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Kouraki A, Kelly A, Vijay A, Gohir S, Astbury S, Georgopoulos V, Millar B, Walsh DA, Ferguson E, Menni C, Valdes AM. Reproducible microbiome composition signatures of anxiety and depressive symptoms. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:5326-5336. [PMID: 37954149 PMCID: PMC10637863 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome is a significant contributor to mental health, with growing evidence linking its composition to anxiety and depressive disorders. Gut microbiome composition is associated with signs of anxiety and depression both in clinically diagnosed mood disorders and subclinically in the general population and may be influenced by dietary fibre intake and the presence of chronic pain. We provide an update of current evidence on the role of gut microbiome composition in depressive and anxiety disorders or symptoms by reviewing available studies. Analysing data from three independent cohorts (osteoarthritis 1 (OA1); n = 46, osteoarthritis 2 (OA2); n = 58, and healthy controls (CON); n = 67), we identified microbial composition signatures of anxiety and depressive symptoms at genus level and cross-validated our findings performing meta-analyses of our results with results from previously published studies. The genera Bifidobacterium (fixed-effect beta (95% CI) = -0.22 (-0.34, -0.10), p = 3.90e-04) and Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group (fixed-effect beta (95% CI) = -0.09 (-0.13, -0.05), p = 2.53e-06) were found to be the best predictors of anxiety and depressive symptoms, respectively, across our three cohorts and published literature taking into account demographic and lifestyle covariates, such as fibre intake. The association with anxiety was robust in accounting for heterogeneity between cohorts and supports previous observations of the potential prophylactic effect of Bifidobacterium against anxiety symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afroditi Kouraki
- Academic Unit of Injury, Recovery and Inflammation Sciences, Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Anthony Kelly
- Academic Unit of Injury, Recovery and Inflammation Sciences, Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Amrita Vijay
- Academic Unit of Injury, Recovery and Inflammation Sciences, Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Sameer Gohir
- Academic Unit of Injury, Recovery and Inflammation Sciences, Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Stuart Astbury
- Academic Unit of Injury, Recovery and Inflammation Sciences, Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Vasileios Georgopoulos
- Academic Unit of Injury, Recovery and Inflammation Sciences, Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Pain Centre Versus Arthritis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Bonnie Millar
- Academic Unit of Injury, Recovery and Inflammation Sciences, Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Pain Centre Versus Arthritis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - David Andrew Walsh
- Academic Unit of Injury, Recovery and Inflammation Sciences, Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Pain Centre Versus Arthritis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Eamonn Ferguson
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Pain Centre Versus Arthritis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Behaviour, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Cristina Menni
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Ana M. Valdes
- Academic Unit of Injury, Recovery and Inflammation Sciences, Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Pain Centre Versus Arthritis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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2
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Astbury S, Baskar A, Grove JI, Kaye P, Aravinthan AD, James MW, Clarke C, Aithal GP, Venkatachalapathy SV. Next-generation sequencing of pancreatic cyst wall specimens obtained using micro-forceps for improving diagnostic accuracy. Endosc Int Open 2023; 11:E983-E991. [PMID: 37941539 PMCID: PMC10629470 DOI: 10.1055/a-2163-8805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and study aims Pancreatic cysts are common incidental findings, with an estimated prevalence of 13% to 15% in imaging done for other reasons. Diagnosis often relies on collection of cyst fluid, but tissue sampling using micro-forceps may allow for a more reliable diagnosis and higher yield of DNA for next-generation sequencing (NGS). The primary aim was to assess the performance of NGS in identifying mucinous cyst. The secondary aims were to assess DNA yield between the cyst fluid and cyst wall tissue, complication rate and performance of conventional investigations. Patients and methods Twenty-four patients referred for endoscopic ultrasound were recruited. Biopsies were taken using micro-forceps and the AmpliSeq Cancer Hotspot panel was used for NGS, a polymerase chain reaction assay targeting several hotspots within 50 genes, including GNAS , KRAS and VHL . Results The concentration of DNA extracted from 24 cyst wall samples was significantly higher than in the nine of 24 available matched cyst fluid samples. The sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of NGS for diagnosing mucinous cyst were 93%, 50% and 84%; for standard of care, they were -66.6%, 50% and 63.1%; and for standard of care with NGS, they were 100%, 50%, and 89.4% respectively. Cyst wall biopsy was able to diagnose 19 of 24 cysts (4 high risk, 7 intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms, 4 cysts of mucinous origin, and 4 benign). Conclusions NGS data correlate well with histology and may aid in diagnosis and risk stratification of pancreatic cysts. Cyst wall biopsy performs well in diagnosing cysts but was inadequate in five of 24 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Astbury
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Aishwarya Baskar
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jane I. Grove
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Philip Kaye
- Department of Pathology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Aloysious D. Aravinthan
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Martin W. James
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Christopher Clarke
- Department of Radiology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Guruprasad P. Aithal
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Suresh Vasan Venkatachalapathy
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Astbury S, Reynolds CJ, Butler DK, Muñoz‐Sandoval DC, Lin K, Pieper FP, Otter A, Kouraki A, Cusin L, Nightingale J, Vijay A, Craxford S, Aithal GP, Tighe PJ, Gibbons JM, Pade C, Joy G, Maini M, Chain B, Semper A, Brooks T, Ollivere BJ, McKnight Á, Noursadeghi M, Treibel TA, Manisty C, Moon JC, Valdes AM, Boyton RJ, Altmann DM. HLA-DR polymorphism in SARS-CoV-2 infection and susceptibility to symptomatic COVID-19. Immunology 2022; 166:68-77. [PMID: 35156709 PMCID: PMC9111350 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection results in different outcomes ranging from asymptomatic infection to mild or severe disease and death. Reasons for this diversity of outcome include differences in challenge dose, age, gender, comorbidity and host genomic variation. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) polymorphisms may influence immune response and disease outcome. We investigated the association of HLAII alleles with case definition symptomatic COVID-19, virus-specific antibody and T-cell immunity. A total of 1364 UK healthcare workers (HCWs) were recruited during the first UK SARS-CoV-2 wave and analysed longitudinally, encompassing regular PCR screening for infection, symptom reporting, imputation of HLAII genotype and analysis for antibody and T-cell responses to nucleoprotein (N) and spike (S). Of 272 (20%) HCW who seroconverted, the presence of HLA-DRB1*13:02 was associated with a 6·7-fold increased risk of case definition symptomatic COVID-19. In terms of immune responsiveness, HLA-DRB1*15:02 was associated with lower nucleocapsid T-cell responses. There was no association between DRB1 alleles and anti-spike antibody titres after two COVID vaccine doses. However, HLA DRB1*15:01 was associated with increased spike T-cell responses following both first and second dose vaccination. Trial registration: NCT04318314 and ISRCTN15677965.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Astbury
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research CentreNottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of NottinghamNottinghamUK
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases CentreSchool of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | | | - David K. Butler
- Department of Infectious DiseaseImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Kai‐Min Lin
- Department of Infectious DiseaseImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Ashley Otter
- National Infection ServicePublic Health EnglandPorton DownUK
| | - Afroditi Kouraki
- Division of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and DermatologySchool of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Lola Cusin
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Jessica Nightingale
- Division of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and DermatologySchool of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Amrita Vijay
- Division of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and DermatologySchool of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Simon Craxford
- Division of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and DermatologySchool of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Guruprasad P. Aithal
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research CentreNottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of NottinghamNottinghamUK
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases CentreSchool of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | | | - Joseph M. Gibbons
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryBlizard InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Corinna Pade
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryBlizard InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - George Joy
- Barts Heart CentreSt. Bartholomew's HospitalLondonUK
| | - Mala Maini
- Division of Infection and ImmunityUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Benny Chain
- Division of Infection and ImmunityUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Amanda Semper
- National Infection ServicePublic Health EnglandPorton DownUK
| | - Timothy Brooks
- National Infection ServicePublic Health EnglandPorton DownUK
| | - Benjamin J. Ollivere
- Division of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and DermatologySchool of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Áine McKnight
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryBlizard InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Thomas A. Treibel
- Barts Heart CentreSt. Bartholomew's HospitalLondonUK
- Institute of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Charlotte Manisty
- Barts Heart CentreSt. Bartholomew's HospitalLondonUK
- Institute of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - James C. Moon
- Barts Heart CentreSt. Bartholomew's HospitalLondonUK
- Institute of Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Ana M. Valdes
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research CentreNottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of NottinghamNottinghamUK
- Division of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and DermatologySchool of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Rosemary J. Boyton
- Department of Infectious DiseaseImperial College LondonLondonUK
- Lung DivisionRoyal Brompton and Harefield HospitalsGuy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | - Daniel M. Altmann
- Department of Immunology and InflammationImperial College LondonLondonUK
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Hashim A, Bremner S, Grove JI, Astbury S, Mengozzi M, O'Sullivan M, Macken L, Worthley T, Katarey D, Aithal GP, Verma S. Chronic liver disease in homeless individuals and performance of non-invasive liver fibrosis and injury markers: VALID study. Liver Int 2022; 42:628-639. [PMID: 34846794 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Community-based assessment and management of chronic liver disease (CLD) in people who are homeless (PWAH) remain poorly described. We aimed to determine prevalence/predictors of CLD in PWAH and assess the performance of non-invasive liver fibrosis and injury markers. METHODS The Vulnerable Adult LIver Disease (VALID) study provided a "one-stop" liver service based at homeless hostels. Our primary outcome was the prevalence of clinically significant hepatic fibrosis (CSHF; liver stiffness measurement (LSM) ≥8 kPa). RESULTS Total individuals recruited were 127, mean ± SD age 47 ± 9.4 years, 50% (95% CI 41%-59%) and 39% (95% CI 31%-48%) having alcohol dependence and a positive HCV RNA respectively. CSHF was detected in 26% (95% CI 17%-35%), independent predictors being total alcohol unit/week (OR 1.01, 95% CI 1.00-1.02, P = .002) and HCV RNA positivity (OR 2.93, 95% CI 1.12-7.66, P = .029). There was moderate agreement between LSM and Enhanced Liver Fibrosis (ELF) score (kappa 0.536, P < .001) for CSHF as assessed by LSM ≥8 kPa. Those with CSHF had significantly higher levels of IFN-γ (P = .002), IL-6 (P = .001), MMP-2 (P = .006), ccCK-18 (P < .001) and ELF biomarkers (P < .001), compared to those without CSHF. Service uptake was ≥95%. Direct acting antiviral (DAA) treatment completion was 93% (95% CI 77%-99%), sustained virological response (SVR) being 83% (95% CI 64%-94%). CONCLUSION There is a significant liver disease burden from HCV and alcohol in PWAH. Non-invasive liver fibrosis and injury markers can help in identifying such individuals in the community. Despite a challenging cohort, excellent service uptake and high DAA-based SVRs can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Hashim
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton, UK
| | - Stephen Bremner
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | - Jane I Grove
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK.,Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Stuart Astbury
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK.,Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Manuela Mengozzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | - Margaret O'Sullivan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton, UK
| | - Lucia Macken
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton, UK
| | | | - Dev Katarey
- Department of Hepatology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Guruprasad P Aithal
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK.,Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Sumita Verma
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton, UK
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Kennedy A, Holland M, Sullivan P, Gebril A, Arora N, Vijayakumar V, Hoole A, Nickel C, Hodcroft C, Harrington L, Wheble M, Soong J, Scriven N, Kellett J, Slinger K, Price V, Alsma J, Astbury S, Varia R, Rigby A, Subbe C. Developing priorities for quality improvement in acute medicine using a modified Delphi method A consensus process hosted by the Society for Acute Medicine Quality Improvement Committee (SAM-QI). Acute Med 2022; 21:74-79. [PMID: 35681180 DOI: 10.52964/amja.0901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The SAM Quality Improvement Committee (SAM-QI), set up in 2016, has worked over the last year to determine the priority Acute Medicine QI topics. They have also discussed and put forward proposals to improve QI training for Acute Medicine professionals. METHODS A modified Delphi process was completed over four rounds to determine priority QI topics. Online meetings were also used to develop proposals for QI training. RESULTS Same Day Emergency Care (SDEC) was chosen as the priority topic for QI work within Acute Medicine. CONCLUSION The SAM-QI group settled on SDEC being the priority topic for Acute Medicine QI development. Throughout the Delphi process SAM-QI has also developed proposals for QI training that will help Acute Medicine professionals deliver coordinated meaningful improvements in care.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kennedy
- Department of Acute Medicine, Airedale Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Keighley, West Yorkshire, BD20 6TD
| | - M Holland
- Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, University of Bolton, BL3 5AB, UK. ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8336-5336
| | | | - A Gebril
- Department of Acute Medicine, Salford Royal, Manchester, M6 8HD
| | - N Arora
- Department of Acute Medicine, Watford General Hospital Vicarage Rd, Watford WD18 0HB
| | - V Vijayakumar
- Department of Acute Medicine, Torbay and South Devon Foundation Trust, TQ2 7AA
| | - A Hoole
- Department of Acute Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, CF14 4XW
| | - C Nickel
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - C Hodcroft
- Department of Acute Medicine, Royal Glamorgan Hospital, Ynysmaerdy, Pontyclun CF72 8XR
| | - L Harrington
- Department of Acute Medicine, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London
| | - M Wheble
- Department of Acute Medicine, Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Castle Lane East, Bournemouth, BH7 7DW
| | - J Soong
- Division of Advanced Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - N Scriven
- Department of Acute Medicine, Calderdale Hospital, Dryclough Ln, Halifax HX3 0NH
| | - J Kellett
- Department of Medicine, Nenagh Hospital, Nenagh, County Tipperary, Ireland
| | - K Slinger
- Department of Acute Medicine, Castle Lane East , Bournemouth, Dorset, BH7 7DW
| | - V Price
- Department of Acute Medicine, Royal Liverpool Hospital, Prescot St, Liverpool L7 8XP
| | - J Alsma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S Astbury
- Society for Acute Medicine, 9 Queen Street, Edinburgh, EH2 1JQ
| | - R Varia
- Department of Acute Medicine, St Helens and Knowsley Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Prescot, L35 5DR
| | - A Rigby
- Senior Service Improvement Manager, St Helens & Knowsley Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust
| | - C Subbe
- School of Medical Sciences, Bangor University & Consultant Acute, Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, Ysbyty Gwynedd, Bangor, LL57 2PW, UK. ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3110-8888
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Astbury S, Grove JI, Dorward DA, Guha IN, Fallowfield JA, Kendall TJ. Reliable computational quantification of liver fibrosis is compromised by inherent staining variation. J Pathol Clin Res 2021; 7:471-481. [PMID: 34076968 PMCID: PMC8363922 DOI: 10.1002/cjp2.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Biopsy remains the gold-standard measure for staging liver disease, both to inform prognosis and to assess the response to a given treatment. Semiquantitative scores such as the Ishak fibrosis score are used for evaluation. These scores are utilised in clinical trials, with the US Food and Drug Administration mandating particular scores as inclusion criteria for participants and using the change in score as evidence of treatment efficacy. There is an urgent need for improved, quantitative assessment of liver biopsies to detect small incremental changes in liver architecture over the course of a clinical trial. Artificial intelligence (AI) methods have been proposed as a way to increase the amount of information extracted from a biopsy and to potentially remove bias introduced by manual scoring. We have trained and evaluated an AI tool for measuring the amount of scarring in sections of picrosirius red-stained liver. The AI methodology was compared with both manual scoring and widely available colour space thresholding. Four sequential sections from each case were stained on two separate occasions by two independent clinical laboratories using routine protocols to study the effect of inter- and intra-laboratory staining variation on these tools. Finally, we compared these methods to second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging, a stain-free quantitative measure of collagen. Although AI methods provided a modest improvement over simpler computer-assisted measures, staining variation both within and between laboratories had a dramatic effect on quantitation, with manual assignment of scar proportion being the most consistent. Manual assessment also most strongly correlated with collagen measured by SHG. In conclusion, results suggest that computational measures of liver scarring from stained sections are compromised by inter- and intra-laboratory staining. Stain-free quantitative measurement using SHG avoids staining-related variation and may prove more accurate in detecting small changes in scarring that may occur in therapeutic trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Astbury
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research CentreNottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of NottinghamNottinghamUK
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Jane I Grove
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research CentreNottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of NottinghamNottinghamUK
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - David A Dorward
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation ResearchUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Edinburgh PathologyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Indra N Guha
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research CentreNottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of NottinghamNottinghamUK
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Jonathan A Fallowfield
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation ResearchUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Timothy J Kendall
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation ResearchUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Edinburgh PathologyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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7
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Vijay A, Astbury S, Panayiotis L, Marques FZ, Spector TD, Menni C, Valdes AM. Dietary Interventions Reduce Traditional and Novel Cardiovascular Risk Markers by Altering the Gut Microbiome and Their Metabolites. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:691564. [PMID: 34336953 PMCID: PMC8319029 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.691564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: The current study investigates the role of diet in mediating the gut microbiome-cardiovascular association which has not yet been explored in humans. Methods and Results: Using a two-arm dietary intervention study in healthy participants (N = 70), we assessed the effects of omega-3 and fibre supplementation on gut microbiome composition and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production. We then investigated how changes in gut microbiome composition correlated with changes in traditional cardiovascular risk factors (cholesterol, triglycerides, blood pressure), cytokines, and novel validated markers such as GlycA and ceramides, previously linked to CVD incidence and mortality. Both interventions resulted in significant drops in blood pressure, cholesterol, proinflammatory cytokines, GlycA and ceramides (all P < 0.05). Decreases in the atherogenic low-density lipoprotein triglyceride fraction, in total serum cholesterol were correlated with increases in butyric acid-production [β(SE) = −0.58 (0.06), P < 0.001; −0.53 (0.04), P < 0.001] and nominally associated with increases in some butyrogenic bacteria. Drops in GlycA were linked to increases in Bifidobacterium [β(SE) = −0.32 (0.04), P = 0.02] and other SCFAs including acetic acid [β(SE) = −0.28 (0.04), P = 0.02] and propionic acid [β(SE) = −0.3 (0.04), P = 0.02]. Additionally, we report for the first-time reductions in specific ceramide ratios that have been shown to predict CVD mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events such as d18:1/16:0, d18:0/24:0, and d18:1/24:1 which were associated with the reduction in the abundance in Colinsella and increases in Bifidobacteriuim and Coprococcus 3 and SCFAs (all P < 0.05). Conclusion: Overall, these findings support the potential of using simple dietary interventions to alter validated biomarkers linked to cardiovascular risk via the gut microbiome composition and its metabolic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Vijay
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Department of Twin Research, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Astbury
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Louca Panayiotis
- Department of Twin Research, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francine Z Marques
- Hypertension Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Heart Failure Research Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Menni
- Department of Twin Research, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ana M Valdes
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Department of Twin Research, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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8
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Mehta O, Inbaraj LR, Astbury S, Grove JI, Norman G, Aithal GP, Valdes AM, Vijay A. Gut Microbial Profile Is Associated With Residential Settings and Not Nutritional Status in Adults in Karnataka, India. Front Nutr 2021; 8:595756. [PMID: 33708787 PMCID: PMC7940358 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.595756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Undernutrition is a leading contributor to disease and disability in people of all ages. Several studies have reported significant association between nutritional status and gut microbiome composition but other factors such as demographic settings may also influence the adult microbiome. The relationship between undernourishment and gut microbiome in adults has not been described to date. In this study, we compared the gut microbiome in fecal samples of 48 individuals, from two demographic settings (rural and urban slum) in Karnataka, India using 16S rRNA sequencing. Nutritional status was assessed based on BMI, with a BMI of < 18.5 kg/m2 classified as undernourished, and a BMI in the range 18.5–25 kg/m2 as nourished. We analyzed 25 individuals from rural settings (12 undernourished and 13 nourished) and 23 individuals from urban slum settings (11 undernourished and 12 nourished). We found no significant difference in overall gut microbial diversity (Shannon and Unweighted UniFrac) between undernourished and nourished individuals in either geographical settings, however, microbial taxa at the phylum level (i.e., Firmicutes and Proteobacteria) and beta diversity (unweighted UniFrac) differed significantly between the rural and urban slum settings. By predicting microbial function from 16S data profiling we found significant differences in metabolic pathways present in the gut microbiota from people residing in different settings; specifically, those related to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. The weighted sum of the KEGG Orthologs associated with carbohydrate metabolism (Spearman's correlation coefficient, ρ = −0.707, p < 0.001), lipid metabolism (Spearman's correlation coefficient, ρ = −0.330, p < 0.022) and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites (Spearman's correlation coefficient, ρ = −0.507, p < 0.001) were decreased in the urban slum group compared to the rural group. In conclusion, we report that the geographical location of residence is associated with differences in gut microbiome composition in adults. We found no significant differences in microbiome composition between nourished and undernourished adults from urban slum or rural settings in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ojasvi Mehta
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Center, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Center, Nottingham University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Stuart Astbury
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Center, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Center, Nottingham University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jane I Grove
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Center, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Center, Nottingham University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gift Norman
- Department of Community Health, Bangalore Baptist Hospital, Bangalore, India
| | - Guruprasad P Aithal
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Center, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Center, Nottingham University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ana M Valdes
- National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Center, Nottingham University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Division of Rheumatology, Orthopedics and Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Amrita Vijay
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Center, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Center, Nottingham University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Division of Rheumatology, Orthopedics and Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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9
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Vijay A, Astbury S, Le Roy C, Spector TD, Valdes AM. The prebiotic effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation: A six-week randomised intervention trial. Gut Microbes 2021; 13:1-11. [PMID: 33382352 PMCID: PMC7781624 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1863133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Prebiotics are compounds in food that benefit health via affecting the gut microbiome. Omega-3 fatty acids have been associated with differences in gut microbiome composition and are widely accepted to have health benefits, although recent large trials have been inconclusive. We carried out a 6-week dietary intervention comparing the effects of daily supplementation with 500 mg of omega-3 versus 20 g of a well-characterized prebiotic, inulin. Inulin supplementation resulted in large increases in Bifidobacterium and Lachnospiraceae. In contrast, omega-3 supplementation resulted in significant increases in Coprococcus spp. and Bacteroides spp, and significant decreases in the fatty-liver associated Collinsella spp. On the other hand, similar to the results with inulin supplementation which resulted in significant increases in butyrate, iso-valerate, and iso-butyrate (p < .004), omega-3 supplementation resulted in significant increases in iso-butyrate and isovalerate (p < .002) and nearly significant increases in butyrate (p < .053). Coprococcus, which was significantly increased post-supplementation with omega-3, was found to be positively associated with iso-butyric acid (Beta (SE) = 0.69 (0.02), P = 1.4 x 10-3) and negatively associated with triglyceride-rich lipoproteins such as VLDL (Beta (SE) = -0.381 (0.01), P = .001) and VLDL-TG (Beta (SE) = -0.372 (0.04), P = .001) after adjusting for confounders. Dietary omega-3 alters gut microbiome composition and some of its cardiovascular effects appear to be potentially mediated by its effect on gut microbial fermentation products indicating that it may be a prebiotic nutrient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Vijay
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
- Division of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Stuart Astbury
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Caroline Le Roy
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Ana M Valdes
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
- Division of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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10
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Atkinson SR, Grove JI, Liebig S, Astbury S, Vergis N, Goldin R, Quaglia A, Bantel H, Guha IN, Thursz MR, Newcombe P, Strnad P, Aithal GP. In Severe Alcoholic Hepatitis, Serum Keratin-18 Fragments Are Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Theragnostic Biomarkers. Am J Gastroenterol 2020; 115:1857-1868. [PMID: 33156105 DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000000912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Up to 40% of patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis (AH) die within 6 months of presentation, making prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment essential. We determined the associations between serum keratin-18 (K18) and histological features, prognosis, and differential response to prednisolone in patients with severe AH. METHODS Total (K18-M65) and caspase-cleaved K18 (K18-M30) were quantified in pretreatment sera from 824 patients enrolled in the Steroids or Pentoxifylline for Alcoholic Hepatitis trial (87 with suitable histological samples) and disease controls. RESULTS K18 fragments were markedly elevated in severe AH and strongly predicted steatohepatitis (alcoholic steatohepatitis) on biopsy (area under receiver operating characteristics: 0.787 and 0.807). Application of published thresholds to predict alcoholic steatohepatitis would have rendered biopsy unnecessary in 84% of all AH cases. K18-M30 and M65 were associated with 90-day mortality, independent of age and Model for End-stage Liver Disease score in untreated patients. The association for K18-M65 was independent of both age and Model for End-stage Liver Disease in prednisolone-treated patients. Modelling of the effect of prednisolone on 90-day mortality as a function of pretreatment serum K18 levels indicated benefit in those with high serum levels of K18-M30. At low pretreatment serum K18 levels, prednisolone was potentially harmful. A threshold of K18-M30 5 kIU/L predicted therapeutic benefit from prednisolone above this level (odds ratio: 0.433, 95% confidence interval: 0.19-0.95, P = 0.0398), but not below (odds ratio: 1.271, 95% confidence interval: 0.88-1.84, P = 0.199). Restricting prednisolone usage to the former group would have reduced exposure by 87%. DISCUSSION In a large cohort of patients with severe AH, serum K18 strongly correlated with histological severity, independently associated with 90-day mortality, and predicted response to prednisolone therapy. Quantification of serum K18 levels could assist in clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jane I Grove
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Stephanie Liebig
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stuart Astbury
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Nikhil Vergis
- Department of Hepatology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Robert Goldin
- Department of Hepatology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alberto Quaglia
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Free London and UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Heike Bantel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Indra Neil Guha
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mark R Thursz
- Department of Hepatology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Newcombe
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Pavel Strnad
- Medical Clinic III, Gastroenterology, Metabolic Diseases and Intensive Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, German
| | - Guruprasad P Aithal
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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11
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Astbury S, Costa Nunes Soares MM, Peprah E, King B, Jardim ACG, Shimizu JF, Jalal P, Saeed CH, Sabeer FT, Irving WL, Tarr AW, McClure CP. Nanopore sequencing from extraction-free direct PCR of dried serum spots for portable hepatitis B virus drug-resistance typing. J Clin Virol 2020; 129:104483. [PMID: 32544862 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective drug regimens for the treatment of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections are essential to achieve the World Health Organisation commitment to eliminate viral hepatitis by 2030. Lamivudine (3TC) is widely used in countries with high levels of chronic HBV, however resistance has been shown to occur in up to 50 % of individuals receiving continuous monotherapy for 4 years. Telbivudine (LdT) is now more commonly used in place of lamivudine but is ineffective against 3TC-resistant HBV. Genotyping and identification of resistanceassociated substitutions (RAS) is not practical in many locations. OBJECTIVES A novel assay was designed to enable HBV genotyping and characterisation of resistance mutations directly from serum samples stored on filter paper, using Sanger and MinION sequencing. STUDY DESIGN The assay was applied to a cohort of 30 samples stored on filter paper for several years with HBV viral loads ranging from 8.2 × 108 to 635 IU/mL. A set of 6 high-titre samples were used in a proof-of-principle study using the MinION sequencer. RESULTS The assay allowed determination of HBV genotype and elucidation of RAS down to 600 IU/mL using a 550bp amplicon. Sequencing of a 1.2 kb amplicon using a MinION sequencer gave results consistent with Sanger sequencing and allowed the identification of minor populations of variants. CONCLUSIONS We present two approaches for reliable HBV sequencing and RAS identification using methods suitable for resource-limited environments. This is the first demonstration of extraction-free DNA sequencing direct from DSS using MinION and these workflows are adaptable to the investigation of other DNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Astbury
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, UK; NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, UK; MRC/EPSRC Nottingham Molecular Pathology Node, University of Nottingham, UK
| | | | | | - Barnabas King
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, UK; School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Ana Carolina Gomes Jardim
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil; São Paulo State University, IBILCE, S. José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Farinha Shimizu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil; São Paulo State University, IBILCE, S. José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Paywast Jalal
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Chiman H Saeed
- Medical Research Center, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq
| | | | - William L Irving
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, UK; MRC/EPSRC Nottingham Molecular Pathology Node, University of Nottingham, UK; School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Alexander W Tarr
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, UK; MRC/EPSRC Nottingham Molecular Pathology Node, University of Nottingham, UK; School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, UK.
| | - C Patrick McClure
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, UK; School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, UK
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Astbury S, Atallah E, Vijay A, Aithal GP, Grove JI, Valdes AM. Lower gut microbiome diversity and higher abundance of proinflammatory genus Collinsella are associated with biopsy-proven nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Gut Microbes 2020; 11:569-580. [PMID: 31696774 PMCID: PMC7524262 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2019.1681861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence for the role of gut microbial composition in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the most serious form of NAFLD where inflammation causes liver damage that can progress to cirrhosis. We have characterized the gut microbiome composition in UK patients with biopsy-proven NASH (n = 65) and compared it to that in healthy controls (n = 76). We report a 7% lower Shannon alpha diversity in NASH patients without cirrhosis (n = 40) compared to controls (p = 2.7x 10-4) and a 14% drop in NASH patients with cirrhosis (n = 25, p = 5.0x 10-4). Beta diversity (Unweighted UniFrac distance) was also significantly reduced in both NASH (p = 5.6x 10-25) and NASH-cirrhosis (p = 8.1x 10-7) groups. The genus most strongly associated with NASH in this study was Collinsella (0.29% abundance in controls, 3.45% in NASH without cirrhosis (False Discovery Rate (FDR) p = .008), and 4.38% in NASH with cirrhosis (FDR p = .02)). This genus, which has been linked previously to obesity and atherosclerosis, was also positively correlated with fasting levels of triglycerides (p = .01) and total cholesterol (p = 1.2x 10-4) and negatively correlated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p = 2.8x 10-6) suggesting that some of the pathways present in this microbial genus may influence lipid metabolism in the host. In patients, we also found decreased abundance of some of the Ruminococcaceae which are known to produce high levels of short-chain fatty acids which can lower inflammation. This may thus contribute to pathology associated with NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Astbury
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Edmond Atallah
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Amrita Vijay
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK,Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Guruprasad P Aithal
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jane I Grove
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK,CONTACT Jane I Grove Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, E Floor, West Block, Queen’s Medical Centre, NottinghamNG7 2UH, UK
| | - Ana M Valdes
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK,Division of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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13
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Grove JI, Thiagarajan P, Astbury S, Harris R, Delahooke T, Guha IN, Aithal GP. Analysis of genotyping for predicting liver injury marker, procollagen III in persons at risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Liver Int 2018; 38:1832-1838. [PMID: 29493856 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Chronic liver disease presents a major global public health challenge. Stratification of asymptomatic, at-risk patients in primary care using non-invasive methods has the potential to address this by identifying those likely to progress. We, therefore, evaluated variant alleles at loci associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease as genetic determinants of substantial liver injury in patients with disease risk factors. METHODS Levels of serum procollagen III (PIIINP), an established fibrosis and steatohepatitis marker, were determined in 467 people who had type 2 diabetes and/or BMI > 27.3 (identified from registration with general practitioners) in this observational cross-sectional study. Patients were genotyped for characterised risk alleles in PNPLA3 (rs738409), GCKR (rs1260326) and TM6SF2 (rs58542926) and associations with PIIINP assessed. RESULTS The risk alleles in PNPLA3, GCKR or TM6SF2 were not found to be individually associated with the presence of a disease risk factor and were not significantly more common in patients with raised serum PIIINP. The prevalence of possession of both PNPLA3 and GCKR variant alleles combined was significantly higher in at-risk patients with clinically significant liver disease indicated by serum PIIINP above 11 ng/mL (P = .014). CONCLUSIONS Genotyping, therefore, has limited value for predicting severe liver disease in at-risk individuals identified in a community setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane I Grove
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Prarthana Thiagarajan
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Stuart Astbury
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Rebecca Harris
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Toby Delahooke
- Leicester Royal Infirmary, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - I Neil Guha
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Guruprasad P Aithal
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Liu H, Liao GQ, Zhang YH, Zhu BJ, Zhang Z, Li YT, Scott GG, Rusby DR, Armstrong C, Zemaityte E, Carroll DC, Astbury S, Bradford P, Woolsey NC, McKenna P, Neely D. Cherenkov radiation-based optical fibre diagnostics of fast electrons generated in intense laser-plasma interactions. Rev Sci Instrum 2018; 89:083302. [PMID: 30184626 DOI: 10.1063/1.5024872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Diagnosing fast electrons is important to understand the physics underpinning intense laser-produced plasmas. Here, we demonstrate experimentally that a Cherenkov radiation-based optical fibre can serve as a reliable diagnostic to characterize the fast electrons escaping from solid targets irradiated by ultra-intense laser pulses. Using optical fibre loops, the number and angular distributions of the escaping electrons are obtained. The data agree well with measurements made using image plate stacks. The optical fibre can be operated at high-repetition rates and is insensitive to x-rays and ion beams, which makes it advantageous over other routinely used fast electron diagnostics in some aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - G-Q Liao
- Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (MoE) and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Y-H Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - B-J Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Z Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Y-T Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - G G Scott
- Central Laser Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - D R Rusby
- Central Laser Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - C Armstrong
- Central Laser Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - E Zemaityte
- Central Laser Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - D C Carroll
- Central Laser Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - S Astbury
- Central Laser Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - P Bradford
- Department of Physics, York Plasma Institute, University of York, Heslington York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - N C Woolsey
- Department of Physics, York Plasma Institute, University of York, Heslington York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - P McKenna
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
| | - D Neely
- Central Laser Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
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15
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Astbury S, Song A, Zhou M, Nielsen B, Hoedl A, Willing BP, Symonds ME, Bell RC. High Fructose Intake During Pregnancy in Rats Influences the Maternal Microbiome and Gut Development in the Offspring. Front Genet 2018; 9:203. [PMID: 29971089 PMCID: PMC6018152 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies in pregnant women indicate the maternal microbiome changes during pregnancy so as to benefit the mother and fetus. In contrast, disruption of the maternal microbiota around birth can compromise normal bacterial colonisation of the infant's gastrointestinal tract. This may then inhibit development of the gut so as to increase susceptibility to inflammation and reduce barrier function. The impact of modulating fructose intake on the maternal microbiome through pregnancy is unknown, therefore we examined the effect of fructose supplementation on the maternal microbiome together with the immediate and next generation effects in the offspring. Wistar rat dams were divided into control and fructose fed groups that received 10% fructose in their drinking water from 8 weeks of age and throughout pregnancy (10-13 weeks). Maternal fecal and blood samples were collected pre-mating (9 weeks) and during early (gestational day 4-7) and late pregnancy (gestational day 19-21). We show supplementation of the maternal diet with fructose appears to significantly modulate the maternal microbiome, with a significant reduction in Lactobacillus and Bacteroides. In offspring maintained on this diet up to pregnancy and term there was a reduction in gene expression of markers of gut barrier function that could adversely affect its function. An exacerbated insulin response to pregnancy, reduced birth weight, but increased fat mass was also observed in these offspring. In conclusion dietary supplementation with fructose modulates the maternal microbiome in ways that could adversely affect fetal growth and later gut development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Astbury
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Aleida Song
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Mi Zhou
- Division of Animal Science, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Brent Nielsen
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Abha Hoedl
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Benjamin P Willing
- Division of Animal Science, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Michael E Symonds
- Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rhonda C Bell
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Scott GG, Carroll DC, Astbury S, Clarke RJ, Hernandez-Gomez C, King M, Alejo A, Arteaga IY, Dance RJ, Higginson A, Hook S, Liao G, Liu H, Mirfayzi SR, Rusby DR, Selwood MP, Spindloe C, Tolley MK, Wagner F, Zemaityte E, Borghesi M, Kar S, Li Y, Roth M, McKenna P, Neely D. Dual Ion Species Plasma Expansion from Isotopically Layered Cryogenic Targets. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 120:204801. [PMID: 29864368 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.204801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A dual ion species plasma expansion scheme from a novel target structure is introduced, in which a nanometer-thick layer of pure deuterium exists as a buffer species at the target-vacuum interface of a hydrogen plasma. Modeling shows that by controlling the deuterium layer thickness, a composite H^{+}/D^{+} ion beam can be produced by target normal sheath acceleration (TNSA), with an adjustable ratio of ion densities, as high energy proton acceleration is suppressed by the acceleration of a spectrally peaked deuteron beam. Particle in cell modeling shows that a (4.3±0.7) MeV per nucleon deuteron beam is accelerated, in a directional cone of half angle 9°. Experimentally, this was investigated using state of the art cryogenic targetry and a spectrally peaked deuteron beam of (3.4±0.7) MeV per nucleon was measured in a cone of half angle 7°-9°, while maintaining a significant TNSA proton component.
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Affiliation(s)
- G G Scott
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - D C Carroll
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - S Astbury
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - R J Clarke
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - C Hernandez-Gomez
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - M King
- Department of Physics SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
| | - A Alejo
- Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - I Y Arteaga
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - R J Dance
- Department of Physics SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
| | - A Higginson
- Department of Physics SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
| | - S Hook
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - G Liao
- Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (MoE) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - H Liu
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - S R Mirfayzi
- Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - D R Rusby
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
| | - M P Selwood
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - C Spindloe
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - M K Tolley
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - F Wagner
- PHELIX group, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt 64291, Germany
| | - E Zemaityte
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
| | - M Borghesi
- Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - S Kar
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
- Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - Y Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - M Roth
- Fachbereich Physik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64289, Germany
| | - P McKenna
- Department of Physics SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
| | - D Neely
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
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17
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Lineker C, Kerr PM, Nguyen P, Bloor I, Astbury S, Patel N, Budge H, Hemmings DG, Plane F, Symonds ME, Bell RC. High fructose consumption in pregnancy alters the perinatal environment without increasing metabolic disease in the offspring. Reprod Fertil Dev 2018; 28:2007-2015. [PMID: 26143929 DOI: 10.1071/rd15119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal carbohydrate intake is one important determinant of fetal body composition, but whether increased exposure to individual sugars has long-term adverse effects on the offspring is not well established. Therefore, we examined the effect of fructose feeding on the mother, placenta, fetus and her offspring up to 6 months of life when they had been weaned onto a standard rodent diet and not exposed to additional fructose. Dams fed fructose were fatter, had raised plasma insulin and triglycerides from mid-gestation and higher glucose near term. Maternal resistance arteries showed changes in function that could negatively affect regulation of blood pressure and tissue perfusion in the mother and development of the fetus. Fructose feeding had no effect on placental weight or fetal metabolic profiles, but placental gene expression for the glucose transporter GLUT1 was reduced, whereas the abundance of sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter-2 was raised. Offspring born to fructose-fed and control dams were similar at birth and had similar post-weaning growth rates, and neither fat mass nor metabolic profiles were affected. In conclusion, raised fructose consumption during reproduction results in pronounced maternal metabolic and vascular effects, but no major detrimental metabolic effects were observed in offspring up to 6 months of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Lineker
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Paul M Kerr
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Patricia Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Ian Bloor
- Early Life Research Group, Academic Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, University Hospital, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Stuart Astbury
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Nikhil Patel
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Helen Budge
- Early Life Research Group, Academic Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, University Hospital, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Denise G Hemmings
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Frances Plane
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Michael E Symonds
- Early Life Research Group, Academic Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, University Hospital, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Rhonda C Bell
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
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18
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Song A, Astbury S, Hoedl A, Nielsen B, Symonds ME, Bell RC. Lifetime Exposure to a Constant Environment Amplifies the Impact of a Fructose-Rich Diet on Glucose Homeostasis during Pregnancy. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9040327. [PMID: 28346343 PMCID: PMC5409666 DOI: 10.3390/nu9040327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The need to refine rodent models of human-related disease is now being recognized, in particular the rearing environment that can profoundly modulate metabolic regulation. Most studies on pregnancy and fetal development purchase and transport young females into the research facility, which after a short period of acclimation are investigated (Gen0). We demonstrate that female offspring (Gen1) show an exaggerated hyperinsulinemic response to pregnancy when fed a standard diet and with high fructose intake, which continues throughout pregnancy. Markers of maternal hepatic metabolism were differentially influenced, as the gene expression of acetyl-CoA-carboxylase was raised in Gen1 given fructose and controls, whereas glucose transporter 5 and fatty acid synthase expression were only raised with fructose. Gen1 rats weighed more than Gen0 throughout the study, although fructose feeding raised the percent body fat but not body weight. We show that long-term habituation to the living environment has a profound impact on the animal’s metabolic responses to nutritional intervention and pregnancy. This has important implications for interpreting many studies investigating the influence of maternal consumption of fructose on pregnancy outcomes and offspring to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleida Song
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada.
| | - Stuart Astbury
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada.
- Early Life Research Group, Academic Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, and NIHR Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
| | - Abha Hoedl
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada.
| | - Brent Nielsen
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada.
| | - Michael E Symonds
- Early Life Research Group, Academic Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, and NIHR Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
| | - Rhonda C Bell
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada.
- Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada.
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19
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Alejo A, Kar S, Tebartz A, Ahmed H, Astbury S, Carroll DC, Ding J, Doria D, Higginson A, McKenna P, Neumann N, Scott GG, Wagner F, Roth M, Borghesi M. High resolution Thomson Parabola Spectrometer for full spectral capture of multi-species ion beams. Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:083304. [PMID: 27587110 DOI: 10.1063/1.4961028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report on the experimental characterisation of laser-driven ion beams using a Thomson Parabola Spectrometer (TPS) equipped with trapezoidally shaped electric plates, proposed by Gwynne et al. [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 85, 033304 (2014)]. While a pair of extended (30 cm long) electric plates was able to produce a significant increase in the separation between neighbouring ion species at high energies, deploying a trapezoidal design circumvented the spectral clipping at the low energy end of the ion spectra. The shape of the electric plate was chosen carefully considering, for the given spectrometer configuration, the range of detectable ion energies and species. Analytical tracing of the ion parabolas matches closely with the experimental data, which suggests a minimal effect of fringe fields on the escaping ions close to the wedged edge of the electrode. The analytical formulae were derived considering the relativistic correction required for the high energy ions to be characterised using such spectrometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Alejo
- Centre for Plasma Physics, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - S Kar
- Centre for Plasma Physics, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - A Tebartz
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schloßgartenstrasse 9, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - H Ahmed
- Centre for Plasma Physics, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - S Astbury
- Central Laser Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - D C Carroll
- Central Laser Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - J Ding
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schloßgartenstrasse 9, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - D Doria
- Centre for Plasma Physics, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - A Higginson
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
| | - P McKenna
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
| | - N Neumann
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schloßgartenstrasse 9, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - G G Scott
- Central Laser Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - F Wagner
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstraße 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M Roth
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schloßgartenstraße 9, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M Borghesi
- Centre for Plasma Physics, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Adequate adaptation of the gastrointestinal tract is important during pregnancy to ensure that the increased metabolic demands by the developing fetus are met. These include changes in surface area mediated by villus hypertrophy and enhanced functional capacity of individual nutrient receptors, including those transporting glucose, fructose, leucine, and calcium. These processes are regulated either by the enhanced nutrient demand or are facilitated by changes in the secretion of pregnancy hormones. Our review also covers recent research into the microbiome, and how pregnancy could lead to microbial adaptations, which are beneficial to the mother, yet are also similar to those seen in the metabolic syndrome. The potential role of diet in modulating the microbiome during pregnancy, as well as the potential for the intestinal microbiota to induce pregnancy complications, are examined. Gaps in the current literature are highlighted, including those where only historical evidence is available, and we suggest areas that should be a priority for further research. In summary, although a significant degree of adaptation has been described, there are both well-established processes and more recent discoveries, such as changes within the maternal microbiome, that pose new questions as to how the gastrointestinal tract effectively adapts to pregnancy, especially in conjunction with maternal obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Astbury
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Human Nutrition, Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
- Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Alison Mostyn
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Michael E. Symonds
- Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Rhonda C. Bell
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Human Nutrition, Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
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Song A, Astbury S, Coursen N, Hoedl A, Bell RC. Maternal High-Fructose Intake Induces Adverse Effects on Their Metabolic Profile and that of Their Female Offspring in Pregnancy. Can J Diabetes 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2014.07.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Astbury S, Song A, Nielsen B, Coursen N, Hoedl A, Bell R. A high fructose diet during pregnancy significantly affects markers of intestinal permeability in the offspring (816.2). FASEB J 2014. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.28.1_supplement.816.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Astbury
- AgriculturalFood and Nutritional Science University of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Aleida Song
- AgriculturalFood and Nutritional Science University of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Brent Nielsen
- AgriculturalFood and Nutritional Science University of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Nicole Coursen
- AgriculturalFood and Nutritional Science University of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Abha Hoedl
- AgriculturalFood and Nutritional Science University of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Rhonda Bell
- AgriculturalFood and Nutritional Science University of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
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