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Heerde JA, Merrin GJ, Le VT, Toumbourou JW, Bailey JA. Health of Young Adults Experiencing Social Marginalization and Vulnerability: A Cross-National Longitudinal Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:1711. [PMID: 36767076 PMCID: PMC9914820 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20031711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
People who experience social marginalization and vulnerability have uniquely complex health needs and are at risk of poor health outcomes. Regression analyses using longitudinal data from a cross-national, population-based sample of young adults participating in the International Youth Development Study, tested associations between social marginalization and vulnerabilities and physical health, mental health, and substance use outcomes. Participants from Victoria, Australia, and Washington State in the US were surveyed at ages 25 (2014) and 29 years (2018; N = 1944; 46.7% male). A history of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), LGBT identity, financial insecurity, and justice system involvement at age 25 predicted poor health outcomes at age 28, including lower perceived health status, risk for chronic illness, depression and anxiety symptoms, and diagnosed mental health/substance use disorders. Tests of model equivalence across states showed that a history of ACEs was more strongly related to health status and serious injury at age 28 and justice system involvement at age 25 was more strongly related to age 28 serious injury in Victoria than in Washington State. Findings strengthen the case for future population-based research identifying life-course interventions and state policies for reducing poor health and improving health equity among members of socially marginalized groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Heerde
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Australia
- Department of Social Work, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Gabriel J. Merrin
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Vi T. Le
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | - John W. Toumbourou
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville 3052, Australia
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood 3125, Australia
| | - Jennifer A. Bailey
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
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Kan E, Beardslee J, Steinberg L, Frick PJ, Cauffman E. Impact of recreational cannabis legalization on cannabis use, other substance use, and drug-related offending among justice-system-involved youth. Behav Sci Law 2022; 40:292-309. [PMID: 35460288 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The present study assessed whether cannabis use, other types of substance use, and drug-related offending changed among 1216 justice-system-involved youth after recreational cannabis legalization. Using generalized estimating equation population-averaged models, we compared youth in California, where recreational cannabis is legalized, and Pennsylvania, where recreational use is still prohibited. Results indicated that cannabis use, cannabis selling, and driving under the influences (DUIs) increased more among Pennsylvanian than Californian youth. We found no changes in alcohol or noncannabis drug use after legalization. Cigarette use did not change significantly among Pennsylvanian youth, but Californian youth exhibited decreased cigarette use after legalization. Although not directly tested in the present analysis, it is possible that changes in state-level recreational cannabis policies throughout the U.S. may contribute to more permissive attitudes toward cannabis, which leads to higher use and use-related outcomes. Future research should continue to consider the potential impacts of legalization on other types of risky and illegal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Kan
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Jordan Beardslee
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Laurence Steinberg
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paul J Frick
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Elizabeth Cauffman
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
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Moore KE, Oberleitner LMS, Zonana HV, Buchanan AW, Pittman BP, Verplaetse TL, Angarita GA, Roberts W, McKee SA. Psychiatric Disorders and Crime in the US Population: Results From the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions Wave III. J Clin Psychiatry 2019; 80:18m12317. [PMID: 30758921 PMCID: PMC7826201 DOI: 10.4088/jcp.18m12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Current knowledge regarding the intersection of psychiatric disorders and crime in the United States is limited to psychiatric, forensic, and youth samples. This study presents nationally representative data on the relationship of DSM-5 psychiatric disorders, comorbid substance and mental health disorders, and multimorbidity (number of disorders) with criminal behavior and justice involvement among non-institutionalized US adults. METHODS Data were drawn from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions Wave III (NESARC-III; 2012-2013; N = 36,309). Logistic regressions were used to examine the association of specific disorders (eg, mood, anxiety, eating, posttraumatic stress, substance use), comorbid substance use and mental health disorders, and multimorbidity with lifetime criminal behavior, incarceration experience, and past-12-month general, alcohol-related, and drug-related legal problems. RESULTS Overall, 28.5% of participants reported a history of criminal behavior, 11.4% reported a history of incarceration, 1.8% reported current general legal problems, 0.8% reported current alcohol-related legal problems, and 2.7% reported current drug-related legal problems. The presence of any disorder was associated with a 4 to 5 times increased risk of crime outcomes. Drug use disorders were associated with the highest risk of lifetime crime (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 6.8; 95% CI, 6.1-7.6) and incarceration (AOR = 4.7; 95% CI, 4.1-5.3) and current legal problems (AOR = 3.3; 95% CI, 2.6-4.2). Multimorbidity and comorbid substance use and mental health disorders were associated with additional risk. Controlling for antisocial personality disorder did not change the findings. CONCLUSIONS Community adults with substance use disorders, comorbid substance use and mental health disorders, and increasing multimorbidity are most at risk of crime and justice involvement, highlighting the importance of community-based addiction treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Moore
- Department of Psychology, East Tennessee State University, 420 Rogers-Stout Hall PO Box 70649, Johnson City, TN 37614.
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Law and Psychiatry, Division of Substance Abuse, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Psychology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lindsay M S Oberleitner
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Law and Psychiatry, Division of Substance Abuse, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Howard V Zonana
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Law and Psychiatry, Division of Substance Abuse, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Alec W Buchanan
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Law and Psychiatry, Division of Substance Abuse, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Brian P Pittman
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Law and Psychiatry, Division of Substance Abuse, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Terril L Verplaetse
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Law and Psychiatry, Division of Substance Abuse, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Gustavo A Angarita
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Law and Psychiatry, Division of Substance Abuse, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Walter Roberts
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Law and Psychiatry, Division of Substance Abuse, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sherry A McKee
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Law and Psychiatry, Division of Substance Abuse, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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