10354163 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.1999.1498a.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- MD Richardson
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki
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Abstract
Profound and prolonged neutropenia following chemotherapy is a major risk factor for systemic fungal infections. Mortality associated with disseminated fungal infection is high and treatment with conventional amphotericin B is complicated by renal toxicity. Candida and Aspergillus are among the major pathogens in this patient population. Many patients remaining neutropenic over a prolonged period of time will receive empirical antifungal therapy. The clinical and laboratory diagnosis of these infections are neither sensitive nor specific and are generally limited in the early detection of invasive fungal infection. However, several new approaches to diagnosis are being developed which should be translated into routine practice. These include antigen detection and PCR. It is still unclear how effective the various measures that are currently being used are in preventing serious fungal infection. Refinements in the prophylactic use of fluconazole, itraconazole and aerosolized amphoteric in B, and the introduction of new formulations of existing antifungals may reduce the incidence of systemic fungal infections in some patient groups. Patients with presumed fungal infection require more intense and accurate monitoring for signs of disseminated infection. Early diagnosis may guide appropriate treatment and prevent mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Richardson
- Department of Dermatology, University of Glasgow and West Glasgow Hospitals University NHS Trust, UK.
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Maddox BK, Garofalo S, Horton WA, Richardson MD, Trune DR. Craniofacial and otic capsule abnormalities in a transgenic mouse strain with a Col2a1 mutation. J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol 1998; 18:195-201. [PMID: 10100048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal craniofacial features of a transgenic mouse model of chondrodysplasia with a type II collagen mutation (Gly574Ser) are described in this report. In addition to a shortened mandible and cleft palate, a misshapen otic capsule was observed. Interestingly, hearing impairment is often a component of the chondrodysplasia phenotype that results from mutations in COL2A1. To identify a potential mechanism in the hearing loss associated with type II collagen mutations, we examined the development of the otic capsule in the transgenic mice. It appeared to be smaller overall, relative to the skull proportions, and rather than the normal rounded dimensions, the transgenic capsule was flattened and elongated. We speculate that the cartilage of the developing otic capsule was less able to resist the mechanical forces from the developing brain and other tissues within the cranium and thus became deformed under pressure. We further speculate that the hearing loss associated with the chondrodysplasia phenotype is at least partially due to these defects in the developing cartilage matrix of the otic capsule.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Maddox
- Research Department, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, Oregon 97201, USA.
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Chew DK, Menelaus MB, Richardson MD. Ollier's disease: varus angulation at the lower femur and its management. J Pediatr Orthop 1998; 18:202-8. [PMID: 9531402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Attention is drawn to the high incidence of varus angulation in the lower femur in Ollier's disease; eight of a total of 14 patients with this condition have this deformity. There may be retardation or arrest of the medial portion of the lower femoral growth plate. One case demonstrates a bone bridge, a condition not previously described in Ollier's disease. The limb-length inequality and varus angulation require concurrent management by a variety of techniques, which are described. Three of the eight patients have reached skeletal maturity; the remainder provide useful information on the condition and are a stimulus for discussion of future management.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Chew
- Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Richardson
- Department of Dermatology, University of Glasgow and West Glasgow Hospitals University NHS Trust, UK
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Bhattacharyya T, Edward M, Cordery C, Richardson MD. Colonization of living skin equivalents by Malassezia furfur. Med Mycol 1998; 36:15-9. [PMID: 9776807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Initial colonization events and yeast-hyphal transformation by Malassezia furfur were observed using living skin equivalent (LSE) models for growth. Yeast cells were inoculated onto the LSEs which were incubated in CO2-independent media at 37 degreesC for variable lengths of time. Assessment of fungal growth and invasion was by light- and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Viability counts of M. furfur were determined by a method of washing and serial dilution. Yeast cells had retained their viability and increased in number approximately twofold over a 4-day period of incubation. Yeast-to-hyphal transition was not achieved in this model. Random destruction of the uppermost layers of the stratum corneum was observed in the presence of M. furfur. LSEs therefore appear to be a promising model for mechanisms of growth of cutaneous organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bhattacharyya
- Regional Mycology Reference Laboratory, Department of Dermatology, University of Glasgow, UK
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Abstract
We report a case of Aspergillus flavus endocarditis in a 6-year-old boy with stage IV neuroblastoma with no pre-existing cardiac disease. The infection was successfully treated with high-dose liposomal amphotericin (AmBisome) once daily. Recurrence was prevented with itraconazole oral solution once daily as maintenance therapy. Adjunctive surgery was not required. The patient's cardiac function was uncompromised, but subsequent death from progressive neuroblastoma prevented long-term follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Kennedy
- Department of Microbiology, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Yorkhill NHS Trust, Glasgow, UK
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Abstract
This article describes two prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trials designed to investigate this. Trial 1 compared a conventional local anaesthetic agent (100 mg bupivacaine) injected intra-articularly (i.a.) with a control (normal saline) and 1 mg of i.a. morphine. No significant difference was noted in the first 4 hours between the groups with respect to visual analogue pain (VAS) scores. However, at 6 and 24 hours, the group of patients who received 1 mg i.a. morphine recorded lower pain scores and required less supplementary analgesia. Trial 2 assessed the dose response relationship for i.a. morphine comparing 5 mg intravenous (i.v.) morphine (control) with 1 mg and 5 mg i.a. morphine. At early time points (1, 2, and 4 hours) similar VAS pain scores were recorded for both 5 mg i.v. morphine and 5 mg i.a. morphine, both significantly lower than the group receiving 1 mg i.a. morphine. At 6 and 24 hours, 5 mg of i.a. morphine produced significantly lower pain scores, less analgesic requirement, and less sleep disturbance on the first postoperative night than the other groups. It can be concluded from these two studies that 5 mg i.a. was the most effective analgesic following knee arthroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Richardson
- Orthopaedic Department, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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Denning DW, Evans EG, Kibbler CC, Richardson MD, Roberts MM, Rogers TR, Warnock DW, Warren RE. Guidelines for the investigation of invasive fungal infections in haematological malignancy and solid organ transplantation. British Society for Medical Mycology. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1997; 16:424-36. [PMID: 9248745 DOI: 10.1007/bf02471906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections are increasing in incidence and now affect as many as 50% of neutropenic/bone marrow transplant patients and 5 to 20% of solid organ transplant recipients. Unfortunately, many of the diagnostic tests available have a low sensitivity. The guidelines presented here have been produced by a working party of the British Society for Medical Mycology in an attempt to optimise the use of these tests. The yield of fungi from blood cultures can be increased by ensuring that at least 20 ml of blood are taken for aerobic culture, by using more than one method of blood culture, and by employing terminal subculture if continuous monitoring systems are used with a five-day incubation protocol. Skin lesions in febrile neutropenic patients should be biopsied and cultured for fungi. The detection of galactomannan in blood or urine is of value in diagnosing invasive aspergillosis only if tests are performed at least twice weekly in high-risk patients. Antigen detection tests for invasive candidiasis are less valuable. Computed tomography scanning is particularly valuable in diagnosing invasive pulmonary fungal infection when the chest radiograph is negative or shows only minimal changes. Bronchoalveolar lavage is most useful in patients with diffuse changes on computed tomography scan. The major advances in the diagnosis of invasive fungal infection in patients with haematological malignancy or solid organ transplantation have been in the use of imaging techniques, rather than in the development of new mycological methods in the routine laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Denning
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine (Monsall Unit), North manchester General Hospital, UK
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42
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Abstract
Trichosporon beigelii has emerged as a lethal opportunist pathogen in granulocytopenic and corticosteroid-treated patients. Little is known of the host defence mechanisms against this yeast. The interaction between human neutrophils and serum-opsonised T. beigelii and the effect of GM-CSF on binding and ingestion of the yeast by neutrophils were investigated by a microscopic analysis of neutrophil monolayers stained with FITC-Concanavalin A. Positive staining with FITC-Concanavalin A distinguished between intracellular and extracellular yeast cells. Binding of T. beigelii to neutrophils was an energy- and complement-dependent process involving movement of actin in the neutrophil cytoskeleton. The mean percentage binding of T. beigelii was 37.5% and the mean binding index (BI) was 1.30 whereas the mean percentage ingestion was 3.5% and the mean phagocytic index (PI) was 1.34. GM-CSF increased percentage ingestion of T. beigelli from 2.8% to 30.5% and the PI was increased from 1.3 to 1.86. The percentage binding was 36.8% and the mean BI was 1.3 in control experiments compared with 49.3% and 1.6, respectively, in the presence of GM-CSF. In conclusion, GM-CSF significantly increased percentage ingestion of opsonised T. beigelii by neutrophils, but its effect on percentage binding of the yeast was not statistically significant.
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Abstract
Onychomycosis is primarily caused by dermatophyte fungi but occasionally by yeasts and non-dermatophytic moulds. The aim of this study was to develop an in vitro model of nail invasion by dermatophytes, yeasts and non-dermatophytic moulds, and to provide an alternative system for studying the activity of different classes of antifungal drugs against fungi associated with onychomycosis. In the absence of extraneous nutrients, Trichophyton mentagrophytes was seen in electron microscopy to degrade completely healthy nail plate. Candida albicans germinated on nail fragments, but invasion of the nail plate was not seen. The mould Fusarium formed long channels through the matrix of the nail plate. Aspergillus versicolor appeared to penetrate the outer and intermediate surface of the nail plate only. Acremonium sp. and Scopulariopsis brevicaulis did not invade nail in this model. Exposure of nail fragments to terbinafine (0.25 mg/l for 3 h) inhibited invasion by T. mentagrophytes, C. albicans and the non-dermatophytic moulds. Itraconazole (0.25 mg/l for 3 h) prevented nail plate invasion by T. mentagrophytes, A. versicolor and Fusarium but did not totally inhibit the surface growth of Acremonium or S. brevicaulis. C. albicans grew in the presence of itraconazole. The results indicate that terbinafine is readily absorbed by the nail and that the drug is bio-available in nail keratin. A short exposure of nail to low concentrations of terbinafine acted as a barrier against fungal invasion. Itraconazole appeared to be effective against Trichophyton and some non-dermatophytic moulds.
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Evans EG, Farrell ID, Gross RJ, Hay RJ, Midgley G, Reuther JW, Richardson MD, Roberts DT, Warnock DW, Warren RE, Wingfield HJ. Fungal infections: guidelines for reporting. PHLS Mycology Committee. Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev 1996; 6:R75. [PMID: 8935422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E G Evans
- PHLS Mycology Reference Laboratory, University of Leeds
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Barnes RA, Denning DW, Evans EG, Hay RJ, Kibbler CC, Prentice AG, Richardson MD, Roberts MM, Rogers TR, Speller DC, Warnock DW, Warren RE. Fungal infections: a survey of laboratory services for diagnosis and treatment. Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev 1996; 6:R69-75. [PMID: 8935421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A questionnaire on the services provided and the methods used for the diagnosis of fungal infections and for the support of antifungal chemotherapy was sent to members of the British Society for Medical Mycology (BSMM) and the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (BSAC). Ninety-five responses from general microbiology laboratories in the United Kingdom were analysed, and we compared services provided by laboratories that serve a transplant unit with those offered by other laboratories. We estimate that about 150 cases of cryptococcosis, 500 to 600 of candidaemia, and 300 to 400 of invasive aspergillosis are identified by laboratories in the United Kingdom (UK) each year. The clinical laboratories are aware of the importance of fungal infection, but rely heavily on reference services. In some laboratories, however, the degree of investigation of specimens and the procedures in use are inadequate for diagnosing systemic mycoses and determining the susceptibility of isolates to antifungal agents. The balance between reference and local services requires attention and external quality assurance needs to be applied effectively. In addition, effective methods for the diagnosis of systemic mycoses, and reliable and practicable methods for determining the susceptibility of isolates to antifungal agents, are needed urgently.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Barnes
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff
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Anderson K, Morris G, Kennedy H, Croall J, Michie J, Richardson MD, Gibson B. Aspergillosis in immunocompromised paediatric patients: associations with building hygiene, design, and indoor air. Thorax 1996; 51:256-61. [PMID: 8779127 PMCID: PMC1090635 DOI: 10.1136/thx.51.3.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nosocomial aspergillosis is a well known complication of immunosuppression in cancer patients and those undergoing transplantation and has usually been associated with major building construction or demolition. An observational study is reported of the hospital environment associated with an outbreak of aspergillosis in a paediatric oncology ward. METHODS All cases of aspergillosis were identified from the hospital records and categorised as definite or probable according to the extent of supportive clinical and laboratory findings. All relevant aspects of building ventilation, air filtration, and aerosol generation considered relevant were examined and air samples for fungi were taken in triplicate at 25 sites using a slit sampler with appropriate culture media. RESULTS Six cases of aspergillosis were identified over one year out of the 148 patients who attended the unit - the only part of the hospital where cases were found. Examination of the building services and function suggested that the cause or source was isolated to this paediatric oncology/haematology ward and may have been attributed to a defective disposal conduit door as well as the dispersal of a contaminated aerosol from the ward vacuum cleaner which had the highest measured concentrations of Aspergillus fumigatus in or around the building (65 colony forming units (cfu)/m3 compared with 0-6 cfu/m3 elsewhere). No further cases were identified in the two years after these hygiene arrangements were changed. CONCLUSIONS The investigation of this outbreak of nosocomial aspergillosis identified several possible sources of fungally contaminated aerosol which could have been implicated as the cause. Their modification was followed by a reduction in the incidence of further cases. Each should be incorporated as an issue of importance in hospital building design and hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Anderson
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Western Infirmary, Glasgow
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Finlay PM, Richardson MD, Robertson AG. A comparative study of the efficacy of fluconazole and amphotericin B in the treatment of oropharyngeal candidosis in patients undergoing radiotherapy for head and neck tumours. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1996; 34:23-5. [PMID: 8645677 DOI: 10.1016/s0266-4356(96)90130-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy given during treatment of oral and pharyngeal malignancy is frequently associated with colonization of the oral mucosa by Candida species. Treatment of these infections has included topical and systemic agents. In the present study 73 patients with oropharyngeal candidosis were treated with either amphotericin B (10 mg lozenges, four times daily for 14 days, 36 patients) or fluconazole (50 mg daily for 7 days, 37 patients). The yeasts most frequently isolated were C albicans and C glabrata. Clinical signs and symptoms showed improvement at end of treatment in 72% of patients who received amphotericin B compared with 92% of patients who received fluconazole. Mycological cure at end of treatment was achieved in 31% of the amphotericin B group and 46% of patients who received fluconazole. For both treatments the cure rate was less in denture wearers than in non denture wearers.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Finlay
- West of Scotland Regional Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Canniesburn Hospital, Glasgow
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Rashid A, Hodgins MB, Richardson MD. An in vitro model of dermatophyte invasion of the human hair follicle. J Med Vet Mycol 1996; 34:37-42. [PMID: 8786469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel in vitro model for the study of hair invasion by Trichophyton mentagrophytes was developed. Hair was obtained by microdissection and plucking. Following inoculation of the hair follicle with arthroconidia growth of the fungus was seen on the hair and within the follicle. Growth was observed to begin at the shaft end and to extend along the hair shaft towards the bulb area. In follicles maintained in organ culture the inner root sheath in particular was invaded by T. mentagrophytes and provided a good substrate for fungal growth. Initially, the cuticle formed a barrier to fungal penetration of the hair. After incubation for 4 days, germlings of T. mentagrophytes were seen to penetrate under the cuticle and in between the layers of cuticular cells to invade the cortex. There was no evidence of intracellular growth; fungal elements were seen intercellularly. There were similarities between the findings in this study of the process of hair invasion by dermatophyte fungi and that in the natural disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rashid
- Department of Dermatology, University of Glasgow, UK
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50
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Abstract
A new in vitro model for the study of nail invasion by dermatophyte fungi was developed. The dermatophyte Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and fragments of finger-nails and toe-nails were used. Arthroconidia were inoculated on the ventral surface of the nails. After 6 h, adherence and germination of arthroconidia was observed. By 16 h, small germ tubes with side branches were evident. At about 24 h, micro-colonies had become established. At 48 h, a mycelium had formed, and at about 72 h most of the nail fragment was covered with fungal growth. Nail penetration occurred from the ventral surface through the intercellular spaces, and with longer incubation all three layers were invaded by arthroconidia growing through channels. Nail invasion occurred in the absence of added nutrients. Dermatophyte fungi appeared to invade the nail by a combination of mechanical and chemical factors. The model provides a substrate to study the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of new antifungal agents in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rashid
- Department of Dermatology, University of Glasgow, U.K
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