1
|
Heiss G, Snyder ML, Teng Y, Schneiderman N, Llabre MM, Cowie C, Carnethon M, Kaplan R, Giachello A, Gallo L, Loehr L, Avilés-Santa L. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among Hispanics/Latinos of diverse background: the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. Diabetes Care 2014; 37:2391-9. [PMID: 25061141 PMCID: PMC4113166 DOI: 10.2337/dc13-2505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Approximately one-third of the adult U.S. population has the metabolic syndrome. Its prevalence is the highest among Hispanic adults, but variation by Hispanic/Latino background is unknown. Our objective was to quantify the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among men and women 18-74 years of age of diverse Hispanic/Latino background. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Two-stage area probability sample of households in four U.S. locales, yielding 16,319 adults (52% women) who self-identified as Cuban, Dominican, Mexican, Puerto Rican, Central American, or South American. The metabolic syndrome was defined according to the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute 2009 Joint Scientific Statement. The main outcome measures were age-standardized prevalence of the metabolic syndrome per the harmonized American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute definition and its component abnormalities. RESULTS The metabolic syndrome was present in 36% of women and 34% of men. Differences in the age-standardized prevalence were seen by age, sex, and Hispanic/Latino background. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among those 18-44, 45-64, and 65-74 years of age was 23%, 50%, and 62%, respectively, among women; and 25%, 43%, and 55%, respectively, among men. Among women, the metabolic syndrome prevalence ranged from 27% in South Americans to 41% in Puerto Ricans. Among men, prevalences ranged from 27% in South Americans to 35% in Cubans. In those with the metabolic syndrome, abdominal obesity was present in 96% of the women compared with 73% of the men; more men (73%) than women (62%) had hyperglycemia. CONCLUSIONS The burden of cardiometabolic abnormalities is high in Hispanic/Latinos but varies by age, sex, and Hispanic/Latino background. Hispanics/Latinos are thus at increased, but modifiable, predicted lifetime risk of diabetes and its cardiovascular sequelae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Heiss
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Michelle L Snyder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Yanping Teng
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Neil Schneiderman
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Medicine Research Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Maria M Llabre
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Medicine Research Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Catherine Cowie
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Mercedes Carnethon
- Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Robert Kaplan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Aida Giachello
- Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Linda Gallo
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA
| | - Laura Loehr
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Larissa Avilés-Santa
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Snyder ML, Shields KJ, Korytkowski MT, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Talbott EO. Complement protein C3 and coronary artery calcium in middle-aged women with polycystic ovary syndrome and controls. Gynecol Endocrinol 2014; 30:511-5. [PMID: 24592986 PMCID: PMC4065194 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2014.895985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating complement protein C3 (C3) levels have been associated with coronary artery calcification (CAC) in women with systemic lupus erythematosus, but have yet to be evaluated in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). We aimed to determine whether C3 levels were elevated in women with PCOS compared to controls and to quantify the association of C3 with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and CAC and if PCOS modified this association. This cross-sectional analysis included 132 women with PCOS and 155 controls, 35-62 years old, from the third visit of a case-control study. CAC was measured during the study visit, and circulating C3 was measured in stored sera. The presence of CAC and CAC categories (Agatston score 0, 1-9.9 and ≥ 10) were used for logistic and ordinal regression analysis, respectively. C3 levels were not significantly different between women with PCOS and controls. Among all women, C3 was associated with the presence of CAC and increasing CAC groups after adjusting for age, PCOS status and insulin or body mass index (BMI), all p<0.05. In addition, C3 was associated with the presence of CAC after adjusting for age, PCOS status, BMI, insulin and African American race, p=0.049. PCOS status did not modify these associations. In conclusion, circulating C3 levels may prove beneficial in identifying women at risk of CVD in women with PCOS and the general population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Snyder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kelly J. Shields
- Lupus Center of Excellence, Allegheny Singer Research Institute, West Penn Allegheny Health System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mary T. Korytkowski
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kim Sutton-Tyrrell
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Evelyn O. Talbott
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Snyder ML, Love SA, Sorlie PD, Rosamond WD, Antini C, Metcalf PA, Hardy S, Suchindran CM, Shahar E, Heiss G. Redistribution of heart failure as the cause of death: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Popul Health Metr 2014; 12:10. [PMID: 24716810 PMCID: PMC4113199 DOI: 10.1186/1478-7954-12-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heart failure is sometimes incorrectly listed as the underlying cause of death (UCD) on death certificates, thus compromising the accuracy and comparability of mortality statistics. Statistical redistribution of the UCD has been used to examine the effect of misclassification of the UCD attributed to heart failure, but sex- and race-specific redistribution of deaths on coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality in the United States has not been examined. Methods We used coarsened exact matching to infer the UCD of vital records with heart failure as the UCD from 1999 to 2010 for decedents 55 years old and older from states encompassing regions under surveillance by the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study (Maryland, Minnesota, Mississippi, and North Carolina). Records with heart failure as the UCD were matched on decedent characteristics (five-year age groups, sex, race, education, year of death, and state) to records with heart failure listed among the multiple causes of death. Each heart failure death was then redistributed to plausible UCDs proportional to the frequency among matched records. Results After redistribution the proportion of deaths increased for CHD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, hypertensive heart disease, and cardiomyopathy, P < 0.001. The percent increase in CHD mortality after redistribution was the highest in Mississippi (12%) and lowest in Maryland (1.6%), with variations by year, race, and sex. Redistribution proportions for CHD were similar to CHD death classification by a panel of expert reviewers in the ARIC study. Conclusions Redistribution of ill-defined UCD would improve the accuracy and comparability of mortality statistics used to allocate public health resources and monitor mortality trends.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Snyder
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 137 E, Franklin St,, Suite 306, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gellert KS, Rautaharju P, Snyder ML, Whitsel EA, Matsushita K, Heiss G, Soliman EZ. Short-term repeatability of electrocardiographic Tpeak-Tend and QT intervals. J Electrocardiol 2014; 47:356-61. [PMID: 24792986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The electrocardiographic (ECG) Tpeak-Tend interval (TpTe) is associated with arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. TpTe offers a supplementary measure for the QT interval (QT), yet its repeatability has not been established. PURPOSE Evaluate short-term repeatability of TpTe and QT. METHODS Four ECGs were obtained on sixty participants. The sources of variation, intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) - an index of reproducibility - and minimal detectable change (MDC) were estimated for TpTe and QT. The impact of repeated measurements on repeatability was estimated for a hypothetical clinical trial designed to detect drug-induced prolongation of TpTe and QT. RESULTS We used heart rate-adjusted QT [(QT)a] but TpTe in the study group was rate-invariant. The ICC [95% confidence interval (CI)] was 0.77 (0.69, 0.85) for TpTe, 0.75 (0.65, 0.85) for QT and 0.60 (0.47, 0.73) for (QT)a. The MDC (ms) was 21, 32 and 26 for TpTe, QT and (QT)a respectively. CONCLUSION TpTe has excellent repeatability supporting its use as a supplement to QT in observational and clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kapuaola S Gellert
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.
| | - Pentti Rautaharju
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Epidemiological Cardiology Research Center (EPICARE), Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC
| | - Michelle L Snyder
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Eric A Whitsel
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Kunihiro Matsushita
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Gerardo Heiss
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Elsayed Z Soliman
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Epidemiological Cardiology Research Center (EPICARE), Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC; Department of Medicine, Section on Cardiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND P wave indices and PR interval from 12-lead electrocardiograms (ECGs) are predictors of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, but their repeatability has not been examined. OBJECTIVES Determine the short-term repeatability of P wave indices (P axis, maximum P area and duration, P dispersion and P terminal force in V1) and PR interval. METHODS Participants (n=63) underwent two standard ECGs at each of two visits, two weeks apart. We calculated the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), weighted kappa, and minimal detectable change and difference. RESULTS ICCs were 0.93 for PR interval, 0.78 for P axis, 0.77 for maximum P area, and 0.58 for maximum P duration. Within- and between-visit Kappa were 0.30 and 0.11 for P dispersion, and 0.68 and 0.46 for P terminal force. CONCLUSION Repeatability of PR duration was excellent, that of P wave axis and maximum area was fair, and maximum P wave duration and terminal force was poor. Repeatability of P wave dispersion was fair within visit, yet poor between visits. These results illustrate potential biases when measurement error of some P wave indices is ignored in clinical and epidemiologic studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Snyder
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Elsayed Z Soliman
- Epidemiological Cardiology Research Center (EPICARE), Division of Public Health Sciences Wake Forest School of Medicine, Division of Public Health Sciences, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Eric A Whitsel
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kapuaola S Gellert
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Gerardo Heiss
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Snyder ML. Re: Working together in placing the long term interests of the child at heart of the DSD evaluation, by Ellie Magritte, July 13, 2012. J Pediatr Urol 2013; 9:391. [PMID: 23453407 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
7
|
Rao LV, Snyder ML, Vallaro GM. Rapid liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometer (LCMS) method for clozapine and its metabolite N-desmethyl clozapine (norclozapine) in human serum. J Clin Lab Anal 2010; 23:394-8. [PMID: 19927349 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.20345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Clozapine is indicated for the treatment of schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders. Several methods have been developed for monitoring Clozapine levels; however, they possess limited specificity and are often laborious. This study describes a simple liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometer (LCMS) method in human serum. The ion transitions monitored were m/z 327, 270, 296 for Clozapine, m/z 313, 192, 227 for Norclozapine and m/z 328, 271 for Loxapine. The assay is linear (25-1000 ng/ml) and showed a good correlation (r=0.98) within the analytical range of 79-1210 ng/ml in human serum. This assay is highly specific and sensitive for the simultaneous measurements of Clozapine and Norclozapine. The simplification of this assay makes it ideal for high throughput analyses of the patient samples in a routine clinical laboratory staffed with general medical technologists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L V Rao
- Department of Hospital Laboratories, UMassMemorial Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Snyder ML. Mechanism of the Non-specific Serum Agglutination of the Obligate Anaerobes Clostridium paraputrificum and Clostridium capitovalis. J Bacteriol 2006; 32:411-22. [PMID: 16559962 PMCID: PMC543807 DOI: 10.1128/jb.32.4.411-422.1936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M L Snyder
- Department of Bacteriology and Public Health and the Child Research Council, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Hospitals, Denver, Colorado
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lichstein HC, Snyder ML. The Inhibition of the Spreading Growth of Proteus and other Bacteria to Permit the Isolation of Associated Streptococci. J Bacteriol 2006; 42:653-64. [PMID: 16560477 PMCID: PMC374784 DOI: 10.1128/jb.42.5.653-664.1941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- H C Lichstein
- Hygienic Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hall IC, Snyder ML. Isolation of an Obligately Anaerobic Bacillus from the Feces of Newborn Infants and from Other Human Sources, and Its Probable Identity with the "Köpfchenbakterien" of Escherich, Rodella's "Bacillus III," and Bacillus paraputrificus (Bienstock). J Bacteriol 2006; 28:181-98. [PMID: 16559740 PMCID: PMC533666 DOI: 10.1128/jb.28.2.181-198.1934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- I C Hall
- The Department of Bacteriology and Public Health, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Hospitals, Denver, Colorado
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Snyder ML. The Serologic Agglutination of the Obligate Anaerobes Clostridium paraputrificum (Bienstock) and Clostridium capitovalis (Synder and Hall). J Bacteriol 2006; 32:401-10. [PMID: 16559961 PMCID: PMC543806 DOI: 10.1128/jb.32.4.401-410.1936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M L Snyder
- Department of Bacteriology and Public Health and the Child Research Council, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Hospitals, Denver, Colorado
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Affiliation(s)
- M L Snyder
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Hospitals, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
AIMS Hybrid tumours of the salivary gland are rare neoplasms that have been described only in the parotid and palate. Their recognition is important particularly when the component tumours have different biological behaviours. The occurrence of a submandibular hybrid tumour has not been reported. METHODS AND RESULTS We describe a case of a 36-year-old woman with a hybrid carcinoma composed of salivary duct adenocarcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma of the right submandibular gland. There was no evidence of a pre-existing or concurrent pleomorphic adenoma. The presence of the two components was verified by differential immunohistochemical staining using a panel of cytokeratin, vimentin, smooth muscle actin and S100. The patient subsequently developed metastases to the pelvis, lumbar, vertebra and wrist. The clinical course in this patient was consistent with the behaviour of the salivary duct adenocarcinoma component. CONCLUSIONS The histogenesis of hybrid tumours is largely unknown, but in this case it may represent diverging differentiation of luminal tumour cells. Because some histological features of different salivary gland tumours overlap, immunohistochemistry is a valuable tool especially when used to delineate the components of a hybrid tumour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M L Snyder
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Hospitals, Ann Arbor, MI 48103, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ding I, Huang K, Snyder ML, Cook J, Zhang L, Wersto N, Okunieff P. Tumor growth and tumor radiosensitivity in mice given myeloprotective doses of fibroblast growth factors. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996; 88:1399-404. [PMID: 8827018 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/88.19.1399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiation at doses high enough to cure cancer also frequently destroys normal tissue. Development of agents that protect normal tissue without also protecting diseased tissue has been difficult. In vivo radioprotection of bone marrow by acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors (FGF1 and FGF2, respectively) has recently been demonstrated after whole-body irradiation of C3H/HeN mice. PURPOSE Our purpose was to determine whether myeloprotective doses of those growth factors also protect malignant tumors. METHODS First, we investigated the effects of exogenous FGF1 or FGF2 (FGF1/2) administration (treatment group receiving two intravenous injections of 3 micrograms FGF1/2 per mouse 24 hours and 4 hours before local irradiation of right hind leg and control group receiving two intravenous injections of 0.1 mL of saline) on growth and radiosensitivity of three transplantable murine tumors (one squamous cell carcinoma [SCC-VII] and two sarcomas [KHT and Rif-1]), all of which were grown in C3H/HeN mice. We then evaluated the effect of FGF1/2 on tumor cell proliferation, cell cycle distribution, and pulmonary metastatic frequency in the mice. Specifically, survival studies were performed in mice treated with 0, 6, 6.5, 7.5, 8.5, 9, or 10 Gy whole-body irradiation with or without FGF2 (n = 250). Rif-1 (n = 40), KHT (n = 40), and SCC-VII (n = 40) tumors were implanted in the hind leg of mice, and mice were treated with FGF2 or saline when their tumor-bearing thighs were 9 mm in diameter. In separate experiments (treatment group receiving two injections of 3 micrograms each of FGF2 [6 micrograms total] either intravenously or intratumorally 24 hours and 4 hours before local tumor irradiation and control group receiving 0.1 mL saline), tumor growth was followed, and mice were killed to count lung metastases and measure tumor proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and bromodeoxyuridine labeling at various times thereafter (three to eight mice per group). Tumor growth curves of untreated and irradiated tumors were determined with and without intravenous or intratumoral FGF1/2 in SCC-VII tumors (n = 120). Radiation doses to the tumor-bearing leg were 15 and 30 Gy for SCC-VII, 30 Gy for Rif-1, and 15 Gy for KHT. From each experiment, the mean (+/- 1 standard error) was calculated from data obtained from three to 20 mice. Statistical tests used included two-tailed Student's t test, the chi-squared test, and Fisher's exact test. All P values represent two-tailed tests of statistical significance. RESULTS There was no statistically significant difference in tumor growth rate between FGF2-treated and saline-treated mice when FGF2 was administered intravenously at doses and schedules found to be optimally myeloprotective in whole-body irradiation experiments. Intravenous administration of FGF2 did not induce lung metastases, and it did not augment the S-phase fraction of tumor cells. Likewise, there was no evidence of enhanced cell proliferation as measured by PCNA-labeling index. Intratumoral injection of FGF1/2 did increase the size of SCC-VII tumors (P < .05 [Student's t test] at 3 days after treatment); however, the radiation response after intratumoral injection of growth factor was not compromised. CONCLUSION Low intravenous doses of FGF1 or FGF2 appear to protect bone marrow from the toxic effects of radiation without increasing the rates of tumor growth or metastases or decreasing the radiosensitivity of tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Ding
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Lipoprotein(a) undergoes a dramatic, reversible conformational change on binding 6-amino-hexanoic acid (6-AHA), as measured by a decrease in the sedimentation rate, the magnitude of which is directly proportional to apo(a) mass. A similar reversible transition from a compact to an extended form has been shown to occur in plasminogen on occupation of a weak lysine binding site. The magnitude of the change in Lp(a) with large apo(a) is about 2.5 times that seen for plasminogen, however. Regardless of apo(a) size, binding analysis indicated that 1.4-4 molecules of 6-AHA bound per Lp(a) particle; the midpoint of the conformational change occurs at 6-AHA concentrations of 100-200 mM. Since rhesus Lp(a), which lacks both kringle V and the strong lysine binding site on kringle IV 10, also undergoes a similar conformational change, the phenomenon may be attributable to weak sites, possibly located in K-IV 5-8. Compact Lp(a), i.e., native Lp(a), had a frictional ratio (f/f0) of 1.2 that was independent of apo(a) mass, implying constant shape and hydration. For Lp(a) in saturating 6-AHA, f/f0 ranged from 1.5 to over 2.1 for the largest apo(a) with 32 K-IV, indicating a linear relationship between hydrodynamic volume and number of kringles, as expected for an extended conformation. However, only the variable portion of apo(a) represented by the K-IV 2 domains, participates in the conformational change; the invariant K-IV 3-9 domains remain close to the surface. These results suggest that apo(a) is maintained in a compact state through interactions between weak lysine binding sites and multiple lysines on apoB and/or apo(a), and that these interactions can be disrupted by 6-AHA, a lysine analog.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G M Fless
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Affiliation(s)
- G M Fless
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Okunieff P, Abraham EH, Moini M, Snyder ML, Gloe TR, Capogrossi MC, Ding I. Basic fibroblast growth factor radioprotects bone marrow and not RIF1 tumor. Acta Oncol 1995; 34:435-8. [PMID: 7779437 DOI: 10.3109/02841869509094004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We examined the potential of bFGF to function as a radioprotector of bone marrow (BM). Total intravenous doses of bFGF ranged from 1 to 24 micrograms/mouse, in 2 divided doses. Whole body radiation (WBI) was given in a single fraction to C3H mice. Histologic observations were performed on femur BM at various times after bFGF (or placebo) treatment. Thigh radiation in thigh-tumor bearing mice was delivered in a single fraction. bFGF increased the LD50/30 of mice in a dose dependent fashion, with an apparent maximum protection obtained with > or = 6 micrograms given half 24 h and half 4 h before irradiation. BM histology shows prominent recovery of megakaryocytes and all cell lineages along with less loss in cellularity compared to control irradiated animals. No radioprotection of RIF1 tumors after bFGF was detected. These results indicate that bFGF may be a selective radioprotector of normal tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Okunieff
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
We determined the molecular weight of four different apo(a) polymorphs by sedimentation equilibrium in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride in order to estimate the molar ratio of apo(a) to apoB in Lp(a). They had molecular weights of 289,000, 310,000, 341,000, and 488,000 and 15, 16, 18, and 27 kringle 4 domains, respectively. Their carbohydrate content was similar (23.2 wt %), as was their partial specific volume (0.682 mL/g). Knowing the mass of apo(a), we estimated the molar ratio of apo(a) to apoB from (1) the molecular weight of the protein moiety of the four respective parent Lp(a) particles as calculated from their mass and percentage composition and the mass of apoB, (2) the mass of apo(a) lost from Lp(a) upon its reduction and carboxymethylation, by determining the difference in mass between Lp(a) and Lp(a-), and (3) from the mass (measured by sedimentation equilibrium in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride) of the lipid-free apoB-apo(a) complex (1.06 x 10(6) daltons) of the Lp(a) particle with the smallest apo(a) polymorph by subtracting the mass of apoB. Our results obtained with each of the three different physicochemical methods indicated that the protein moiety of each of the four Lp(a) particles that was investigated consisted of a complex of two molecules of apo(a) and one molecule of apoB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G M Fless
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Snyder ML, Hay RV, Whitington PF, Scanu AM, Fless GM. Binding and degradation of lipoprotein(a) and LDL by primary cultures of human hepatocytes. Comparison with cultured human monocyte-macrophages and fibroblasts. Arterioscler Thromb 1994; 14:770-9. [PMID: 8172853 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.14.5.770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Although lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]) has structural similarities to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) that include the presence of apolipoprotein B100, there is some disagreement over the strength of its interaction with the LDL receptor and its cellular catabolism by the LDL receptor-mediated pathway. To clarify this subject we evaluated LDL receptor-mediated binding and degradation of Lp(a) and LDL in three human cell lines. The binding of 50 nmol/L Lp(a) at 37 degrees C to the LDL receptor of primary hepatocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts was only 10%, 29%, and 29% of the respective value obtained with 50 nmol/L LDL. Analysis of 4 degrees C binding curves indicated that Lp(a) and LDL had equal affinities for the LDL receptor of fibroblasts, whereas maximal binding of Lp(a) was remarkably lower than that of LDL. LDL receptor-mediated degradation of 50 nmol/L Lp(a) in hepatocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts was only 17%, 22%, and 26%, respectively, of the value obtained with 50 nmol/L LDL and varied greatly among the cells in that it was lowest in hepatocytes, an order of magnitude greater in macrophages, and two orders of magnitude greater in fibroblasts. In contrast, the nonspecific degradation rate of Lp(a) was similar to that of LDL in each of the three tested cell lines. However, the proportion of the degradation of Lp(a) that was nonspecific varied greatly, being 76%, 58%, and 33% in hepatocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts, respectively. These studies indicate that not only is Lp(a) recognized by the LDL receptor but also that, in fibroblasts, Lp(a) and LDL have equal affinities for the LDL receptor, although Lp(a) has a much lower receptor occupancy than LDL. Additionally, they show that there are great cellular differences in the LDL receptor-mediated degradation of Lp(a). If these results can be extrapolated in vivo, where normal LDL levels are 40- to 50-fold higher than those of Lp(a), it would be unlikely that the hepatic LDL receptor is significantly involved in the degradation of Lp(a).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M L Snyder
- Department of Medicine, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL 60637
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
In this study were compared 8 methods of suicide by sex in three different nations over a 16-yr. period. Frequencies by sex showed statistically significant preference for method of suicide. Trend analyses by method of suicide by sex and nation indicated 19 were statistically significant.
Collapse
|
21
|
Fless GM, Snyder ML. Polymorphic forms of Lp(a) with different structural and functional properties: cold-induced self-association and binding to fibrin and lysine-Sepharose. Chem Phys Lipids 1994; 67-68:69-79. [PMID: 8187246 DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(94)90125-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Two different Lp(a) polymorphs were isolated from the same individual and shown to have important differences both in their solution properties and in interaction with lysine Sepharose and fibrin. One Lp(a) particle (d-Lp(a)) with a large apo(a) isoform had a density of 1.087 g/ml and a molecular weight of 3.17 million, while the other Lp(a) particle with a small apo(a) isoform having a mobility faster than that of apoB was larger and had a molecular weight of 3.75 million and a density of 1.054 g/ml. D-Lp(a) underwent cold-induced self-association and also had a higher affinity for lysine Sepharose, whereas the other Lp(a) polymorph did not. Both Lp(a) particles bound fibrin via two different binding sites, one of which involved fibrin lysine residues which are also recognized by plasminogen. Lysine-mediated binding of d-Lp(a) by fibrin was ten times stronger than that of the other Lp(a) particle, whereas non-lysine-mediated binding of either Lp(a) species by fibrin was of equal strength. At saturation, 80% of d-Lp(a) bound fibrin at sites that did not involve lysine residues, whereas only 33% of the other Lp(a) polymorph bound to these sites. These findings indicate that the binding of Lp(a) to fibrin is more complex than previously thought and imposes another layer of difficulty on our understanding of how Lp(a) regulates and/or impairs fibrinolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G M Fless
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL 60637
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Questions persist about the management of postoperative chylothorax in infants and children. Our experience with postoperative chylothorax over the most recent decade (1980 to 1990) has been reviewed. The type and amount of drainage, data from cardiac catheterization and echocardiography, operative decisions and details, and eventual outcomes have been cataloged. All patients were initially treated with total gut rest, with operation reserved for unabated drainage. Chylothorax developed postoperatively in 15 infants and 11 children (18 with a cardiac procedure and 8 with a noncardiac procedure). The average age was 3.1 years. Spontaneous cessation and cure occurred in 19 (73.1%) of these 26 patients, with an average drainage duration of 11.9 days (range, 4 to 30 days). Those for whom operation was chosen drained preoperatively for an average of 29.2 days (range, 25 to 40 days). There were no deaths in either group. Complications were lymphopenia (2 patients) and fungal sepsis (1 patient). The amount of drainage per day was not significantly different between patients treated operatively and those treated nonoperatively. Failure of nonoperative management was associated with venous hypertension from increased right-sided cardiac pressures or central venous thrombosis (p < 0.05, Fisher's exact test). Presumably this increased pressure is transmitted to the lymphatic system. These patients should be identified early and considered for thoracic duct suture or pleuroperitoneal shunting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S J Bond
- Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, KY 40292
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Snyder ML. Capital punishment in Texas: comparison of some factors shared by 50 convicted murderers and their victims. Psychol Rep 1992; 71:754. [PMID: 1454919 DOI: 10.2466/pr0.1992.71.3.754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The mean age of 50 convicted murderers at time of execution was compared to the mean age of their victims at time of death. The mean ages compared were not significantly different.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M L Snyder
- Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Tamaulipas, Cd. Victoria, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Salvadalena GD, Snyder ML, Brogdon KE. Clinical trial of the Braden Scale on an acute care medical unit. J ET Nurs 1992; 19:160-5. [PMID: 1420528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Pressure ulcers in hospitalized patients represent a significant challenge to the health professionals who care for these patients. This challenge extends to the health care system as a whole because of the staggering costs associated with pressure ulcer resolution. Although the relative benefits of various treatment methods have long been debated, intervention before ulcer formation clearly stands as the most efficacious approach to this problem. The Braden Scale for Predicting Pressure Sore Risk, a recently developed paper tool, was evaluated in our acute care medical unit for its ability to predict pressure ulcer occurrence. The sensitivity of the Braden Scale in this evaluation was much lower than that reported in other published studies. The Braden Scale was less effective than the nurse judgment prediction method, the current prevailing prediction method at this institution. The gravity of these results, however, is unclear because of the questionable incidence of ulcers in this study, which may be artificially high due to permissive criteria used in the identification of stage 1 ulcers. We determined that the lack of unequivocally defined criteria for the identification of stage 1 ulcers may contribute to variance between studies. We also found that intervention measures were used only 27% of the time after the identification of patients at risk.
Collapse
|
25
|
Williams KJ, Fless GM, Petrie KA, Snyder ML, Brocia RW, Swenson TL. Mechanisms by which lipoprotein lipase alters cellular metabolism of lipoprotein(a), low density lipoprotein, and nascent lipoproteins. Roles for low density lipoprotein receptors and heparan sulfate proteoglycans. J Biol Chem 1992; 267:13284-92. [PMID: 1320015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We sought to investigate effects of lipoprotein lipase (LpL) on cellular catabolism of lipoproteins rich in apolipoprotein B-100. LpL increased cellular degradation of lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) by 277% +/- 3.8% and 32.5% +/- 4.1%, respectively, and cell association by 509% +/- 8.7% and 83.9% +/- 4.0%. The enhanced degradation was entirely lysosomal. Enhanced degradation of Lp(a) had at least two components, one LDL receptor-dependent and unaffected by heparitinase digestion of the cells, and the other LDL receptor-independent and heparitinase-sensitive. The effect of LpL on LDL degradation was entirely LDL receptor-independent, heparitinase-sensitive, and essentially absent from mutant Chinese hamster ovary cells that lack cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Enhanced cell association of Lp(a) and LDL was largely LDL receptor-independent and heparitinase-sensitive. The ability of LpL to reduce net secretion of apolipoprotein B-100 by HepG2 cells by enhancing cellular reuptake of nascent lipoproteins was also LDL receptor-independent and heparitinase-sensitive. None of these effects on Lp(a), LDL, or nascent lipoproteins required LpL enzymatic activity. We conclude that LpL promotes binding of apolipoprotein B-100-rich lipoproteins to cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans. LpL also enhanced the otherwise weak binding of Lp(a) to LDL receptors. The heparan sulfate proteoglycan pathway represents a novel catabolic mechanism that may allow substantial cellular and interstitial accumulation of cholesteryl ester-rich lipoproteins, independent of feedback inhibition by cellular sterol content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K J Williams
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Medical College of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19129
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
For Northern Ireland, yearly mean percentages of unemployment and suicide rates (per 100,000 population) for specific age groups and by sex were compared over a 19-year period. Significant results were obtained for only two age groups of males (15-24 yr. and 45-54 yr.) and none for females.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M L Snyder
- Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Tamaulipas, Cd. Victoria, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Snyder ML, Polacek D, Scanu AM, Fless GM. Comparative binding and degradation of lipoprotein(a) and low density lipoprotein by human monocyte-derived macrophages. J Biol Chem 1992; 267:339-46. [PMID: 1530930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The binding and degradation of equimolar concentrations of lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) isolated from the same individual were studied in primary cultures of human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDM). At 4 degrees C, LDL receptor-mediated binding of both Lp(a) and LDL was of low affinity, being 0.8 and 0.23 microM, respectively. Competitive binding studies indicated that the binding of Lp(a) to HMDM was competed 63% by excess LDL. In contrast to the 4 degrees C binding data, the degradation of Lp(a) at 37 degrees C was mainly nonspecific because the amount of Lp(a) processed by the LDL receptor pathway in 5 h was 17% that of LDL. According to pulse-chase experiments, this phenomenon may be accounted for by the facts that less Lp(a) is bound to HMDM at 37 degrees C and that Lp(a) has a lower intrinsic degradation rate and was not due to increased intracellular accumulation or retroendocytosis of the lipoprotein. Degradation of both lipoproteins was primarily lysosomal and only modestly affected by up- or down-regulation of the LDL receptor. The rate of retroendocytosis in HMDM was approximately equal to the degradation rate and appeared to be independent of the type of lipoprotein used, up- or down-regulation of the LDL receptor, or the presence of the lysosomotropic agent chloroquine. Overall, the results indicate that HMDM degrade Lp(a) mainly via a nonspecific pathway with only 25% of total Lp(a) degradation occurring through the LDL receptor pathway. As both 37 degrees C degradation and 4 degrees C binding of LDL are mainly LDL receptor specific, the different metabolic behavior observed at 37 degrees C suggests that Lp(a) undergoes temperature-induced conformational changes on cooling to 4 degrees C that allows better recognition of Lp(a) by the LDL receptor at a temperature lower than the physiological temperature of 37 degrees C. How apo(a) affects these structural changes remains to be established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M L Snyder
- Department of Medicine, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Snyder ML, Polacek D, Scanu AM, Fless GM. Comparative binding and degradation of lipoprotein(a) and low density lipoprotein by human monocyte-derived macrophages. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)48499-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
29
|
Carlson KK, Snyder ML, LeClair HW, Underhill SL, Ashwood ER, Detter JC. Obtaining reliable plasma sodium and glucose determinations from pulmonary artery catheters. Heart Lung 1990; 19:613-9. [PMID: 2228651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In critically ill patients, blood specimens are frequently withdrawn from intravascular catheters without consideration of possible infusate contamination, of test accuracy, or of undue blood loss. The reliability of sodium (Na+) and glucose determinations withdrawn from the venous infusion port of a pulmonary artery catheter was studied in 30 patients after cardiac surgery. Catheter patency was maintained by a saline and heparin infusate. Venipuncture samples for Na+ and glucose served as controls. A sample containing the dwell volume of the catheter and the stopcock (1 ml) was withdrawn and discarded, followed by fifteen 1 ml samples being taken for analysis. It was concluded that Na+ values are stable after discard of the catheter dwell volume and an additional milliliter of blood. Minimal clinical differences were found in the glucose values after discard of the catheter dwell volume and two additional milliliters of blood.
Collapse
|
30
|
Fless GM, Snyder ML, Scanu AM. Enzyme-linked immunoassay for Lp[a]. J Lipid Res 1989; 30:651-62. [PMID: 2527286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on our findings that rabbit antisera raised against human Lp[a] or apo[a] have the potential to cross-react with plasminogen, and in some cases have nearly equal affinities for plasminogen and Lp[a], we have developed an assay for plasma Lp[a] based on a "sandwich" ELISA that is insensitive to the presence of plasminogen. This was accomplished through the use of anti-apo[a] as a capture antibody and quantitation of the bound Lp[a], i.e., the apoB-100-apo[a] complex, with an anti-apoB antibody. Although apo[a] is heterogeneous in size, all Lp[a] particles tested, either in pure form or contained in whole plasma, gave parallel dose-response curves and were immunologically equivalent. However, when purified Lp[a] particles with different apo[a] isoforms were studied, those having larger isoforms were, on a weight basis, less reactive than those having a smaller size. Nearly equivalent reactivity was observed when protein concentration was expressed on a molar basis. The distribution of Lp[a] in a population of 84 subjects was skewed with one-third of the individuals having less than 1 mg/dl Lp[a] protein. All subjects tested had measurable concentrations of Lp[a] with a lower limit of detection of 0.030 mg/dl Lp[a] protein. The mean level was 3.2 mg/dl with a range of 0.045 to 13.3 mg/dl. These studies demonstrate the successful development of an ELISA for Lp[a] protein that is insensitive to the presence of plasminogen; that heterogeneity of Lp[a] and apo[a] are an important source of variation in the assay; and the need for an appropriate Lp[a] standard in order to minimize this variation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G M Fless
- Department of Medicine, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL 60637
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
|
32
|
Spencer SW, Snyder ML. The menstrual cycle and punitiveness. Health Psychol 1984. [PMID: 6536487 DOI: 10.1037//0278-6133.3.2.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Subjects (n = 59) read vignettes of seven different college disciplinary cases and for each one selected a level of punishment. Three groups of subjects consisted of women in the menstrual (n = 12), premenstrual (n = 10), and intermenstrual (n = 13) phases. In addition, there were conditions in which women who were approaching the premenstrual phase were led to believe they were in it (n = 7) or were still several days away from it (n = 7). Finally, there was sixth group: males of comparable age and background (n = 10). The six groups were responsive-and about equally so-to differences among the seven cases. However, the groups did not differ in average level of punishment selected nor did they differ in reliability of judgment across individuals. There was some indication that males and the women led to believe they were premenstrual, found the task to be harder than did the other groups.
Collapse
|
33
|
Spencer SW, Snyder ML. The menstrual cycle and punitiveness. Health Psychol 1984; 3:143-55. [PMID: 6536487 DOI: 10.1037/0278-6133.3.2.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Subjects (n = 59) read vignettes of seven different college disciplinary cases and for each one selected a level of punishment. Three groups of subjects consisted of women in the menstrual (n = 12), premenstrual (n = 10), and intermenstrual (n = 13) phases. In addition, there were conditions in which women who were approaching the premenstrual phase were led to believe they were in it (n = 7) or were still several days away from it (n = 7). Finally, there was sixth group: males of comparable age and background (n = 10). The six groups were responsive-and about equally so-to differences among the seven cases. However, the groups did not differ in average level of punishment selected nor did they differ in reliability of judgment across individuals. There was some indication that males and the women led to believe they were premenstrual, found the task to be harder than did the other groups.
Collapse
|
34
|
Kresse JI, Stewart WC, Carbrey EA, Snyder ML. End-point dilution-fluorescent antibody technique for cloning hog cholera virus. Am J Vet Res 1982; 43:497-8. [PMID: 7041710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Hog cholera virus was cloned by incubating selected pretitrated dilutions of the virus on PK-15 cell cultures for 2 hours. After a thorough washing, the coverslip cell cultures were overlaid with medium containing 0.1% hog cholera immune serum to prevent secondary foci. Forty-eight hours later, the cultures were vigorously washed and maintenance medium containing 5% bovine fetal serum was added. When examined by the fluorescent antibody technique 18 hours later, single plaques were observed in some cultures with no evidence of secondary foci. The virus clone subsequently yielded a homogeneous population of hog cholera virus that retained the characteristics of the parent strain; pathogenicity of the virus clone in pigs was demonstrated, and specific immunofluorescence occurred in infected cell cultures stained with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled antibody. The method used gave reasonable assurance of the cloned virus' freedom from extraneous agents.
Collapse
|
35
|
Hamdy FM, Colgrove GS, de Rodriguez EM, Snyder ML, Stewart WC. Field evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibody to African swine fever virus. Am J Vet Res 1981; 42:1441-3. [PMID: 7027849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of antibodies to African swine fever virus was evaluated under field conditions in the Dominican Republic. A total of 3,402 swine serums were tested by ELISA. All ELISA-positive serums (n = 224) and 426 of 2,760 ELISA-negative serums were retested by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF). There were no antibodies to ASF virus detected by IIF in ELISA-negative serums. By IIF, antibodies were detected in only a small portion of the ELISA-positive serums. The specificity and sensitivity of ELISA and IIF were investigated and discussed. It appears that poor quality serums had an effect in ELISA results. Detection of immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgM classes of antibodies in the ELISA and IIF-positive serums were also performed and related to longevity of African swine fever virus infection. The ELISA is recommended as an efficient method in testing large number of serums; positive results are to be retested by IIF.
Collapse
|
36
|
Carbrey EA, Stewart WC, Kresse JI, Snyder ML. Persistent hog cholera infection detected during virulence typing of 135 field isolates. Am J Vet Res 1980; 41:946-9. [PMID: 6449165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
During the hog cholera (HC) eradication program in the United States, 135 field isolates were characterized by inoculation into specific-pathogen-free pigs. This gave origin to the classification of 61 (45%) as high virulent, 37 (27%) as low virulent, 29 (22%) as avirulent or immunizing, and 8 (6%) as capable of causing persistent infection. The persistent infections caused by the eight isolates were of long durtion, lasting in one instance to 152 days. The persistently infected pigs remained relatively free of clinical signs of HC but had high concentrations of HC virus (HCV) in their blood. When 6 of these pigs were given a second inoculation (with the virulent Ames strain of HCV), 2 died while the health status of 4 remained unchanged.
Collapse
|
37
|
Stewart WC, Miller LD, Kresse JI, Snyder ML. Bovine viral diarrhea infection in pregnant swine. Am J Vet Res 1980; 41:459-62. [PMID: 6250421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Twenty pregnant gilts (5 groups of 4) were infected experimentally with 1 of 4 strains of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) administered intranasally-orally. Blood specimens were taken from the gilts on postinfection day (PID) 7 and cultured for virus. Serum specimens, obtained on PID 21 and at termination of the experiment, were tested for neutralizing antibodies. At 90 to 112 days of gestation, the gilts were euthanatized and their fetuses were examined for evidence of intrauterine infection. Evidence of infection was demonstrated in all of the gilts, either by isolation of BVDV at PID 7 or subsequently by detection of neutralizing antibody titers. Intrauterine infection was confirmed in one of 20 gilts by isolation of BVDV, detection of neutralizing antibodies, and demonstration of microscopic lesions in the fetuses. The microscopic lesions were characterized as nonsuppurative meningitis and choroiditis. Clinical signs of disease were not seen in the infected fetuses. Of 8 gilts exposed to strains of BVDV pathogenic for cattle, 1 gilt developed intrauterine infection, 2 gilts were found barren, and 3 gilts had significantly fewer fetuses than copora lutea.
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Eight type A students and eight that were type B slept in the laboratory for three consecutive nights. Type A showed more fragmented sleep, i.e., more spontaneous awakenings from sleep. No differences in REM pressure between As and Bs could be demonstrated, contradicting the hypothesis that both the personality traits of type A individuals and their coronary-proneness might be explained by chronic REM deprivation of type A individuals.
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
We demonstrated a general strategy for detecting motives that people wish to conceal. The strategy consists of having people choose between two alternatives, one of which happens to satisfy the motive. By counterbalancing which one does so, it is possible to distill the motive by examining the pattern of choices that people make. The motive used in the demonstration is the desire we believe most people have to avoid the physically handicapped. Because they do not wish to reveal this desire, we predicted that they would be more likely to act on it if they could appear to choose on some other basis. In two studies we found that people avoided the handicapped more often if the decision to do so was also a decision between two movies and avoidance of the handicapped could masquerade as a movie preference.
Collapse
|
40
|
Stewart WC, Downing DR, Carbrey EA, Kresse JI, Snyder ML. Thermal inactivation of hog cholera virus in ham. Am J Vet Res 1979; 40:739-41. [PMID: 475124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Experiments were conducted to determine the temperatures required to inactivate hog cholera virus (HCV) in fresh ham after 1 minute and in cured and processed (canned) ham after 90 minutes. A momentary or "flash" temperature of 71 C for 1 minute caused inactivation of the virus in 15 of 15 cubes (2 cm3) of ham. Hog cholera virus was destroyed in 21 of 21 canned hams (weighing 0.91 kg each) when an internal temperature of 65 C was sustained for 90 minutes. Pigs were found to be more sensitive than tissue culture cells for detecting viable HCV in heat-processed fresh hams. Virus was isolated by tissue culture technique only from those hams exposed to temperatures below 61 C. The relative concentration of HCV in unheated cured hams of experimentally infected pigs varied over a wide range; these pigs were inoculated with the virulent Ames strain and were killed on postinfection day 6 or 7.
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
We demonstrated a general strategy for detecting motives that people wish to conceal. The strategy consists of having people choose between two alternatives, one of which happens to satisfy the motive. By counterbalancing which one does so, it is possible to distill the motive by examining the pattern of choices that people make. The motive used in the demonstration is the desire we believe most people have to avoid the physically handicapped. Because they do not wish to reveal this desire, we predicted that they would be more likely to act on it if they could appear to choose on some other basis. In two studies we found that people avoided the handicapped more often if the decision to do so was also a decision between two movies and avoidance of the handicapped could masquerade as a movie preference.
Collapse
|
42
|
Kresse JI, Snyder ML, Fynskov PH, Stewart WC. Isolation of a new porcine enterovirus in the United States. Can J Comp Med 1977; 41:355-6. [PMID: 198077 PMCID: PMC1277603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A cytopathogenic virus isolated from an Iowa farm pig with diarrhea was identified as a member of Group 5 of the porcine enteroviruses. Clinical signs observed in other pigs in the herd were diarrhea, debilitation and gauntness. Morbidity and mortality rates were approximately 50% and 3% respectively.A Group 5 porcine enterovirus had not been previously isolated in North America according to the Western Hemisphere Committee on Animal Virus Characterization.
Collapse
|
43
|
Tessler J, Stewart WC, Kresse JI, Snyder ML. Tween 80: a marker for differentiation of hog cholera and bovine viral diarrhea viruses. Can J Comp Med 1977; 41:127-9. [PMID: 188531 PMCID: PMC1277704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Markers for differentiating hog cholera and bovine viral diarrhea viruses were studied using Tween 80, chloroform, trichlorotrifluoroethane and tri (n-butyl) phosphate. Attenuated A and virulent Ames strains of hog cholera virus were employed. Moreover, the NADL PK-15 cell culture adopted strain and low cell culture passaged Purdue strain of bovine viral diarrhea virus were used. These viruses were reacted with 2,500 micrograms/ml of Tween 80 for one hour at 37 degrees C. When attenuated A and virulent Ames strains of hog cholera virus with titers greater than 10(6) and 10(5) plaque forming units respectively, were reacted with Tween 80 the titer of each strains was reduced by approximately 10(4) plaque forming units of virus. When either strain of bovine viral diarrhea virus was reacted with Tween 80, virus was not detected.
Collapse
|
44
|
Carbrey EA, Stewart WC, Kresse JI, Snyder ML. Natural infection of pigs with bovine viral diarrhea virus and its differential diagnosis from hog cholera. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1976; 169:1217-9. [PMID: 187565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Natural infection of pigs with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) through contact with infected cattle has caused problems in diagnosing hog cholera (HC). Low cross-reacting serum antibody titers against HC caused by BVDV infection were found in clinically normal pigs as well as those suspected of having HC. Bovine viral diarrhea virus was isolated from specimen tissues and initially identified as HC virus (HCV), using the fluorescent antibody cell culture technique. Additional cell cultures, as well as pig and calf trials, were necessary to identify it as BVDV. The isolate caused clinical signs of illness in the calves, whereas the pigs remained healthy. Bovine viral diarrhea virus may be detected in tissue sections or isolated in cell cultures and confirmed as HCV, using the HC fluorescent antibody conjugate. Laboratories performing the neutralization test for HC should use discretion when interpreting HC titers unless BVD titers are determined on the same serums.
Collapse
|
45
|
Kresse JI, Stewart WC, Carbrey EA, Snyder ML. Sensitivity of swine buffy coat culture to infection with hog cholera virus. Am J Vet Res 1976; 37:1315-8. [PMID: 984563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The susceptibility of swine buffy coat (BC) cultures inoculated with hog cholera (HC) virus in the presence of homologous antiserum was greater than that of a pig kidney (PK-15) cell line similarly inoculated. The virus was isolated from BC cultures grown in the presence of 0.1% hyperimmune serum, whereas it could not be consistently recovered from the PK-15 cell line in which hyperimmune serum concentrations exceeded 0.025%. Maximal viral titers in BC culture were reached between postinoculation days 4 and 8. Peak titers were not influenced by the age of cells at infection or dose of virus. Data were present in support of the hypothesis that the decrease of HC viral isolations in BC cultures from HC epizootics was related to lessened use of attenuated vaccines.
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Egotism is defined as the tendency to make attributions that put oneself in the best possible light, for example, the attribution of good outcomes to one's skill rather than to luck. An experiment was designed to demonstrate egotism. To rule out alternative explanations, the experiment compared the attributions of actors and observers for both good and bad outcomes. Theoretical considerations suggested that egotism might be especially likely at the conclusion of competition. Hence, subjects competed, won, or lost and then made attributions for their own and their opponents' outcomes. Evidence for egotism was clear. In addition, subjects made predictions of their opponents' attributions, which often turned out to be fairly accurate.
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Egotism is defined as the tendency to make attributions that put oneself in the best possible light, for example, the attribution of good outcomes to one's skill rather than to luck. An experiment was designed to demonstrate egotism. To rule out alternative explanations, the experiment compared the attributions of actors and observers for both good and bad outcomes. Theoretical considerations suggested that egotism might be especially likely at the conclusion of competition. Hence, subjects competed, won, or lost and then made attributions for their own and their opponents' outcomes. Evidence for egotism was clear. In addition, subjects made predictions of their opponents' attributions, which often turned out to be fairly accurate.
Collapse
|
48
|
Stewart WC, Carbrey EA, Jenney EW, Kresse JI, Snyder ML, Wessman SJ. Transmission of hog hog cholera virus by mosquitoes. Am J Vet Res 1975; 36:611-4. [PMID: 237444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mosquitoes trapped during an epizootic of hog cholera (HC) in Maryland in 1969 were prepared into 40 pools which were inoculated in pigs. Hog cholera virus was confirmed in pigs inoculated with 8 of 40 pools of mosquitoes. Generally, the pigs contracting HC developed chronic infections with persistent viremia that lasted 30 or more days. Two pigs seemed healthy when euthatized 62 and 80 days after inoculation, yet viremia of high titer was detected in each. Experimental studies were performed with 2 laboratory strains of mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti and Culex tarsalis, to determine if biological and mechanical transmission occur. Biological transmission was not confirmed, but HC virus was retained in A aegypti for 3 days. Mechanical transmission was confirmed with A aegypti in 2 of 9 experiments.
Collapse
|
49
|
Kresse JI, Stewart WC, Carbrey EA, Snyder ML. Swine buffy coat culture: an aid to the laboratory diagnosis of hog cholera. Am J Vet Res 1975; 36:141-4. [PMID: 163064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A 2-step technique for the isolation of hog cholera (HC) virus consisting of an initial culture on buffy coat (BC) cultures and subinoculation to a pig kidney cell line (PK-15) was described. By this technique, HC virus was confirmed in specimens from 65 herds in which the conventional cell culture isolation technique failed. The herds were located in 20 states and Puerto Rico. Specimens from 29 of the 65 herds were inoculated into specific-pathogen-free (SPF) pigs. Hog cholera virus was recovered from 27 of the test pigs. The 2 pigs from which virus was not recovered had signs of acute infection and, on necropsy, had gross lesions of HC infection.
Collapse
|
50
|
Steqart WC, Carbrey EA, Kresse JI, Snyder ML. Infections of swine with pseudorabies virus and enteroviruses: laboratory confirmation, clinical and epizootiologic features. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1974; 165:440-2. [PMID: 4370793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|