1
|
Koh DH, Choi S, Park JH, Lee SG, Kim HC, Kim I, Lim D, Seo H, Park DU. Development of occupation-based exposure matrix of lead for Korean workers: challenges and opportunities. Ann Work Expo Health 2024; 68:256-268. [PMID: 38377017 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxae006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Industry- and occupation-based carcinogen exposure matrices play a pivotal role in preventing occupational cancer. While the Korean CARcinogen EXposure (K-CAREX) has been developed in recent years to assess exposure prevalence and intensity by industry, the feasibility of constructing an occupation-based exposure matrix remains unexplored. Hence, the objective of this study is to explore the potential of combining the nationwide work environment measurement database (WEMD) and the special health examination database (SHED) to develop a comprehensive occupation-based exposure matrix. METHODS The WEMD provides information on airborne lead measurements, including industry codes, but it does not include data related to occupations. In contrast, the SHED contains information on both occupation and blood lead levels. By integrating these 2 databases, we attempted to assess airborne lead exposure levels by occupation. Additionally, we performed a rank correlation analysis to compare the airborne exposure levels with corresponding blood lead levels according to occupation. RESULTS A total of 35 425 workers who both wore air samplers for lead and underwent special health examinations for lead were extracted between 2019 and 2021. An occupation-based exposure matrix was developed to evaluate the intensity of lead exposure across a range of occupations, encompassing 51 minor occupations and 70-unit occupations. Rank correlation analyses showed strong positive correlations between airborne lead and blood lead measurements according to occupation. CONCLUSIONS Our study findings suggest that combining 2 nationwide surveillance databases can be an effective approach for creating an occupation-based exposure matrix. However, our results also highlight several limitations that need to be addressed in future studies to improve the accuracy and reliability of such matrices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hee Koh
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, 25, Simgok-ro 100beon-gil, Seo-gu, Incheon 22711, Korea
| | - Sangjun Choi
- Graduate School of Public Health and Healthcare Management, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Korea
- Catholic Institute for Public Health and Healthcare Management, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Ju-Hyun Park
- Department of Statistics, Dongguk University, 30 Phildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Korea
| | - Sang-Gil Lee
- Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, 400, Jongga-ro, Jung-gu, Ulsan 44429, Korea
| | - Hwan-Cheol Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, 27, Inhang-Ro, Jung-gu, Incheon 22332, Korea
| | - Inah Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Daesung Lim
- Hansung Health and Safety Technology Co., Ltd., 803, Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34165, Korea
| | - Hoekyeong Seo
- Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, 400, Jongga-ro, Jung-gu, Ulsan 44429, Korea
| | - Dong-Uk Park
- Department of Environmental Health, Korea National Open University, 86, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03087, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Molaug I, Engdahl B, Mehlum IS, Stokholm ZA, Kolstad H, Aarhus L. Quantitative levels of noise exposure and 20-year hearing decline: findings from a prospective cohort study (the HUNT Study). Int J Audiol 2024; 63:40-48. [PMID: 36399098 DOI: 10.1080/14992027.2022.2143432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess the association between occupational noise exposure and long-term hearing decline. DESIGN This prospective cohort study used linear regression to investigate the association between occupational noise exposure and 20-year hearing decline, adjusted for important confounders. STUDY SAMPLE The Norwegian cohort (N = 4,448) participated in two population-based health studies with pure-tone audiometry; HUNT2 1996-1998 and HUNT4 2017-2019. Exposure assessments included a quantitative job exposure matrix (JEM) and questionnaires. RESULTS The participants (40.2% men, 20-39 years at baseline) had a mean 20-year decline (3-6 kHz) of 11.3 ± 9.8 decibels (dB). There was a positive association between 20-year logarithmic average noise level (JEM-based, LEX,20y) and 20-year hearing decline among men. Compared with no exposure ≥80 dB during follow-up, minimum 5 years of exposure ≥85 dB (JEM-based) predicted 2.6 dB (95% CI: 0.2-5.0) larger 20-year decline for workers aged 30-39 years at baseline, and -0.2 dB (95% CI: -2.2 to 1.7) for workers aged 20-29 years. Combining JEM information with self-reported noise exposure data resulted in stronger associations. CONCLUSION This large longitudinal study shows an association between JEM-based noise exposure level and increased 20-year hearing decline among men. Contrary to expectations, the associations were weaker among younger workers, which might reflect a latency period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ina Molaug
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology, The National Institute of Occupational Health in Norway, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bo Engdahl
- Department of Physical Health and Ageing, The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Sivesind Mehlum
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology, The National Institute of Occupational Health in Norway, Oslo, Norway
- The Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Zara Ann Stokholm
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Henrik Kolstad
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lisa Aarhus
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology, The National Institute of Occupational Health in Norway, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Molaug I, Aarhus L, Mehlum IS, Stokholm ZA, Kolstad HA, Engdahl B. Occupational noise exposure and tinnitus: the HUNT Study. Int J Audiol 2023:1-8. [PMID: 37210627 DOI: 10.1080/14992027.2023.2211735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess the association between occupational noise exposure and tinnitus. Further, to assess whether the association depends on hearing status. DESIGN In this cross-sectional study, tinnitus (>1 h daily) was regressed on job exposure matrix (JEM)-based or self-reported occupational noise exposure, adjusted for confounders. STUDY SAMPLE The 14,945 participants (42% men, 20-59 years) attended a population-based study in Norway (HUNT4, 2017-2019). RESULTS JEM-based noise exposure, assessed as equivalent continuous sound level normalised to 8-h working days (LEX 8 h), over the working career or as minimum 5 years ≥85 dB) was not associated with tinnitus. Years of exposure ≥80 dB (minimum one) was not associated with tinnitus. Self-reported high noise exposure (>15 h weekly ≥5 years) was associated with tinnitus overall and among persons with elevated hearing thresholds (prevalence ratio (PR) 1.3, 1.0-1.7), however not statistically significantly among persons with normal thresholds (PR 1.1, 0.8-1.5). CONCLUSIONS Our large study showed no association between JEM-based noise exposure and tinnitus. This may to some extent reflect successful use of hearing protection. High self-reported noise exposure was associated with tinnitus, but not among normal hearing persons. This supports that noise-induced tinnitus to a large extent depends on audiometric hearing loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ina Molaug
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology, The National Institute of Occupational Health in Norway, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lisa Aarhus
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology, The National Institute of Occupational Health in Norway, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Sivesind Mehlum
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology, The National Institute of Occupational Health in Norway, Oslo, Norway
- The Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Zara Ann Stokholm
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Henrik A Kolstad
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bo Engdahl
- Department of Physical Health and Ageing, The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xu M, Ho V, Lavoue J, Richardson L, Siemiatycki J. Concordance of Occupational Exposure Assessment between the Canadian Job-Exposure Matrix (CAN JEM) and Expert Assessment of Jobs Held by Women. Ann Work Expo Health 2022; 66:728-740. [PMID: 35258522 PMCID: PMC9250288 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxac008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the exposure data generated by using the Canadian job-exposure matrix (CANJEM) with data generated by expert assessment, for jobs held by women. METHODS We selected 69 occupational agents that had been assessed by experts for each of 3403 jobs held by 998 women in a population-based case-control study of lung cancer. We then assessed the same agents among the same jobs by linking their occupation codes to CANJEM and thereby derived probability of exposure to each of the agents in each job. To create binary exposure variables, we dichotomized probability of exposure using two cutpoints: 25 and 50% (referred to as CANJEM-25% and CANJEM-50%). Using jobs as units of observation, we estimated the prevalence of exposure to each selected agent using CANJEM-25% and CANJEM-50%, and using expert assessment. Further, using expert assessment as the gold standard, for each agent, we estimated CANJEM's sensitivity, specificity, and kappa. RESULTS CANJEM-based prevalence estimates correlated well with the prevalences assessed by the experts. When comparing CANJEM-based exposure estimates with expert-based exposure estimates, sensitivity, specificity, and kappa varied greatly among agents, and between CANJEM-25% and CANJEM-50% probability of exposure. With CANJEM-25%, the median sensitivity, specificity, and kappa values were 0.49, 0.99, and 0.46, respectively. Analogously, with CANJEM-50%, the corresponding values were 0.26, 1.00, and 0.35, respectively. For the following agents, we observed high concordance between CANJEM- and expert-based assessments (sensitivity ≥0.70 and specificity ≥0.99): fabric dust, cotton dust, synthetic fibres, cooking fumes, soldering fumes, calcium carbonate, and tin compounds. We present concordance estimates for each of 69 agents. CONCLUSIONS Concordance between CANJEM and expert assessment varied greatly by agents. Our results indicate which agents provide data that mimic best those obtained with expert assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Xu
- Health Innovation and Evaluation Hub, CRCHUM (Centre de recherche du CHUM), University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Vikki Ho
- Health Innovation and Evaluation Hub, CRCHUM (Centre de recherche du CHUM), University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jerome Lavoue
- Health Innovation and Evaluation Hub, CRCHUM (Centre de recherche du CHUM), University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lesley Richardson
- Health Innovation and Evaluation Hub, CRCHUM (Centre de recherche du CHUM), University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jack Siemiatycki
- Health Innovation and Evaluation Hub, CRCHUM (Centre de recherche du CHUM), University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Descatha A, Sembajwe G, Gilbert F, Mat-O-Covid Investigation Group, Fadel M. Mat-O-Covid: Validation of a SARS-CoV-2 Job Exposure Matrix ( JEM) Using Data from a National Compensation System for Occupational COVID-19. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19. [PMID: 35565128 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Background. We aimed to assess the validity of the Mat-O-Covid Job Exposure Matrix (JEM) on SARS-CoV-2 using compensation data from the French National Health Insurance compensation system for occupational-related COVID-19. Methods. Deidentified compensation data for occupational COVID-19 in France were obtained between August 2020 and August 2021. The case acceptance was considered as the reference. Mat-O-Covid is an expert-based French JEM on workplace exposure to SARS-CoV-2. Bi- and multivariable models were used to study the association between the exposure assessed by Mat-O-Covid and the reference, as well as the area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and likelihood ratios. Results. In the 1140 cases included, there was a close association between the Mat-O-Covid index and the reference (p < 0.0001). The overall predictivity was good, with an AUC of 0.78 and an optimal threshold at 13 per thousand. Using Youden’s J statistic resulted in 0.67 sensitivity and 0.87 specificity. Both positive and negative likelihood ratios were significant: 4.9 [2.4−6.4] and 0.4 [0.3−0.4], respectively. Discussion. It was possible to assess Mat-O-Covid’s validity using data from the national compensation system for occupational COVID-19. Though further studies are needed, Mat-O-Covid exposure assessment appears to be accurate enough to be used in research.
Collapse
|
6
|
Descatha A, Fadel M, Sembajwe G, Peters S, Evanoff BA. Job-Exposure Matrix: A Useful Tool for Incorporating Workplace Exposure Data Into Population Health Research and Practice. Front Epidemiol 2022; 2:857316. [PMID: 38455292 PMCID: PMC10910984 DOI: 10.3389/fepid.2022.857316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Workplace exposures to physical, chemical, and psychosocial factors account for a large burden of chronic diseases. Obtaining useful estimates of current and past workplace exposures is challenging, particularly in large general population studies. Job-exposure matrices (JEMs) are a useful tool for exposure assessment, particularly when no individual level exposure data are available. A JEM provides a cross-tabulation of job titles (sometimes combined with industry) and estimated exposures to workers carrying out these jobs during different time periods. The major limitation of JEMs is that they do not account for individual variation in exposures within the same job. This limitation is offset by the advantages of low cost, wide applicability, lack of bias from self-reporting, and the ability to estimate exposures based on job titles when no other exposure data exist. There is growing use of JEMs in research examining the role of workplace exposures in the development of chronic diseases, and interest in their application to public health practice. This paper provides a scoping review of JEM use, some examples of JEMs, and brief guidance for the application of JEMs in epidemiological research. In conclusion, JEMs provide a useful tool for researchers and public health practitioners to estimate occupational exposures in large scale epidemiological studies relevant to many health conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Descatha
- Univ Angers, CHU Angers, Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S 1085, SFR ICAT, Angers, France
- CHU Angers, Poisoning Control Center-Clinical Data Center,Angers, France
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Epidemiology and Prevention, Northwell Health, Hofstra University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Marc Fadel
- Univ Angers, CHU Angers, Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S 1085, SFR ICAT, Angers, France
| | - Grace Sembajwe
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Epidemiology and Prevention, Northwell Health, Hofstra University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Susan Peters
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Bradley A. Evanoff
- Division of General Medical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Martínez-Rach MO, Migallón H, López-Granado O, Galiano V, Malumbres MP. Performance Overview of the Latest Video Coding Proposals: HEVC, JEM and VVC. J Imaging 2021; 7:39. [PMID: 34460638 DOI: 10.3390/jimaging7020039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The audiovisual entertainment industry has entered a race to find the video encoder offering the best Rate/Distortion (R/D) performance for high-quality high-definition video content. The challenge consists in providing a moderate to low computational/hardware complexity encoder able to run Ultra High-Definition (UHD) video formats of different flavours (360°, AR/VR, etc.) with state-of-the-art R/D performance results. It is necessary to evaluate not only R/D performance, a highly important feature, but also the complexity of future video encoders. New coding tools offering a small increase in R/D performance at the cost of greater complexity are being advanced with caution. We performed a detailed analysis of two evolutions of High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) video standards, Joint Exploration Model (JEM) and Versatile Video Coding (VVC), in terms of both R/D performance and complexity. The results show how VVC, which represents the new direction of future standards, has, for the time being, sacrificed R/D performance in order to significantly reduce overall coding/decoding complexity.
Collapse
|
8
|
Eriksson HP, Söderberg M, Neitzel RL, Torén K, Andersson E. Cardiovascular mortality in a Swedish cohort of female industrial workers exposed to noise and shift work. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2021; 94:285-293. [PMID: 32892225 PMCID: PMC7873009 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-020-01574-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim was to study mortality due to cardiovascular disease as well as total mortality, among female industrial workers, and the association to occupational noise and shift work. METHODS Women from cohorts of soft tissue paper mills (N = 3013) and pulp and paper mills (N = 1483) were merged into one cohort. Job exposure matrices were developed and used for classification of shift work and noise exposure. Every year was classified as shift work excluding nights or shift work including nights. Noise was classified into seven 5 dB(A) bins from < 75 to ≥ 100 dB(A). Mortality from cardiovascular diseases and total mortality during 1956-2013 was calculated as a standardized mortality ratio (SMR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) using the female general population as a reference. RESULTS Fatal myocardial infarctions (N = 144) were increased in the total cohort, SMR 1.20 (95% CI 1.01-1.41) but not total mortality. The SMR for myocardial infarction for women exposed to noise ≥ 90 dB(A) for > 10 years was 1.41 (95% CI 1.02-1.89) and for those exposed to night shifts > 10 years, 1.33 (95% CI 0.91-1.89). Shift workers without nights ≤ 65 years, with noise exposure ≥ 90 dB(A), had SMR 2.41 (95% CI 1.20-4.31) from myocardial infarction. There was no increased mortality from cerebrovascular disease. CONCLUSIONS Female paper mill workers had an increased mortality from acute myocardial infarction, especially before retirement age, when exposed to noise ≥ 90 dB(A) and with long-time employment. Exposure to shift work and noise usually occurred concurrently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helena P Eriksson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden.
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, BOX 414, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Mia Söderberg
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, BOX 414, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Richard L Neitzel
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kjell Torén
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, BOX 414, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Eva Andersson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, BOX 414, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Borghi F, Mazzucchelli LA, Campagnolo D, Rovelli S, Fanti G, Keller M, Cattaneo A, Spinazzè A, Cavallo DM. Retrospective Exposure Assessment Methods Used in Occupational Human Health Risk Assessment: A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E6190. [PMID: 32858967 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
As part of the assessment and management of chemical risk and occupational hygiene, retrospective exposure assessment (REA) to chemical agents can be defined as the estimate of exposure associated with a person's work history. The fundamental problem underlying the reconstruction of the exposure is that of transforming this type of information in quantitative terms to obtain an accurate estimate. REA can follow various approaches, some of which are technically complicated and both time and resource consuming. The aim of this systematic review is to present the techniques mainly used for occupational REA. In order to carry out this evaluation, a systematic review of the scientific literature was conducted. Forty-four studies were identified (published from 2010 to date) and analyzed. In exposure reconstruction studies, quantitative approaches should be preferable, especially when estimates will be used in the context of health impact assessment or epidemiology, although it is important to stress how, ideally, the experimental data available for the considered scenario should be used whenever possible as the main starting information base for further processing. To date, there is no single approach capable of providing an accurate estimate of exposure for each reasonably foreseeable condition and situation and the best approach generally depends on the level of information available for the specific case. The use of a combination of different reconstruction techniques can, therefore, represent a powerful tool for weighting and integrating data obtained through qualitative and quantitative approaches, in order to obtain the best possible estimate.
Collapse
|
10
|
Dimakakou E, Johnston HJ, Streftaris G, Cherrie JW. Evaluation of the Suitability of an Existing Job-Exposure Matrix for the Assessment of Exposure of UK Biobank Participants to Dust, Fumes, and Diesel Exhaust Particulates. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E4919. [PMID: 32650426 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17144919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Many epidemiological studies have shown an association between outdoor particulate air pollutants and increased morbidity and mortality. Inhalation of ambient aerosols can exacerbate or promote the development of cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases as well as other diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and neurodegenerative diseases. Occupational exposure to dust, fumes and diesel exhaust particulates can also cause adverse health outcomes and there are numerous occupations where workers are exposed to airborne particles that are similar to ambient air pollution. An individual’s job title has normally been identified as a major determinant of workplace exposure in epidemiological studies. This has led to the development of Job–Exposure Matrices (JEMs) as a way of characterising specific workplace exposures. One JEM for airborne chemical exposures is the Airborne Chemical Exposure Job–Exposure Matrix (ACE JEM), developed specifically for the UK Biobank cohort. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the suitability of the ACE JEM in assessing occupational aerosol exposure of participants in the UK Biobank. We searched the scientific literature to identify exposure data linked to selected jobs in the ACE JEM and compared these data with the JEM assessments. Additionally, we carried out an independent expert-based assessment of exposure to compare with the JEM estimates. There is good published evidence to substantiate the high dust and biological dust assignments in the JEM and more limited evidence for diesel exhaust particulates. There is limited evidence in the published literature to substantiate moderate or low exposure assignments in the JEM. The independent expert-based assessment found good agreement at the two extremes of exposure in the JEM (high and no exposure), with uncertainty in all other classifications. The ACE JEM assignments are probably reliable for highly exposed jobs and for jobs assigned as unexposed. However, the assignments for medium and low exposures are less reliable. The ACE JEM is likely to be a good tool to examine associations between occupational exposures to particulates and chronic disease, although it should be used with caution. Further efforts should be made to improve the reliability of the ACE JEM.
Collapse
|
11
|
Migault L, Bowman JD, Kromhout H, Figuerola J, Baldi I, Bouvier G, Turner MC, Cardis E, Vila J. Development of a Job-Exposure Matrix for Assessment of Occupational Exposure to High-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields (3 kHz-300 GHz). Ann Work Expo Health 2020; 63:1013-1028. [PMID: 31702767 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxz067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this work was to build a job-exposure matrix (JEM) using an international coding system and covering the non-thermal intermediate frequency (IF) (3-100 kHz, named IFELF), thermal IF (100 kHz-10 MHz, named IFRF), and radiofrequency (RF) (>10 MHz) bands. METHODS Detailed occupational data were collected in a large population-based case-control study, INTEROCC, with occupations coded into the International Standard Classification of Occupations system 1988 (ISCO88). The subjects' occupational source-based ancillary information was combined with an existing source-exposure matrix and the reference levels of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) for occupational exposure to calculate estimates of level (L) of exposure to electric (E) and magnetic (H) fields by ISCO88 code and frequency band as ICNIRP ratios (IFELF) or squared ratios (IFRF and RF). Estimates of exposure probability (P) were obtained by dividing the number of exposed subjects by the total number of subjects available per job title. RESULTS With 36 011 job histories collected, 468 ISCO88 (four-digit) codes were included in the JEM, of which 62.4% are exposed to RF, IFRF, and/or IFELF. As a reference, P values for RF E-fields ranged from 0.3 to 65.0% with a median of 5.1%. L values for RF E-fields (ICNIRP squared ratio) ranged from 6.94 × 10-11 to 33.97 with a median of 0.61. CONCLUSIONS The methodology used allowed the development of a JEM for high-frequency electromagnetic fields containing exposure estimates for the largest number of occupations to date. Although the validity of this JEM is limited by the small number of available observations for some codes, this JEM may be useful for epidemiological studies and occupational health management programs assessing high-frequency electromagnetic field exposure in occupational settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Migault
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm UMR 1219 EPICENE Team, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Hans Kromhout
- Environmental Epidemiology Division, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Nieuw Gildestein Yalelaan, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jordi Figuerola
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Plaça de la Mercè, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabelle Baldi
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm UMR 1219 EPICENE Team, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Bordeaux, France.,Bordeaux University Hospital, Service de Médecine du Travail et pathologie professionnelle, Pessac, France
| | - Ghislaine Bouvier
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm UMR 1219 EPICENE Team, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Michelle C Turner
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Plaça de la Mercè, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Av. Monforte de Lemos, Madrid, Spain.,McLaughlin Center for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Elisabeth Cardis
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Plaça de la Mercè, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Av. Monforte de Lemos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Vila
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Plaça de la Mercè, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Av. Monforte de Lemos, Madrid, Spain.,Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Radiation Protection and Environmental Monitoring, McCumiskey House, Richview, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Shift work that involves circadian disruption has been classified as probably carcinogenic to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, although more recent epidemiological evidence is not consistent. Several mechanisms have been postulated to explain an association between night work and female breast cancer, but the most likely is suppression of the hormone melatonin by light exposure at night. Three articles recently published in this journal describe aspects of exposure to light during night work. These articles and other evidence suggest that nighttime light levels may not always be sufficient to affect melatonin production, which could in part explain the inconsistencies in the epidemiological data. There is need to improve the specificity and reliability of exposure assessments in future epidemiological studies of night shift workers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John W Cherrie
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh, UK.,Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Calisti R. [The "new carcinogens' directive" from the European Union: new tasks waiting for us, new opportunities in front of us (and that we need not to waste) in Italy]. G Ital Med Lav Ergon 2019; 41:193-201. [PMID: 31242348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The new EU directive on the protection of workers from the risks related to exposure to carcinogens and mutagens at work, issued on December 2017, will be integrated inside the Member States' national laws not later than 17th January 2020. The new directive brings in force new binding occupational exposure limit values (BOELVs) for several agents, some of great importance such as hard wood dusts, a set of hexavalent chromium compounds and crystalline silica dust; for some cases, the entry into force of the new limits is delayed in time. The new directive clarifies that the limit values are established considering factors distinct from health necessities too. The Member States are bound to adopt national limit values not avexceeding the corresponding EU ones, but are empowered to lower them. It is essential that the control of the actual respect of the limit values results not only from the application of theoretic previsional models, but is entrusted mainly to high quality exposure measurements and to estimates directly derived from measurements, on the base of publicly available JEMs. The specific health surveillance to be provided to any person both exposed and previously exposed to carcinogens at work should not be limited to proper oncological screening actions, but should include programs for biological monitoring of both exposures and related pre-neoplastic effects, every time any of these is possible and useful. A fair mapping of the exposures to carcinogens and mutagens at work and a systematical registration of cases of cancers attributable to occupational exposures will be placed side to side.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Calisti
- ASUR Marche - SPreSAL Epidemiologia Occupazionale - Civitanova Marche, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hidajat M, McElvenny DM, Mueller W, Ritchie P, Cherrie JW, Darnton A, Agius RM, Kromhout H, de Vocht F. Job-exposure matrix for historical exposures to rubber dust, rubber fumes and n-Nitrosamines in the British rubber industry. Occup Environ Med 2019; 76:259-267. [PMID: 30772817 PMCID: PMC6581116 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2018-105182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To develop a quantitative historical job-exposure matrix (JEM) for rubber dust, rubber fumes and n-Nitrosamines in the British rubber industry for 1915-2002 to estimate lifetime cumulative exposure (LCE) for a cohort of workers with 49 years follow-up. METHODS Data from the EU-EXASRUB database-rubber dust (n=4157), rubber fumes (n=3803) and n-Nitrosamines (n=10 115) collected between 1977 and 2002-were modelled using linear mixed-effects models. Sample year, stationary/personal measurement, industry sector and measurement source were included as fixed explanatory variables and factory as random intercept. Model estimates and extrapolations were used to construct a JEM covering all departments in both sectors of the rubber manufacturing industries for the years 1915-2002. JEM-estimates were linked to all cohort members to calculate LCE. Sensitivity analyses related to assumptions about extrapolation of time trends were also conducted. RESULTS Changes in rubber dust exposures ranged from -6.3 %/year (crude materials/mixing) to -1.0 %/year (curing) and -6.5 %/year (crude materials/mixing) to +0.5 %/year (finishing, assembly and miscellaneous) for rubber fumes. Declines in n-Nitrosamines ranged from -17.9 %/year (curing) to -1.3 %/year (crude materials and mixing). Mean LCEs were 61 mg/m3-years (rubber dust), 15.6 mg/ m3-years (rubber fumes), 2483.2 µg/m3-years (n-Nitrosamines sum score), 18.6 µg/m3-years (N-nitrosodimethylamine) and 15.0 µg/m3-years (N-itrosomorpholine). CONCLUSIONS All exposures declined over time. Greatest declines in rubber dust and fumes were found in crude materials and mixing and for n-Nitrosamines in curing/vulcanising and preprocessing. This JEM and estimated LCEs will allow for evaluation of exposure-specific excess cancer risks in the British rubber industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mira Hidajat
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - William Mueller
- Research Division, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Peter Ritchie
- Research Division, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
| | - John W Cherrie
- Research Division, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and –Bioengineering, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew Darnton
- Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, Health and Safety Executive, Bootle, UK
| | - Raymond M Agius
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Centre for Epidemiology, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Hans Kromhout
- Environmental Epidemiology Division, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank de Vocht
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Choi S, Kang D, Park D, Lee H, Choi B. Developing Asbestos Job Exposure Matrix Using Occupation and Industry Specific Exposure Data (1984-2008) in Republic of Korea. Saf Health Work 2017; 8:105-15. [PMID: 28344849 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The goal of this study is to develop a general population job-exposure matrix (GPJEM) on asbestos to estimate occupational asbestos exposure levels in the Republic of Korea. Methods Three Korean domestic quantitative exposure datasets collected from 1984 to 2008 were used to build the GPJEM. Exposure groups in collected data were reclassified based on the current Korean Standard Industrial Classification (9th edition) and the Korean Standard Classification of Occupations code (6th edition) that is in accordance to international standards. All of the exposure levels were expressed by weighted arithmetic mean (WAM) and minimum and maximum concentrations. Results Based on the established GPJEM, the 112 exposure groups could be reclassified into 86 industries and 74 occupations. In the 1980s, the highest exposure levels were estimated in “knitting and weaving machine operators” with a WAM concentration of 7.48 fibers/mL (f/mL); in the 1990s, “plastic products production machine operators” with 5.12 f/mL, and in the 2000s “detergents production machine operators” handling talc containing asbestos with 2.45 f/mL. Of the 112 exposure groups, 44 groups had higher WAM concentrations than the Korean occupational exposure limit of 0.1 f/mL. Conclusion The newly constructed GPJEM which is generated from actual domestic quantitative exposure data could be useful in evaluating historical exposure levels to asbestos and could contribute to improved prediction of asbestos-related diseases among Koreans.
Collapse
|