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Cloud GC, Williamson JD, Thao LTP, Tran C, Eaton CB, Wolfe R, Nelson MR, Reid CM, Newman AB, Lockery J, Fitzgerald SM, Murray AM, Shah RC, Woods RL, Donnan GA, McNeil JJ. Low-Dose Aspirin and the Risk of Stroke and Intracerebral Bleeding in Healthy Older People: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2325803. [PMID: 37494038 PMCID: PMC10372701 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.25803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Low-dose aspirin has been widely used for primary and secondary prevention of stroke. The balance between potential reduction of ischemic stroke events and increased intracranial bleeding has not been established in older individuals. Objective To establish the risks of ischemic stroke and intracranial bleeding among healthy older people receiving daily low-dose aspirin. Design, Setting, and Participants This secondary analysis of the Aspirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly (ASPREE) randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of daily low-dose aspirin was conducted among community-dwelling people living in Australia or the US. Participants were older adults free of symptomatic cardiovascular disease. Recruitment took place between 2010 and 2014, and participants were followed up for a median (IQR) of 4.7 (3.6-5.7) years. This analysis was completed from August 2021 to March 2023. Interventions Daily 100-mg enteric-coated aspirin or matching placebo. Main Outcomes and Measures Stroke and stroke etiology were predetermined secondary outcomes and are presented with a focus on prevention of initial stroke or intracranial bleeding event. Outcomes were assessed by review of medical records. Results Among 19 114 older adults (10 782 females [56.4%]; median [IQR] age, 74 [71.6-77.7] years), 9525 individuals received aspirin and 9589 individuals received placebo. Aspirin did not produce a statistically significant reduction in the incidence of ischemic stroke (hazard ratio [HR], 0.89; 95% CI, 0.71-1.11). However, a statistically significant increase in intracranial bleeding was observed among individuals assigned to aspirin (108 individuals [1.1%]) compared with those receiving placebo (79 individuals [0.8%]; HR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.03-1.84). This occurred by an increase in a combination of subdural, extradural, and subarachnoid bleeding with aspirin compared with placebo (59 individuals [0.6%] vs 41 individuals [0.4%]; HR, 1.45; 95% CI, 0.98-2.16). Hemorrhagic stroke was recorded in 49 individuals (0.5%) assigned to aspirin compared with 37 individuals (0.4%) in the placebo group (HR, 1.33; 95% CI, 0.87-2.04). Conclusions and Relevance This study found a significant increase in intracranial bleeding with daily low-dose aspirin but no significant reduction of ischemic stroke. These findings may have particular relevance to older individuals prone to developing intracranial bleeding after head trauma. Trial Registration ISRCTN.org Identifier: ISRCTN83772183.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey C. Cloud
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jeff D. Williamson
- Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer’s Prevention, Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Le Thi Phuong Thao
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Cammie Tran
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Charles B. Eaton
- Center for Primary Care and Prevention, Brown University School of Public Health, Pawtucket, Rhode Island
| | - Rory Wolfe
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mark R. Nelson
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Christopher M. Reid
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anne B. Newman
- Department of Epidemiology Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jessica Lockery
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sharyn M. Fitzgerald
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anne M. Murray
- Department of Medicine, Geriatrics Division, Hennepin HealthCare and Berman Center for Clinical Research, Hennepin HealthCare Research Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Raj C. Shah
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Robyn L. Woods
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Geoffrey A. Donnan
- Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - John J. McNeil
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Wang Y, Owen A, Franks A, Ackerman I, Fitzgerald SM, Liew S, Woods RL, Wluka AE, McNeil JJ, Cicuttini FM. Functional outcomes following knee replacement in community-dwelling older adults. BMC Geriatr 2023; 23:261. [PMID: 37131170 PMCID: PMC10152584 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-023-03925-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knee replacements are increasingly performed in older adults but uncertainty remains regarding their benefits in the context of age-related decline in physical function and other comorbidities. This study aimed to examine (1) the effect of knee replacement on functional outcomes in the context of age-related decline in physical function and (2) the factors associated with minimal important improvement in physical function after knee replacement in community-dwelling older adults aged ≥ 70 years. METHODS This cohort study was performed within the ASPREE trial, with 889 participants undergoing knee replacement during the trial and 858 age- and sex-matched controls without knee or hip replacement identified from 16,703 Australian participants aged ≥ 70 years. Health-related quality of life was assessed annually using the SF-12, including its physical and mental component summary (PCS and MCS). Gait speed was measured biennially. Multiple linear regression and analysis of covariance were used to adjust for potential confounders. RESULTS Participants with knee replacement had significantly lower pre- and post-replacement PCS scores and gait speed compared with age- and sex-matched controls. Participants with knee replacement had significant improvement in PCS score following knee replacement (mean change 3.6, 95% CI 2.9-4.3) while PCS score remaining unchanged in age- and sex-matched controls (-0.02, 95% CI -0.6 to 0.6) during follow-up period. The greatest improvements were observed for bodily pain and physical function. Following knee replacement, 53% of participants experienced minimal important improvement in PCS score (increased by ≥ 2.7), while 24% experienced worsened PCS score (reduced by > 2.7). Participants experiencing improved PCS score postoperatively had significantly lower PCS and higher MCS scores pre-surgery. CONCLUSIONS Although community-based older adults experienced a significant improvement in PCS scores after knee replacement, their postoperative physical functional status remained significantly lower than age- and sex-matched controls. The degree of preoperative physical function impairment was a strong predictor of functional improvement, suggesting that this could be an important consideration when identifying older people most likely to benefit from knee replacement surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Wang
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Alice Owen
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Angus Franks
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Ilana Ackerman
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Sharyn M Fitzgerald
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | | | - Robyn L Woods
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Anita E Wluka
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - John J McNeil
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Flavia M Cicuttini
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
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Teshale AB, Htun HL, Hu J, Dalli LL, Lim MH, Neves BB, Baker JR, Phyo AZZ, Reid CM, Ryan J, Owen AJ, Fitzgerald SM, Freak-Poli R. The relationship between social isolation, social support, and loneliness with cardiovascular disease and shared risk factors: A narrative review. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2023; 111:105008. [PMID: 37003026 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2023.105008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the greatest contributor to global morbidity and mortality. Poor social health plays a critical role in CVD incidence. Additionally, the relationship between social health and CVD may be mediated through CVD risk factors. However, the underlying mechanisms between social health and CVD are poorly understood. Certain social health constructs (social isolation, low social support and loneliness) have complicated the characterisation of a causal relationship between social health and CVD. AIM To provide an overview of the relationship between social health and CVD (and its shared risk factors). METHOD In this narrative review, we examined published literature on the relationship between three social health constructs (social isolation, social support, and loneliness) and CVD. Evidence was synthesised in a narrative format, focusing on the potential ways in which social health affects CVD, including shared risk factors. RESULTS The current literature highlights an established relationship between social health and CVD with a likelihood for bi-directionality. However, there is speculation and varied evidence regarding how these relationships may be mediated through CVD risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Social health can be considered an established risk factor for CVD. However, the potential bi-directional pathways of social health with CVD risk factors are less established. Further research is needed to understand whether targeting certain constructs of social health may directly improve the management of CVD risk factors. Given the health and economic burdens of poor social health and CVD, improvements to addressing or preventing these interrelated health conditions would have societal benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Htet Lin Htun
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Jessie Hu
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lachlan L Dalli
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Michelle H Lim
- Prevention Research Collaboration, School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | | | - J R Baker
- School of Health, Southern Cross University, Australia; Primary & Community Care Limited, Australia.
| | - Aung Zaw Zaw Phyo
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Christopher M Reid
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Joanne Ryan
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Alice J Owen
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Sharyn M Fitzgerald
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Rosanne Freak-Poli
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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4
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Ekram ARMS, Ryan J, Espinoza SE, Newman AB, Murray AM, Orchard SG, Fitzgerald SM, McNeil JJ, Ernst ME, Woods RL. The Association between Frailty and Dementia-Free and Physical Disability-Free Survival in Community-Dwelling Older Adults. Gerontology 2023; 69:549-560. [PMID: 36617406 PMCID: PMC10238577 DOI: 10.1159/000528984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Frailty is a common geriatric syndrome that adversely impacts health outcomes. This study examined correlates of physical frailty in healthy community-dwelling older adults and studied the effect of frailty on disability-free survival (DFS), defined as survival free of independence-limiting physical disability or dementia. METHODS This is a post hoc analysis of 19,114 community-dwelling older adults (median age: 74.0 years, interquartile range or IQR: 6.1 years) from Australia and the USA enrolled in the "ASPirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly (ASPREE)" clinical trial. Frailty was assessed using a modified Fried phenotype and a deficit accumulation frailty index (FI) utilizing a ratio score derived from 66 items. Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the correlates of frailty and Cox regression to analyze the association between frailty and DFS (and its components). RESULTS At study enrollment, 39.0% were prefrail, and 2.2% of participants were frail, according to Fried phenotype. Older age, higher waist circumference, lower education, ethnoracial origin, current smoking, depression, and polypharmacy were associated with prefrailty and frailty according to Fried phenotype and FI. Fried phenotype defined prefrailty and frailty predicted reduced DFS (prefrail: HR: 1.67; 95% CI: 1.50-1.86 and frail: HR: 2.80; 95% CI: 2.27-3.46), affecting each component of DFS including dementia, physical disability, and mortality. Effect sizes were larger, according to FI. CONCLUSION Our study showed that prefrailty is common in community-dwelling older adults initially free of cardiovascular disease, dementia, or independence-limiting physical disability. Prefrailty and frailty significantly reduced disability-free survival. Addressing modifiable correlates, like depression and polypharmacy, might reduce the adverse impact of frailty on dementia-free and physical disability-free survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R M Saifuddin Ekram
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joanne Ryan
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sara E Espinoza
- Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Geriatrics Research, Education and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Anne B Newman
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anne M Murray
- Hennepin County Medical Center, Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Suzanne G Orchard
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sharyn M Fitzgerald
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John J McNeil
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael E Ernst
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Robyn L Woods
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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5
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Espinoza SE, Woods RL, Ekram ARMS, Ernst ME, Polekhina G, Wolfe R, Shah RC, Ward SA, Storey E, Nelson MR, Reid CM, Lockery JE, Orchard SG, Trevaks R, Fitzgerald SM, Stocks NP, Chan A, McNeil JJ, Murray AM, Newman AB, Ryan J. The Effect of Low-Dose Aspirin on Frailty Phenotype and Frailty Index in Community-Dwelling Older Adults in the ASPirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2022; 77:2007-2014. [PMID: 34758073 PMCID: PMC9536436 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glab340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frailty is associated with chronic inflammation, which may be modified by aspirin. The purpose of this study was to determine whether low-dose aspirin reduces incident frailty in healthy older adult participants of the ASPirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly (ASPREE) trial. METHODS In the United States and Australia, 19 114 community-dwelling individuals aged ≥70 and older (U.S. minorities ≥65 years) and free of overt cardiovascular disease, persistent physical disability, and dementia were enrolled in ASPREE, a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 100-mg daily aspirin versus placebo. Frailty, a prespecified study end point, was defined according to a modified Fried frailty definition (Fried frailty) and the frailty index based on the deficit accumulation model (frailty index). Competing risk Cox proportional hazard models were used to compare time to incident frailty by aspirin versus placebo. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to include frailty data with and without imputation of missing data. RESULTS Over a median 4.7 years, 2 252 participants developed incident Fried frailty, and 4 451 had incident frailty according to the frailty index. Compared with placebo, aspirin treatment did not alter the risk of incident frailty (Fried frailty hazard ratio [HR]: 1.04, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.96-1.13; frailty index HR: 1.03, 95% CI 0.97-1.09). The proportion of individuals classified as frail, and the trajectory in continuous frailty scores over time, were not different between the aspirin and placebo treatment groups. The results were consistent across a series of subgroups. CONCLUSIONS Low-dose aspirin use in healthy older adults when initiated in older ages does not reduce risk of incident frailty or the trajectory of frailty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Espinoza
- Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology and Palliative Medicine, Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Geriatrics Research, Education and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Robyn L Woods
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - A R M Saifuddin Ekram
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael E Ernst
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Galina Polekhina
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rory Wolfe
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Raj C Shah
- Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Stephanie A Ward
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elsdon Storey
- Van Cleef/Roet Centre for Nervous Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark R Nelson
- Menzies Research Institute, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Christopher M Reid
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jessica E Lockery
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Suzanne G Orchard
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ruth Trevaks
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sharyn M Fitzgerald
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nigel P Stocks
- Discipline of General Practice, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andy Chan
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John J McNeil
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anne M Murray
- Berman Center for Clinical Outcomes and Research, Hennepin Health Research Institute and Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare and University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Anne B Newman
- Center for Aging and Population Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joanne Ryan
- Geriatrics Research, Education and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Wang Y, Owen A, Franks A, Ackerman I, Fitzgerald SM, Liew S, Woods RL, Wluka AE, McNeil JJ, Cicuttini FM. Functional Outcomes Following Hip Replacement in Community-Dwelling Older Adults. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11175117. [PMID: 36079051 PMCID: PMC9457152 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11175117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncertainty remains regarding the benefit of hip replacement in older adults in the context of age-related decline in physical function. This study aimed to examine the effect of hip replacement on functional outcomes and identify factors associated with clinically important improvement in physical function postoperatively in community-dwelling older adults. This cohort study was performed within the ASPREE trial, with 698 participants receiving hip replacement and 677 age- and sex-matched controls without knee or hip replacement during the trial drawn from 16,703 Australian participants aged ≥70 years. Health status (physical and mental component summary [PCS and MCS]) was assessed annually using the SF-12. Participants receiving hip replacement had significantly lower pre- and post-replacement PCS scores compared with controls (p < 0.0001). There was significant improvement in PCS score following hip replacement (mean change 4.9, 95%CI 4.0−5.7) but no change in controls (0.01, 95%CI −0.7−0.7). Following hip replacement, 46.7% of participants experienced clinically important improvement in PCS score, while 15.5% experienced worsened PCS score. Participants experiencing improved postoperative PCS score had significantly lower PCS and higher MCS scores preoperatively. The degree of preoperative physical function impairment was a significant indicator of older people most likely to benefit from hip replacement surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Wang
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Alice Owen
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Angus Franks
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Ilana Ackerman
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Sharyn M. Fitzgerald
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Susan Liew
- Alfred Hospital, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Robyn L. Woods
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Anita E. Wluka
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - John J. McNeil
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Flavia M. Cicuttini
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-39-9030158
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7
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Orman Z, Thrift AG, Olaiya MT, Ung D, Cadilhac DA, Phan T, Nelson MR, Srikanth VK, Vuong J, Bladin CF, Gerraty RP, Fitzgerald SM, Frayne J, Kim J. Quality of life after stroke: a longitudinal analysis of a cluster randomized trial. Qual Life Res 2022; 31:2445-2455. [DOI: 10.1007/s11136-021-03066-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Hu J, Fitzgerald SM, Owen AJ, Ryan J, Joyce J, Chowdhury E, Reid CM, Britt C, Woods RL, McNeil JJ, Freak-Poli R. Social isolation, social support, loneliness and cardiovascular disease risk factors: A cross-sectional study among older adults. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2021; 36:1795-1809. [PMID: 34231940 DOI: 10.1002/gps.5601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social health reflects one's ability to form interpersonal relationships. Poor social health is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), however an in-depth exploration of the link through CVD risk factors is lacking. AIM To examine the relationship between social health (social isolation, social support, loneliness) and CVD risk factors among healthy older women and men. METHODS Data were from 11,498 healthy community-dwelling Australians aged ≥70 years from the ASPirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly (ASPREE) trial and the ASPREE Longitudinal Study of Older Persons sub-study. Ten-year CVD risk was estimated using the Atherosclerotic CVD Risk Scale (ASCVDRS) and the Framingham Risk Score (FRS). RESULTS Physical inactivity and experiencing depressive symptoms were the only CVD risk factors that consistently differed by all three social health constructs. Loneliness was associated with greater ASCVDRS (women: β = 0.01, p < 0.05; men: β = 0.03, p < 0.001), social isolation with greater FRS (women: β = 0.02, p < 0.01; men: β = 0.03, p < 0.01) and the social health composite of being lonely (regardless of social isolation and/or social support status) with greater ASCVDRS (women: β = 0.01, p = 0.02; men: β = 0.03, p < 0.001). Among men, loneliness was also associated with greater FRS (β = 0.03, p < 0.001) and social support with greater ASCVDRS (β = 0.02, p = 0.01). Men were more socially isolated, less socially supported and less lonely than women. CONCLUSION Social isolation, social support and loneliness displayed diverse relationships with CVD risk factors and risk scores, emphasising the importance of distinguishing between these constructs. These findings inform on potential avenues to manage poor social health and CVD risk among older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sharyn M Fitzgerald
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alice J Owen
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Joanne Ryan
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Johanna Joyce
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Enayet Chowdhury
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Christopher M Reid
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Carlene Britt
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Robyn L Woods
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - John J McNeil
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rosanne Freak-Poli
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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Woods RL, Espinoza S, Thao LTP, Ernst ME, Ryan J, Wolfe R, Shah RC, Ward SA, Storey E, Nelson MR, Reid CM, Lockery JE, Orchard SG, Trevaks RE, Fitzgerald SM, Stocks NP, Williamson JD, McNeil JJ, Murray AM, Newman AB. Effect of Aspirin on Activities of Daily Living Disability in Community-Dwelling Older Adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 76:2007-2014. [PMID: 33367621 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glaa316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebrovascular events, dementia, and cancer can contribute to physical disability with activities of daily living (ADL). It is unclear whether low-dose aspirin reduces this burden in aging populations. In a secondary analysis, we now examine aspirin's effects on incident and persistent ADL disability within a primary prevention aspirin trial in community-dwelling older adults. METHODS The ASPREE (ASPirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly) trial of daily 100 mg aspirin versus placebo recruited 19 114 healthy adults aged 70+ years (65+ years if U.S. minority) in Australia and the United States. Six basic ADLs were assessed every 6 months. Incident ADL disability was defined as inability or severe difficulty with ≥1 ADL; persistence was confirmed if the same ADL disability remained after 6 months. Proportional hazards modeling compared time to incident or persistent ADL disability for aspirin versus placebo; death without prior disability was a competing risk. RESULTS Over a median of 4.7 years, incident ADL disability was similar in those receiving aspirin (776/9525) and placebo (787/9589) with walking, bathing, dressing, and transferring the most commonly reported. Only 24% of incident ADL disability progressed to persistent. Persistent ADL disability was lower in the aspirin group (4.3 vs 5.3 events/1000 py; hazard ratio [HR] = 0.81, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.66-1.00), with bathing and dressing the most common ADL disabilities in both groups. Following persistent ADL disability, there were more deaths in the aspirin group (24 vs 12). DISCUSSION Low-dose aspirin in initially healthy older people did not reduce the risk of incident ADL disability, although there was evidence of reduced persistent ADL disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn L Woods
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sara Espinoza
- Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology and Palliative Medicine, Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, USA.,Geriatrics Research, Education and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, USA
| | - Le T P Thao
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael E Ernst
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
| | - Joanne Ryan
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rory Wolfe
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Raj C Shah
- Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Stephanie A Ward
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Elsdon Storey
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark R Nelson
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Christopher M Reid
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jessica E Lockery
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Suzanne G Orchard
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ruth E Trevaks
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sharyn M Fitzgerald
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nigel P Stocks
- Discipline of General Practice, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jeff D Williamson
- Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - John J McNeil
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anne M Murray
- Berman Center for Clinical Outcomes and Research, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, USA.,Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center and University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Anne B Newman
- Center for Aging and Population Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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10
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Lin X, Banaszak-Holl J, Xie J, Ward SA, Brodaty H, Storey E, Shah RC, Murray A, Ryan J, Orchard SG, Fitzgerald SM, McNeil JJ. Similar mortality risk in incident cognitive impairment and dementia: Evidence from the ASPirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly (ASPREE) trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 2021; 69:3568-3575. [PMID: 34533211 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.17435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined the risk of mortality in older adults with newly detected cognitive impairment or dementia. METHODS Data from the Australian cohort of the ASPirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly (ASPREE) trial were examined. The ASPREE clinical trial compared daily low-dose aspirin to a placebo and involved 16,703 individuals aged 70 years and over, who were without major cognitive impairment, physical disability, or cardiovascular disease at recruitment. During the trial, evidence of cognitive impairment, based on cognitive testing and medical record information, triggered dementia adjudication of participants using DSM-IV criteria. Cox proportional hazard models were used to compare mortality rates across the dementia, trigger-only, and no-trigger groups. RESULTS Over a median 4.7-year follow-up period, 806 participants triggered dementia adjudication, with 485 (60.2%) judged to have dementia. Following recruitment, mortality risks were 32.9, 33.6, and 10.8 events per 1000 person-years in the dementia, trigger-no-dementia, and no-trigger groups, respectively. In the fully adjusted model, mortality risks remained higher in the dementia and trigger-no-dementia groups, with hazard ratios of 1.7 (95% CI: 1.3-2.1) and 1.9 (95% CI: 1.5-2.6), respectively. There was no discernible difference between the dementia and trigger-no-dementia groups in mortality rates following recruitment, or following a dementia trigger. These two groups were more likely to die from sepsis, respiratory disease, and dementia, but less likely to die from cancer than the no-trigger group, χ2 = 161.5, p < 0.001. CONCLUSION ASPREE participants who triggered for a dementia evaluation experienced a substantially higher mortality rate than those who remained cognitively intact. The increase was indistinguishable among persons who met DSM-IV criteria for dementia vs. those who triggered for a dementia evaluation but failed to meet DSM-IV criteria. Future work should investigate whether earlier detection of cognitive decline can be used to identify and prevent early mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Lin
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jane Banaszak-Holl
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jing Xie
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephanie A Ward
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Geriatric Medicine, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Dementia Centre for Research Collaboration, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Elsdon Storey
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Raj C Shah
- Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Anne Murray
- Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Health Research Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Joanne Ryan
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Suzanne G Orchard
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sharyn M Fitzgerald
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - John J McNeil
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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11
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Ung D, Kilkenny MF, Olaiya MT, Kim J, Phan T, Cadilhac DA, Ma H, Dewey HM, Nelson MR, Srikanth VK, Bladin CF, Fitzgerald SM, Thrift AG. Longer duration on a Chronic Disease Management plan is associated with long-term adherence to antihypertensive and antithrombotic medications following stroke. Int J Popul Data Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.23889/ijpds.v5i5.1494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction and PurposeChronic Disease Management (CDM) plans are used by general practitioners to manage chronic diseases such as stroke. However, there is limited evidence that being on these plans improve adherence to secondary prevention medications after stroke. We aimed to assess the association of the duration on a CDM plan in improving adherence to secondary prevention medications following stroke.
MethodsAustralian survivors of stroke or transient ischaemic attack were participants from the STAND FIRM trial. Patients were individually linked with claims for CDM plans from Medicare and dispensings of secondary prevention medications from the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme. We estimated (1) duration on a CDM plan based on the timing and Medicare items claimed and (2) the proportion of days that patients would have been covered by these medications (PDC), while accounting for deaths and instances of over-supply. Dosage for each quantity of medication was determined by the regularity in which patients returned for a refill. Logistic regression was used to evaluate factors associated with ≥80% adherence, up to 3 years after stroke, for each of antihypertensive, antithrombotic and lipid-modifying drugs.
ResultsThe median PDC for 563 patients (median age 70yrs; 36% female) ranged from 92% to 95% among the three classes of medications. Approximately 27% did not take up a CDM plan, 33% were on plans for <1.5 years and 40% for 1.5-3 years. Duration on a CDM plan (quintiles) was associated with adherence for antihypertensive (Odds Ratio (OR) 1.18, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) 1.00-1.40, p=0.029) and antithrombotic medications (OR 1.22, 95%CI 1.03-1.46, p=0.024), but not for lipid-lowering medications.
ConclusionPeople on a CDM plan for longer had better adherence to antihypertensive and antithrombotic medications in the long-term after stroke. Use and ongoing reviews of CDM plans should be encouraged to improve adherence to secondary prevention medications after stroke.
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12
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Chowdhury EK, Nelson MR, Ernst ME, Margolis KL, Beilin LJ, Johnston CI, Woods RL, Murray AM, Wolfe R, Storey E, Shah RC, Lockery JE, Tonkin AM, Newman AB, Williamson JD, Abhayaratna WP, Stocks NP, Fitzgerald SM, Orchard SG, Trevaks RE, Donnan GA, Grimm R, McNeil JJ, Reid CM. Factors Associated With Treatment and Control of Hypertension in a Healthy Elderly Population Free of Cardiovascular Disease: A Cross-sectional Study. Am J Hypertens 2020; 33:350-361. [PMID: 31807750 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpz192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite readily available treatments, control of blood pressure (BP) with population aging remains suboptimal. Further, there are gaps in the understanding of the management of high BP in the aged. We explored antihypertensive treatment and control among elderly hypertensive participants free from overt cardiovascular disease (CVD), and identified factors related to both "untreated" and "treated but uncontrolled" high BP. METHODS We analyzed baseline data from 19,114 individuals aged ≥65 years enrolled from Australia and United States (US) in the ASPirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly study. Hypertension was defined as an average systolic/diastolic BP ≥140/90 mm Hg and/or the use of any BP lowering medication. "Controlled hypertension" was defined if participants were receiving antihypertensive medication and BP <140 and 90 mm Hg. Descriptive analyses were used to summarize hypertension control rates; logistic regression was used to investigate relationships with treatment and BP control. RESULTS Overall, 74% (14,213/19,114) of participants were hypertensive; and of these 29% (4,151/14,213) were untreated. Among those treated participants, 53% (5,330/10,062) had BP ≥140/90 mm Hg. Participants who were untreated were more likely to be men, have higher educational status, and be in good physical health, and less likely to have significant comorbidities. The factors related to "treated but uncontrolled" BP included older age, male, Black race (vs. White), using antihypertensive monotherapy (vs. multiple) and residing in Australia (vs. US). CONCLUSIONS High levels of "untreated" and "treated but uncontrolled" BP occur in healthy elderly people without CVD, suggesting there are opportunities for better BP control in the primary prevention of CVD in this population. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT01038583.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enayet K Chowdhury
- Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Mark R Nelson
- Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Michael E Ernst
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City , IA, USA
| | | | - Lawrence J Beilin
- School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | - Robyn L Woods
- Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anne M Murray
- Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (HHRI), Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare and University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Rory Wolfe
- Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Elsdon Storey
- Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Raj C Shah
- Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jessica E Lockery
- Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew M Tonkin
- Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anne B Newman
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jeff D Williamson
- Sticht Center on Healthy Aging and Alzheimer’s Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Walter P Abhayaratna
- College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Nigel P Stocks
- Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sharyn M Fitzgerald
- Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Suzanne G Orchard
- Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ruth E Trevaks
- Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Geoffrey A Donnan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard Grimm
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare and University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - John J McNeil
- Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Christopher M Reid
- Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
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13
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McNeil JJ, Woods RL, Nelson MR, Murray AM, Reid CM, Kirpach B, Storey E, Shah RC, Wolfe RS, Tonkin AM, Newman AB, Williamson JD, Lockery JE, Margolis KL, Ernst ME, Abhayaratna WP, Stocks N, Fitzgerald SM, Trevaks RE, Orchard SG, Beilin LJ, Donnan GA, Gibbs P, Johnston CI, Grimm RH. Baseline Characteristics of Participants in the ASPREE (Aspirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly) Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2019; 74:748. [PMID: 30668672 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gly278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John J McNeil
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robyn L Woods
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark R Nelson
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Anne M Murray
- Berman Center for Clinical Outcomes and Research, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minnesota.,Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center and University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Christopher M Reid
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Brenda Kirpach
- Berman Center for Clinical Outcomes and Research, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minnesota
| | - Elsdon Storey
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Raj C Shah
- Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Rory S Wolfe
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew M Tonkin
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anne B Newman
- Center for Aging and Population Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeff D Williamson
- Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Jessica E Lockery
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Michael E Ernst
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa
| | - Walter P Abhayaratna
- Cardiovascular Medicine, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Nigel Stocks
- Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sharyn M Fitzgerald
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ruth E Trevaks
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Suzanne G Orchard
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lawrence J Beilin
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Geoffrey A Donnan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Gibbs
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Colin I Johnston
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard H Grimm
- Berman Center for Clinical Outcomes and Research, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minnesota
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14
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Lockery JE, Collyer TA, Abhayaratna WP, Fitzgerald SM, McNeil JJ, Nelson MR, Orchard SG, Reid C, Stocks NP, Trevaks RE, Woods R. Recruiting general practice patients for large clinical trials: lessons from the Aspirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly (ASPREE) study. Med J Aust 2018; 210:168-173. [PMID: 30835844 DOI: 10.5694/mja2.12060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the factors that contributed to the successful completion of recruitment for the largest clinical trial ever conducted in Australia, the Aspirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly (ASPREE) study. DESIGN Enrolment of GPs; identification of potential participants in general practice databases; screening of participants. SETTING, PARTICIPANTS Selected general practices across southeast Australia (Tasmania, Victoria, Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, South Australia). MAJOR OUTCOMES Numbers of patients per GP screened and randomised to participation; geographic and demographic factors that influenced screening and randomising of patients. RESULTS 2717 of 5833 GPs approached (47%) enrolled to recruit patients for the study; 2053 (76%) recruited at least one randomised participant. The highest randomised participant rate per GP was for Tasmania (median, 5; IQR, 1-11), driven by the high rate of participant inclusion at phone screening. GPs in inner regional (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.45; 95% CI, 1.14-1.84) and outer regional areas (aOR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.19-2.88) were more likely than GPs in major cities to recruit at least one randomised participant. GPs in areas with a high proportion of people aged 70 years or more were more likely to randomise at least one participant (per percentage point increase: aOR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.05-1.15). The number of randomised patients declined with time from GP enrolment to first randomisation. CONCLUSION General practice can be a rich environment for research when barriers to recruitment are overcome. Including regional GPs and focusing efforts in areas with the highest proportions of potentially eligible participants improves recruitment. The success of ASPREE attests to the clinical importance of its research question for Australian GPs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Walter P Abhayaratna
- College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University School of Clinical Medicine, Canberra, ACT.,Canberra Hospital, Canberra, ACT
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15
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McNeil JJ, Nelson MR, Woods RL, Lockery JE, Wolfe R, Reid CM, Kirpach B, Shah RC, Ives DG, Storey E, Ryan J, Tonkin AM, Newman AB, Williamson JD, Margolis KL, Ernst ME, Abhayaratna WP, Stocks N, Fitzgerald SM, Orchard SG, Trevaks RE, Beilin LJ, Donnan GA, Gibbs P, Johnston CI, Radziszewska B, Grimm R, Murray AM. Effect of Aspirin on All-Cause Mortality in the Healthy Elderly. N Engl J Med 2018; 379:1519-1528. [PMID: 30221595 PMCID: PMC6433466 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1803955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 495] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the primary analysis of the Aspirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly (ASPREE) trial, now published in the Journal, we report that the daily use of aspirin did not provide a benefit with regard to the primary end point of disability-free survival among older adults. A numerically higher rate of the secondary end point of death from any cause was observed with aspirin than with placebo. METHODS From 2010 through 2014, we enrolled community-dwelling persons in Australia and the United States who were 70 years of age or older (or ≥65 years of age among blacks and Hispanics in the United States) and did not have cardiovascular disease, dementia, or disability. Participants were randomly assigned to receive 100 mg of enteric-coated aspirin or placebo. Deaths were classified according to the underlying cause by adjudicators who were unaware of trial-group assignments. Hazard ratios were calculated to compare mortality between the aspirin group and the placebo group, and post hoc exploratory analyses of specific causes of death were performed. RESULTS Of the 19,114 persons who were enrolled, 9525 were assigned to receive aspirin and 9589 to receive placebo. A total of 1052 deaths occurred during a median of 4.7 years of follow-up. The risk of death from any cause was 12.7 events per 1000 person-years in the aspirin group and 11.1 events per 1000 person-years in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 1.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01 to 1.29). Cancer was the major contributor to the higher mortality in the aspirin group, accounting for 1.6 excess deaths per 1000 person-years. Cancer-related death occurred in 3.1% of the participants in the aspirin group and in 2.3% of those in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.10 to 1.56). CONCLUSIONS Higher all-cause mortality was observed among apparently healthy older adults who received daily aspirin than among those who received placebo and was attributed primarily to cancer-related death. In the context of previous studies, this result was unexpected and should be interpreted with caution. (Funded by the National Institute on Aging and others; ASPREE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01038583 .).
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Affiliation(s)
- John J McNeil
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., M.R.N., R.L.W., J.E.L., R.W., C.M.R., E.S., J.R., A.M.T., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J.), Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (P.G.), and Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine (A.M.M.), Hennepin Healthcare, HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.) - all in Minneapolis; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); the Center for Aging and Population Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.G.I., A.B.N.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); and the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.)
| | - Mark R Nelson
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., M.R.N., R.L.W., J.E.L., R.W., C.M.R., E.S., J.R., A.M.T., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J.), Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (P.G.), and Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine (A.M.M.), Hennepin Healthcare, HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.) - all in Minneapolis; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); the Center for Aging and Population Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.G.I., A.B.N.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); and the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.)
| | - Robyn L Woods
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., M.R.N., R.L.W., J.E.L., R.W., C.M.R., E.S., J.R., A.M.T., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J.), Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (P.G.), and Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine (A.M.M.), Hennepin Healthcare, HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.) - all in Minneapolis; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); the Center for Aging and Population Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.G.I., A.B.N.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); and the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.)
| | - Jessica E Lockery
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., M.R.N., R.L.W., J.E.L., R.W., C.M.R., E.S., J.R., A.M.T., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J.), Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (P.G.), and Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine (A.M.M.), Hennepin Healthcare, HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.) - all in Minneapolis; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); the Center for Aging and Population Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.G.I., A.B.N.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); and the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.)
| | - Rory Wolfe
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., M.R.N., R.L.W., J.E.L., R.W., C.M.R., E.S., J.R., A.M.T., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J.), Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (P.G.), and Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine (A.M.M.), Hennepin Healthcare, HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.) - all in Minneapolis; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); the Center for Aging and Population Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.G.I., A.B.N.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); and the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.)
| | - Christopher M Reid
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., M.R.N., R.L.W., J.E.L., R.W., C.M.R., E.S., J.R., A.M.T., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J.), Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (P.G.), and Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine (A.M.M.), Hennepin Healthcare, HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.) - all in Minneapolis; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); the Center for Aging and Population Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.G.I., A.B.N.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); and the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.)
| | - Brenda Kirpach
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., M.R.N., R.L.W., J.E.L., R.W., C.M.R., E.S., J.R., A.M.T., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J.), Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (P.G.), and Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine (A.M.M.), Hennepin Healthcare, HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.) - all in Minneapolis; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); the Center for Aging and Population Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.G.I., A.B.N.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); and the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.)
| | - Raj C Shah
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., M.R.N., R.L.W., J.E.L., R.W., C.M.R., E.S., J.R., A.M.T., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J.), Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (P.G.), and Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine (A.M.M.), Hennepin Healthcare, HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.) - all in Minneapolis; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); the Center for Aging and Population Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.G.I., A.B.N.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); and the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.)
| | - Diane G Ives
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., M.R.N., R.L.W., J.E.L., R.W., C.M.R., E.S., J.R., A.M.T., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J.), Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (P.G.), and Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine (A.M.M.), Hennepin Healthcare, HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.) - all in Minneapolis; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); the Center for Aging and Population Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.G.I., A.B.N.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); and the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.)
| | - Elsdon Storey
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., M.R.N., R.L.W., J.E.L., R.W., C.M.R., E.S., J.R., A.M.T., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J.), Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (P.G.), and Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine (A.M.M.), Hennepin Healthcare, HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.) - all in Minneapolis; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); the Center for Aging and Population Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.G.I., A.B.N.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); and the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.)
| | - Joanne Ryan
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., M.R.N., R.L.W., J.E.L., R.W., C.M.R., E.S., J.R., A.M.T., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J.), Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (P.G.), and Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine (A.M.M.), Hennepin Healthcare, HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.) - all in Minneapolis; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); the Center for Aging and Population Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.G.I., A.B.N.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); and the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.)
| | - Andrew M Tonkin
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., M.R.N., R.L.W., J.E.L., R.W., C.M.R., E.S., J.R., A.M.T., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J.), Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (P.G.), and Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine (A.M.M.), Hennepin Healthcare, HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.) - all in Minneapolis; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); the Center for Aging and Population Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.G.I., A.B.N.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); and the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.)
| | - Anne B Newman
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., M.R.N., R.L.W., J.E.L., R.W., C.M.R., E.S., J.R., A.M.T., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J.), Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (P.G.), and Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine (A.M.M.), Hennepin Healthcare, HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.) - all in Minneapolis; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); the Center for Aging and Population Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.G.I., A.B.N.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); and the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.)
| | - Jeff D Williamson
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., M.R.N., R.L.W., J.E.L., R.W., C.M.R., E.S., J.R., A.M.T., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J.), Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (P.G.), and Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine (A.M.M.), Hennepin Healthcare, HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.) - all in Minneapolis; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); the Center for Aging and Population Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.G.I., A.B.N.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); and the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.)
| | - Karen L Margolis
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., M.R.N., R.L.W., J.E.L., R.W., C.M.R., E.S., J.R., A.M.T., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J.), Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (P.G.), and Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine (A.M.M.), Hennepin Healthcare, HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.) - all in Minneapolis; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); the Center for Aging and Population Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.G.I., A.B.N.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); and the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.)
| | - Michael E Ernst
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., M.R.N., R.L.W., J.E.L., R.W., C.M.R., E.S., J.R., A.M.T., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J.), Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (P.G.), and Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine (A.M.M.), Hennepin Healthcare, HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.) - all in Minneapolis; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); the Center for Aging and Population Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.G.I., A.B.N.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); and the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.)
| | - Walter P Abhayaratna
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., M.R.N., R.L.W., J.E.L., R.W., C.M.R., E.S., J.R., A.M.T., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J.), Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (P.G.), and Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine (A.M.M.), Hennepin Healthcare, HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.) - all in Minneapolis; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); the Center for Aging and Population Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.G.I., A.B.N.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); and the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.)
| | - Nigel Stocks
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., M.R.N., R.L.W., J.E.L., R.W., C.M.R., E.S., J.R., A.M.T., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J.), Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (P.G.), and Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine (A.M.M.), Hennepin Healthcare, HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.) - all in Minneapolis; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); the Center for Aging and Population Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.G.I., A.B.N.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); and the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.)
| | - Sharyn M Fitzgerald
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., M.R.N., R.L.W., J.E.L., R.W., C.M.R., E.S., J.R., A.M.T., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J.), Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (P.G.), and Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine (A.M.M.), Hennepin Healthcare, HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.) - all in Minneapolis; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); the Center for Aging and Population Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.G.I., A.B.N.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); and the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.)
| | - Suzanne G Orchard
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., M.R.N., R.L.W., J.E.L., R.W., C.M.R., E.S., J.R., A.M.T., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J.), Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (P.G.), and Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine (A.M.M.), Hennepin Healthcare, HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.) - all in Minneapolis; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); the Center for Aging and Population Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.G.I., A.B.N.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); and the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.)
| | - Ruth E Trevaks
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., M.R.N., R.L.W., J.E.L., R.W., C.M.R., E.S., J.R., A.M.T., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J.), Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (P.G.), and Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine (A.M.M.), Hennepin Healthcare, HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.) - all in Minneapolis; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); the Center for Aging and Population Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.G.I., A.B.N.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); and the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.)
| | - Lawrence J Beilin
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., M.R.N., R.L.W., J.E.L., R.W., C.M.R., E.S., J.R., A.M.T., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J.), Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (P.G.), and Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine (A.M.M.), Hennepin Healthcare, HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.) - all in Minneapolis; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); the Center for Aging and Population Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.G.I., A.B.N.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); and the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.)
| | - Geoffrey A Donnan
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., M.R.N., R.L.W., J.E.L., R.W., C.M.R., E.S., J.R., A.M.T., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J.), Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (P.G.), and Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine (A.M.M.), Hennepin Healthcare, HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.) - all in Minneapolis; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); the Center for Aging and Population Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.G.I., A.B.N.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); and the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.)
| | - Peter Gibbs
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., M.R.N., R.L.W., J.E.L., R.W., C.M.R., E.S., J.R., A.M.T., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J.), Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (P.G.), and Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine (A.M.M.), Hennepin Healthcare, HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.) - all in Minneapolis; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); the Center for Aging and Population Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.G.I., A.B.N.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); and the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.)
| | - Colin I Johnston
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., M.R.N., R.L.W., J.E.L., R.W., C.M.R., E.S., J.R., A.M.T., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J.), Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (P.G.), and Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine (A.M.M.), Hennepin Healthcare, HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.) - all in Minneapolis; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); the Center for Aging and Population Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.G.I., A.B.N.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); and the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.)
| | - Barbara Radziszewska
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., M.R.N., R.L.W., J.E.L., R.W., C.M.R., E.S., J.R., A.M.T., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J.), Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (P.G.), and Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine (A.M.M.), Hennepin Healthcare, HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.) - all in Minneapolis; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); the Center for Aging and Population Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.G.I., A.B.N.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); and the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.)
| | - Richard Grimm
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., M.R.N., R.L.W., J.E.L., R.W., C.M.R., E.S., J.R., A.M.T., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J.), Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (P.G.), and Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine (A.M.M.), Hennepin Healthcare, HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.) - all in Minneapolis; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); the Center for Aging and Population Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.G.I., A.B.N.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); and the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.)
| | - Anne M Murray
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., M.R.N., R.L.W., J.E.L., R.W., C.M.R., E.S., J.R., A.M.T., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J.), Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (P.G.), and Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine (A.M.M.), Hennepin Healthcare, HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.) - all in Minneapolis; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); the Center for Aging and Population Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (D.G.I., A.B.N.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); and the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.)
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McNeil JJ, Wolfe R, Woods RL, Tonkin AM, Donnan GA, Nelson MR, Reid CM, Lockery JE, Kirpach B, Storey E, Shah RC, Williamson JD, Margolis KL, Ernst ME, Abhayaratna WP, Stocks N, Fitzgerald SM, Orchard SG, Trevaks RE, Beilin LJ, Johnston CI, Ryan J, Radziszewska B, Jelinek M, Malik M, Eaton CB, Brauer D, Cloud G, Wood EM, Mahady SE, Satterfield S, Grimm R, Murray AM. Effect of Aspirin on Cardiovascular Events and Bleeding in the Healthy Elderly. N Engl J Med 2018; 379:1509-1518. [PMID: 30221597 PMCID: PMC6289056 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1805819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 633] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aspirin is a well-established therapy for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular events. However, its role in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease is unclear, especially in older persons, who have an increased risk. METHODS From 2010 through 2014, we enrolled community-dwelling men and women in Australia and the United States who were 70 years of age or older (or ≥65 years of age among blacks and Hispanics in the United States) and did not have cardiovascular disease, dementia, or disability. Participants were randomly assigned to receive 100 mg of enteric-coated aspirin or placebo. The primary end point was a composite of death, dementia, or persistent physical disability; results for this end point are reported in another article in the Journal. Secondary end points included major hemorrhage and cardiovascular disease (defined as fatal coronary heart disease, nonfatal myocardial infarction, fatal or nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure). RESULTS Of the 19,114 persons who were enrolled in the trial, 9525 were assigned to receive aspirin and 9589 to receive placebo. After a median of 4.7 years of follow-up, the rate of cardiovascular disease was 10.7 events per 1000 person-years in the aspirin group and 11.3 events per 1000 person-years in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.83 to 1.08). The rate of major hemorrhage was 8.6 events per 1000 person-years and 6.2 events per 1000 person-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.18 to 1.62; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS The use of low-dose aspirin as a primary prevention strategy in older adults resulted in a significantly higher risk of major hemorrhage and did not result in a significantly lower risk of cardiovascular disease than placebo. (Funded by the National Institute on Aging and others; ASPREE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01038583 .).
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Affiliation(s)
- John J McNeil
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.W., R.L.W., A.M.T., M.R.N., C.M.R., J.E.L., E.S., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R., E.M.W., S.E.M.), Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), the Department of Cardiology, St. Vincent's Hospital (M.J.), and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Hospital (G.C.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and the Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; the Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.), Minneapolis, and the School of Nursing, Minnesota State University, Mankato (D.B.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vascular Medicine Section, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (M.M.); the Center for Primary Care and Prevention, Brown University, Providence, RI (C.B.E.); and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S.S.)
| | - Rory Wolfe
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.W., R.L.W., A.M.T., M.R.N., C.M.R., J.E.L., E.S., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R., E.M.W., S.E.M.), Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), the Department of Cardiology, St. Vincent's Hospital (M.J.), and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Hospital (G.C.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and the Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; the Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.), Minneapolis, and the School of Nursing, Minnesota State University, Mankato (D.B.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vascular Medicine Section, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (M.M.); the Center for Primary Care and Prevention, Brown University, Providence, RI (C.B.E.); and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S.S.)
| | - Robyn L Woods
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.W., R.L.W., A.M.T., M.R.N., C.M.R., J.E.L., E.S., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R., E.M.W., S.E.M.), Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), the Department of Cardiology, St. Vincent's Hospital (M.J.), and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Hospital (G.C.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and the Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; the Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.), Minneapolis, and the School of Nursing, Minnesota State University, Mankato (D.B.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vascular Medicine Section, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (M.M.); the Center for Primary Care and Prevention, Brown University, Providence, RI (C.B.E.); and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S.S.)
| | - Andrew M Tonkin
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.W., R.L.W., A.M.T., M.R.N., C.M.R., J.E.L., E.S., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R., E.M.W., S.E.M.), Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), the Department of Cardiology, St. Vincent's Hospital (M.J.), and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Hospital (G.C.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and the Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; the Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.), Minneapolis, and the School of Nursing, Minnesota State University, Mankato (D.B.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vascular Medicine Section, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (M.M.); the Center for Primary Care and Prevention, Brown University, Providence, RI (C.B.E.); and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S.S.)
| | - Geoffrey A Donnan
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.W., R.L.W., A.M.T., M.R.N., C.M.R., J.E.L., E.S., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R., E.M.W., S.E.M.), Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), the Department of Cardiology, St. Vincent's Hospital (M.J.), and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Hospital (G.C.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and the Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; the Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.), Minneapolis, and the School of Nursing, Minnesota State University, Mankato (D.B.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vascular Medicine Section, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (M.M.); the Center for Primary Care and Prevention, Brown University, Providence, RI (C.B.E.); and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S.S.)
| | - Mark R Nelson
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.W., R.L.W., A.M.T., M.R.N., C.M.R., J.E.L., E.S., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R., E.M.W., S.E.M.), Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), the Department of Cardiology, St. Vincent's Hospital (M.J.), and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Hospital (G.C.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and the Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; the Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.), Minneapolis, and the School of Nursing, Minnesota State University, Mankato (D.B.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vascular Medicine Section, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (M.M.); the Center for Primary Care and Prevention, Brown University, Providence, RI (C.B.E.); and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S.S.)
| | - Christopher M Reid
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.W., R.L.W., A.M.T., M.R.N., C.M.R., J.E.L., E.S., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R., E.M.W., S.E.M.), Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), the Department of Cardiology, St. Vincent's Hospital (M.J.), and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Hospital (G.C.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and the Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; the Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.), Minneapolis, and the School of Nursing, Minnesota State University, Mankato (D.B.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vascular Medicine Section, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (M.M.); the Center for Primary Care and Prevention, Brown University, Providence, RI (C.B.E.); and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S.S.)
| | - Jessica E Lockery
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.W., R.L.W., A.M.T., M.R.N., C.M.R., J.E.L., E.S., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R., E.M.W., S.E.M.), Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), the Department of Cardiology, St. Vincent's Hospital (M.J.), and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Hospital (G.C.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and the Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; the Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.), Minneapolis, and the School of Nursing, Minnesota State University, Mankato (D.B.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vascular Medicine Section, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (M.M.); the Center for Primary Care and Prevention, Brown University, Providence, RI (C.B.E.); and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S.S.)
| | - Brenda Kirpach
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.W., R.L.W., A.M.T., M.R.N., C.M.R., J.E.L., E.S., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R., E.M.W., S.E.M.), Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), the Department of Cardiology, St. Vincent's Hospital (M.J.), and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Hospital (G.C.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and the Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; the Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.), Minneapolis, and the School of Nursing, Minnesota State University, Mankato (D.B.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vascular Medicine Section, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (M.M.); the Center for Primary Care and Prevention, Brown University, Providence, RI (C.B.E.); and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S.S.)
| | - Elsdon Storey
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.W., R.L.W., A.M.T., M.R.N., C.M.R., J.E.L., E.S., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R., E.M.W., S.E.M.), Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), the Department of Cardiology, St. Vincent's Hospital (M.J.), and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Hospital (G.C.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and the Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; the Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.), Minneapolis, and the School of Nursing, Minnesota State University, Mankato (D.B.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vascular Medicine Section, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (M.M.); the Center for Primary Care and Prevention, Brown University, Providence, RI (C.B.E.); and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S.S.)
| | - Raj C Shah
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.W., R.L.W., A.M.T., M.R.N., C.M.R., J.E.L., E.S., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R., E.M.W., S.E.M.), Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), the Department of Cardiology, St. Vincent's Hospital (M.J.), and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Hospital (G.C.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and the Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; the Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.), Minneapolis, and the School of Nursing, Minnesota State University, Mankato (D.B.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vascular Medicine Section, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (M.M.); the Center for Primary Care and Prevention, Brown University, Providence, RI (C.B.E.); and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S.S.)
| | - Jeff D Williamson
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.W., R.L.W., A.M.T., M.R.N., C.M.R., J.E.L., E.S., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R., E.M.W., S.E.M.), Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), the Department of Cardiology, St. Vincent's Hospital (M.J.), and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Hospital (G.C.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and the Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; the Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.), Minneapolis, and the School of Nursing, Minnesota State University, Mankato (D.B.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vascular Medicine Section, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (M.M.); the Center for Primary Care and Prevention, Brown University, Providence, RI (C.B.E.); and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S.S.)
| | - Karen L Margolis
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.W., R.L.W., A.M.T., M.R.N., C.M.R., J.E.L., E.S., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R., E.M.W., S.E.M.), Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), the Department of Cardiology, St. Vincent's Hospital (M.J.), and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Hospital (G.C.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and the Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; the Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.), Minneapolis, and the School of Nursing, Minnesota State University, Mankato (D.B.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vascular Medicine Section, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (M.M.); the Center for Primary Care and Prevention, Brown University, Providence, RI (C.B.E.); and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S.S.)
| | - Michael E Ernst
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.W., R.L.W., A.M.T., M.R.N., C.M.R., J.E.L., E.S., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R., E.M.W., S.E.M.), Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), the Department of Cardiology, St. Vincent's Hospital (M.J.), and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Hospital (G.C.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and the Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; the Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.), Minneapolis, and the School of Nursing, Minnesota State University, Mankato (D.B.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vascular Medicine Section, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (M.M.); the Center for Primary Care and Prevention, Brown University, Providence, RI (C.B.E.); and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S.S.)
| | - Walter P Abhayaratna
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.W., R.L.W., A.M.T., M.R.N., C.M.R., J.E.L., E.S., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R., E.M.W., S.E.M.), Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), the Department of Cardiology, St. Vincent's Hospital (M.J.), and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Hospital (G.C.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and the Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; the Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.), Minneapolis, and the School of Nursing, Minnesota State University, Mankato (D.B.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vascular Medicine Section, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (M.M.); the Center for Primary Care and Prevention, Brown University, Providence, RI (C.B.E.); and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S.S.)
| | - Nigel Stocks
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.W., R.L.W., A.M.T., M.R.N., C.M.R., J.E.L., E.S., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R., E.M.W., S.E.M.), Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), the Department of Cardiology, St. Vincent's Hospital (M.J.), and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Hospital (G.C.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and the Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; the Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.), Minneapolis, and the School of Nursing, Minnesota State University, Mankato (D.B.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vascular Medicine Section, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (M.M.); the Center for Primary Care and Prevention, Brown University, Providence, RI (C.B.E.); and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S.S.)
| | - Sharyn M Fitzgerald
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.W., R.L.W., A.M.T., M.R.N., C.M.R., J.E.L., E.S., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R., E.M.W., S.E.M.), Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), the Department of Cardiology, St. Vincent's Hospital (M.J.), and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Hospital (G.C.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and the Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; the Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.), Minneapolis, and the School of Nursing, Minnesota State University, Mankato (D.B.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vascular Medicine Section, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (M.M.); the Center for Primary Care and Prevention, Brown University, Providence, RI (C.B.E.); and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S.S.)
| | - Suzanne G Orchard
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.W., R.L.W., A.M.T., M.R.N., C.M.R., J.E.L., E.S., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R., E.M.W., S.E.M.), Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), the Department of Cardiology, St. Vincent's Hospital (M.J.), and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Hospital (G.C.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and the Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; the Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.), Minneapolis, and the School of Nursing, Minnesota State University, Mankato (D.B.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vascular Medicine Section, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (M.M.); the Center for Primary Care and Prevention, Brown University, Providence, RI (C.B.E.); and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S.S.)
| | - Ruth E Trevaks
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.W., R.L.W., A.M.T., M.R.N., C.M.R., J.E.L., E.S., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R., E.M.W., S.E.M.), Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), the Department of Cardiology, St. Vincent's Hospital (M.J.), and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Hospital (G.C.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and the Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; the Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.), Minneapolis, and the School of Nursing, Minnesota State University, Mankato (D.B.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vascular Medicine Section, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (M.M.); the Center for Primary Care and Prevention, Brown University, Providence, RI (C.B.E.); and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S.S.)
| | - Lawrence J Beilin
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.W., R.L.W., A.M.T., M.R.N., C.M.R., J.E.L., E.S., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R., E.M.W., S.E.M.), Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), the Department of Cardiology, St. Vincent's Hospital (M.J.), and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Hospital (G.C.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and the Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; the Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.), Minneapolis, and the School of Nursing, Minnesota State University, Mankato (D.B.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vascular Medicine Section, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (M.M.); the Center for Primary Care and Prevention, Brown University, Providence, RI (C.B.E.); and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S.S.)
| | - Colin I Johnston
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.W., R.L.W., A.M.T., M.R.N., C.M.R., J.E.L., E.S., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R., E.M.W., S.E.M.), Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), the Department of Cardiology, St. Vincent's Hospital (M.J.), and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Hospital (G.C.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and the Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; the Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.), Minneapolis, and the School of Nursing, Minnesota State University, Mankato (D.B.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vascular Medicine Section, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (M.M.); the Center for Primary Care and Prevention, Brown University, Providence, RI (C.B.E.); and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S.S.)
| | - Joanne Ryan
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.W., R.L.W., A.M.T., M.R.N., C.M.R., J.E.L., E.S., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R., E.M.W., S.E.M.), Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), the Department of Cardiology, St. Vincent's Hospital (M.J.), and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Hospital (G.C.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and the Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; the Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.), Minneapolis, and the School of Nursing, Minnesota State University, Mankato (D.B.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vascular Medicine Section, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (M.M.); the Center for Primary Care and Prevention, Brown University, Providence, RI (C.B.E.); and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S.S.)
| | - Barbara Radziszewska
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.W., R.L.W., A.M.T., M.R.N., C.M.R., J.E.L., E.S., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R., E.M.W., S.E.M.), Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), the Department of Cardiology, St. Vincent's Hospital (M.J.), and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Hospital (G.C.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and the Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; the Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.), Minneapolis, and the School of Nursing, Minnesota State University, Mankato (D.B.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vascular Medicine Section, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (M.M.); the Center for Primary Care and Prevention, Brown University, Providence, RI (C.B.E.); and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S.S.)
| | - Michael Jelinek
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.W., R.L.W., A.M.T., M.R.N., C.M.R., J.E.L., E.S., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R., E.M.W., S.E.M.), Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), the Department of Cardiology, St. Vincent's Hospital (M.J.), and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Hospital (G.C.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and the Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; the Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.), Minneapolis, and the School of Nursing, Minnesota State University, Mankato (D.B.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vascular Medicine Section, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (M.M.); the Center for Primary Care and Prevention, Brown University, Providence, RI (C.B.E.); and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S.S.)
| | - Mobin Malik
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.W., R.L.W., A.M.T., M.R.N., C.M.R., J.E.L., E.S., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R., E.M.W., S.E.M.), Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), the Department of Cardiology, St. Vincent's Hospital (M.J.), and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Hospital (G.C.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and the Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; the Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.), Minneapolis, and the School of Nursing, Minnesota State University, Mankato (D.B.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vascular Medicine Section, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (M.M.); the Center for Primary Care and Prevention, Brown University, Providence, RI (C.B.E.); and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S.S.)
| | - Charles B Eaton
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.W., R.L.W., A.M.T., M.R.N., C.M.R., J.E.L., E.S., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R., E.M.W., S.E.M.), Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), the Department of Cardiology, St. Vincent's Hospital (M.J.), and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Hospital (G.C.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and the Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; the Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.), Minneapolis, and the School of Nursing, Minnesota State University, Mankato (D.B.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vascular Medicine Section, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (M.M.); the Center for Primary Care and Prevention, Brown University, Providence, RI (C.B.E.); and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S.S.)
| | - Donna Brauer
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.W., R.L.W., A.M.T., M.R.N., C.M.R., J.E.L., E.S., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R., E.M.W., S.E.M.), Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), the Department of Cardiology, St. Vincent's Hospital (M.J.), and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Hospital (G.C.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and the Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; the Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.), Minneapolis, and the School of Nursing, Minnesota State University, Mankato (D.B.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vascular Medicine Section, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (M.M.); the Center for Primary Care and Prevention, Brown University, Providence, RI (C.B.E.); and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S.S.)
| | - Geoff Cloud
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.W., R.L.W., A.M.T., M.R.N., C.M.R., J.E.L., E.S., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R., E.M.W., S.E.M.), Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), the Department of Cardiology, St. Vincent's Hospital (M.J.), and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Hospital (G.C.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and the Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; the Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.), Minneapolis, and the School of Nursing, Minnesota State University, Mankato (D.B.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vascular Medicine Section, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (M.M.); the Center for Primary Care and Prevention, Brown University, Providence, RI (C.B.E.); and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S.S.)
| | - Erica M Wood
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.W., R.L.W., A.M.T., M.R.N., C.M.R., J.E.L., E.S., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R., E.M.W., S.E.M.), Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), the Department of Cardiology, St. Vincent's Hospital (M.J.), and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Hospital (G.C.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and the Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; the Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.), Minneapolis, and the School of Nursing, Minnesota State University, Mankato (D.B.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vascular Medicine Section, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (M.M.); the Center for Primary Care and Prevention, Brown University, Providence, RI (C.B.E.); and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S.S.)
| | - Suzanne E Mahady
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.W., R.L.W., A.M.T., M.R.N., C.M.R., J.E.L., E.S., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R., E.M.W., S.E.M.), Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), the Department of Cardiology, St. Vincent's Hospital (M.J.), and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Hospital (G.C.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and the Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; the Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.), Minneapolis, and the School of Nursing, Minnesota State University, Mankato (D.B.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vascular Medicine Section, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (M.M.); the Center for Primary Care and Prevention, Brown University, Providence, RI (C.B.E.); and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S.S.)
| | - Suzanne Satterfield
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.W., R.L.W., A.M.T., M.R.N., C.M.R., J.E.L., E.S., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R., E.M.W., S.E.M.), Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), the Department of Cardiology, St. Vincent's Hospital (M.J.), and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Hospital (G.C.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and the Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; the Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.), Minneapolis, and the School of Nursing, Minnesota State University, Mankato (D.B.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vascular Medicine Section, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (M.M.); the Center for Primary Care and Prevention, Brown University, Providence, RI (C.B.E.); and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S.S.)
| | - Richard Grimm
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.W., R.L.W., A.M.T., M.R.N., C.M.R., J.E.L., E.S., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R., E.M.W., S.E.M.), Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), the Department of Cardiology, St. Vincent's Hospital (M.J.), and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Hospital (G.C.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and the Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; the Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.), Minneapolis, and the School of Nursing, Minnesota State University, Mankato (D.B.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vascular Medicine Section, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (M.M.); the Center for Primary Care and Prevention, Brown University, Providence, RI (C.B.E.); and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S.S.)
| | - Anne M Murray
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.W., R.L.W., A.M.T., M.R.N., C.M.R., J.E.L., E.S., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R., E.M.W., S.E.M.), Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), the Department of Cardiology, St. Vincent's Hospital (M.J.), and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Hospital (G.C.), Melbourne, and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and the Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; the Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare and the University of Minnesota (A.M.M.), Minneapolis, and the School of Nursing, Minnesota State University, Mankato (D.B.) - all in Minnesota; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.); the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vascular Medicine Section, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (M.M.); the Center for Primary Care and Prevention, Brown University, Providence, RI (C.B.E.); and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis (S.S.)
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McNeil JJ, Woods RL, Nelson MR, Reid CM, Kirpach B, Wolfe R, Storey E, Shah RC, Lockery JE, Tonkin AM, Newman AB, Williamson JD, Margolis KL, Ernst ME, Abhayaratna WP, Stocks N, Fitzgerald SM, Orchard SG, Trevaks RE, Beilin LJ, Donnan GA, Gibbs P, Johnston CI, Ryan J, Radziszewska B, Grimm R, Murray AM. Effect of Aspirin on Disability-free Survival in the Healthy Elderly. N Engl J Med 2018; 379:1499-1508. [PMID: 30221596 PMCID: PMC6426126 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1800722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Information on the use of aspirin to increase healthy independent life span in older persons is limited. Whether 5 years of daily low-dose aspirin therapy would extend disability-free life in healthy seniors is unclear. METHODS From 2010 through 2014, we enrolled community-dwelling persons in Australia and the United States who were 70 years of age or older (or ≥65 years of age among blacks and Hispanics in the United States) and did not have cardiovascular disease, dementia, or physical disability. Participants were randomly assigned to receive 100 mg per day of enteric-coated aspirin or placebo orally. The primary end point was a composite of death, dementia, or persistent physical disability. Secondary end points reported in this article included the individual components of the primary end point and major hemorrhage. RESULTS A total of 19,114 persons with a median age of 74 years were enrolled, of whom 9525 were randomly assigned to receive aspirin and 9589 to receive placebo. A total of 56.4% of the participants were women, 8.7% were nonwhite, and 11.0% reported previous regular aspirin use. The trial was terminated at a median of 4.7 years of follow-up after a determination was made that there would be no benefit with continued aspirin use with regard to the primary end point. The rate of the composite of death, dementia, or persistent physical disability was 21.5 events per 1000 person-years in the aspirin group and 21.2 per 1000 person-years in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 1.01; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.92 to 1.11; P=0.79). The rate of adherence to the assigned intervention was 62.1% in the aspirin group and 64.1% in the placebo group in the final year of trial participation. Differences between the aspirin group and the placebo group were not substantial with regard to the secondary individual end points of death from any cause (12.7 events per 1000 person-years in the aspirin group and 11.1 events per 1000 person-years in the placebo group), dementia, or persistent physical disability. The rate of major hemorrhage was higher in the aspirin group than in the placebo group (3.8% vs. 2.8%; hazard ratio, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.18 to 1.62; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Aspirin use in healthy elderly persons did not prolong disability-free survival over a period of 5 years but led to a higher rate of major hemorrhage than placebo. (Funded by the National Institute on Aging and others; ASPREE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01038583 .).
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Affiliation(s)
- John J McNeil
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.L.W., M.R.N., C.M.R., R.W., E.S., J.E.L., A.M.T., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R.), the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (P.G.), and the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), Melbourne, and the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota (A.M.M.) - all in Minneapolis; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); the Center for Aging and Population Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (A.B.N.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, and the Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); and the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.)
| | - Robyn L Woods
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.L.W., M.R.N., C.M.R., R.W., E.S., J.E.L., A.M.T., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R.), the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (P.G.), and the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), Melbourne, and the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota (A.M.M.) - all in Minneapolis; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); the Center for Aging and Population Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (A.B.N.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, and the Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); and the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.)
| | - Mark R Nelson
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.L.W., M.R.N., C.M.R., R.W., E.S., J.E.L., A.M.T., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R.), the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (P.G.), and the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), Melbourne, and the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota (A.M.M.) - all in Minneapolis; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); the Center for Aging and Population Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (A.B.N.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, and the Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); and the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.)
| | - Christopher M Reid
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.L.W., M.R.N., C.M.R., R.W., E.S., J.E.L., A.M.T., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R.), the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (P.G.), and the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), Melbourne, and the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota (A.M.M.) - all in Minneapolis; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); the Center for Aging and Population Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (A.B.N.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, and the Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); and the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.)
| | - Brenda Kirpach
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.L.W., M.R.N., C.M.R., R.W., E.S., J.E.L., A.M.T., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R.), the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (P.G.), and the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), Melbourne, and the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota (A.M.M.) - all in Minneapolis; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); the Center for Aging and Population Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (A.B.N.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, and the Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); and the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.)
| | - Rory Wolfe
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.L.W., M.R.N., C.M.R., R.W., E.S., J.E.L., A.M.T., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R.), the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (P.G.), and the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), Melbourne, and the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota (A.M.M.) - all in Minneapolis; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); the Center for Aging and Population Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (A.B.N.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, and the Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); and the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.)
| | - Elsdon Storey
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.L.W., M.R.N., C.M.R., R.W., E.S., J.E.L., A.M.T., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R.), the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (P.G.), and the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), Melbourne, and the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota (A.M.M.) - all in Minneapolis; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); the Center for Aging and Population Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (A.B.N.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, and the Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); and the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.)
| | - Raj C Shah
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.L.W., M.R.N., C.M.R., R.W., E.S., J.E.L., A.M.T., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R.), the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (P.G.), and the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), Melbourne, and the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota (A.M.M.) - all in Minneapolis; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); the Center for Aging and Population Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (A.B.N.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, and the Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); and the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.)
| | - Jessica E Lockery
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.L.W., M.R.N., C.M.R., R.W., E.S., J.E.L., A.M.T., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R.), the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (P.G.), and the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), Melbourne, and the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota (A.M.M.) - all in Minneapolis; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); the Center for Aging and Population Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (A.B.N.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, and the Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); and the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.)
| | - Andrew M Tonkin
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.L.W., M.R.N., C.M.R., R.W., E.S., J.E.L., A.M.T., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R.), the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (P.G.), and the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), Melbourne, and the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota (A.M.M.) - all in Minneapolis; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); the Center for Aging and Population Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (A.B.N.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, and the Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); and the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.)
| | - Anne B Newman
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.L.W., M.R.N., C.M.R., R.W., E.S., J.E.L., A.M.T., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R.), the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (P.G.), and the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), Melbourne, and the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota (A.M.M.) - all in Minneapolis; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); the Center for Aging and Population Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (A.B.N.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, and the Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); and the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.)
| | - Jeff D Williamson
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.L.W., M.R.N., C.M.R., R.W., E.S., J.E.L., A.M.T., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R.), the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (P.G.), and the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), Melbourne, and the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota (A.M.M.) - all in Minneapolis; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); the Center for Aging and Population Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (A.B.N.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, and the Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); and the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.)
| | - Karen L Margolis
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.L.W., M.R.N., C.M.R., R.W., E.S., J.E.L., A.M.T., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R.), the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (P.G.), and the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), Melbourne, and the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota (A.M.M.) - all in Minneapolis; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); the Center for Aging and Population Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (A.B.N.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, and the Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); and the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.)
| | - Michael E Ernst
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.L.W., M.R.N., C.M.R., R.W., E.S., J.E.L., A.M.T., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R.), the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (P.G.), and the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), Melbourne, and the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota (A.M.M.) - all in Minneapolis; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); the Center for Aging and Population Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (A.B.N.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, and the Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); and the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.)
| | - Walter P Abhayaratna
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.L.W., M.R.N., C.M.R., R.W., E.S., J.E.L., A.M.T., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R.), the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (P.G.), and the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), Melbourne, and the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota (A.M.M.) - all in Minneapolis; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); the Center for Aging and Population Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (A.B.N.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, and the Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); and the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.)
| | - Nigel Stocks
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.L.W., M.R.N., C.M.R., R.W., E.S., J.E.L., A.M.T., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R.), the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (P.G.), and the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), Melbourne, and the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota (A.M.M.) - all in Minneapolis; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); the Center for Aging and Population Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (A.B.N.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, and the Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); and the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.)
| | - Sharyn M Fitzgerald
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.L.W., M.R.N., C.M.R., R.W., E.S., J.E.L., A.M.T., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R.), the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (P.G.), and the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), Melbourne, and the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota (A.M.M.) - all in Minneapolis; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); the Center for Aging and Population Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (A.B.N.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, and the Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); and the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.)
| | - Suzanne G Orchard
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.L.W., M.R.N., C.M.R., R.W., E.S., J.E.L., A.M.T., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R.), the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (P.G.), and the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), Melbourne, and the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota (A.M.M.) - all in Minneapolis; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); the Center for Aging and Population Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (A.B.N.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, and the Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); and the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.)
| | - Ruth E Trevaks
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.L.W., M.R.N., C.M.R., R.W., E.S., J.E.L., A.M.T., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R.), the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (P.G.), and the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), Melbourne, and the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota (A.M.M.) - all in Minneapolis; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); the Center for Aging and Population Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (A.B.N.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, and the Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); and the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.)
| | - Lawrence J Beilin
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.L.W., M.R.N., C.M.R., R.W., E.S., J.E.L., A.M.T., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R.), the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (P.G.), and the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), Melbourne, and the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota (A.M.M.) - all in Minneapolis; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); the Center for Aging and Population Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (A.B.N.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, and the Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); and the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.)
| | - Geoffrey A Donnan
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.L.W., M.R.N., C.M.R., R.W., E.S., J.E.L., A.M.T., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R.), the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (P.G.), and the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), Melbourne, and the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota (A.M.M.) - all in Minneapolis; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); the Center for Aging and Population Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (A.B.N.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, and the Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); and the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.)
| | - Peter Gibbs
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.L.W., M.R.N., C.M.R., R.W., E.S., J.E.L., A.M.T., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R.), the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (P.G.), and the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), Melbourne, and the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota (A.M.M.) - all in Minneapolis; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); the Center for Aging and Population Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (A.B.N.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, and the Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); and the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.)
| | - Colin I Johnston
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.L.W., M.R.N., C.M.R., R.W., E.S., J.E.L., A.M.T., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R.), the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (P.G.), and the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), Melbourne, and the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota (A.M.M.) - all in Minneapolis; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); the Center for Aging and Population Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (A.B.N.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, and the Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); and the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.)
| | - Joanne Ryan
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.L.W., M.R.N., C.M.R., R.W., E.S., J.E.L., A.M.T., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R.), the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (P.G.), and the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), Melbourne, and the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota (A.M.M.) - all in Minneapolis; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); the Center for Aging and Population Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (A.B.N.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, and the Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); and the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.)
| | - Barbara Radziszewska
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.L.W., M.R.N., C.M.R., R.W., E.S., J.E.L., A.M.T., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R.), the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (P.G.), and the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), Melbourne, and the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota (A.M.M.) - all in Minneapolis; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); the Center for Aging and Population Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (A.B.N.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, and the Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); and the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.)
| | - Richard Grimm
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.L.W., M.R.N., C.M.R., R.W., E.S., J.E.L., A.M.T., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R.), the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (P.G.), and the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), Melbourne, and the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota (A.M.M.) - all in Minneapolis; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); the Center for Aging and Population Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (A.B.N.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, and the Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); and the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.)
| | - Anne M Murray
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University (J.J.M., R.L.W., M.R.N., C.M.R., R.W., E.S., J.E.L., A.M.T., S.M.F., S.G.O., R.E.T., C.I.J., J.R.), the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (P.G.), and the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (C.I.J.), Melbourne, and the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville (G.A.D.), VIC, Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart (M.R.N.), the School of Public Health, Curtin University (C.M.R.), and the School of Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia (L.J.B.), Perth, the College of Medicine, Biology, and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT (W.P.A.), and Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA (N.S.) - all in Australia; Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Hennepin Healthcare (B.K., R.G., A.M.M.), HealthPartners Institute (K.L.M.), and the Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota (A.M.M.) - all in Minneapolis; the Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R.C.S.); the Center for Aging and Population Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (A.B.N.); Sticht Center on Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (J.D.W.); the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, and the Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.E.E.); and the Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (B.R.)
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18
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McNeil JJ, Woods RL, Nelson MR, Murray AM, Reid CM, Kirpach B, Storey E, Shah RC, Wolfe RS, Tonkin AM, Newman AB, Williamson JD, Lockery JE, Margolis KL, Ernst ME, Abhayaratna WP, Stocks N, Fitzgerald SM, Trevaks RE, Orchard SG, Beilin LJ, Donnan GA, Gibbs P, Johnston CI, Grimm RH. Baseline Characteristics of Participants in the ASPREE (ASPirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly) Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2017; 72:1586-1593. [PMID: 28329340 PMCID: PMC5861878 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glw342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are no primary prevention trials of aspirin with relevant geriatric outcomes in elderly people. ASPirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly (ASPREE) is a placebo-controlled trial of low-dose aspirin that will determine whether 5 years of daily 100-mg enteric-coated aspirin extends disability-free and dementia-free life in a healthy elderly population and whether these benefits outweigh the risks. METHODS Set in primary care, this randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial has a composite primary endpoint of death, incident dementia or persistent physical disability. Participants aged 70+ years (non-minorities) or 65+ years (U.S. minorities) were free of cardiovascular disease, dementia, or physical disability and without a contraindication to, or indication for, aspirin. Baseline data include physical and lifestyle, personal and family medical history, hemoglobin, fasting glucose, creatinine, lipid panel, urinary albumin:creatinine ratio, cognition (3MS, HVLT-R, COWAT, SDMT), mood (CES-D-10), physical function (gait speed, grip strength), Katz activities of daily living and quality of life (SF-12). RESULTS Recruitment ended in December 2014 with 16,703 Australian and 2,411 U.S. participants, a median age of 74 (range 65-98) years and 56% women. Approximately 55% of the U.S. cohort were from minority groups; 9% of the total cohort. Proportions with hypertension, overweight, and chronic kidney disease were similar to age-matched populations from both countries although lower percentages had diabetes, dyslipidemia, and osteoarthritis. DISCUSSION Findings from ASPREE will be generalizable to a healthier older population in both countries and will assess whether the broad benefits of daily low-dose aspirin in prolonging independent life outweigh the risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J McNeil
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robyn L Woods
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark R Nelson
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Anne M Murray
- Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minnesota
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center and University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Christopher M Reid
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Brenda Kirpach
- Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minnesota
| | - Elsdon Storey
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Raj C Shah
- Department of Family Medicine and Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Rory S Wolfe
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew M Tonkin
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anne B Newman
- Center for Aging and Population Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeff D Williamson
- Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Jessica E Lockery
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Michael E Ernst
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy and Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa
| | - Walter P Abhayaratna
- Cardiovascular Medicine, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Nigel Stocks
- Discipline of General Practice, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sharyn M Fitzgerald
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ruth E Trevaks
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Suzanne G Orchard
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lawrence J Beilin
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Geoffrey A Donnan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Gibbs
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Colin I Johnston
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard H Grimm
- Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minnesota
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19
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Olaiya MT, Cadilhac DA, Kim J, Nelson MR, Srikanth VK, Gerraty RP, Bladin CF, Fitzgerald SM, Phan T, Frayne J, Thrift AG. Community-Based Intervention to Improve Cardiometabolic Targets in Patients With Stroke. Stroke 2017; 48:2504-2510. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.117.017499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muideen T. Olaiya
- From the Stroke and Ageing Research, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (M.T.O., D.A.C., J.K., V.K.S., T.P., A.G.T.) and Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (M.R.N., S.M.F.), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia (D.A.C., J.K.); Menzies Institute for Medical Research, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia (M.R.N., V.K.S.); Department of Medicine,
| | - Dominique A. Cadilhac
- From the Stroke and Ageing Research, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (M.T.O., D.A.C., J.K., V.K.S., T.P., A.G.T.) and Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (M.R.N., S.M.F.), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia (D.A.C., J.K.); Menzies Institute for Medical Research, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia (M.R.N., V.K.S.); Department of Medicine,
| | - Joosup Kim
- From the Stroke and Ageing Research, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (M.T.O., D.A.C., J.K., V.K.S., T.P., A.G.T.) and Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (M.R.N., S.M.F.), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia (D.A.C., J.K.); Menzies Institute for Medical Research, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia (M.R.N., V.K.S.); Department of Medicine,
| | - Mark R. Nelson
- From the Stroke and Ageing Research, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (M.T.O., D.A.C., J.K., V.K.S., T.P., A.G.T.) and Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (M.R.N., S.M.F.), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia (D.A.C., J.K.); Menzies Institute for Medical Research, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia (M.R.N., V.K.S.); Department of Medicine,
| | - Velandai K. Srikanth
- From the Stroke and Ageing Research, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (M.T.O., D.A.C., J.K., V.K.S., T.P., A.G.T.) and Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (M.R.N., S.M.F.), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia (D.A.C., J.K.); Menzies Institute for Medical Research, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia (M.R.N., V.K.S.); Department of Medicine,
| | - Richard P. Gerraty
- From the Stroke and Ageing Research, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (M.T.O., D.A.C., J.K., V.K.S., T.P., A.G.T.) and Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (M.R.N., S.M.F.), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia (D.A.C., J.K.); Menzies Institute for Medical Research, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia (M.R.N., V.K.S.); Department of Medicine,
| | - Christopher F. Bladin
- From the Stroke and Ageing Research, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (M.T.O., D.A.C., J.K., V.K.S., T.P., A.G.T.) and Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (M.R.N., S.M.F.), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia (D.A.C., J.K.); Menzies Institute for Medical Research, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia (M.R.N., V.K.S.); Department of Medicine,
| | - Sharyn M. Fitzgerald
- From the Stroke and Ageing Research, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (M.T.O., D.A.C., J.K., V.K.S., T.P., A.G.T.) and Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (M.R.N., S.M.F.), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia (D.A.C., J.K.); Menzies Institute for Medical Research, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia (M.R.N., V.K.S.); Department of Medicine,
| | - Thanh Phan
- From the Stroke and Ageing Research, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (M.T.O., D.A.C., J.K., V.K.S., T.P., A.G.T.) and Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (M.R.N., S.M.F.), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia (D.A.C., J.K.); Menzies Institute for Medical Research, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia (M.R.N., V.K.S.); Department of Medicine,
| | - Judith Frayne
- From the Stroke and Ageing Research, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (M.T.O., D.A.C., J.K., V.K.S., T.P., A.G.T.) and Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (M.R.N., S.M.F.), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia (D.A.C., J.K.); Menzies Institute for Medical Research, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia (M.R.N., V.K.S.); Department of Medicine,
| | - Amanda G. Thrift
- From the Stroke and Ageing Research, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health (M.T.O., D.A.C., J.K., V.K.S., T.P., A.G.T.) and Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (M.R.N., S.M.F.), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia (D.A.C., J.K.); Menzies Institute for Medical Research, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia (M.R.N., V.K.S.); Department of Medicine,
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Olaiya MT, Cadilhac DA, Kim J, Nelson MR, Srikanth VK, Andrew NE, Bladin CF, Gerraty RP, Fitzgerald SM, Phan T, Frayne J, Thrift AG. Long-term unmet needs and associated factors in stroke or TIA survivors. Neurology 2017; 89:68-75. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000004063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective:To extensively investigate long-term unmet needs in survivors of stroke or TIA and to identify factors associated with these unmet needs.Methods:Community-dwelling adults were invited to participate in a survey ≥2 years after discharge for stroke/TIA. Unmet needs were assessed across 5 domains: activities and participation, environmental factors, body functions, post–acute care, and secondary prevention. Factors associated with unmet needs were determined with multivariable negative binomial regression.Results:Of 485 participants invited to complete the survey, 391 (81%) responded (median age 73 years, 67% male). Most responders (87%) reported unmet needs in ≥1 of the measured domains, particularly in secondary prevention (71%). Factors associated with fewer unmet needs included older age (incident rate ratio [IRR] 0.62, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.50–0.77), greater functional ability (IRR 0.33, 95% CI 0.17–0.67), and reporting that the general practitioner was the most important in care (IRR 0.69, 95% CI 0.57–0.84). Being depressed (IRR 1.61, 95% CI 1.23–2.10) and receiving community services after stroke (IRR 1.45, 95% CI 1.16–1.82) were associated with more unmet needs.Conclusions:Survivors of stroke/TIA reported considerable unmet needs ≥2 years after discharge, particularly in secondary prevention. The factors associated with unmet needs could help guide policy decisions, particularly for tailoring care and support services provided after discharge.
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Olaiya MT, Cadilhac DA, Kim J, Ung D, Nelson MR, Srikanth VK, Bladin CF, Gerraty RP, Fitzgerald SM, Phan T, Frayne J, Thrift AG. Effectiveness of an Intervention to Improve Risk Factor Knowledge in Patients With Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Stroke 2017; 48:1101-1103. [PMID: 28250198 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.116.016229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Despite the benefit of risk awareness in secondary prevention, survivors of stroke are often unaware of their risk factors. We determined whether a nurse-led intervention improved knowledge of risk factors in people with stroke or transient ischemic attack. METHODS Prospective study nested within a randomized controlled trial of risk factor management in survivors of stroke or transient ischemic attack. INTERVENTION 3 nurse education visits and specialist review of care plans. OUTCOME unprompted knowledge of risk factors of stroke or transient ischemic attack at 24 months. Effect of intervention on knowledge and factors associated with knowledge were determined using multivariable regression models. RESULTS Knowledge was assessed in 268 consecutive participants from the main trial, 128 in usual care and 140 in the intervention. Overall, 34% of participants were unable to name any risk factor. In adjusted analyses, the intervention group had better overall knowledge than controls (incidence risk ratio, 1.26; 95% confidence interval, 1.00-1.58). Greater functional ability and polypharmacy were associated with better knowledge and older age and having more comorbidities associated with poorer knowledge. CONCLUSIONS Overall knowledge of risk factors of stroke or transient ischemic attack was better in the intervention group than controls. However, knowledge was generally poor. New and more effective strategies are required, especially in subgroups identified as having poor knowledge. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: http://www.anzctr.org.au. Unique identifier: ACTRN12608000166370.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muideen T Olaiya
- From the Departments of Medicine (M.T.O., D.A.C., J.K., D.U., V.K.S., T.P., A.G.T.) and Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (M.R.N., S.M.F.), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia (D.A.C., J.K.); Menzies Institute for Medical Research, Hobart, TAS, Australia (M.R.N., V.K.S.); Department of Neurosciences, Box Hill Hospital, VIC, Australia (C.F.B.); Department of Medicine, Epworth Healthcare, Richmond, VIC, Australia (R.P.G.); and Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.F.)
| | - Dominique A Cadilhac
- From the Departments of Medicine (M.T.O., D.A.C., J.K., D.U., V.K.S., T.P., A.G.T.) and Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (M.R.N., S.M.F.), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia (D.A.C., J.K.); Menzies Institute for Medical Research, Hobart, TAS, Australia (M.R.N., V.K.S.); Department of Neurosciences, Box Hill Hospital, VIC, Australia (C.F.B.); Department of Medicine, Epworth Healthcare, Richmond, VIC, Australia (R.P.G.); and Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.F.)
| | - Joosup Kim
- From the Departments of Medicine (M.T.O., D.A.C., J.K., D.U., V.K.S., T.P., A.G.T.) and Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (M.R.N., S.M.F.), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia (D.A.C., J.K.); Menzies Institute for Medical Research, Hobart, TAS, Australia (M.R.N., V.K.S.); Department of Neurosciences, Box Hill Hospital, VIC, Australia (C.F.B.); Department of Medicine, Epworth Healthcare, Richmond, VIC, Australia (R.P.G.); and Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.F.)
| | - David Ung
- From the Departments of Medicine (M.T.O., D.A.C., J.K., D.U., V.K.S., T.P., A.G.T.) and Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (M.R.N., S.M.F.), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia (D.A.C., J.K.); Menzies Institute for Medical Research, Hobart, TAS, Australia (M.R.N., V.K.S.); Department of Neurosciences, Box Hill Hospital, VIC, Australia (C.F.B.); Department of Medicine, Epworth Healthcare, Richmond, VIC, Australia (R.P.G.); and Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.F.)
| | - Mark R Nelson
- From the Departments of Medicine (M.T.O., D.A.C., J.K., D.U., V.K.S., T.P., A.G.T.) and Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (M.R.N., S.M.F.), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia (D.A.C., J.K.); Menzies Institute for Medical Research, Hobart, TAS, Australia (M.R.N., V.K.S.); Department of Neurosciences, Box Hill Hospital, VIC, Australia (C.F.B.); Department of Medicine, Epworth Healthcare, Richmond, VIC, Australia (R.P.G.); and Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.F.)
| | - Velandai K Srikanth
- From the Departments of Medicine (M.T.O., D.A.C., J.K., D.U., V.K.S., T.P., A.G.T.) and Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (M.R.N., S.M.F.), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia (D.A.C., J.K.); Menzies Institute for Medical Research, Hobart, TAS, Australia (M.R.N., V.K.S.); Department of Neurosciences, Box Hill Hospital, VIC, Australia (C.F.B.); Department of Medicine, Epworth Healthcare, Richmond, VIC, Australia (R.P.G.); and Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.F.)
| | - Christopher F Bladin
- From the Departments of Medicine (M.T.O., D.A.C., J.K., D.U., V.K.S., T.P., A.G.T.) and Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (M.R.N., S.M.F.), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia (D.A.C., J.K.); Menzies Institute for Medical Research, Hobart, TAS, Australia (M.R.N., V.K.S.); Department of Neurosciences, Box Hill Hospital, VIC, Australia (C.F.B.); Department of Medicine, Epworth Healthcare, Richmond, VIC, Australia (R.P.G.); and Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.F.)
| | - Richard P Gerraty
- From the Departments of Medicine (M.T.O., D.A.C., J.K., D.U., V.K.S., T.P., A.G.T.) and Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (M.R.N., S.M.F.), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia (D.A.C., J.K.); Menzies Institute for Medical Research, Hobart, TAS, Australia (M.R.N., V.K.S.); Department of Neurosciences, Box Hill Hospital, VIC, Australia (C.F.B.); Department of Medicine, Epworth Healthcare, Richmond, VIC, Australia (R.P.G.); and Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.F.)
| | - Sharyn M Fitzgerald
- From the Departments of Medicine (M.T.O., D.A.C., J.K., D.U., V.K.S., T.P., A.G.T.) and Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (M.R.N., S.M.F.), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia (D.A.C., J.K.); Menzies Institute for Medical Research, Hobart, TAS, Australia (M.R.N., V.K.S.); Department of Neurosciences, Box Hill Hospital, VIC, Australia (C.F.B.); Department of Medicine, Epworth Healthcare, Richmond, VIC, Australia (R.P.G.); and Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.F.)
| | - Thanh Phan
- From the Departments of Medicine (M.T.O., D.A.C., J.K., D.U., V.K.S., T.P., A.G.T.) and Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (M.R.N., S.M.F.), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia (D.A.C., J.K.); Menzies Institute for Medical Research, Hobart, TAS, Australia (M.R.N., V.K.S.); Department of Neurosciences, Box Hill Hospital, VIC, Australia (C.F.B.); Department of Medicine, Epworth Healthcare, Richmond, VIC, Australia (R.P.G.); and Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.F.)
| | - Judith Frayne
- From the Departments of Medicine (M.T.O., D.A.C., J.K., D.U., V.K.S., T.P., A.G.T.) and Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (M.R.N., S.M.F.), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia (D.A.C., J.K.); Menzies Institute for Medical Research, Hobart, TAS, Australia (M.R.N., V.K.S.); Department of Neurosciences, Box Hill Hospital, VIC, Australia (C.F.B.); Department of Medicine, Epworth Healthcare, Richmond, VIC, Australia (R.P.G.); and Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.F.)
| | - Amanda G Thrift
- From the Departments of Medicine (M.T.O., D.A.C., J.K., D.U., V.K.S., T.P., A.G.T.) and Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (M.R.N., S.M.F.), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia (D.A.C., J.K.); Menzies Institute for Medical Research, Hobart, TAS, Australia (M.R.N., V.K.S.); Department of Neurosciences, Box Hill Hospital, VIC, Australia (C.F.B.); Department of Medicine, Epworth Healthcare, Richmond, VIC, Australia (R.P.G.); and Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (J.F.).
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Olaiya MT, Cadilhac DA, Kim J, Ung D, Nelson MR, Srikanth VK, Bladin CF, Gerraty RP, Fitzgerald SM, Phan TG, Frayne J, Thrift AG. Nurse-Led Intervention to Improve Knowledge of Medications in Survivors of Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Neurol 2016; 7:205. [PMID: 27917150 PMCID: PMC5114293 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Limited evidence exists on effective interventions to improve knowledge of preventive medications in patients with chronic diseases, such as stroke. We investigated the effectiveness of a nurse-led intervention, where a component was to improve knowledge of prevention medications, in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA). METHODS Prospective sub-study of the Shared Team Approach between Nurses and Doctors for Improved Risk Factor Management, a randomized controlled trial of risk factor management. We recruited patients aged ≥18 years and hospitalized for stroke/TIA. The intervention comprised an individualized management program, involving nurse-led education, and management plan with medical specialist oversight. The outcome, participants' knowledge of secondary prevention medications at 12 months, was assessed using questionnaires. A score of ≥5 was considered as good knowledge. Effectiveness of the intervention on knowledge of medications was determined using logistic regression. RESULTS Between May 2014 and January 2015, 142 consecutive participants from the main trial were included in this sub-study, 64 to usual care and 78 to the intervention (median age 68.9 years, 68% males, and 79% ischemic stroke). In multivariable analyses, we found no significant difference between intervention groups in knowledge of medications. Factors independently associated with good knowledge (score ≥5) at 12 months included higher socioeconomic position (OR 4.79, 95% CI 1.76, 13.07), greater functional ability (OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.17, 2.45), being married/living with a partner (OR 3.12, 95% CI 1.10, 8.87), and using instructions on pill bottle/package as an administration aid (OR 4.82, 95% CI 1.76, 13.22). Being aged ≥65 years was associated with poorer knowledge of medications (OR 0.24, 95% CI 0.08, 0.71), while knowledge was worse among those taking three medications (OR 0.15, 95% CI 0.03, 0.66) or ≥4 medications (OR 0.09, 95% CI 0.02, 0.44), when compared to participants taking fewer (≤2) prevention medications. CONCLUSION There was no evidence that the nurse-led intervention was effective for improving knowledge of secondary prevention medications in patients with stroke/TIA at 12 months. However, older patients and those taking more medications should be particularly targeted for more intensive education. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12688000166370).
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Affiliation(s)
- Muideen T. Olaiya
- Stroke and Ageing Research Centre, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Dominique A. Cadilhac
- Stroke and Ageing Research Centre, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Stroke Division, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Joosup Kim
- Stroke and Ageing Research Centre, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Stroke Division, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - David Ung
- Stroke and Ageing Research Centre, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark R. Nelson
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Velandai K. Srikanth
- Stroke and Ageing Research Centre, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | | | | | - Sharyn M. Fitzgerald
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Thanh G. Phan
- Stroke and Ageing Research Centre, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Judith Frayne
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Prahan, VIC, Australia
| | - Amanda G. Thrift
- Stroke and Ageing Research Centre, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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Thrift AG, Srikanth VK, Nelson MR, Kim J, Fitzgerald SM, Gerraty RP, Bladin CF, Phan TG, Cadilhac DA. Risk factor management in survivors of stroke: a double-blind, cluster-randomized, controlled trial. Int J Stroke 2012; 9:652-7. [PMID: 23231528 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-4949.2012.00933.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comprehensive community care has the potential to improve risk factor management of patients with stroke or transient ischaemic attack. AIM The primary aim is to determine the effectiveness of an individualized management program on risk factor management for patients discharged from hospital after stroke. DESIGN Multicentre, cluster-randomized, controlled trial, with clusters by general practice. Participants are randomized to receive intervention or control after a baseline assessment undertaken after discharge from hospital. The general practice they attend is marked as an intervention or control accordingly. All subsequent participants attending those practices are automatically assigned as intervention or control. Baseline and all outcome assessments, including an analysis of risk factors, are undertaken by assessors blinded to patient randomization. INTERVENTION DETAILS Based on the results of blinded assessments, the individualized management program group will receive targeted advice on how to manage their risk factors using a standardized, evidence-based template to communicate 'ideal' management with their general practitioner. In addition, patients randomized to the individualized management program group will receive counselling and education about stroke risk factor management by an intervention study nurse. Individualized management programs will be reviewed at three-months, six-months, 12 months, and 18 months after stroke, at which times they will be modified if appropriate. Stroke risk management will be evaluated using changes in the Framingham cardiovascular risk score. Analysis will be on an intention-to-treat basis using analysis of covariance or generalized linear model to adjust for baseline risk score and other relevant confounding factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda G Thrift
- Stroke and Ageing Research Centre (STARC), Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia; National Stroke Research Institute, Florey Neurosciences, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
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Abstract
AbstractStroke is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Currently more than two thirds of the burden of stroke occurs in developing countries. Development of strategies for prevention and management of stroke in these countries requires data on incidence, risk factors and management practices that are relevant to the specific socioeconomic and cultural factors present in these populations. Yet currently available data come almost exclusively from developed countries. Herein, we aim to discuss some of the issues, impediments and opportunities faced by researchers undertaking population-based studies on the burden of stroke in developing countries. Important criteria to be addressed include the establishment of productive working relationships with both local collaborators and the community; the identification of an appropriate population group; and development of a working protocol which takes into account potential language barriers and the need for cultural sensitivity. When possible the protocol should include similar methods to studies conducted elsewhere so that comparisons can be made between regions. Furthermore, the results of such studies should be disseminated in an appropriate and timely manner to the local community and appropriate government and nongovernment organisations. This will enable the development and implementation of prevention and intervention programs to reduce the impact of stroke in these nations.
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Thrift AG, Srikanth V, Fitzgerald SM, Kalyanram K, Kartik K, Hoppe CC, Walker KZ, Evans RG. Potential roles of high salt intake and maternal malnutrition in the development of hypertension in disadvantaged populations. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2009; 37:e78-90. [PMID: 19650789 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2009.05266.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
1. It has been argued that all major risk factors for cardiovascular disease have been identified. Yet, epidemiological studies undertaken to identify risk factors have largely focused on populations in developed nations or on the urban or relatively affluent rural populations of developing countries. Poor rural populations are seldom studied. 2. Somewhat different risk factors may operate in poor rural populations. Evidence for this is provided by the finding that, in disadvantaged rural India, the prevalence of hypertension is greater than would be expected based on established risk factors in these populations. One risk factor to be considered is a poor intrauterine environment. 3. In animals, maternal macro- and micronutrient malnutrition can lead to reduced nephron endowment. Nephron deficiency, in turn, can render blood pressure salt sensitive. The combination of nephron deficiency and excessive salt intake will predispose to hypertension. 4. Human malnutrition may have similar effects, particularly in regions of the world where malnutrition is endemic and where women are disadvantaged by existing social practices. 5. Moreover, high salt intake is endemic in many parts of Asia, including India. Therefore, we propose that maternal malnutrition (leading to reduced nephron endowment), when combined with excessive salt intake postnatally, will account, at least in part, for the unexpectedly high prevalence of hypertension in disadvantaged rural communities in India and elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda G Thrift
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Shweta A, Cullen-McEwen LA, Kett MM, Evans RG, Denton KM, Fitzgerald SM, Anderson WP, Bertram JF. Glomerular surface area is normalized in mice born with a nephron deficit: no role for AT1receptors. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 296:F583-9. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.90359.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined whether deficits in glomerular capillary surface area associated with a congenital nephron deficit could be corrected by glomerular hypertrophy. Using unbiased stereological techniques, we examined the time course and mode of glomerular hypertrophy in mice lacking one allele for glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). These GDNF heterozygous (Het) mice are born with ∼30% less nephrons than wild-type (WT) littermates. An additional group of GDNF Het mice received the angiotensin type 1 (AT1)-receptor antagonist candesartan (Cand; 10 mg·kg−1·day−1) from 5 wk of age to determine the role of AT1receptors in the compensatory hypertrophy. At 10 wk of age, the total volume of renal corpuscles, glomerular capillary surface area, and length of glomerular capillaries in the kidneys of GDNF Het mice were all markedly (∼45%) less than that of WT mice ( P < 0.001). However, by 30 wk, and persisting at 60 wk of age, GDNF Het and WT mice did not significantly differ in any of these parameters. Furthermore, conscious 24-h mean arterial pressure (MAP) did not differ between GDNF Het and WT mice at any time point. MAP of GDNF Het-Cand mice was 20–30 mmHg less than that of GDNF Het-vehicle mice at all three ages, but Cand treatment did not significantly alter glomerular capillary dimensions. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that the deficit in glomerular capillary surface area associated with a congenital nephron deficit can be corrected for in adulthood by an increase in the total length of glomerular capillaries. This process does not require AT1receptor activation.
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Hoppe CC, Moritz KM, Fitzgerald SM, Bertram JF, Evans RG. Transient hypertension and sustained tachycardia in mice housed individually in metabolism cages. Physiol Res 2008; 58:69-75. [PMID: 18198987 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.931390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel environment of a metabolic cage can be stressful for rodents, but few studies have attempted to quantify this stress-response. Therefore, we determined the effects on mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR), of placing mice of both sexes in metabolism cages for 2 days. After surgical implantation of a carotid artery catheter mice recovered individually in standard cages for 5 days. Mice then spent 2 days in metabolism cages. MAP and HR were monitored in the standard cage on Day 5 and in metabolism cages on Days 6-7. MAP increased by 18+/-3 and 22+/-4 %, while HR increased by 27+/-4 and 27+/-6 %, in males and females, respectively, during the first hours after cage switch. MAP decreased to baseline in the fourth and eighth h following metabolism cage switch in males and females, respectively. However, HR remained significantly elevated in both sexes during the entire two-day period in metabolism cages. Females had lower MAP than males both pre- and post-metabolism cage switch, but there were no sex differences in HR. These results demonstrate sustained changes in cardiovascular function when mice are housed in metabolism cages, which could potentially affect renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Hoppe
- Department of Anatomy, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Zador SG, Parrish JK, Punt AE, Burke JL, Fitzgerald SM. Determining spatial and temporal overlap of an endangered seabird with a large commercial trawl fishery. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2008. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Fitzgerald SM, Kemp-Harper BK, Parkington HC, Head GA, Evans RG. Endothelial dysfunction and arterial pressure regulation during early diabetes in mice: roles for nitric oxide and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2007; 293:R707-13. [PMID: 17522117 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00807.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We determined whether nitric oxide (NO) counters the development of hypertension at the onset of diabetes in mice, whether this is dependent on endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), and whether non-NO endothelium-dependent vasodilator mechanisms are altered in diabetes in mice. Male mice were instrumented for chronic measurement of mean arterial pressure (MAP). In wild-type mice, MAP was greater after 5 wk of N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 100 mg x kg(-1) x day(-1) in drinking water; 97 +/- 3 mmHg) than after vehicle treatment (88 +/- 3 mmHg). MAP was also elevated in eNOS null mice (113 +/- 4 mmHg). Seven days after streptozotocin treatment (200 mg/kg iv) MAP was further increased in L-NAME-treated mice (108 +/- 5 mmHg) but not in vehicle-treated mice (88 +/- 3 mmHg) nor eNOS null mice (104 +/- 3 mmHg). In wild-type mice, maximal vasorelaxation of mesenteric arteries to acetylcholine was not altered by chronic L-NAME or induction of diabetes but was reduced by 42 +/- 6% in L-NAME-treated diabetic mice. Furthermore, the relative roles of NO and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) in acetylcholine-induced vasorelaxation were altered; the EDHF component was enhanced by L-NAME and blunted by diabetes. These data suggest that NO protects against the development of hypertension during early-stage diabetes in mice, even in the absence of eNOS. Furthermore, in mesenteric arteries, diabetes is associated with reduced EDHF function, with an apparent compensatory increase in NO function. Thus, prior inhibition of NOS results in endothelial dysfunction in early diabetes, since the diabetes-induced reduction in EDHF function cannot be compensated by increases in NO production.
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Fitzgerald SM, Bashari H, Cox JA, Parkington HC, Evans RG. Contributions of endothelium-derived relaxing factors to control of hindlimb blood flow in the mouse in vivo. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 293:H1072-82. [PMID: 17468338 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00072.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We determined the contributions of various endothelium-derived relaxing factors to control of basal vascular tone and endothelium-dependent vasodilation in the mouse hindlimb in vivo. Under anesthesia, catheters were placed in a carotid artery, jugular vein, and femoral artery (for local hindlimb circulation injections). Hindlimb blood flow (HBF) was measured by transit-time ultrasound flowmetry. N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 50 mg/kg plus 10 mg x kg(-1) x h(-1)), to block nitric oxide (NO) production, altered basal hemodynamics, increasing mean arterial pressure (30 +/- 3%) and reducing HBF (-30 +/- 12%). Basal hemodynamics were not significantly altered by indomethacin (10 mg x kg(-1) x h(-1)), charybdotoxin (ChTx, 3 x 10(-8) mol/l), apamin (2.5 x 10(-7) mol/l), or ChTx plus apamin (to block endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor; EDHF). Hyperemic responses to local injection of acetylcholine (2.4 microg/kg) were reproducible in vehicle-treated mice and were not significantly attenuated by L-NAME alone, indomethacin alone, L-NAME plus indomethacin with or without co-infusion of diethlyamine NONOate to restore resting NO levels, ChTx alone, or apamin alone. Hyperemic responses evoked by acetylcholine were reduced by 29 +/- 11% after combined treatment with apamin plus charybdotoxin, and the remainder was virtually abolished by additional treatment with L-NAME but not indomethacin. None of the treatments altered the hyperemic response to sodium nitroprusside (5 microg/kg). We conclude that endothelium-dependent vasodilation in the mouse hindlimb in vivo is mediated by both NO and EDHF. EDHF can fully compensate for the loss of NO, but this cannot be explained by tonic inhibition of EDHF by NO. Control of basal vasodilator tone in the mouse hindlimb is dominated by NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharyn M Fitzgerald
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Hoppe CC, Evans RG, Moritz KM, Cullen-McEwen LA, Fitzgerald SM, Dowling J, Bertram JF. Combined prenatal and postnatal protein restriction influences adult kidney structure, function, and arterial pressure. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006; 292:R462-9. [PMID: 16973940 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00079.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effects of prenatal protein restriction on adult renal and cardiovascular function have been studied in considerable detail. However, little is known about the effects of life-long protein restriction, a common condition in the developing world. Therefore, we determined in rats the effects of combined pre- and postnatal protein restriction on adult arterial pressure and renal function and responses to increased dietary sodium. Nephron number was also determined. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were born to mothers fed a low [8% (wt/wt), LP] or normal [20% (wt/wt), NP] isocaloric protein diet throughout pregnancy and maintained on these diets after birth. At postnatal day 135, nephron number, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and renal function were determined. A high-NaCl [8.0% (wt/wt), high-salt] diet was fed to a subset of rats from weaning. MAP was less in LP than in NP rats (120 +/- 2 vs. 128 +/- 2 mmHg, P < 0.05) and was not significantly altered by increased salt intake. Nephron number was 31% less in LP than in NP rats (P < 0.001). The volume of individual glomeruli was also less in LP than in NP rats, as were calculated effective renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate. Glomerular filtration rate, but not effective renal plasma flow, appeared to be increased by high salt intake, particularly in LP rats. In conclusion, protein restriction induced a severe nephron deficit, but MAP was lower, rather than higher, in protein-restricted than in control rats in adulthood. These findings indicate that the postnatal environment plays a key role in determining the outcomes of developmental programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal C Hoppe
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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Nyström HC, Lindblom P, Wickman A, Andersson I, Norlin J, Fäldt J, Lindahl P, Skøtt O, Bjarnegård M, Fitzgerald SM, Caidahl K, Gan LM, Betsholtz C, Bergström G. Platelet-derived growth factor B retention is essential for development of normal structure and function of conduit vessels and capillaries☆. Cardiovasc Res 2006; 71:557-65. [PMID: 16831408 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardiores.2006.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2005] [Revised: 05/14/2006] [Accepted: 05/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Extracellular retention of PDGF-B has been proposed to play an important role in PDGF-B signalling. We used the PDGF-B retention motif knockout mouse (RetKO) to study the effects of retention motif deletion on development of micro- and macrovascular structure and function. METHODS Passive and active properties of conduit vessels were studied using myograph techniques and histological examination. Capillary structure and function was studied using measurements of capillary density in skeletal muscle and by assessing aerobic physical performance in a treadmill setup. Cardiac function was assessed using echocardiography. RESULTS Myograph experiments revealed an increased diameter and stiffness of the aorta in RetKO. Histological examination showed increased media collagen content and a decreased number of aortic wall layers, however with a similar number of vascular smooth muscle cells. This outward eutrophic remodelling of the aorta was accompanied by endothelial dysfunction. RetKO showed decreased capillary density in skeletal muscle and signs of a defective delivery of capillary oxygen to skeletal muscle, as shown by a decreased physical performance. In RetKO mice, echocardiography revealed an adaptive eccentric cardiac hypertrophy. CONCLUSION We conclude that retention of PDGF-B during development is essential for a normal conduit vessel function in the adult mouse. Furthermore, PDGF-B retention is also necessary for the development of an adequate capillary density, and thereby for a normal oxygen delivery to skeletal muscle. The lack of primary effects on cardiac function supports the redundant role of PDGF-B in cardiac development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik C Nyström
- Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Physiology, Göteborg University, and RCEM and Wallenberg Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden.
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Johansson ME, Wickman A, Fitzgerald SM, Gan LM, Bergström G. Angiotensin II, type 2 receptor is not involved in the angiotensin II-mediated pro-atherogenic process in ApoE-/- mice. J Hypertens 2005; 23:1541-9. [PMID: 16003181 DOI: 10.1097/01.hjh.0000174078.95745.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Angiotensin II (Ang II) accelerates atherogenesis in ApoE mice via the angiotensin II, type 1 receptor (AT1) while the type 2 receptor (AT2) is suggested to counteract atherogenesis. To confirm and further explore this possibility, we studied the effect of AT2 receptor antagonism on Ang II-accelerated atherosclerosis. METHODS ApoE mice were fed a standard or high cholesterol diet (1.25%) for 4 weeks. Mice on each diet were treated with either Ang II (0.5 microg/kg per min) or Ang II in combination with PD123319 (3 mg/kg per day). Plaque distribution was assessed by en face quantification of the thoracic aorta and in cross-sections of the aortic root. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was measured. AT1 and AT2 receptor expression were analysed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the localization of the AT2 receptor protein confirmed with immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Ang II infusion increased MAP only in mice on a standard diet (P < 0.001). Regardless of diet, Ang II-infused mice had 22-30 times increased plaque area in the thoracic aorta (P < 0.001 for both). Ang II had no effect on plaque in the aortic root. Plaque area was not affected by PD123319. AT2 receptor was heavily expressed in the plaques and increased six- to ninefold by a high cholesterol diet and Ang II infusion (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Ang II increases the extent of atherosclerosis in ApoE mice. Despite up-regulation of the AT2 receptor, we found no support for an effect of the AT2 receptor on atherogenesis in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Johansson
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
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Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy is 1 of the major causes of death in diabetic patients, but the pathogenesis is unclear. There is evidence that RhoA, a small GTPase, might be involved in cardiac function. This study, therefore, analyzed RhoA expression and activation in hearts of diabetic rats. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into control and diabetic groups of 18 each. Diabetes was induced by intravenous injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg). Rats were studied 3 weeks after induction of diabetes. Heart rate, which was measured 24 h/day, decreased by 93 ± 7 beats/min in diabetic rats. There was a 62% decrease (p < 0.01) in RhoA mRNA expression in heart tissues (left ventricle) of diabetic rats (38.5 ± 6.7 × 106molecules/µg total RNA) compared with controls (101 ± 10.3 × 106molecules/µg total RNA). Western blot showed a 33% decrease in total RhoA protein expression in heart tissues of diabetic rats compared with controls (p < 0.05). A reduced RhoA translocation in heart tissues of diabetic rats was determined by a 64% decrease in membrane-bound RhoA (p < 0.01 vs. control group), indicating that the activation of RhoA is markedly reduced in diabetic myocardium. Our data suggest that down-regulated RhoA may be involved in cardiomyopathy in diabetic rats.Key words: RhoA, diabetes, heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
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Hruska MW, Amico JA, Langaee TY, Ferrell RE, Fitzgerald SM, Frye RF. The effect of trimethoprim on CYP2C8 mediated rosiglitazone metabolism in human liver microsomes and healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2005; 59:70-9. [PMID: 15606443 PMCID: PMC1884957 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2005.02263.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Rosiglitazone, a thiazolidinedione antidiabetic medication used in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus, is predominantly metabolized by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme CYP2C8. The anti-infective drug trimethoprim has been shown in vitro to be a selective inhibitor of CYP2C8. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of trimethoprim on the CYP2C8 mediated metabolism of rosiglitazone in vivo and in vitro. METHODS The effect of trimethoprim on the metabolism of rosiglitazone in vitro was assessed in pooled human liver microsomes. The effect in vivo was determined by evaluating rosiglitazone pharmacokinetics in the presence and absence of trimethoprim. Eight healthy subjects (four men and four women) completed a randomized, cross-over study. Subjects received single dose rosiglitazone (8 mg) in the presence and absence of trimethoprim 200 mg given twice daily for 5 days. RESULTS Trimethoprim inhibited rosiglitazone metabolism both in vitro and in vivo. Inhibition of rosiglitazone para-hydroxylation by trimethoprim in vitro was found to be competitive with apparent K(i) and IC(50) values of 29 microm and 54.5 microm, respectively. In the presence of trimethoprim, rosiglitazone plasma AUC was increased by 31% (P = 0.01) from 2774 +/- 645 microg l(-1) h to 3643 +/- 1051 microg l(-1) h (95% confidence interval (CI) for difference 189, 1549), and half-life was increased by 27% (P = 0.006) from 3.3 +/- 0.5 to 4.2 +/- 0.8 h (95% CI for difference 0.36, 1.5). Trimethoprim reduced the para-O-sulphate rosiglitazone/rosiglitazone and the N-desmethylrosiglitazone/rosiglitazone AUC(0-24) ratios by 22% and 38%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that trimethoprim is a competitive inhibitor of CYP2C8-mediated rosiglitazone metabolism in vitro and that trimethoprim administration increases plasma rosiglitazone concentrations in healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Hruska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) oxidase [NAD(P)H oxidase] are both expressed in tubular epithelial cells within the renal medulla, particularly the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle (mTALH). Thick ascending limbs contribute to long-term blood pressure control, both because they reabsorb approximately 30% of filtered sodium, and because they produce paracrine factors like nitric oxide (NO) that control medullary blood flow (MBF), which in turn has a major impact on tubular sodium reabsorption. Herein, we review recent evidence for roles of NO and superoxide (O2*-) in autocrine control of tubular sodium reabsorption, and in paracrine control of MBF. RECENT FINDINGS O2*- can have a direct action to reduce MBF, and to enhance sodium reabsorption from mTALH. These actions oppose those of NO produced in mTALH, which inhibits tubular sodium reabsorption (autocrine) and increases MBF (paracrine). NO and O2*- also oppose each other's actions through chemical combination to produce peroxynitrite. Thus, interactions between NO and O2*-, at both the chemical and cellular levels, likely contribute to long-term blood pressure control. This hypothesis is supported by recent data showing that sodium retention and hypertension can develop when the balance of production of these free radicals is tipped towards O2*-, such as in diabetes, atherosclerosis and renin-angiotensin-system activation. SUMMARY Interactions between O2*- and NO produced within the mTALH regulate tubular and vascular function in the renal medulla. Dysregulation of these systems in states of oxidative stress likely promotes salt and water retention, and thus hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger G Evans
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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Fitzgerald SM, Kemp-Harper BK, Tare M, Parkington HC. ROLE OF ENDOTHELIUM-DERIVED HYPERPOLARIZING FACTOR IN ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION DURING DIABETES. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2005; 32:482-7. [PMID: 15854163 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2005.04216.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1. Under normal conditions, the endothelium plays a major role in the maintenance of vasodilatory tone via the production of endothelium-derived vasodilator agents, such as prostacyclin, nitric oxide and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF). Inhibition of endothelium-dependent relaxation features prominently in a range of cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, coronary artery disease and diabetes. 2. Endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor is a prominent vasodilator, particularly in smaller arteries and arterioles. There is now emerging evidence to suggest that EDHF may play a role in the endothelial dysfunction in diabetes. 3. Since the first description of endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization some 20 years ago, it has emerged that EDHF is heterogeneous in nature, consisting of diffusible factors and contact-mediated mechanisms. The specific identity of EDHF in any particular vascular bed may influence the impact of diabetes on vascular function. 4. There is accumulating evidence in diabetic rat models and humans showing impaired EDHF activity in small resistance vessels. In contrast, studies in mice suggest that EDHF activity is actually enhanced under diabetic conditions. 5. It is clear that alterations in EDHF activity may have an important contribution in diabetes, more specifically in contributing to microvascular complications observed under diabetic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharyn M Fitzgerald
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Olsson B, Bohlooly-Y M, Fitzgerald SM, Frick F, Ljungberg A, Ahrén B, Törnell J, Bergström G, Oscarsson J. Bovine growth hormone transgenic mice are resistant to diet-induced obesity but develop hyperphagia, dyslipidemia, and diabetes on a high-fat diet. Endocrinology 2005; 146:920-30. [PMID: 15539551 DOI: 10.1210/en.2004-1232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It is known that bovine GH (bGH) transgenic mice have increased body mass, insulin resistance, and altered lipoprotein metabolism when fed a normal diet (ND). In this study, the effects of 8 wk of high-fat diet (HFD) were investigated in 6-month-old male bGH mice. Although littermate controls had unchanged energy intake, energy intake was higher in the bGH mice on a HFD than on a low-fat diet. Nevertheless, the bGH mice were resistant to diet-induced weight gain, and only in the bGH mice did the HFD result in increased energy expenditure. Glucose oxidation was higher in the bGH mice compared with littermate controls on both a HFD and ND. In addition, the bGH mice had 0.5 C higher body temperature throughout the day and increased hepatic uncoupling protein 2 expression; changes that were unaffected by the HFD. On a HFD, the effect of bGH overexpression on serum triglycerides and apolipoprotein B was opposite to that on a ND, resulting in higher serum concentrations of triglycerides and apolipoprotein B compared with littermate controls. Increased serum triglycerides were explained by decreased triglyceride clearance. The HFD led to diabetes only in the bGH mice. In conclusion, bGH transgenic mice were resistant to diet-induced obesity despite hyperphagia, possibly due to increased energy expenditure. On a HFD, bGH mice became dyslipidemic and diabetic and thereby more accurately reflect the metabolic situation in acromegalic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob Olsson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg University, Vita Stråket 12, S-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden.
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Abstract
IL-6 is produced and released in large amounts from skeletal muscle during prolonged exercise in both mice and humans, but there are few data indicating the biological significance of this. IL-6 exerts metabolic effects such as stimulating energy expenditure and reducing body fat mass. We have now investigated the effects of IL-6 deficiency on exercise endurance and energy expenditure in preobese and obese IL-6-deficient (IL-6(-/-)) mice. Four-month-old preobese and 7-month-old obese IL-6(-/-) male mice backcrossed to C57BL/6 and their littermate controls were exercised on a treadmill, and energy expenditure was measured as oxygen consumption with the use of indirect calorimetry. The preobese IL-6(-/-) mice were significantly leaner than the control mice, whereas the older IL-6(-/-) mice, as expected, had developed obesity. Resting young, but not older, IL-6(-/-) mice had an elevated respiratory exchange ratio (RER), indicating that they oxidize carbohydrates rather than fat for energy utilization. During exercise, the young and older IL-6(-/-) mice had a reduced endurance and a progressive decrease in oxygen consumption compared with control mice. There was no difference in RER in young IL-6(-/-) mice, whereas RER was enhanced in older IL-6(-/-), mice during exercise. In summary, IL-6(-/-) mice have reduced endurance and energy expenditure during exercise, suggesting that IL-6 is necessary for normal exercise capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Fäldt
- Research Center for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Grona Straket 8, SE-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Fitzgerald SM, Gan L, Wickman A, Bergström G. Cardiovascular and renal phenotyping of genetically modified mice: a challenge for traditional physiology. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2003; 30:207-16. [PMID: 12680837 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1681.2003.03818.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
1. The advent of techniques to genetically modify experimental animals and produce directed mutations in both a conditional and tissue-specific manner has dramatically opened up new fields for physiologists in cardiovascular and renal research. 2. A consequence of altering the genetic background of mice is the difficulty in predicting the phenotypic outcome of the genetic mutation. We therefore suggest that physiologists may need to change their current experimental paradigms to face this new era. Hence, our aim is to propose a complementary research philosophy for physiologists working in the post-genomic era. That is, instead of using strictly hypothesis-driven research philosophies, one will have to perform screening studies of mutant mice, within a field of interest, to find valuable phenotypes. Once a relevant phenotype is found, in-depth studies of the underlying mechanisms should be performed. These follow-up studies should be performed using a traditional hypothesis-driven research philosophy. 3. The rapidly increasing availability of mutated mouse models of human disease also necessitates the development of techniques to characterize these various mouse phenotypes. In particular, the miniaturization and refinement of techniques currently used to study the renal and cardiovascular system in larger animals will be discussed in the present review. Hence, we aim to outline what techniques are currently available and should be present in a laboratory to screen and study renal and cardiovascular phenotypes in genetically modified mice, with particular emphasis on methodologies used in the intact, conscious animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharyn M Fitzgerald
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, Göteborg University, Sweden
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Abstract
We demonstrated previously that induction of diabetes in rats that were treated chronically with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) causes a severe, progressive increase in mean arterial pressure. This study tested the role of the sympathetic nervous system in that response. Rats were instrumented with chronic artery and vein catheters and assigned randomly to four diabetic groups pretreated with vehicle (D), L-NAME (D+L), the alpha(1)- and beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists terazosin and propranolol (D+B), or L-NAME, terazosin, and propranolol (D+LB). After baseline measurements were taken, rats were pretreated; 6 days later, streptozotocin was administered and 3 wk of diabetes ensued. D+L rats had a marked, progressive increase in arterial pressure that by day 20 was approximately 60 mmHg greater than in D rats. The pressor response to L-NAME was significantly attenuated in diabetic rats cotreated with adrenergic blockers. During week 1 of diabetes, plasma renin activity (PRA) increased and then returned to control levels in D rats. PRA increased progressively in D+L rats, and chronic adrenergic receptor blockade restored the biphasic renin response in D+LB rats. These results suggest that the sympathetic nervous system may be involved in the hypertensive response to onset of diabetes in L-NAME-treated rats, possibly through control of renin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharyn M Fitzgerald
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912-3000, USA
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Abstract
1. Hyperglycaemia can lead to hypertension in long- standing diabetes through cumulative effects to cause progressive glomerular injury. However, it is not known how hyperglycaemia directly affects blood pressure control. Moreover, it has been difficult to isolate the actions of hyperglycaemia from other factors that can influence blood pressure. Recent studies at the earliest stages of type I diabetes have started to address these issues. 2. In humans and in animal models of type I diabetes, there is evidence that onset of hyperglycaemia can increase blood pressure. The increase is mild and has been linked to angiotensin (Ang) II, possibly due to slight overstimulation of the system in response to hyperglycaemia. 3. We have reported recently that onset of hyperglycaemia causes severe hypertension in rats that are treated chronically with N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester and the hypertension is accompanied by a progressive increase in AngII and absence of hyperfiltration. This suggests that nitric oxide (NO), at the early stages of diabetes, is important in mediating the increase in glomerular filtration rate and in preventing hypertension. 4. We propose a hypothesis based on these results that hyperglycaemia at the earliest stages of diabetes induces hyperfiltration and natriuresis and also activates a compensatory hypertensive stimulus (likely AngII) in an attempt to maintain normal blood pressure. A critical balance exists between these forces and NO plays a pivotal role by attenuating AngII- mediated renal vasoconstriction and facilitating the increase in glomerular filtration rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Brands
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912-3000, USA.
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Abstract
This study examined changes in renal function and mean arterial pressure (MAP) in spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats during 48 h of fasting, independent of changes in sodium intake. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (n = 17) and WKY rats (n = 10) were instrumented with artery and vein catheters and sodium intake was clamped at 2.1 mEq/day. By day 2 of fasting, MAP decreased -10+/-1 mm Hg (P < .001) in SHR, but did not change significantly in WKY rats. Heart rate decreased significantly in both groups by day 2 of fasting and there was a significant increase in urine volume and sodium excretion. Thus, fasting caused a rapid decrease in MAP in SHR that was not due to decreased sodium intake, but may be related, in part, to volume loss and improved renal excretory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Fitzgerald
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, USA.
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Fitzgerald SM, Henegar JR, Brands MW, Henegar LK, Hall JE. Cardiovascular and renal responses to a high-fat diet in Osborne-Mendel rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2001; 281:R547-52. [PMID: 11448859 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.2001.281.2.r547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the cardiovascular, renal, and hormonal responses of dietary-induced obesity in Osborne-Mendel (OM) rats. Male OM rats were fed either a low (LF; n = 10)- or high-fat (HF; n = 11) diet for 17 wk. During week 15 of the study, arterial pressure was measured directly, 24 h/day, from chronically indwelling catheters. Body and kidney weights were 46 +/- 5 and 33 +/- 5% greater, respectively, in rats fed HF vs. LF diet. Left and right ventricular weights were also greater in rats fed HF diet (21 +/- 7 and 36 +/- 6%, respectively). Direct measurement of arterial pressure revealed only a slight increase in mean arterial pressure (88 +/- 1 in rats fed HF diet vs. 85 +/- 1 mmHg in rats fed LF diet), whereas there was no difference in resting heart rate between the two groups. Consumption of HF diet was also associated with a 3.5-fold increase in plasma insulin, a 16 +/- 4% higher blood glucose, and a 40 +/- 6% reduction in plasma renin activity compared with LF-fed rats. Thus feeding OM rats HF diet led to obesity, cardiac and renal hypertrophy, and hyperinsulinemia but only a slight increase in mean arterial pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Fitzgerald
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State St., Jackson, MS 39216-4505, USA
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Abstract
Little is known about how hyperglycemia in diabetes directly affects renal and cardiovascular function. Therefore, we modified the streptozotocin-model of Type I diabetes in rats to enable chronic cardiovascular study at the earliest stages of diabetes, before there was time for development of vascular structural changes. We showed that the onset of diabetic hyperglycemia increased total peripheral resistance, decreased skeletal muscle blood flow, increased thromboxane production, and caused a transient increase in plasma renin activity (PRA). Mean arterial pressure (MAP) also increased, but the amplitude was modest. Moreover, we measured significant increases in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow, and also showed that endothelially mediated vasodilation in skeletal muscle was not impaired. We then tested the hypothesis that nitric oxide (NO) was playing an important role in counteracting a pressor response to the onset of diabetes. Our results showed that induction of diabetes in rats with chronic NO synthase inhibition caused a marked and progressive increase in MAP. In addition, PRA increased progressively under those conditions and the increase in GFR was prevented. This suggests that NO may work to keep arterial pressure in control at the onset of hyperglycemia very early in the development of diabetes, possibly by facilitating renal vasodilation and by suppressing activity of the renin-angiotensin system. However, the mechanisms for these interactions and the role of renal vascular resistance and other factors in mediating the hypertensive response remain unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Brands
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta 30912-3000, USA.
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Fitzgerald SM, Jordan TR, Hart R. Preliminary evaluation of an abstinence-based program for 7th grade students from a small rural school district. Psychol Rep 2001; 88:28. [PMID: 11293043 DOI: 10.2466/pr0.2001.88.1.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of an abstinence-based program designed for 7th grade students (n = 59) from a rural school district. Analysis suggested that after the program more students intended to avoid having sex before marriage but no change was noted for knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Fitzgerald
- Department of Educational Foundations and Special Services, Kent State University, 405 White Hall, P.O. Box 5190, Kent, OH 44242-0001, USA.
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47
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Abstract
A series of studies has shown that long-term infusion of insulin and glucose does not increase mean arterial pressure (MAP) in dogs, but we have shown that the same infusion protocol or infusion of glucose alone increases arterial pressure in rats. This study tested the hypothesis that infusing glucose alone in dogs, with all insulin derived from endogenous secretion, would increase arterial pressure. Because fructose feeding in dogs also has been shown not to cause hypertension and because we have shown that prostaglandin production increases during insulin and glucose infusion, this study also tested whether prostaglandins prevent the pressor response in dogs. Dogs were instrumented and assigned in random crossover design to long-term cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibition. After baseline measurements, glucose was infused in all dogs for 6 days ( approximately 500 g/d IV). Plasma insulin increased 3- to 4-fold and blood glucose increased significantly in both groups. The MAP (measured 24 h/d) response in control dogs was variable but on average tended to increase, although not significantly. In the dogs with COX-2 inhibition, however, MAP increased significantly to a peak of 9+/-2 mm Hg and an average of 6+/-1 mm Hg above control. There was significant sodium and volume retention during glucose infusion and a significant increase in glomerular filtration rate, but there were no between-group differences. Plasma renin activity increased only in the control group. This is the first study to report a long-term pressor response with glucose infusion and hyperinsulinemia in dogs, and it suggests that the inability to detect this relationship previously was due to prostaglandins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Brands
- Medical College of Georgia and University of Mississippi Medical Center, USA.
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48
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Abstract
Experimental narrowing of the main renal artery to produce hypertension increases the aorta-glomerular capillary pressure difference and vascular resistance. This article examines the hypothesis that hypertension also may be caused by structural changes that narrow intrarenal blood vessels, similarly increasing preglomerular vascular resistance and the aortic-glomerular capillary pressure gradient. There is evidence of both wall hypertrophy and lumen narrowing of the preglomerular arteries in spontaneously hypertensive rats, with increased preglomerular resistance and aortic-glomerular capillary pressure difference. We have also attempted to induce structural changes in renal-preglomerular vessels experimentally by infusing angiotensin II at low doses (0.5 to 4.5 ng/kg per minute) into the renal artery of Sprague-Dawley rats and greyhound dogs for up to 4 weeks. This angiotensin II infusion produced apparent dose-related effects on preglomerular vessel structure and hypertension. The possibility that hypertension may be induced by structural changes in preglomerular resistance vessel walls, by simulation of the hemodynamic effects of main renal artery stenosis, deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W P Anderson
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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49
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Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in the regulation of vascular tone, and evidence suggests that endothelial-dependent relaxation, possibly mediated via NO, is impaired in diabetes. However, the role of the endothelium in arterial pressure control early in diabetes, before dysfunction develops, is not known. This was evaluated in the present study by comparing the responses to induction of diabetes in vehicle-treated rats (D, n = 7) vs. rats chronically treated with N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; D+L, n = 8). A nondiabetic group also was treated with L-NAME (L, n = 7) to control for L-NAME effects over time, independent of diabetes. After baseline measurements, rats were given either vehicle or L-NAME (10 microg. kg(-1). min(-1) iv) infusion throughout the experiment. Six days later, streptozotocin (60 mg/kg iv) was administered, followed by a 3-wk diabetic study period. Induction of diabetes in the D+L rats caused a marked and progressive increase in mean arterial pressure throughout the diabetic period, averaging approximately 70 mmHg greater than in the D rats and approximately 20 mmHg greater than in the L rats. Glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow tended to increase during diabetes, but this trend was reversed in the D+L rats. In addition, plasma renin activity increased in the D and D+L rats during week 1 of diabetes but then returned to control in the D rats, while continuing to increase in the D+L rats. These results suggest that, in the early stages of diabetes, NO synthesis is important to prevent hypertension from developing, possibly through actions to maintain glomerular filtration and suppress renin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Fitzgerald
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, USA.
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50
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Abstract
Recently we reported that hindquarter blood flow, measured 24 h/day, decreased progressively over the first 6 days of type 1 diabetes in rats. That response, coupled with the tendency of mean arterial pressure to increase, suggested a vasoconstrictor response. The purpose of this study was to measure the changes in cardiac output together with the renal hemodynamic and excretory responses to allow integrative determination of whether vasoconstriction likely accompanies the onset of type 1 diabetes. Rats were instrumented with a Transonic flow probe on the ascending aorta and with artery and vein catheters, and cardiac output and mean arterial pressure were measured continuously, 24 h/day, throughout the study. The induction of diabetes, by withdrawing intravenous insulin-replacement therapy in streptozotocin-treated rats, caused a progressive decrease in cardiac output that was 85 +/- 5% of control levels by day 7. This was associated with significant increases in glomerular filtration rate, renal blood flow, and microalbuminuria as well as urinary fluid and sodium losses, with a negative cumulative sodium balance averaging 15.7 +/- 1.6 meq by day 7. Restoring insulin-replacement therapy reversed the renal excretory responses but did not correct the negative sodium balance, yet cardiac output returned rapidly to control values. Increasing sodium intake during the diabetic and recovery periods also did not significantly affect the cardiac output response during any period. These results indicate that cardiac output decreases significantly at the onset of type 1 diabetes without glycemic control, and although volume loss may contribute to this response, there also is a component that is not volume or sodium dependent. We suggest this may be due to vasoconstriction, but to what extent local blood flow autoregulation or active vasoconstriction may have mediated that response is not known.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Brands
- Department of Physiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, USA
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