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Thientunyakit T, Sethanandha C, Muangpaisan W, Minoshima S. 3D-SSP analysis for amyloid brain PET imaging using 18F-florbetapir in patients with Alzheimer's dementia and mild cognitive impairment. Med J Malaysia 2021; 76:493-501. [PMID: 34305110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study is to use 3D-SSP and a population-comparable normal database to investigate the associations between amyloid deposition detected by 18Fflorbetapir PET and neurocognitive performance of participants with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). MATERIALS AND METHODS 18F-florbetapir PET and 18F-FDG PET imaging was prospectively performed on 78 subjects (20 cognitively healthy controls [HC], 27 MCI patients, and 31 AD patients) within 6 weeks of their neurocognitive assessments. The PET datasets from 19 HCs were used to create an NBD. The 3D-SSP analysis and Z-score mapping of 18F-florbetapir accumulations in the brain were further staged based on their accumulation patterns. Global and regional standard uptake value ratios (SUVRs) of 18Fflorbetapir were calculated using the cerebellar cortex as the normalised region. The relationships between the 18Fflorbetapir PET results, the clinical diagnoses and Thai Mini- Mental State Examination (TMSE) scores were determined. RESULTS There was high agreement between the visual assessment results and the semiquantitative analysis (κ = 0.793 and 0.845). The stages of amyloid deposition were consistent with neurocognitive status across participants. Significantly higher SUVRs were found in AD than MCI and HC. Visual assessment and stage were not significantly correlated with TMSE scores. A significant negative correlation between the SUVRs and TMSE scores was partially demonstrated in MCI and AD, but not HC. CONCLUSIONS 3D-SSP analysis of 18F-florbetapir PET provides special patterns and intensity of beta amyloid accumulation semi-quantitatively that are associated with the diagnosis and neurocognitive performances in MCI and AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Thientunyakit
- Mahidol University, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
| | - C Sethanandha
- Mahidol University, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - W Muangpaisan
- Mahidol University, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - S Minoshima
- University of Utah, Department of Radiological and Imaging Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States
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Cherrier MM, Cross DJ, Higano CS, Minoshima S. Changes in cerebral metabolic activity in men undergoing androgen deprivation therapy for non-metastatic prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2018; 21:394-402. [PMID: 29700388 PMCID: PMC6125255 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-018-0037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is a common treatment option for men with biochemical relapse from prostate cancer. ADT is associated with changes in mood, cognition, and quality of life, and most recently with increased risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study examined changes in brain metabolism using positron emission tomography (PET) in men undergoing intermittent ADT. METHODS Nine men with prostate cancer and a rising PSA (biochemical recurrence) without evidence of metastases were treated with intermittent ADT consisting of 9 months of complete androgen blockade achieved with combined leuprolide acetate and flutamide. Patients underwent resting [Fuorine-18] fluorodeoxyglucose PET (18F-FDGPET) at baseline (before treatment) and again after 9 months of ADT. RESULTS Whole-brain mapping analysis after 9 months of androgen deprivation compared to pretreatment baseline revealed decreased regional cerebral glucose metabolism in the cerebellum, posterior cingulate, and medial thalamus bilaterally. Associations of brain metabolism with measurements of cognition and mood while on androgen deprivation revealed positive correlations between the posterior cingulate, left inferior parietal lobule (BA40), and left mid temporal gyrus (BA39) and spatial reasoning and a negative correlation between left inferior parietal lobule and verbal memory. Several mood indices were negatively correlated with hypothalamus and brainstem. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that complete androgen deprivation may result in changes in regional brain metabolism associated with variation in mood, verbal memory, and spatial performance. Brain regions that were impacted from ADT are similar and overlap with brain regions with metabolic decline found in early AD and diabetes, suggesting possible common mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Cherrier
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - D J Cross
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - C S Higano
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology and Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - S Minoshima
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- S Minoshima
- Department of Radiology University of Utah Salt Lake City, Utah
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Jonides J, Schumacher EH, Smith EE, Lauber EJ, Awh E, Minoshima S, Koeppe RA. Verbal Working Memory Load Affects Regional Brain Activation as Measured by PET. J Cogn Neurosci 2013; 9:462-75. [PMID: 23968211 DOI: 10.1162/jocn.1997.9.4.462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 428] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
We report an experiment that assesses the effect of variations in memory load on brain activations that mediate verbal working memory. The paradigm that forms the basis of this experiment is the "n-back" task in which subjects must decide for each letter in a series whether it matches the one presented n items back in the series. This task is of interest because it recruits processes involved in both the storage and manipulation of information in working memory. Variations in task difficulty were accomplished by varying the value of n. As n increased, subjects showed poorer behavioral performance as well as monotonically increasing magnitudes of brain activation in a large number of sites that together have been identified with verbal working-memory processes. By contrast, there was no reliable increase in activation in sites that are unrelated to working memory. These results validate the use of parametric manipulation of task variables in neuroimaging research, and they converge with the subtraction paradigm used most often in neuroimaging. In addition, the data support a model of working memory that includes both storage and executive processes that recruit a network of brain areas, all of which are involved in task performance.
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Abstract
We used positron emission tomography (PET) to answer the following question: Is working memory a unitary storage system, or does it instead include different storage buffers for different kinds of information? In Experiment 1, PET measures were taken while subjects engaged in either a spatial-memory task (retain the position of three dots for 3 sec) or an object-memory task (retain the identity of two objects for 3 sec). The results manifested a striking double dissociation, as the spatial task activated only right-hemisphere regions, whereas the object task activated primarily left-hemisphere regions. The spatial (right-hemisphere) regions included occipital, parietal, and prefrontal areas, while the object (left-hemisphere) regions included inferotemporal and parietal areas. Experiment 2 was similar to Experiment 1 except that the stimuli and trial events were identical for the spatial and object tasks; whether spatial or object memory was required was manipulated by instructions. The PET results once more showed a double dissociation, as the spatial task activated primarily right-hemisphere regions (again including occipital, parietal and prefrontal areas), whereas the object task activated only left-hemisphere regions (again including inferotemporal and parietal areas). Experiment 3 was a strictly behavioral study, which produced another double dissociation. It used the same tasks as Experiment 2, and showed that a variation in spatial similarity affected performance in the spatial but not the object task, whereas a variation in shape similarity affected performance in the object but not the spatial task. Taken together, the results of the three experiments clearly imply that different working-memory buffers are used for storing spatial and object information.
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Nakanishi H, Ohtsubo M, Iwasaki S, Hotta Y, Mizuta K, Mineta H, Minoshima S. Identification of 11 novel mutations in USH2A among Japanese patients with Usher syndrome type 2. Clin Genet 2009; 76:383-91. [PMID: 19737284 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2009.01257.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Usher syndrome (USH) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by retinitis pigmentosa and hearing loss. USH type 2 (USH2) is the most common type of USH and is frequently caused by mutations in USH2A, which accounts for 74-90% of USH2 cases. This is the first study reporting the results of scanning for USH2A mutations in Japanese patients with USH2. In 8 of 10 unrelated patients, we identified 14 different mutations. Of these mutations, 11 were novel. Although the mutation spectrum that we identified differed from that for Caucasians, the incidence of mutations in USH2A was 80% for all patients tested, which is consistent with previous findings. Further, c.8559-2A>G was identified in four patients and accounted for 26.7% of mutated alleles; it is thus a frequent mutation in Japanese patients. Hence, mutation screening for c.8559-2A>G in USH2A may prove very effective for the early diagnosis of USH2.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nakanishi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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Sadeghi N, Foster N, Wang A, Minoshima S, Lieberman A, Tasdizen T. IC‐P1‐051: Automatic diagnostic classification of dementia with FDG‐PET using a spatial – decision tree approach. Alzheimers Dement 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2008.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Sadeghi
- School of Computing, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - N.L. Foster
- Center for Alzheimer's Care, Imaging and Research, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - A.Y. Wang
- Center for Alzheimer's Care, Imaging and Research, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - S. Minoshima
- School of Medicine, University of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | - A.P. Lieberman
- Department of PathologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - T. Tasdizen
- School of Computing, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
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Sadeghi N, Foster N, Wang A, Minoshima S, Lieberman A, Tolga T. P2‐068: Automatic diagnostic classification of dementia with FDG‐PET using a spatial decision tree approach. Alzheimers Dement 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2008.05.1141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Sadeghi
- School of Computing, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - N.L. Foster
- Center for Alzheimer's Care, Imaging and ResearchUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - A.Y. Wang
- Center for Alzheimer's Care, Imaging and ResearchUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - S. Minoshima
- School of Medicine, University of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | - A.P. Lieberman
- Department of PathologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - T. Tolga
- School of Computing, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
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Flexman JA, Cross DJ, Kim Y, Minoshima S. Morphological and parametric estimation of fetal neural stem cell migratory capacity in the rat brain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 2007:4464-7. [PMID: 18002996 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2007.4353330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can non-invasively monitor the migratory behavior of magnetically labeled stem cells after transplantation. Signal changes associated with the clearance of the contrast agent due to cell death and leaked tracer in the interstitial space must be better understood in order to accurately interpret imaging results. In this study, fetal neural stem cells were labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) particles and transplanted into the corpus callosum of the adult rat. MRI was performed on the day of transplantation and at one week. Control subjects received injections of either non-viable, labeled cells or loose SPIO particles. Two quantitative image analysis algorithms were developed to evaluate imaging results: 1) signal intensity drop-out areas were segmented and compared on a pixel-wise basis between initial and one week images; and 2) signal intensity profiles of transplanted materials at one week were parametrically modeled to estimate migration speed. Segmentation results showed that the number of pixels segmented at one week was significantly greater than the initial number of segmented pixels for subjects receiving injections of viable cells as compared to controls (p<0.05). The average speed of migration of viable cells along the corpus callosum was 69.2+/-41.1 microm/d and was significantly higher than controls (p<0.05). This study demonstrates an in vivo assay to quantitatively evaluate stem cell migration that can be used in different experimental paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Flexman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Cross DJ, Flexman JA, Anzai Y, Sasaki T, Treuting PM, Maravilla KR, Minoshima S. In vivo manganese MR imaging of calcium influx in spontaneous rat pituitary adenoma. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2007; 28:1865-71. [PMID: 17925377 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a0693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Rapid uptake of the calcium analog manganese (Mn2+) into spontaneous pituitary adenoma during MR imaging of aged rats generated the hypothesis that neuroendocrine tumors may have a corresponding increase in calcium influx required to trigger hormonal release. A goal of this study was to investigate the potential for clinical evaluation of pituitary adenoma by MR imaging combined with administration of Mn2+ (Mn-MR imaging). MATERIALS AND METHODS Mn-MR imaging was used to characterize the dynamic calcium influx in normal aged rat pituitary gland as well as spontaneous pituitary adenoma. To confirm the validity of Mn2+ as a calcium analog, we inhibited Mn2+ uptake into the olfactory bulb and pituitary gland of normal rats by using the calcium channel blocker verapamil. Rats with adenomas received fluorodeoxyglucose-positron-emission tomography (FDG-PET) scanning for characterization of tumor metabolism. Mn2+ influx was characterized in cultured pituitary adenoma cells. RESULTS Volume of interest analysis of the normal aged pituitary gland versus adenoma indicated faster and increased calcium influx in adenoma at 1, 3, 11, and 48 hours. Mn2+ uptake into the olfactory bulb and pituitary gland of normal rats was inhibited by calcium channel blockers and showed dose-dependent inhibition on dynamic MR imaging. FDG-PET indicated correlation between tumor energy metabolism and Mn2+ influx as well as tumor size. CONCLUSION These results indicate that adenomas have increased activity-dependent calcium influx compared with normal aged pituitary glands, suggesting a potential for exploitation in the clinical work-up of pituitary and other neuroendocrine tumors by developing Mn-MR imaging for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Cross
- Washington National Regional Primate Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7115, USA
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Flexman JA, Kim Y, Miyoshi S, Lewellen BL, Cross DJ, Minoshima S. A Viral Envelope as a Vehicle for Tracer, Drug, and Gene Delivery: Initial Biodistribution Study Using PET Imaging. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2007; 2006:793-6. [PMID: 17282303 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2005.1616534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Viral envelopes can be used as an effective vehicle to deliver imaging tracers as well as therapeutic drugs and genes. However, the current methods for in vivo tracking of viral envelopes are limited. This purpose of this study is to investigate dynamically the in vivo biodistribution of viral envelopes using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. The hemagglutinating virus of Japan envelope (HVJ-E) was labeled with radioactive fluorine (F-18) for tracking with PET imaging. Due to the low molecular weight of F-18, the encapsulation process by HVJ-E was optimized using the cationic agent poly-L-lysine (PLL, MW 66.7 kDa) and Feridex, a magnetic resonance imaging tracer. After labeling, HVJ-Es were injected intravenously into the normal rat and followed for 2 h using high resolution PET imaging. Region of interest analysis showed a significant increase in average liver accumulation based on radioactivity as compared to all control subjects. Average brain uptake showed a significant increase in radioactivity as compared to control subjects receiving F-18-PLL complexes or F-18 alone. Control subjects showed F-18 uptake primarily in the bones. These results demonstrate a molecular imaging technique that can be used to monitor drug and gene delivery and evaluate potential targeting mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Flexman
- Departments of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Flexman JA, Minoshima S, Kim Y, Miyoshi S, Lewellen BL, Cross DJ. A viral envelope as a vehicle for tracer, drug, and gene delivery: initial biodistribution study using PET imaging. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2007; 2005:5691-4. [PMID: 17281548 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2005.1615778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Viral envelopes can be used as an effective vehicle to deliver imaging tracers as well as therapeutic drugs and genes. However, the current methods for in vivo tracking of viral envelopes are limited. This purpose of this study is to investigate dynamically the in vivo biodistribution of viral envelopes using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. The hemagglutinating virus of Japan envelope (HVJ-E) was labeled with radioactive fluorine (F-18) for tracking with PET imaging. Due to the low molecular weight of F-18, the encapsulation process by HVJ-E was optimized using the cationic agent poly-L-lysine (PLL, MW 66.7 kDa) and Feridex, a magnetic resonance imaging tracer. After labeling, HVJ-Es were injected intravenously into the normal rat and followed for 2 h using high resolution PET imaging. Region of interest analysis showed a significant increase in average liver accumulation based on radioactivity as compared to all control subjects. Average brain uptake showed a significant increase in radioactivity as compared to control subjects receiving F-18-PLL complexes or F-18 alone. Control subjects showed F-18 uptake primarily in the bones. These results demonstrate a molecular imaging technique that can be used to monitor drug and gene delivery and evaluate potential targeting mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Flexman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Flexman JA, Minoshima S, Kim Y, Miyoshi S, Cross DJ, Maravilla K, Anzai Y. Efficiency of transfection and localization of superparamagnetic iron oxide particles in neural progenitor cells using two methods. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2007; 2004:5246-9. [PMID: 17271523 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2004.1404466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells represent a potentially revolutionary therapy for neurological pathologies but for which a thorough investigation of cell behavior in the living nervous system has yet to be performed. Contrast-enhanced cell tracking with magnetic resonance imaging can enable this investigation by introducing superparagmagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) particles within the cell membrane. Before magnetically labeled cells can be observed in vivo, it is essential to maximize SPIO transfer into the cell and to fully understand the localization of the contrast agent in mature neural cells. For practical applications, a quantitative evaluation of labeled cells before implantation will allow in vivo assertions. In this study, we present a comparison between two methods for magnetic transfection of neural progenitor cells: the hemmaglutinating virus of Japan envelope (HVJ-E) as a viral vector and a liposomal reagent. We show that HVJ-E is a more efficient vehicle of cell transfection using quantitative evaluation and that the iron content per cell can be predicted using a simple, automated image analysis of stained, labeled cells. Image analysis is also used in this study to show that the contrast agent is distributed in the axon after differentiation, an important aspect of understanding cell tracking in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Flexman
- Department of Bioengineering, Washington University, Seattle, WA, USA
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Ishiwata A, Sakayori O, Minoshima S, Mizumura S, Kitamura S, Katayama Y. Preclinical evidence of Alzheimer changes in progressive mild cognitive impairment: a qualitative and quantitative SPECT study. Acta Neurol Scand 2006; 114:91-6. [PMID: 16867030 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2006.00661.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Baseline brain single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) can predict mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients at risk for progressive MCI (PMCI). METHODS Twenty-eight subjects [12 MCI, 6 with probable Alzheimer's Disease (AD), and 10 normal subjects] underwent baseline brain SPECT and were clinically followed for a mean period of 36 months. RESULTS Of 12 MCI patients, 6 progressed to PMCI and 6 remained stable. Baseline SPECT identified asymmetric perfusion reduction in the parahippocampus (-5%), lateral parietal (-8%), and posterior cingulate (-11%) cortices--reductions consistent with that of mild AD--in five of the six PMCI patients. Significant perfusion reduction was observed particularly in the frontal cortices of probable AD when compared with PMCI (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Baseline SPECT can identify brain perfusion abnormalities among patients with MCI for progression to PMCI. This imaging modality may aid in MCI treatment stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ishiwata
- Department of Neurology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
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Flexman JA, Minoshima S, Kim Y, Cross DJ. Magneto-optical labeling of fetal neural stem cells for in vivo MRI tracking. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2006; 2006:5631-5634. [PMID: 17947156 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2006.259982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem cell therapy for neurological pathologies, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, may delay the onset of symptoms, replace damaged neurons and/or support the survival of endogenous cells. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to track magnetically labeled cells in vivo to observe migration. Prior to transplantation, labeled cells must be characterized to show that they retain their intrinsic properties, such as cell proliferation into neurospheres in a supplemented environment. In vivo images must also be correlated to sensitive, histological markers. In this study, we show that fetus-derived neural stem cells can be co-labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide and PKH26, a fluorescent dye. Labeled cells retain the ability to proliferate into neurospheres in culture, but labeling prevents neurospheres from merging in a non-adherent culture environment. After labeled NSCs were transplantation into the rat brain, their location and subsequent migration along the corpus callosum was detected using MRI. This study demonstrates an imaging paradigm with which to develop an in vivo assay for quantitatively evaluating fetal neural stem cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Flexman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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McKeith IG, Dickson DW, Lowe J, Emre M, O'Brien JT, Feldman H, Cummings J, Duda JE, Lippa C, Perry EK, Aarsland D, Arai H, Ballard CG, Boeve B, Burn DJ, Costa D, Del Ser T, Dubois B, Galasko D, Gauthier S, Goetz CG, Gomez-Tortosa E, Halliday G, Hansen LA, Hardy J, Iwatsubo T, Kalaria RN, Kaufer D, Kenny RA, Korczyn A, Kosaka K, Lee VMY, Lees A, Litvan I, Londos E, Lopez OL, Minoshima S, Mizuno Y, Molina JA, Mukaetova-Ladinska EB, Pasquier F, Perry RH, Schulz JB, Trojanowski JQ, Yamada M. Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies: third report of the DLB Consortium. Neurology 2005; 65:1863-72. [PMID: 16237129 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000187889.17253.b1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3466] [Impact Index Per Article: 182.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) Consortium has revised criteria for the clinical and pathologic diagnosis of DLB incorporating new information about the core clinical features and suggesting improved methods to assess them. REM sleep behavior disorder, severe neuroleptic sensitivity, and reduced striatal dopamine transporter activity on functional neuroimaging are given greater diagnostic weighting as features suggestive of a DLB diagnosis. The 1-year rule distinguishing between DLB and Parkinson disease with dementia may be difficult to apply in clinical settings and in such cases the term most appropriate to each individual patient should be used. Generic terms such as Lewy body (LB) disease are often helpful. The authors propose a new scheme for the pathologic assessment of LBs and Lewy neurites (LN) using alpha-synuclein immunohistochemistry and semiquantitative grading of lesion density, with the pattern of regional involvement being more important than total LB count. The new criteria take into account both Lewy-related and Alzheimer disease (AD)-type pathology to allocate a probability that these are associated with the clinical DLB syndrome. Finally, the authors suggest patient management guidelines including the need for accurate diagnosis, a target symptom approach, and use of appropriate outcome measures. There is limited evidence about specific interventions but available data suggest only a partial response of motor symptoms to levodopa: severe sensitivity to typical and atypical antipsychotics in approximately 50%, and improvements in attention, visual hallucinations, and sleep disorders with cholinesterase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- I G McKeith
- Institute for Ageing and Health, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Drzezga A, Riemenschneider M, Strassner B, Grimmer T, Peller M, Knoll A, Wagenpfeil S, Minoshima S, Schwaiger M, Kurz A. Cerebral glucose metabolism in patients with AD and different APOE genotypes. Neurology 2005; 64:102-7. [PMID: 15642911 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000148478.39691.d3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the influence of the APOE epsilon4 allele on cerebral glucose metabolism in a large series of patients with Alzheimer disease (AD). METHODS Eighty-three patients (41 APOE epsilon4 positive and 42 epsilon4 negative) were selected from a pre-existing databank of patients with AD (n > 1,000). The patients were carefully matched for age, age at onset, approximate disease duration, educational level, and overall degree of cognitive impairment. Cerebral [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose PET imaging was performed in all patients by a standardized protocol. Statistical comparison of patient PET data vs a healthy control population was performed as well as an analysis of differences between groups (SPM99; Wellcome Department of Cognitive Imaging, London, UK). RESULTS A similar pattern of cerebral hypometabolism was detected in the epsilon4-positive and -negative patient groups vs healthy volunteers in regions typically affected by AD (bilateral temporal, parietal, posterior cingulate, and prefrontal cortical areas). The comparison between epsilon4-positive and -negative patients additionally revealed stronger abnormalities in epsilon4 carriers in parietal, temporal, and posterior cingulate cortical regions. CONCLUSIONS A generally similar pattern of cerebral hypometabolism was detected in APOE epsilon4-positive and -negative patients with Alzheimer disease. However, in direct comparison of the two matched groups, the abnormalities in the epsilon4-positive group were demonstrated to be more pronounced.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Drzezga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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Moretti P, Lieberman AP, Wilde EA, Giordani BI, Kluin KJ, Koeppe RA, Minoshima S, Kuhl DE, Seltzer WK, Foster NL. Novel insertional presenilin 1 mutation causing Alzheimer disease with spastic paraparesis. Neurology 2004; 62:1865-8. [PMID: 15159497 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000126447.91111.a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A four-generation pedigree exhibiting early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease (AD) with spastic paraplegia, dystonia, and dysarthria due to a novel 6-nucleotide insertional mutation in exon 3 of the presenilin 1 gene (PS1) is described. Serial examinations, PET scans, and autopsy revealed that the mutation in this highly conserved portion of PS1 causes an aggressive dementia that maintains the usual regional hierarchy of disease pathology while extending abnormalities into more widespread brain areas than typically seen in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Moretti
- Departments of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109, USA
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19
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Albin RL, Koeppe RA, Bohnen NI, Nichols TE, Meyer P, Wernette K, Minoshima S, Kilbourn MR, Frey KA. Increased ventral striatal monoaminergic innervation in Tourette syndrome. Neurology 2003; 61:310-5. [PMID: 12913189 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000076181.39162.fc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive striatal dopaminergic innervation is suggested to underlie Tourette syndrome (TS). Prior imaging and postmortem studies yield conflicting data. METHODS The authors used PET with the type 2 vesicular monoamine transporter ligand [(11)C]dihydrotetrabenazine (DTBZ) to quantify striatal monoaminergic innervation in patients with TS (n = 19) and control subjects (n = 27). Compartmental modeling was used to determine blood to brain ligand transport (K(1)) and tissue to plasma distribution volume (a measure of ligand binding) during continuous infusion of DTBZ. TS data were compared with control data using predefined regions of interest and on a voxel by voxel basis. RESULTS There were no significant differences in ligand binding or ligand transport between patients with TS and control subjects in the dorsal striatum. With voxel by voxel analysis, there was increased DTBZ binding in the right ventral striatum. CONCLUSIONS Previously reported differences between patients with TS and control subjects in dorsal striatal dopamine terminal markers may reflect medication-induced regulation of terminal marker expression or be the result of intrinsic differences in striatal dopaminergic synaptic function. Increased right ventral striatal DTBZ binding suggests that abnormal ventral striatal dopaminergic innervation may underlie tics.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Albin
- Department of Neurology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, USA.
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20
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Abstract
Frontal lobe activity during pain is generally linked to attentional processing. We addressed the question of whether 'bottom-up' processing and 'top-down' modulation of nociceptive information dissociate anatomically within the frontal lobe by using PET scanning during painful thermal stimulation of normal and capsaicin-treated skin. We showed recently that pain following normally non-painful heat stimuli on chemically irritated skin (heat allodynia) uniquely engages extensive areas of the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal (DLPFC), ventral/orbitofrontal (VOFC) and perigenual anterior cingulate (ACC) cortices. Here, we applied principal component analysis (PCA) and multiple regression analysis to study the covariance structure of the volumes of interest (VOI) activated specifically during heat allodynia in 14 male healthy subjects and evaluated the relationship of these VOI to ratings of pain intensity and affect. Results yielded a primary principal component (PC) that correlated positively with intensity and unpleasantness and accounted for activity in the medial thalamus, bilateral anterior insula, ventral striatum, perigenual ACC and bilateral VOFC. Activities in the right and left DLPFC loaded on separate PC and correlated negatively with perceived intensity and unpleasantness. The inter-regional correlation of midbrain and medial thalamic activity was significantly reduced during high left DLPFC activity, suggesting that its negative correlation with pain affect may result from dampening of the effective connectivity of the midbrain-medial thalamic pathway. In contrast, right DLPFC activity was associated with a weakened relationship of the anterior insula with both pain intensity and affect. We propose that the DLPFC exerts active control on pain perception by modulating corticosubcortical and corticocortical pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lorenz
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Neurology Research Laboratories, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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21
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Driss A, Noguchi S, Amouri R, Kefi M, Sasaki T, Sugie K, Souilem S, Hayashi YK, Shimizu N, Minoshima S, Kudoh J, Hentati F, Nishino I. Fukutin-related protein gene mutated in the original kindred limb-girdle MD 2I. Neurology 2003; 60:1341-4. [PMID: 12707439 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000065886.82930.c5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors mapped an autosomal recessive form of limb-girdle MD on chromosome 19q13.3 (LGMD2I), further narrowed down the candidate region to 1.1 Mb, and identified one new homozygous mutation in the fukutin-related protein (FKRP) gene on patients of the original Tunisian family. Immunohistochemical and immunoblot analysis showed abnormal expression of alpha-dystroglycan and laminin-alpha2 supporting the hypothesis that FKRP has a role in the interaction between the extracellular matrix components.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Driss
- Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry NCNP, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan.
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22
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Takahashi T, Kawamura Y, Sakata N, Elmesiry GE, Takemon Y, Tanida K, Minoshima S, Shimizu N, Kato M. Nucleotide sequence of BamHI family satellite DNA and its unit length polymorphism in bluegill sunfish Lepomis macrochirus. Mol Biol Rep 2002; 28:119-22. [PMID: 11931389 DOI: 10.1023/a:1017980227068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We have isolated and sequenced a member of tandem repetitive DNA containing BamHI site (BamHI family satellite DNA) from bluegill sunfish Lepomis macrochirus. PCR amplification with specific primers was performed to define the size of unit length repeat of the BamHI family satellite DNA, revealing that there were two distinct size of DNA fragments (0.9 kb and 1.3 kb) in the PCR products. The longer fragment (1.3 kb) consisted of internal sub-duplication of shorter fragment (0.9 kb). We have compared the size of PCR products among four fish populations, and found that both fragments co-existed in one population whereas the longer fragment was dominant in other three populations. The results may reflect ongoing homogenization of satellite DNA type over a short evolutionary time scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Takahashi
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Japan
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23
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Mizuno Y, Hattori N, Kitada T, Matsumine H, Mori H, Shimura H, Kubo S, Kobayashi H, Asakawa S, Minoshima S, Shimizu N. Familial Parkinson's disease. Alpha-synuclein and parkin. Adv Neurol 2002; 86:13-21. [PMID: 11553970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
We have reviewed recent progress in establishing the function of alpha-synuclein and parkin in relation to nigral degeneration in autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive PD. Mutations of alpha-synuclein (Ala53Thr and Ala30Pro) cause a form of autosomal dominant PD with early onset. Parkin is a novel protein expressed in the cytoplasm, including the terminal regions and Golgi apparatus. Mutations of parkin cause a form of autosomal recessive young-onset PD (ARJP). Both proteins appear to be associated with fast axonal transport. In addition, in sporadic PD, normal alpha-synuclein shows an increased tendency to self-aggregate. Thus, altered axonal transport of presynaptic proteins appears to play a crucial role in neurodegeneration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Mizuno
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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24
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Sasaki T, Minoshima S, Shiohama A, Shintani A, Shimizu A, Asakawa S, Kawasaki K, Shimizu N. Molecular cloning of a member of the facilitative glucose transporter gene family GLUT11 (SLC2A11) and identification of transcription variants. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 289:1218-24. [PMID: 11741323 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.6101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We isolated a member of the facilitative glucose transporter (GLUT) gene family (GLUT11; SLC2A11 as a HGMW-approved symbol) based on the analysis of a human genomic BAC clone KB1125A3 located on band q11.2 of human chromosome 22. The gene GLUT11/SLC2A11 consists of 12 exons spanning over 29 kb in size and is located between two genes, SMARCB1 and MIF. The deduced amino acid sequence indicated the topological features of transmembrane helices and sequence motifs which are common to the GLUT protein family. The cDNA cloning revealed the presence of three types of variation in its transcripts. The first variation is caused by the existence of three distinct first exons (SLC2A11-a, -b, and -c). PCR analysis of multi-tissue-derived cDNA panels indicated the differential expression of these transcript variants. The second variation is caused by skipping over one exon (exon 6). The third variation is caused by the premature transcription termination at a site between exon 8 and exon 9. Both exon skipping and premature termination caused frameshift, resulting in the production of truncated GLUT11/SLC2A11 transcripts. These results suggested that transcription of GLUT11/SCL2A11 gene is controlled in a complex manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sasaki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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25
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Minoshima S, Shimizu N. [Construction of a knowledge-base of mutations in gene diseases]. Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso 2001; 46:2567-74. [PMID: 11802431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
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26
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Kudoh J, Shibuya K, Sasaki T, Minoshima S, Shimizu N. [Genome analysis and isolation of disease genes on human chromosomes 22 and 21]. Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso 2001; 46:2262-70. [PMID: 11802377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
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27
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Yang X, Aoki Y, Li X, Sakamoto O, Hiratsuka M, Kure S, Taheri S, Christensen E, Inui K, Kubota M, Ohira M, Ohki M, Kudoh J, Kawasaki K, Shibuya K, Shintani A, Asakawa S, Minoshima S, Shimizu N, Narisawa K, Matsubara Y, Suzuki Y. Structure of human holocarboxylase synthetase gene and mutation spectrum of holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency. Hum Genet 2001; 109:526-34. [PMID: 11735028 DOI: 10.1007/s004390100603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2001] [Accepted: 08/22/2001] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Holocarboxylase synthetase (HLCS) is an enzyme that catalyzes the incorporation of biotin into apo-carboxylases, and its deficiency causes biotin-responsive multiple carboxylase deficiency. The reported sequences of cDNA for human HLCS from liver, lymphocyte, and KG-1 myeloid cell lines differ at their 5' regions. To elucidate variations of the human HLCS mRNA and longer 5' cDNA ends, we performed screening of the human liver cDNA library and rapid amplification of the cDNA ends (RACE). Our results suggest the existence of three types of HLCS mRNA that start at different exons. The first type starts at exon 1, and the second type starts at exon 3, and both are found in various human tissues. The third type, corresponding to the cDNA from the KG-1 cell, starts at exon 2 of the HLCS gene. Various splicing patterns from exons 3-6 were also observed. None of the variations of cDNA found created a new initiation codon. Mutation screening from exons 6-14, therefore, was sufficient to detect amino acid changes in HLCS in patients. Our direct sequencing strategy for screening mutations in the HLCS gene revealed mutations in five Japanese patients and seven non-Japanese patients. Our analyses involving 12 Japanese and 13 non-Japanese patients and studies by others indicate that (1) there is no panethnically prevalent mutation; (2) the Arg508Trp, Gly581Ser, and Val550Met mutations are found in both Japanese and non-Japanese populations; (3) the IVS10+5G-->A mutation is predominant and probably a founder mutation in European patients; (4) the 655-656insA, Leu237Pro, and 780delG mutations are unique in Japanese patients; (5) the spectrum of the mutations in the HLCS gene may vary substantially among different ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Yang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
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28
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Asakawa S, Takayanagi A, Sasaki T, Shimizu A, Shintani A, Kawasaki K, Mungall AJ, Beck S, Minoshima S, Shimizu N. The genomic structure and promoter region of the human parkin gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 286:863-8. [PMID: 11527378 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Parkin has been identified as a causative gene of the autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism (AR-JP). In this study, we determined the genomic structure of the Parkin gene and identified a core promoter region based on the DNA sequence of 1.4 Mb. The 5'-flanking region contained no apparent TATA or CAAT box elements but several putative cis-elements for various transcription factors. The GC- and CpG-rich regions were observed not only in the 5'-flanking sequence but also in the 5'-part of the first intron of Parkin. We identified an exact starting point of Parkin transcription. A core promoter region was determined by transfecting a series of deletion constructs with a dual luciferase reporter system into human neuroblastoma cells. Furthermore, we located a neighboring novel gene in a head-to-head direction with Parkin with only a 198-bp interval.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Asakawa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
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29
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Minoshima S, Foster NL, Sima AA, Frey KA, Albin RL, Kuhl DE. Alzheimer's disease versus dementia with Lewy bodies: cerebral metabolic distinction with autopsy confirmation. Ann Neurol 2001; 50:358-65. [PMID: 11558792 DOI: 10.1002/ana.1133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Seeking antemortem markers to distinguish Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), we examined brain glucose metabolism of DLB and AD. Eleven DLB patients (7 Lewy body variant of AD [LBVAD] and 4 pure diffuse Lewy body disease [DLBD]) who had antemortem position emission tomography imaging and autopsy confirmation were compared to 10 autopsy-confirmed pure AD patients. In addition, 53 patients with clinically-diagnosed probable AD, 13 of whom later fulfilled clinical diagnoses of DLB, were examined. Autopsy-confirmed AD and DLB patients showed significant metabolic reductions involving parietotemporal association, posterior cingulate, and frontal association cortices. Only DLB patients showed significant metabolic reductions in the occipital cortex, particularly in the primary visual cortex (LBVAD -23% and DLBD -29% vs AD -8%), which distinguished DLB versus AD with 90% sensitivity and 80% specificity. Multivariate analysis revealed that occipital metabolic changes in DLB were independent from those in the adjacent parietotemporal cortices. Analysis of clinically diagnosed probable AD patients showed a significantly higher frequency of primary visual metabolic reduction among patients who fulfilled later dinical criteria for DLB. In these patients, occipital hypometabolism preceded some clinical features of DLB. Occipital hypometabolism is a potential antemortem marker to distinguish DLB versus AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Minoshima
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Geriatrics Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Ann Arbor, USA.
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30
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Lenzo N, Passaro E, Minoshima S. 15. Insula activation and propagation patterns in temporal lobe epilepsy. Nucl Med Commun 2001. [DOI: 10.1097/00006231-200108000-00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Minoshima S, Koeppe RA. Distinction between cerebral blood flow and vascular activity by PET tracer kinetic analysis: practical and physiologic considerations. J Nucl Med 2001; 42:1040-2. [PMID: 11438624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S Minoshima
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195-6004, USA
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32
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Abstract
We recently identified a novel gene, parkin, as a pathogenic gene for autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism. Parkin encodes a 52-kDa protein with a ubiquitin-like domain and two RING-finger motifs. To provide a insight into the function of parkin, we have examined its intracellular distribution in cultured cells. We found that parkin was localized in the trans-Golgi network and the secretory vesicles in U-373MG or SH-SY5Y cells by immunocytochemical analyses. In the subsequent subcellular fractionation studies of rat brain, we showed that parkin was copurified with the synaptic vesicles (SVs) when we used low ionic conditions throughout the procedure. An immunoelectromicroscopic analysis indicated that parkin was present on the SV membrane. Parkin was readily released from SVs into the soluble phase by increasing ionic strength at neutral pH, but not by a non-ionic detergent. To elucidate its responsible region for membrane association, we transfected with green fluorescent protein-tagged deletion mutants of parkin into COS-1 cells followed by subcellular fractionation. We demonstrated the ability of parkin to bind to the membranes through a broad region except for the ubiquitin-like domain. The significance of SV localization of parkin is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Kubo
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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33
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Luijten M, Redeker S, Minoshima S, Shimizu N, Westerveld A, Hulsebos TJ. Duplication and transposition of the NF1 pseudogene regions on chromosomes 2, 14, and 22. Hum Genet 2001; 109:109-16. [PMID: 11479742 DOI: 10.1007/s004390100543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2001] [Accepted: 05/11/2001] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Numerous NF1 pseudogenes have been identified in the human genome. Those in 2q21, 14q11, and 22q11 form a subset with a similar genomic organization and a high sequence homology. We have studied, by polymerase chain reaction and fluorescence in situ hybridization, the extent of homology of the regions surrounding these NF1 pseudogenes. Our analyses have demonstrated that a fragment of at least 640 kb is homologous between the three regions. Based on previous studies and these new findings, we propose a model for the spreading of the NF1 pseudogene-containing regions. A fragment of approximately 640 kb was first duplicated in chromosome region 2q21 and transposed to 14q11. Subsequently, this fragment was duplicated in 14q11 and transposed to 22q11. A part of the 640-kb fragment in 14q11, with a length of about 430 kb, was further duplicated to a variable extent in 14q11. In addition, we have identified sequences that may facilitate the duplication and transposition of the 640-kb and 430-kb fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Luijten
- Department of Human Genetics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Most people agree that dependence to tobacco is mediated by the effects of nicotine on the central nervous system, albeit the neural pathways involved are not clearly delineated. We investigated the effect of nasal nicotine spray on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in a sample of habitual smokers, with H2 15O and positron emission tomography (PET). METHODS Eighteen volunteer smokers were studied after 12 hours of smoking deprivation. Regional cerebral blood flow measures were obtained with PET and 50 mCi H2 15O in six consecutive scans. Nicotine spray and a placebo spray were administered in a single-blind design, preceded and followed by baseline studies. Images were coregistered and anatomically standardized. Square (9-mm side) regions of interest were placed in 10 preselected brain regions, bilaterally. The effects of the experimental condition and gender were tested with two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance in each of the regions studied. RESULTS Nicotine reduced rCBF in the left anterior temporal cortex and in the right amygdala. Increases were noted in the right anterior thalamus. CONCLUSIONS In habitual smokers after overnight abstinence, nicotine induced differing effects on regional blood flow relative to whole brain blood flow. Increases were observed in the thalamus, a region rich in nicotinic receptors, and reductions in limbic and paralimbic (amygdala, anterior temporal cortex) regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zubieta
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Michigan, (J-KZ, SG), Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104-1687, USA
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35
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Wang M, Suzuki T, Kitada T, Asakawa S, Minoshima S, Shimizu N, Tanaka K, Mizuno Y, Hattori N. Developmental changes in the expression of parkin and UbcR7, a parkin-interacting and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, in rat brain. J Neurochem 2001; 77:1561-8. [PMID: 11413239 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00372.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Parkin is a product of the Park2 gene the mutation of which causes autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism (AR-JP) characterized by selective dopaminergic neuronal death and absence of Lewy bodies. Recently we found that parkin is directly linked to the ubiquitin (Ub)-proteasome pathway as a Ub-protein ligase (E3) collaborating with a Ub-conjugating enzyme (E2) UbcH7. Here we analysed by in situ hybridization the expression of mRNAs for parkin and UbcR7 (rat orthologue of human UbcH7) in the developing rat brain. Parkin mRNA increased in parallel with neuronal maturation, but was unevenly distributed in various brain regions after four postnatal days. The expression pattern of the UbcR7 mRNA was almost identical to that of the parkin mRNA in all cases examined. Both parkin and UbcR7 mRNAs were distributed in neurones but not glial cells. Our findings indicate that parkin is expressed not only in the substantia nigra, but also uniformly in various brain regions in a development-dependent manner. Co-expression of UbcR7 with parkin suggests that UbcR7 may interact with parkin in vivo for ubiquitination of yet unidentified target protein(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wang
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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36
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Footz TK, Brinkman-Mills P, Banting GS, Maier SA, Riazi MA, Bridgland L, Hu S, Birren B, Minoshima S, Shimizu N, Pan H, Nguyen T, Fang F, Fu Y, Ray L, Wu H, Shaull S, Phan S, Yao Z, Chen F, Huan A, Hu P, Wang Q, Loh P, Qi S, Roe BA, McDermid HE. Analysis of the cat eye syndrome critical region in humans and the region of conserved synteny in mice: a search for candidate genes at or near the human chromosome 22 pericentromere. Genome Res 2001; 11:1053-70. [PMID: 11381032 PMCID: PMC311098 DOI: 10.1101/gr.154901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have sequenced a 1.1-Mb region of human chromosome 22q containing the dosage-sensitive gene(s) responsible for cat eye syndrome (CES) as well as the 450-kb homologous region on mouse chromosome 6. Fourteen putative genes were identified within or adjacent to the human CES critical region (CESCR), including three known genes (IL-17R, ATP6E, and BID) and nine novel genes, based on EST identity. Two putative genes (CECR3 and CECR9) were identified, in the absence of EST hits, by comparing segments of human and mouse genomic sequence around two solitary amplified exons, thus showing the utility of comparative genomic sequence analysis in identifying transcripts. Of the 14 genes, 10 were confirmed to be present in the mouse genomic sequence in the same order and orientation as in human. Absent from the mouse region of conserved synteny are CECR1, a promising CES candidate gene from the center of the contig, neighboring CECR4, and CECR7 and CECR8, which are located in the gene-poor proximal 400 kb of the contig. This latter proximal region, located approximately 1 Mb from the centromere, shows abundant duplicated gene fragments typical of pericentromeric DNA. The margin of this region also delineates the boundary of conserved synteny between the CESCR and mouse chromosome 6. Because the proximal CESCR appears abundant in duplicated segments and, therefore, is likely to be gene poor, we consider the putative genes identified in the distal CESCR to represent the majority of candidate genes for involvement in CES.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Footz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
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Yamaki A, Tochigi J, Kudoh J, Minoshima S, Shimizu N, Shimizu Y. Molecular mechanisms of human single-minded 2 (SIM2) gene expression: identification of a promoter site in the SIM2 genomic sequence. Gene 2001; 270:265-75. [PMID: 11404025 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(01)00450-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We previously postulated that the single-minded 2 (SIM2) gene identified on the human chromosome 21q22.2 is a good candidate gene for the pathogenesis of mental retardation in Down syndrome because its mouse homolog exhibits preferential expression in the mouse diencephalon during early embryogenesis. We analyzed the genomic sequence of the entire SIM2 gene which consists of 11 exons and spans over 50 kb. As a step toward understanding the molecular mechanisms of SIM2 gene expression, we have analyzed the human SIM2 gene expression in nine established human cell lines. Three transcripts of 3.6, 4.4, and 6.0 kb were detected in the glioblastoma cell line, T98G, neuroblastoma cell line, TGW, and transformed embryonic kidney cell line, 293. The RACE analysis using SIM2-expressing human cell line T98G provided evidence for the transcription start site at approximately 1.2 kb upstream of the translation initiation site. The transfection assay using various deletion constructs with reporter gene suggested the presence of a presumptive promoter region. Transient transfection assay in T98G cell line revealed a significant promoter activity located in the 60 bp sequence between nt -1385 and -1325 upstream region of the translation initiation site. This 60 bp sequence contains cis-elements for c-myb, E47 and E2F transcription factors. Moreover, the gel retardation assay using oligo-DNA of various cis-element sequences indicated the presence of protein factor(s) which bind to the cis-element for c-myb. These results suggested that binding of a protein transcription factor(s) such as c-myb or that alike regulates transcription of the SIM2 gene by binding to a small upstream region.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yamaki
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Health Sciences, Kyorin University, 476, Miyashita-cho, Hachioji, 192-8508, Tokyo, Japan
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Kawasaki K, Minoshima S, Nakato E, Shibuya K, Shintani A, Asakawa S, Sasaki T, Klobeck HG, Combriato G, Zachau HG, Shimizu N. Evolutionary dynamics of the human immunoglobulin kappa locus and the germline repertoire of the Vkappa genes. Eur J Immunol 2001; 31:1017-28. [PMID: 11298326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
We have determined the entire nucleotide sequence of the human immunoglobulin kappa locus, comprising a total of 1,010,706 nucleotides. The 76 Vkappa genes found by a hybridization-based approach and their classification in 7 families were confirmed. A Vkappa orphon located near the locus was also sequenced. In addition, we identified 55 novel Vkappa relics and truncated pseudogenes, which establish 5 new families. Among these 132 Vkappa genes, 46 have open reading frames. According to the databases and the literature, 32 unique Vkappa genes and 5 identical gene pairs form VJ-joints, 27 unique genes and 4 gene pairs are transcribed, and 25 unique genes and 4 gene pairs produce functional proteins. The Vkappa gene locus contains a 360-kb inverted duplication, which harbors 118 Vkappa genes. A comparison of the duplicated Vkappa genes suggests positive selection on the complementarity-determining regions of the duplicated genes by point mutations. The entire duplication unit was divided into 13 blocks, each of which has its distinct nucleotide sequence identity to its duplication counterpart (98.1 - 99.9 %). An inversion-mediated mechanism is suggested to generate the high-homology blocks. Based on the homology blocks and the mutation rates, the inverted duplication is assumed to have taken place approximately 5 million years ago. An orphon Vkappa gene near the kappa locus and a cluster of five Vkappa orphons on chromosome 22 have no counterparts within the kappa locus. This suggests possible mechanisms of the transposition of orphon Vkappa genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kawasaki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Ishii K, Willoch F, Minoshima S, Drzezga A, Ficaro EP, Cross DJ, Kuhl DE, Schwaiger M. Statistical brain mapping of 18F-FDG PET in Alzheimer's disease: validation of anatomic standardization for atrophied brains. J Nucl Med 2001; 42:548-57. [PMID: 11337540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Despite the increased use of statistical mapping to detect brain functional changes in Alzheimer's disease (AD), potential artifacts introduced by stereotactic anatomic standardization of atrophied brains have not been examined carefully. We investigated the effects of anatomic standardization by Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) and NEUROSTAT. METHODS First, 10 AD patients and 10 age-matched healthy volunteers underwent 18F-FDG brain PET imaging. Each image set was standardized to a stereotactic brain template using SPM or NEUROSTAT, followed by pixel normalization to the global or cerebellar activity. Within-group comparisons of standardized image sets by each method and a between-group comparison of healthy volunteers and AD patients were performed using the statistical analysis routines of SPM. Second, simulated PET image sets were generated from segmented MR image sets of 5 healthy volunteers and 5 AD patients. Using the anatomic standardization parameters estimated on the simulated image sets, original gray matter MR image sets were transformed to the stereotactic coordinate system. Between-group subtraction analyses of the transformed gray matter image sets between healthy volunteers and AD groups were performed to examine the accuracy of cortical gray matter matching. RESULTS Between-group comparison by SPM or NEUROSTAT showed generally similar areas of hypometabolism in bilateral temporoparietal, posterior cingulate, and left frontal cortices. Both methods showed possible deformation artifacts in the anterior part of the corpus callosum. The localization of the peak hypometabolism varied considerably between the two methods when global normalization was applied. The use of a common brain template for standardization resulted in asymmetric differences in cortical margins, indicating systematic differences in the deformation algorithms. The realistic simulation study revealed gray matter mismatches to be 20% greater with SPM than with NEUROSTAT. CONCLUSION Although different statistical mapping methods may yield grossly similar patterns of hypometabolism in AD, the extent, severity, and peak location of metabolic changes can be inconsistent. Deformation accuracy appears to be more prone to atrophy. These limitations need to be considered carefully in the application and interpretation of brain mapping analysis in atrophied brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ishii
- Nuklearmedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
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Shimizu N, Asakawa S, Minoshima S, Kitada T, Hattori N, Matsumine H, Yokochi M, Yamamura Y, Mizuno Y. PARKIN as a pathogenic gene for autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism. J Neural Transm Suppl 2001:19-30. [PMID: 11128608 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6284-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disease with complex clinical features. Recently, we idenfied a novel gene named Parkin to be responsible for the pathogenesis of autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism (AR-JP). Various mutations were found in AR-JP patients of Japanese and other ethnic origins, providing a definitive evidence for the Parkin to be a causative gene for AR-JP. The predicted structure of Parkin protein and its mutation provide important clues for studying the functional role of the Parkin protein in leading to selective degeneration of nigral neurons in the brains of AR-JP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Shimizu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Domino EF, Minoshima S, Guthrie SK, Ohl L, Ni L, Koeppe RA, Cross DJ, Zubieta J. Effects of nicotine on regional cerebral glucose metabolism in awake resting tobacco smokers. Neuroscience 2001; 101:277-82. [PMID: 11074150 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(00)00357-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Eleven healthy tobacco smoking adult male volunteers of mixed race were tobacco abstinent overnight for this study. In each subject, positron emission tomographic images of regional cerebral metabolism of glucose with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose were obtained in two conditions in the morning on different days: about 3min after approximately 1-2mg of nasal nicotine spray and after an equivalent volume of an active placebo spray of oleoresin of pepper in a random counterbalanced design. A Siemens/CTI 931/08-12 scanner with the capability of 15 horizontal brain slices was used. The images were further converted into a standard uniform brain format in which the mean data of all 11 subjects were obtained. Images were analysed in stereotactic coordinates using pixel-wise t statistics and a smoothed Gaussian model. Peak plasma nicotine levels varied three-fold and the areas under the curve(0-30min) varied seven-fold among the individual subjects. Nicotine caused a small overall reduction in global cerebral metabolism of glucose but, when the data were normalized, several brain regions showed relative increases in activity. Cerebral structures specifically activated by nicotine (nicotine minus pepper, Z score >4.0) included: left inferior frontal gyrus, left posterior cingulate gyrus and right thalamus. The visual cortex, including the right and left cuneus and left lateral occipito-temporal gyrus fusiformis, also showed an increase in regional cerebral metabolism of glucose with Z scores >3. 6. Structures with a decrease in regional cerebral metabolism of glucose (pepper minus nicotine) were the left insula and right inferior occipital gyrus, with Z scores >3.5. Especially important is the fact that the thalamus is activated by nicotine. This is consistent with the high density of nicotinic cholinoceptors in that brain region. However, not all brain regions affected by nicotine are known to have many nicotinic cholinoceptors. The results are discussed in relation to the cognitive effects of nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- E F Domino
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0632, USA.
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Lander ES, Linton LM, Birren B, Nusbaum C, Zody MC, Baldwin J, Devon K, Dewar K, Doyle M, FitzHugh W, Funke R, Gage D, Harris K, Heaford A, Howland J, Kann L, Lehoczky J, LeVine R, McEwan P, McKernan K, Meldrim J, Mesirov JP, Miranda C, Morris W, Naylor J, Raymond C, Rosetti M, Santos R, Sheridan A, Sougnez C, Stange-Thomann Y, Stojanovic N, Subramanian A, Wyman D, Rogers J, Sulston J, Ainscough R, Beck S, Bentley D, Burton J, Clee C, Carter N, Coulson A, Deadman R, Deloukas P, Dunham A, Dunham I, Durbin R, French L, Grafham D, Gregory S, Hubbard T, Humphray S, Hunt A, Jones M, Lloyd C, McMurray A, Matthews L, Mercer S, Milne S, Mullikin JC, Mungall A, Plumb R, Ross M, Shownkeen R, Sims S, Waterston RH, Wilson RK, Hillier LW, McPherson JD, Marra MA, Mardis ER, Fulton LA, Chinwalla AT, Pepin KH, Gish WR, Chissoe SL, Wendl MC, Delehaunty KD, Miner TL, Delehaunty A, Kramer JB, Cook LL, Fulton RS, Johnson DL, Minx PJ, Clifton SW, Hawkins T, Branscomb E, Predki P, Richardson P, Wenning S, Slezak T, Doggett N, Cheng JF, Olsen A, Lucas S, Elkin C, Uberbacher E, Frazier M, Gibbs RA, Muzny DM, Scherer SE, Bouck JB, Sodergren EJ, Worley KC, Rives CM, Gorrell JH, Metzker ML, Naylor SL, Kucherlapati RS, Nelson DL, Weinstock GM, Sakaki Y, Fujiyama A, Hattori M, Yada T, Toyoda A, Itoh T, Kawagoe C, Watanabe H, Totoki Y, Taylor T, Weissenbach J, Heilig R, Saurin W, Artiguenave F, Brottier P, Bruls T, Pelletier E, Robert C, Wincker P, Smith DR, Doucette-Stamm L, Rubenfield M, Weinstock K, Lee HM, Dubois J, Rosenthal A, Platzer M, Nyakatura G, Taudien S, Rump A, Yang H, Yu J, Wang J, Huang G, Gu J, Hood L, Rowen L, Madan A, Qin S, Davis RW, Federspiel NA, Abola AP, Proctor MJ, Myers RM, Schmutz J, Dickson M, Grimwood J, Cox DR, Olson MV, Kaul R, Raymond C, Shimizu N, Kawasaki K, Minoshima S, Evans GA, Athanasiou M, Schultz R, Roe BA, Chen F, Pan H, Ramser J, Lehrach H, Reinhardt R, McCombie WR, de la Bastide M, Dedhia N, Blöcker H, Hornischer K, Nordsiek G, Agarwala R, Aravind L, Bailey JA, Bateman A, Batzoglou S, Birney E, Bork P, Brown DG, Burge CB, Cerutti L, Chen HC, Church D, Clamp M, Copley RR, Doerks T, Eddy SR, Eichler EE, Furey TS, Galagan J, Gilbert JG, Harmon C, Hayashizaki Y, Haussler D, Hermjakob H, Hokamp K, Jang W, Johnson LS, Jones TA, Kasif S, Kaspryzk A, Kennedy S, Kent WJ, Kitts P, Koonin EV, Korf I, Kulp D, Lancet D, Lowe TM, McLysaght A, Mikkelsen T, Moran JV, Mulder N, Pollara VJ, Ponting CP, Schuler G, Schultz J, Slater G, Smit AF, Stupka E, Szustakowki J, Thierry-Mieg D, Thierry-Mieg J, Wagner L, Wallis J, Wheeler R, Williams A, Wolf YI, Wolfe KH, Yang SP, Yeh RF, Collins F, Guyer MS, Peterson J, Felsenfeld A, Wetterstrand KA, Patrinos A, Morgan MJ, de Jong P, Catanese JJ, Osoegawa K, Shizuya H, Choi S, Chen YJ, Szustakowki J. Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature 2001; 409:860-921. [PMID: 11237011 DOI: 10.1038/35057062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14509] [Impact Index Per Article: 630.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The human genome holds an extraordinary trove of information about human development, physiology, medicine and evolution. Here we report the results of an international collaboration to produce and make freely available a draft sequence of the human genome. We also present an initial analysis of the data, describing some of the insights that can be gleaned from the sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Lander
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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McPherson JD, Marra M, Hillier L, Waterston RH, Chinwalla A, Wallis J, Sekhon M, Wylie K, Mardis ER, Wilson RK, Fulton R, Kucaba TA, Wagner-McPherson C, Barbazuk WB, Gregory SG, Humphray SJ, French L, Evans RS, Bethel G, Whittaker A, Holden JL, McCann OT, Dunham A, Soderlund C, Scott CE, Bentley DR, Schuler G, Chen HC, Jang W, Green ED, Idol JR, Maduro VV, Montgomery KT, Lee E, Miller A, Emerling S, Gibbs R, Scherer S, Gorrell JH, Sodergren E, Clerc-Blankenburg K, Tabor P, Naylor S, Garcia D, de Jong PJ, Catanese JJ, Nowak N, Osoegawa K, Qin S, Rowen L, Madan A, Dors M, Hood L, Trask B, Friedman C, Massa H, Cheung VG, Kirsch IR, Reid T, Yonescu R, Weissenbach J, Bruls T, Heilig R, Branscomb E, Olsen A, Doggett N, Cheng JF, Hawkins T, Myers RM, Shang J, Ramirez L, Schmutz J, Velasquez O, Dixon K, Stone NE, Cox DR, Haussler D, Kent WJ, Furey T, Rogic S, Kennedy S, Jones S, Rosenthal A, Wen G, Schilhabel M, Gloeckner G, Nyakatura G, Siebert R, Schlegelberger B, Korenberg J, Chen XN, Fujiyama A, Hattori M, Toyoda A, Yada T, Park HS, Sakaki Y, Shimizu N, Asakawa S, Kawasaki K, Sasaki T, Shintani A, Shimizu A, Shibuya K, Kudoh J, Minoshima S, Ramser J, Seranski P, Hoff C, Poustka A, Reinhardt R, Lehrach H. A physical map of the human genome. Nature 2001; 409:934-41. [PMID: 11237014 DOI: 10.1038/35057157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 549] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The human genome is by far the largest genome to be sequenced, and its size and complexity present many challenges for sequence assembly. The International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium constructed a map of the whole genome to enable the selection of clones for sequencing and for the accurate assembly of the genome sequence. Here we report the construction of the whole-genome bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) map and its integration with previous landmark maps and information from mapping efforts focused on specific chromosomal regions. We also describe the integration of sequence data with the map.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D McPherson
- Washington University School of Medicine, Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Genetics, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The pathophysiology of functional dyspepsia may involve abnormal processing of visceral stimuli at the level of the central nervous system. There is accumulating evidence that visceral and somatic pain processing in the brain share common neuronal substrates. However, the cerebral loci that process sensory information from the stomach are unknown. The aim of this study was to localize the human brain regions that are activated by gastric distention. METHODS Brain (15)O-water positron emission tomography was performed in 15 right-handed healthy volunteers during baseline and distal gastric distentions to 10 mm Hg, 20 mm Hg, threshold pain, and moderate pain. Pain, nausea, and bloating were rated during baseline and distentions (0-5 scale). Statistical subtraction analysis of brain images was performed between distentions and baseline. RESULTS Symptoms increased with distending stimulus intensity (maximum pain, 2.1 +/- 0.4; nausea, 2.2 +/- 0.4; bloating, 3.7 +/- 0.2). Paralleling increases in distention stimulus and symptoms, progressive increases in activation (P < or = 0.05), were observed in the thalami, insula bilaterally, anterior cingulate cortex, caudate nuclei, brain stem periaqueductal gray matter, cerebellum, and occipital cortex. CONCLUSIONS Symptomatic gastric distention activates structures implicated in somatic pain processing, supporting the notion of a common cerebral pain network.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Ladabaum
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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Smith YR, Minoshima S, Kuhl DE, Zubieta JK. Effects of long-term hormone therapy on cholinergic synaptic concentrations in healthy postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86:679-84. [PMID: 11158031 DOI: 10.1210/jcem.86.2.7222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Experimental evidence suggests that gonadal steroids regulate brain neurochemical systems associated with cognitive function, such as the cholinergic system. This study examines the effect of long-term postmenopausal hormone therapy on the brain concentrations of cholinergic synaptic terminals in women using single photon emission computed tomography and the radiotracer [(123)I]iodobenzovesamicol ([(123)I]IBVM). [(123)I]IBVM labels the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) located in the presynaptic terminals of these neurons. Sixteen healthy women treated with hormone therapy since the menopause and 12 women not treated with hormones were studied. There were no significant differences in regional IBVM binding indexes between the 2 groups. The length of hormone replacement therapy correlated positively with VAChT binding indexes in multiple cortical areas (P < 0.05): frontal cortex (Spearman rank correlation: rho = 0.79), parietal cortex (rho = 0.62), temporal cortex (rho = 0.80), anterior cingulate (rho = 0.71), and posterior cingulate (rho = 0.63), but not in the basal ganglia (rho = 0.35; P = 0.2). An earlier onset of menopause in hormone-treated women was associated with higher VAChT indexes in the anterior cingulate (rho = -0.56; P = 0.02) and posterior cingulate (rho = -0.63; P = 0.01). The opposite was found in the posterior cingulate of women not treated with hormones (rho = 0.58; P = 0.04). Women treated with estrogen alone also showed higher VAChT indexes than women treated with estrogen and progestin in the posterior cingulate cortex (by Mann-Whitney U test: z = 2.42; P = 0.015). Although an overall effect of postmenopausal hormone therapy was not found, associations between an index of cortical cholinergic terminal concentrations and the length of hormonal replacement suggest that hormone therapy may influence the survival or plasticity of these cells in postmenopausal women. The data also suggest possible differential effects of estrogen and estrogen with progestin treatments in brain areas critical for cognitive processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y R Smith
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109-0276.
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Wattenhofer M, Shibuya K, Kudoh J, Lyle R, Michaud J, Rossier C, Kawasaki K, Asakawa S, Minoshima S, Berry A, Bonne-Tamir B, Shimizu N, Antonarakis SE, Scott HS. Isolation and characterization of the UBASH3A gene on 21q22.3 encoding a potential nuclear protein with a novel combination of domains. Hum Genet 2001; 108:140-7. [PMID: 11281453 DOI: 10.1007/s004390000453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In order to identify candidate genes for Down syndrome phenotypes or monogenic disorders that map to human chromosome 21q22.3, we have used genomic sequence and expressed sequence tags mapping to an autosomal recessive deafness (DFNB10) critical region to isolate a novel 2.5-kb cDNA that maps between TFF1 and D21S49. A semi-quantitative reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction method revealed that UBASH3A gene expression is limited to only a few tissues, with its highest expression in spleen, peripheral blood leukocytes, and bone marrow. The putative 661-amino-acid protein shows considerable homology to a hypothetical protein from Drosophila melanogaster but only domain homologies to other organisms. Both the human and D. melanogaster proteins contain protein-protein interaction domains, viz., SH3 and ubiquitin-associated (UBA) domains, in addition to a novel domain also containing a nuclear localization signal. This is the first protein described containing both UBA and SH3 domains. The gene, thus called UBASH3A, spans 40 kb and is divided into 15 exons. Mutation analysis excluded UBASH3A as being responsible for DFNB10.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wattenhofer
- Division of Medical Genetics Centre Médical Universitaire 1, Genève, Switzerland
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Casey KL, Morrow TJ, Lorenz J, Minoshima S. Temporal and spatial dynamics of human forebrain activity during heat pain: analysis by positron emission tomography. J Neurophysiol 2001; 85:951-9. [PMID: 11160525 DOI: 10.1152/jn.2001.85.2.951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To learn about the sequence of brain activation patterns during heat pain, we acquired positron emission tomographic (PET) brain scans at different times during repetitive heat stimulation (40 or 50 degrees C; 5-s contact) of each subject's left forearm. Early scans began at the onset of 60 s of stimulation; late scans began after 40 s of stimulation, which continued throughout the 60-s scan period (total stimulus duration 100 s). Each subject (14 normal, right-handed subjects; 10 male, 4 female; ages 18-42) used a visual analog scale to rate the perceived stimulus intensity (0 = no heat, 7 = pain threshold, 10 = barely tolerable pain) after each scan. The 40 degrees C stimulation received an average intensity rating of 2.19 +/- 1.22 (mean +/- SD) and the 50 degrees C an average rating of 8.93 +/- 1.33. During the scan sessions, subjects did not report a difference between early and late scans. To examine the effect of the duration of stimulation specifically, 8 of these subjects rated the perceived intensity of each of 20 sequential 5-s duration contact heat stimuli (40 or 50 degrees C; 100 s of stimulation). We used a graphical method to detect changes in perceived unpleasantness. There was no difference in perceived intensity or unpleasantness during the 40 degrees C stimulation. However, during 50 degrees C stimulation, perceived unpleasantness increased and subjects perceived the last five, but not the second five, stimuli as more intense than the first five stimuli. These psychophysical changes could be mediated by brain structures with increasing activity from early to late PET scans or that are active only during late scans. These structures include the contralateral M1/S1 cortex, bilateral S2 and mid-insular cortex, contralateral VP thalamus, medial ipsilateral thalamus, and the vermis and paravermis of the cerebellum. Structures that are equally active throughout stimulation (contralateral mid-anterior cingulate and premotor cortex) are less likely to mediate these psychophysical changes. Some cortical, but not subcortical, structures showed significant or borderline activation only during the early scans (ipsilateral premotor cortex, contralateral perigenual anterior cingulate, lateral prefrontal, and anterior insular cortex); they may mediate pain-related attentive or anticipatory functions. Overall, the results reveal that 1) the pattern of brain activation and the perception of heat pain both change during repetitive noxious heat stimulation, 2) cortical activity can be detected before subcortical responses appear, and 3) timing the stimulation with respect to the scan period can, together with psychophysical measurements, identify brain structures that are likely to participate in the perception of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Casey
- Department of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48105, USA.
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Dawson E, Chen Y, Hunt S, Smink LJ, Hunt A, Rice K, Livingston S, Bumpstead S, Bruskiewich R, Sham P, Ganske R, Adams M, Kawasaki K, Shimizu N, Minoshima S, Roe B, Bentley D, Dunham I. A SNP resource for human chromosome 22: extracting dense clusters of SNPs from the genomic sequence. Genome Res 2001; 11:170-8. [PMID: 11156626 PMCID: PMC311026 DOI: 10.1101/gr.156901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The recent publication of the complete sequence of human chromosome 22 provides a platform from which to investigate genomic sequence variation. We report the identification and characterization of 12,267 potential variants (SNPs and other small insertions/deletions) of human chromosome 22, discovered in the overlaps of 460 clones used for the chromosome sequencing. We found, on average, 1 potential variant every 1.07 kb and approximately 18% of the potential variants involve insertions/deletions. The SNPs have been positioned both relative to each other, and to genes, predicted genes, repeat sequences, other genetic markers, and the 2730 SNPs previously identified on the chromosome. A subset of the SNPs were verified experimentally using either PCR-RFLP or genomic Invader assays. These experiments confirmed 92% of the potential variants in a panel of 92 individuals. [Details of the SNPs and RFLP assays can be found at http://www.sanger.ac.uk and in dbSNP.]
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Affiliation(s)
- E Dawson
- The Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
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49
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Minoshima S, Mitsuyama S, Ohtsubo M, Kawamura T, Ito S, Shibamoto S, Ito F, Shimizu N. The KMDB/MutationView: a mutation database for human disease genes. Nucleic Acids Res 2001; 29:327-8. [PMID: 11125127 PMCID: PMC29856 DOI: 10.1093/nar/29.1.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The KMDB/MutationView is a graphical database of mutations in human disease-causing genes and its current version consists of nine category-based sub-databases including diseases of eye, heart, ear, brain, cancer, syndrome, autoimmunity, muscle and blood. The KMDB/MutationView stores mutation data of 97 genes involved in 87 different disease and is accessible through http://mutview.dmb.med. keio.ac.jp.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Minoshima
- Department of Molecular Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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50
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Scott HS, Kudoh J, Wattenhofer M, Shibuya K, Berry A, Chrast R, Guipponi M, Wang J, Kawasaki K, Asakawa S, Minoshima S, Younus F, Mehdi SQ, Radhakrishna U, Papasavvas MP, Gehrig C, Rossier C, Korostishevsky M, Gal A, Shimizu N, Bonne-Tamir B, Antonarakis SE. Insertion of beta-satellite repeats identifies a transmembrane protease causing both congenital and childhood onset autosomal recessive deafness. Nat Genet 2001; 27:59-63. [PMID: 11137999 DOI: 10.1038/83768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 50% of childhood deafness is caused by mutations in specific genes. Autosomal recessive loci account for approximately 80% of nonsyndromic genetic deafness. Here we report the identification of a new transmembrane serine protease (TMPRSS3; also known as ECHOS1) expressed in many tissues, including fetal cochlea, which is mutated in the families used to describe both the DFNB10 and DFNB8 loci. An 8-bp deletion and insertion of 18 monomeric (approximately 68-bp) beta-satellite repeat units, normally present in tandem arrays of up to several hundred kilobases on the short arms of acrocentric chromosomes, causes congenital deafness (DFNB10). A mutation in a splice-acceptor site, resulting in a 4-bp insertion in the mRNA and a frameshift, was detected in childhood onset deafness (DFNB8). This is the first description of beta-satellite insertion into an active gene resulting in a pathogenic state, and the first description of a protease involved in hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Scott
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Geneva Medical School, Genève, Switzerland
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