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Affiliation(s)
- R Alta Charo
- From the University of Wisconsin Law School, Madison
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Herzeg A, Almeida-Porada G, Charo RA, David AL, Gonzalez-Velez J, Gupta N, Lapteva L, Lianoglou B, Peranteau W, Porada C, Sanders SJ, Sparks TN, Stitelman DH, Struble E, Sumner CJ, MacKenzie TC. Prenatal Somatic Cell Gene Therapies: Charting a Path Toward Clinical Applications (Proceedings of the CERSI-FDA Meeting). J Clin Pharmacol 2022; 62 Suppl 1:S36-S52. [PMID: 36106778 PMCID: PMC9547535 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.2127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We are living in a golden age of medicine in which the availability of prenatal diagnosis, fetal therapy, and gene therapy/editing make it theoretically possible to repair almost any defect in the genetic code. Furthermore, the ability to diagnose genetic disorders before birth and the presence of established surgical techniques enable these therapies to be delivered safely to the fetus. Prenatal therapies are generally used in the second or early third trimester for severe, life-threatening disorders for which there is a clear rationale for intervening before birth. While there has been promising work for prenatal gene therapy in preclinical models, the path to a clinical prenatal gene therapy approach is complex. We recently held a conference with the University of California, San Francisco-Stanford Center of Excellence in Regulatory Science and Innovation, researchers, patient advocates, regulatory (members of the Food and Drug Administration), and other stakeholders to review the scientific background and rationale for prenatal somatic cell gene therapy for severe monogenic diseases and initiate a dialogue toward a safe regulatory path for phase 1 clinical trials. This review represents a summary of the considerations and discussions from these conversations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akos Herzeg
- UCSF Center for Maternal-Fetal PrecisionMedicine, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Graca Almeida-Porada
- Fetal Research and Therapy Program, Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
- Wake Forest University, School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - R. Alta Charo
- University of Wisconsin Law School, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Anna L. David
- Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute for Women’s Health, University College London Medical School, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Juan Gonzalez-Velez
- UCSF Center for Maternal-Fetal PrecisionMedicine, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nalin Gupta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Brain Tumor Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Benioff Children’s Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Larissa Lapteva
- Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies/Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Billie Lianoglou
- UCSF Center for Maternal-Fetal PrecisionMedicine, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - William Peranteau
- Center for Fetal Research, Division of General, Thoracic, and Fetal Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christopher Porada
- Fetal Research and Therapy Program, Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
- Wake Forest University, School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stephan J. Sanders
- UCSF Center for Maternal-Fetal PrecisionMedicine, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Teresa N. Sparks
- UCSF Center for Maternal-Fetal PrecisionMedicine, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - David H. Stitelman
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Evi Struble
- Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies/Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Charlotte J. Sumner
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tippi C. MacKenzie
- UCSF Center for Maternal-Fetal PrecisionMedicine, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Benioff Children’s Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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3
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Affiliation(s)
- R Alta Charo
- From the University of Wisconsin Law School, Madison
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Lovell-Badge R, Anthony E, Barker RA, Bubela T, Brivanlou AH, Carpenter M, Charo RA, Clark A, Clayton E, Cong Y, Daley GQ, Fu J, Fujita M, Greenfield A, Goldman SA, Hill L, Hyun I, Isasi R, Kahn J, Kato K, Kim JS, Kimmelman J, Knoblich JA, Mathews D, Montserrat N, Mosher J, Munsie M, Nakauchi H, Naldini L, Naughton G, Niakan K, Ogbogu U, Pedersen R, Rivron N, Rooke H, Rossant J, Round J, Saitou M, Sipp D, Steffann J, Sugarman J, Surani A, Takahashi J, Tang F, Turner L, Zettler PJ, Zhai X. ISSCR Guidelines for Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation: The 2021 update. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:1398-1408. [PMID: 34048692 PMCID: PMC8190668 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The International Society for Stem Cell Research has updated its Guidelines for Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation in order to address advances in stem cell science and other relevant fields, together with the associated ethical, social, and policy issues that have arisen since the last update in 2016. While growing to encompass the evolving science, clinical applications of stem cells, and the increasingly complex implications of stem cell research for society, the basic principles underlying the Guidelines remain unchanged, and they will continue to serve as the standard for the field and as a resource for scientists, regulators, funders, physicians, and members of the public, including patients. A summary of the key updates and issues is presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Anthony
- International Society for Stem Cell Research, Skokie, IL, USA
| | - Roger A Barker
- Cambridge Center for Brain Repair and WT-MRC Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | - R Alta Charo
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Amander Clark
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Steve A Goldman
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA; University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Insoo Hyun
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey Kahn
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Debra Mathews
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nuria Montserrat
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jack Mosher
- International Society for Stem Cell Research, Skokie, IL, USA
| | - Megan Munsie
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Kathy Niakan
- Francis Crick Institute, London, UK; Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Nicolas Rivron
- IMBA-Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Jeff Round
- Institute of Health Economics, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Douglas Sipp
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Wako, Japan; Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Jeremy Sugarman
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Azim Surani
- Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Mackelprang R, Aurand ER, Bovenberg RAL, Brink KR, Charo RA, Delborne JA, Diggans J, Ellington AD, Fortman JL“C, Isaacs FJ, Medford JI, Murray RM, Noireaux V, Palmer MJ, Zoloth L, Friedman DC. Guiding Ethical Principles in Engineering Biology Research. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:907-910. [PMID: 33977723 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Engineering biology is being applied toward solving or mitigating some of the greatest challenges facing society. As with many other rapidly advancing technologies, the development of these powerful tools must be considered in the context of ethical uses for personal, societal, and/or environmental advancement. Researchers have a responsibility to consider the diverse outcomes that may result from the knowledge and innovation they contribute to the field. Together, we developed a Statement of Ethics in Engineering Biology Research to guide researchers as they incorporate the consideration of long-term ethical implications of their work into every phase of the research lifecycle. Herein, we present and contextualize this Statement of Ethics and its six guiding principles. Our goal is to facilitate ongoing reflection and collaboration among technical researchers, social scientists, policy makers, and other stakeholders to support best outcomes in engineering biology innovation and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Mackelprang
- Engineering Biology Research Consortium, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Emily R. Aurand
- Engineering Biology Research Consortium, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Roel A. L. Bovenberg
- Synthetic Biology and Cell Engineering, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- DSM Biotechnology Centre, Delft, 2613AX, The Netherlands
| | - Kathryn R. Brink
- PhD Program in Systems, Synthetic, and Physical Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - R. Alta Charo
- The University of Wisconsin Law School, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jason A. Delborne
- Genetic Engineering and Society Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - James Diggans
- Twist Bioscience, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Andrew D. Ellington
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | | | - Farren J. Isaacs
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - June I. Medford
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Richard M. Murray
- Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Vincent Noireaux
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Megan J. Palmer
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94040, United States
| | - Laurie Zoloth
- University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Douglas C. Friedman
- Engineering Biology Research Consortium, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
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Phelan R, Baumgartner B, Brand S, Brister E, Burgiel SW, Charo RA, Coche I, Cofrancesco A, Delborne JA, Edwards O, Fisher JP, Gaywood M, Gordon DR, Howald G, Hunter ME, Kareiva P, Mankad A, Marvier M, Moseby K, Newhouse AE, Novak BJ, Ohrstrom G, Olson S, Palmer MJ, Palumbi S, Patterson N, Pedrono M, Pelegri F, Rohwer Y, Ryder OA, Saah JR, Scheller RM, Seddon PJ, Shaffer HB, Shapiro B, Sweeney M, Tercek MR, Thizy D, Tilt W, Weber M, Wegrzyn RD, Whitelaw B, Winkler M, Wodak J, Zimring M, Robbins P. Intended consequences statement. Conservat Sci and Prac 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Evelyn Brister
- Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester New York USA
| | | | - R. Alta Charo
- University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
| | | | - Al Cofrancesco
- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center Vicksburg Mississippi USA
| | - Jason A. Delborne
- Genetic Engineering and Society Center North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina USA
| | - Owain Edwards
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Floreat Western Australia Australia
| | | | | | - Doria R. Gordon
- Environmental Defense Fund Washington District of Columbia USA
| | - Gregg Howald
- Advanced Conservation Strategies Williamsburg Virginia USA
| | - Margaret E. Hunter
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center Gainesville Florida USA
| | | | - Aditi Mankad
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Floreat Western Australia Australia
| | - Michelle Marvier
- Department of Environmental Studies and Sciences Santa Clara University Santa Clara California USA
| | | | - Andrew E. Newhouse
- State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry Syracuse New York USA
| | | | | | - Steven Olson
- Association of Zoos and Aquariums Silver Spring Maryland USA
| | | | - Stephen Palumbi
- Hopkins Marine Station Stanford University Pacific Grove California USA
| | - Neil Patterson
- State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry Center for Native Peoples & the Environment Syracuse New York USA
| | - Miguel Pedrono
- French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD, UMR ASTRE) Montpellier France
| | - Francisco Pelegri
- Laboratory of Genetics University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - Yasha Rohwer
- Oregon Institute of Technology Klamath Falls Oregon USA
| | | | | | - Robert M. Scheller
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina USA
| | | | - H. Bradley Shaffer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and La Kretz Center for California Conservation Science, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability University of California Los Angeles California USA
| | - Beth Shapiro
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute University of California Santa Cruz California USA
| | - Mike Sweeney
- The Nature Conservancy San Francisco California USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Bruce Whitelaw
- The Roslin Institute University of Edinburgh Midlothian UK
| | | | - Josh Wodak
- Institute for Culture and Society, Western Sydney University Parramatta New South Wales Australia
| | - Mark Zimring
- The Nature Conservancy San Francisco California USA
| | - Paul Robbins
- Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
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Affiliation(s)
- R Alta Charo
- From the University of Wisconsin Law School, Madison
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Charo RA, Barker RA, Sugarman J. Informed Consent for Stem Cell-Based Interventions-Reply. JAMA 2020; 323:894. [PMID: 32125399 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2019.22271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Roger A Barker
- WT-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
| | - Jeremy Sugarman
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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Abstract
Germline genome editing has garnered dire predictions about its societal effects, but experience with other reproductive technologies should caution us about making extravagant claims. Amniocentesis was predicted to result in increased stigmatization of people born with Down syndrome, but in fact people with these conditions have been increasingly integrated into schools and workplaces. Artificial insemination by donor was predicted to result in women choosing to "optimize" their children, but in fact most women eschewed the offerings of the so-called "genius sperm bank," and when choosing among donors, have tended to look for those who most resemble their husbands and partners. IVF was predicted to cause parents to view children as commodities, but no such change has been evidenced. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis was predicted to become widespread and used for an ever-increasing range of conditions, including those unrelated to serious disease or shortened life span, but this has not happened either. Critics of germline genome editing have argued that even if it were safe and effective, it would inevitably be abused by prospective parents who wish to improve upon what is already predicted to be a healthy outcome, and that this practice would become sufficiently widespread among those able to afford it that we would be creating a new genetic caste system. Before developing policy around such predictions, it is important to learn from the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Sugarman
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Roger A Barker
- WT-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
| | - R Alta Charo
- University of Wisconsin Law School, Madison
- Stanford Center for Advanced Studies in Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
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Lehmann R, Lee CM, Shugart EC, Benedetti M, Charo RA, Gartner Z, Hogan B, Knoblich J, Nelson CM, Wilson KM. Human organoids: a new dimension in cell biology. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:1129-1137. [PMID: 31034354 PMCID: PMC6724519 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-03-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Organoids derived from stem cells or tissues in culture can develop into structures that resemble the in vivo anatomy and physiology of intact organs. Human organoid cultures provide the potential to study human development and model disease processes with the same scrutiny and depth of analysis customary for research with nonhuman model organisms. Resembling the complexity of the actual tissue or organ, patient-derived human organoid studies may accelerate medical research, creating new opportunities for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, generating knowledge and tools for preclinical studies, including drug development and testing. Biologists are drawn to this system as a new "model organism" to study complex disease phenotypes and genetic variability among individuals using patient-derived tissues. The American Society for Cell Biology convened a task force to report on the potential, challenges, and limitations for human organoid research. The task force suggests ways to ease the entry for new researchers into the field and how to facilitate broader use of this new model organism within the research community. This includes guidelines for reproducibility, culturing, sharing of patient materials, patient consent, training, and communication with the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Lehmann
- HHMI and Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Connie M Lee
- Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago IL 60637
| | | | | | - R Alta Charo
- University of Wisconsin Madison Law School, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Zev Gartner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Brigid Hogan
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Jürgen Knoblich
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Celeste M Nelson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Kevin M Wilson
- The American Society for Cell Biology, Bethesda, MD 20814
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Affiliation(s)
- R Alta Charo
- From the University of Wisconsin Law School, Madison
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Affiliation(s)
- R Alta Charo
- From the University of Wisconsin Law School, Madison (R.A.C.); and the RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, and Keio University School of Medicine, Keio Global Research Institute, and the RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, Tokyo - all in Japan (D.S.)
| | - Douglas Sipp
- From the University of Wisconsin Law School, Madison (R.A.C.); and the RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, and Keio University School of Medicine, Keio Global Research Institute, and the RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, Tokyo - all in Japan (D.S.)
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Affiliation(s)
- R Alta Charo
- From the University of Wisconsin Law School, Madison
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Affiliation(s)
- R Alta Charo
- R. Alta Charo* is the Warren P. Knowles Professor of Law and Bioethics at the University of Wisconsin Law School, Madison, WI.
| | - Richard O Hynes
- Richard O. Hynes* is the Daniel K. Ludwig Professor for Cancer Research and Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator at the Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Alta Charo
- From the School of Law and the Department of Medical History and Bioethics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison
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Acharya A, Bingham K, Bradner J, Burke W, Charo RA, Cherry J, Choulika A, Coles T, Cook-Deegan R, Crooke ST, Crook ST, Díaz E, Erickson B, Giddings LV, Giwa SE, Greenwood JC, Gulati V, Hall S, Harris J, Heywood J, Hill C, Levin J, Mangubat A, Maraganore J, Mariggi G, Mazur BJ, McGuire AL, Moll N, Moreno J, Naughton G, Nelsen L, Osbourn J, Perez D, Reed J, Schmidt E, Seyfert-Margolis V, Stoffels P, Thorball J, O'Toole T, Vainu I, van Deventer S, Zerhouni E, Zohar D. Community crystal gazing. Nat Biotechnol 2016; 34:276-83. [PMID: 26963550 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jay Bradner
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wylie Burke
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - R Alta Charo
- University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | | | - Tony Coles
- Yumanity Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Brent Erickson
- Biotechnology Innovation Organization, Washington, DC, USA
| | - L Val Giddings
- Information Technology and Innovation Foundation, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sam Hall
- Apple Tree Partners, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Jamie Heywood
- PatientsLikeMe and AOBiome, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Colin Hill
- GNS Healthcare, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lita Nelsen
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- R Alta Charo
- From the School of Law and the Department of Medical History and Bioethics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison
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Bosley KS, Botchan M, Bredenoord AL, Carroll D, Charo RA, Charpentier E, Cohen R, Corn J, Doudna J, Feng G, Greely HT, Isasi R, Ji W, Kim JS, Knoppers B, Lanphier E, Li J, Lovell-Badge R, Martin GS, Moreno J, Naldini L, Pera M, Perry ACF, Venter JC, Zhang F, Zhou Q. CRISPR germline engineering--the community speaks. Nat Biotechnol 2016; 33:478-86. [PMID: 25965754 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Botchan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Annelien L Bredenoord
- Department of Medical Humanities, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dana Carroll
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - R Alta Charo
- School of Law, and Department of Medical History and Bioethics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine &Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Emmanuelle Charpentier
- Department of Regulation in Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ron Cohen
- Acorda Therapeutics, Ardsley, New York, USA
| | - Jacob Corn
- Innovative Genomics Initiative, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Jennifer Doudna
- Department of Molecular &Cell Biology and Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Guoping Feng
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Rosario Isasi
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Weihzi Ji
- Kunming Biomed International and National Engineering Research Center of Biomedicine and Animal Science, Kunming, China
| | - Jin-Soo Kim
- Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Science and Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bartha Knoppers
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Jinsong Li
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | | | - G Steven Martin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | | | - Luigi Naldini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Milan, Italy
| | - Martin Pera
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anthony C F Perry
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | | | - Feng Zhang
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Qi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Abstract
The genome editing platforms currently in use have revolutionized the field of genetics. At an accelerating rate, these tools are entering areas with direct impact on human well being. Here, we discuss applications in agriculture and in medicine, and examine some associated societal issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Carroll
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5650, USA
| | - R Alta Charo
- School of Law and Department of Medical History and Bioethics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- R Alta Charo
- From the School of Law and the Department of Medical History and Bioethics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison
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Affiliation(s)
- R Alta Charo
- School of Law and School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA.
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25
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Bosley KS, Botchan M, Bredenoord AL, Carroll D, Charo RA, Charpentier E, Cohen R, Corn J, Doudna J, Feng G, Greely HT, Isasi R, Ji W, Kim JS, Knoppers B, Lanphier E, Li J, Lovell-Badge R, Martin GS, Moreno J, Naldini L, Pera M, Perry ACF, Venter JC, Zhang F, Zhou Q. CRISPR germline engineering--the community speaks. Nat Biotechnol 2015. [PMID: 25965754 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3227.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Botchan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Annelien L Bredenoord
- Department of Medical Humanities, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dana Carroll
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - R Alta Charo
- School of Law, and Department of Medical History and Bioethics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine &Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Emmanuelle Charpentier
- Department of Regulation in Infection Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ron Cohen
- Acorda Therapeutics, Ardsley, New York, USA
| | - Jacob Corn
- Innovative Genomics Initiative, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Jennifer Doudna
- Department of Molecular &Cell Biology and Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Guoping Feng
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Rosario Isasi
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Weihzi Ji
- Kunming Biomed International and National Engineering Research Center of Biomedicine and Animal Science, Kunming, China
| | - Jin-Soo Kim
- Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Science and Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bartha Knoppers
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Jinsong Li
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | | | - G Steven Martin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | | | - Luigi Naldini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Milan, Italy
| | - Martin Pera
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anthony C F Perry
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | | | - Feng Zhang
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Qi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Baltimore D, Berg P, Botchan M, Carroll D, Charo RA, Church G, Corn JE, Daley GQ, Doudna JA, Fenner M, Greely HT, Jinek M, Martin GS, Penhoet E, Puck J, Sternberg SH, Weissman JS, Yamamoto KR. Biotechnology. A prudent path forward for genomic engineering and germline gene modification. Science 2015; 348:36-8. [PMID: 25791083 DOI: 10.1126/science.aab1028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Baltimore
- California Institute of Technology, Mail Code 147-75, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Paul Berg
- Stanford University School of Medicine, 291 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael Botchan
- University of California, Berkeley, 450 Li Ka Shing no. 3370, Berkeley, CA 94720-3370, USA. Innovative Genomics Initiative, University of California, Berkeley, 188 Li Ka Shing Center, Berkeley, CA 94720-3370, USA
| | - Dana Carroll
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, 15 North Medical Drive East, Room 4100, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5650, USA
| | - R Alta Charo
- Department of Medical History and Bioethics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Law School, 975 Bascom Mall, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - George Church
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jacob E Corn
- Innovative Genomics Initiative, University of California, Berkeley, 188 Li Ka Shing Center, Berkeley, CA 94720-3370, USA
| | - George Q Daley
- Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Karp Family Building, 7th Floor, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 4000 Jones Bridge Road, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Jennifer A Doudna
- Innovative Genomics Initiative, University of California, Berkeley, 188 Li Ka Shing Center, Berkeley, CA 94720-3370, USA. Departments of Molecular and Cell Biology and Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 731 Stanley Hall, MS 3220, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3220, USA.
| | - Marsha Fenner
- Innovative Genomics Initiative, University of California, Berkeley, 188 Li Ka Shing Center, Berkeley, CA 94720-3370, USA
| | - Henry T Greely
- Center for Law and the Biosciences, Crown Quadrangle 559 Nathan Abbott Way Stanford, CA 94305-8610, USA
| | - Martin Jinek
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - G Steven Martin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, College of Letters and Science, University of California, Berkeley, 210K Durant Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-2920, USA
| | - Edward Penhoet
- Alta Partners, One Embarcadero Center, 37th Floor, San Francisco, CA 94111, USA
| | - Jennifer Puck
- Department of Pediatrics UCSF School of Medicine, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Samuel H Sternberg
- Department of Chemistry, 731 Stanley Hall, MS 3220, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3220, USA
| | - Jonathan S Weissman
- Innovative Genomics Initiative, University of California, Berkeley, 188 Li Ka Shing Center, Berkeley, CA 94720-3370, USA. Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, Byers Hall, 1700 4th Street, San Francisco, CA 94158-2330, USA
| | - Keith R Yamamoto
- Innovative Genomics Initiative, University of California, Berkeley, 188 Li Ka Shing Center, Berkeley, CA 94720-3370, USA. UCSF School of Medicine, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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Abstract
This essay focuses on possible nonhuman applications of CRISPR/Cas9 that are likely to be widely overlooked because they are unexpected and, in some cases, perhaps even "frivolous." We look at five uses for "CRISPR Critters": wild de-extinction, domestic de-extinction, personal whim, art, and novel forms of disease prevention. We then discuss the current regulatory framework and its possible limitations in those contexts. We end with questions about some deeper issues raised by the increased human control over life on earth offered by genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Alta Charo
- a University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
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Affiliation(s)
- R Alta Charo
- Warren P. Knowles Professor of Law and Bioethics, University of Wisconsin Law School, Madison2School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison
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Affiliation(s)
- R Alta Charo
- From the School of Law and the Department of Medical History and Bioethics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison
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Affiliation(s)
- R Alta Charo
- School of Law, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Alta Charo
- School of Law and the School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Rosenfield
- Mailman School of Public Health and College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce M Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Center for Health Studies, Group Health, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
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Daley GQ, Ahrlund Richter L, Auerbach JM, Benvenisty N, Charo RA, Chen G, Deng HK, Goldstein LS, Hudson KL, Hyun I, Junn SC, Love J, Lee EH, McLaren A, Mummery CL, Nakatsuji N, Racowsky C, Rooke H, Rossant J, Schöler HR, Solbakk JH, Taylor P, Trounson AO, Weissman IL, Wilmut I, Yu J, Zoloth L. Ethics. The ISSCR guidelines for human embryonic stem cell research. Science 2007; 315:603-4. [PMID: 17272706 DOI: 10.1126/science.1139337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- R Alta Charo
- School of Law and the School of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
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Charo RA. And baby makes three--or four, or five, or six: redefining the family after the reprotech revolution. Wis Womens Law J 2006; 7-8:1-23. [PMID: 16617536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R A Charo
- University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Charo RA. Policy & Politics: Realbioethik. Hastings Cent Rep 2005. [DOI: 10.2307/3528820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- R Alta Charo
- University of Wisconsin Law School, Madison, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- R Alta Charo
- University of Wisconsin Law and Medical Schools, USA
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Abstract
Like automobiles in the passenger side mirror, conservative bioethics is closer than it appears, and it has joined forces with the neo-conservative movement's rejection of moral relativism and moral pluralism. Leon Kass and about half of the current bioethics council appointed by President Bush form an interlocking world of journals, conferences, presidential advisors and, most notably, bioethics commission staff, all working to promote and extend federal regulation of public morals in the name of preserving real and romanticized societal norms in the face of social evolution wrought by technological change.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Alta Charo
- University of Wisconsin Law and Medical Schools, National Academy of Sciences Board on Life Sciences, USA
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Charo RA. The National Bioethics Advisory Commission: bridging the tension between scientific and public policy analysis. J Biolaw Bus 2003; 1:84-9. [PMID: 12739543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
During the period between the early 1980s to the mid 1990s, the U.S. was distinguished from most other developed countries by its lack of a national-level public body to assist the government in its policy-making on topics of biomedical ethics. While Canada, Denmark, France, Spain, and other countries regularly sought advice from public commissions on issues ranging from reproductive technologies to euthanasia, the U.S. relied on myriad state commissions, court decisions, and academic bodies. The result was a pattern of policy-making that was slower and more unpredictable than that of its peers. With the 1996 appointment of the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) by President Clinton, there has been a change in the process of U.S. public policy development. This article provides an overview of the NBAC and highlights recent areas of focus and related recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Charo
- Medical School Program in Medical Ethics, University of Wisconsin, USA
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Charo RA. Cloning: ethics and public policy. Hofstra Law Rev 2003; 27:503-8. [PMID: 12650146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
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Charo RA. The ethics of control. Yale J Health Policy Law Ethics 2003; 2:109, 143-55. [PMID: 12664940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
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Charo RA. The hunting of the snark: the moral status of embryos, right-to-lifers, and Third World women. Stanford Law Pol Rev 2003; 6:11-37. [PMID: 12645597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
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Abstract
Unlike other countries that regulate assisted reproduction, the US has largely left this field to the domain of professional self-regulation and market preferences. The reason lies both in the confused jurisprudence of reproductive liberty and the paralysing effect of the abortion debate on US politics. The debate surrounding cloning, however, has galvanized both activists and the government to revisit the question of regulation, and recent cases in the US Supreme Court suggest that if the political will to regulate this field is found, governmental authority to intervene in areas such as pre-implantation diagnosis, gamete donation and surrogacy might well be upheld, even in the face of constitutional challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Alta Charo
- University of Wisconsin Law School, and Department of Medical History and Bioethics, University of Wisconsin Medical School, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 5211C Law Building, 975 Bascom Mall, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Alta Charo R. Wars of petition. Hastings Cent Rep 2002; 32:6. [PMID: 12085518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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Charo RA. Skin and bones: post-mortem markets in human tissue. Nova Law Rev 2002; 26:421-50. [PMID: 12627562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
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