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Gorraiz G, Porta G, McMakin DL, Kennard BD, Douaihy AB, Biernesser C, Foxwell AA, Wolfe K, Goldstein T, Brent DA. Factors Associated With Reasons for Living Among Suicidal Adolescents. Arch Suicide Res 2024; 28:471-481. [PMID: 37013700 PMCID: PMC10548347 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2023.2190367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to identify baseline demographic and clinical factors associated with higher scores on the Reasons for Living Inventory for Adolescents (RFL-A) at baseline and over follow-up. METHOD Using data from a pilot clinical trial of a brief intervention for suicidal youth transitioning from inpatient to outpatient, we identified univariate associations of baseline characteristics with RFL-A and used regression to identify the most parsimonious subset of these variables. Finally, we examined to what extent changes in these characteristics over time were related to changes in RFL-A. RESULTS Univariate analyses found that better external functional emotion regulation and social support were associated with higher RFL-A scores; more self-reported depression, internal dysfunctional emotion regulation, sleep disturbance, anxiety, and distress tolerance were associated with lower RFL-A scores. Multiple linear regression identified internal dysfunctional emotion regulation and external functional emotion regulation as the most parsimonious set of characteristics associated with RFL-A. Improvement in internal emotion regulation, sleep, and depression were related to improvements in RFL-A over time. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that emotion regulation-specifically maladaptive internal strategies and use of external resources-is strongly associated with RFL-A. Improvements in internal emotion regulation (r = 0.57), sleep (r = -0.45), and depression (r = -0.34) were related to increases in RFL-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Gorraiz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - G. Porta
- UPMC Western Psychiatric Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - D. L. McMakin
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - B. D. Kennard
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - A. B. Douaihy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- UPMC Western Psychiatric Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - C. Biernesser
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - A. A. Foxwell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Children’s Health Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - K. Wolfe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Children’s Health Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - T. Goldstein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- UPMC Western Psychiatric Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - D. A. Brent
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- UPMC Western Psychiatric Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Ehret BC, Titone MK, Carey CJ, Martinez A, Chalker SA, Granholm EL, Depp CA. Are all reasons for living made equally? Reasons for living and dysfunctional attitudes in psychotic disorders and bipolar I. Psychol Psychother 2023; 96:748-761. [PMID: 37039342 DOI: 10.1111/papt.12466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Persons with schizophrenia, schizoaffective, or bipolar I disorder are more likely to die by suicide compared to the general population. Dysfunctional attitudes have been shown to be significant predictors of cognitive vulnerability to depression, hopelessness, and poor problem-solving skills, which predict suicidal ideation. Dysfunctional attitudes are common in persons with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs) and bipolar I. The Reasons for Living Inventory (RFLI) examines distinct reasons for not dying by suicide. This study's objectives were to examine the relationship between the RFLI subscales and dysfunctional attitudes among persons with SSDs and bipolar I. We hypothesized significant positive correlations between two RFLI subscales (Fear of Suicide and Fear of Social Disapproval) and total score on the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS). We did not expect significant correlations between other subscales. DESIGN AND METHODS This correlational, cross-sectional study examined baseline scores on the RFLI and dysfunctional attitudes (DAS) among N = 102 outpatients with SSDs or bipolar I. RESULTS Significant positive correlations were observed between RFLI subscales Fear of Suicide and Fear of Social Disapproval and DAS total scores. No other significant relationships were observed. CONCLUSIONS Certain reasons for living (i.e. fear of suicide and social disapproval) may be associated with dysfunctional attitudes among persons with SSDs or bipolar I. These, in turn, may place these individuals at a greater risk for suicide by increasing their cognitive vulnerability. These findings may inform clinical treatment targets for persons with SSDs and bipolar I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaire C Ehret
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Virginia San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Madison K Titone
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Virginia San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Colin J Carey
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Virginia San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Alexandra Martinez
- Graduate School of Education and Psychology, Pepperdine University, Malibu, California, USA
| | - Samantha A Chalker
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Virginia San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Eric L Granholm
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Virginia San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Colin A Depp
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Virginia San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
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3
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Kustov GV, Zinchuk MS, Gersamija AG, Voinova NI, Yakovlev AA, Avedisova AS, Guekht AB. [Psychometric properties of the Russian version of the brief « Reasons for Living Inventory»]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2021; 121:87-94. [PMID: 34874661 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202112110187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate psychometric properties of the Russian version of the brief Reasons for Living Inventory (bRFL) in patients with non-psychotic mental disorders (NPMD) and to define its association with current suicide ideation. MATERIAL AND METHODS Six hundred and 15 consecutive patients with NPMD were included. The median age was 27 (19) years; 403 (65.5%) were female. Cronbach's alpha, Cronbach's alpha coefficient if an item is deleted and corrected item-total correlation were used for the internal consistency evaluation. The internal structure assessment was based on the exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. To identify an association of bRFL with current suicidal ideation, MANCOVA was used. RESULTS An internal consistency of bRFL was good (Cronbach's Alpha-0.856). The exploratory factor analysis revealed a 6-factor model, explaining 80.22% of variance. These factors were: «survival and coping beliefs», «responsibility to family», «child related concerns», «fear of suicide», «fear of social disapproval» and «moral objections». The confirmatory factor analysis indicated a good agreement of the 6-factor model with an empirical data (CMIN/DF - 2.98, CFI - 0.956, SRMR - 0.05, RMSEA - 0.057, PNFI - 0.497). Regardless of gender and age, the total scores of bRFL and its subscales were significantly lower in patients with suicide ideation (p<0.01). CONCLUSION The Russian version of bRFL is a reliable and valid tool for the assessment of the adaptive beliefs and expectations that form an anti-suicidal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- G V Kustov
- Solovyov Scientific and Practical Psychoneurological Center DZM, Moscow, Russia
| | - M S Zinchuk
- Solovyov Scientific and Practical Psychoneurological Center DZM, Moscow, Russia
| | - A G Gersamija
- Solovyov Scientific and Practical Psychoneurological Center DZM, Moscow, Russia
| | - N I Voinova
- Solovyov Scientific and Practical Psychoneurological Center DZM, Moscow, Russia
| | - A A Yakovlev
- Solovyov Scientific and Practical Psychoneurological Center DZM, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - A S Avedisova
- Solovyov Scientific and Practical Psychoneurological Center DZM, Moscow, Russia.,Serbsky National Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - A B Guekht
- Solovyov Scientific and Practical Psychoneurological Center DZM, Moscow, Russia.,Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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Chang EC, Jiang X, Tian W, Yi S, Liu J, Liang P, Liang Y, Lai S, Shi X, Li M, Chang OD, Hirsch JK. Hope as a Process in Understanding Positive Mood and Suicide Protection. Crisis 2021; 43:90-97. [PMID: 33474993 DOI: 10.1027/0227-5910/a000755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: According to the broaden-and-build model of positive mood, positive emotions are believed to broaden cognition resources and build psychological resiliency, to help incur positive psychological outcomes. Aim: We examined hope as a potential mediator of the association between positive mood and suicide protection (viz., life satisfaction and reasons for living) in adults. We hypothesized that positive mood would be associated with greater suicide protection through broadening hope agency and building hope pathways. Method: A sample of 320 college students completed measures of positive emotions, hope, and suicide protection. Results: Results from bootstrapped mediation testing indicated that hope agency, but not hope pathways, partially or fully mediated the relationship between positive mood and suicide protection. Limitations: It is not clear whether these findings are generalizable to a more diverse adult population. Also, it is not possible to rule out alternative causal models involving positive emotions and suicide protection. Conclusion: These findings provide some promising preliminary evidence for how positive emotions might help build hope agency to foster greater suicide protection in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Chang
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xinying Jiang
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, PR China
| | - Weiyi Tian
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, PR China
| | - Shangwen Yi
- Sauder School of Business, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jiting Liu
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, PR China
| | - Pengwei Liang
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, PR China
| | - Yongyi Liang
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, PR China
| | - Siyu Lai
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, PR China
| | - Xiaoxuan Shi
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, PR China
| | - Mingqi Li
- Department of Psychology, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Olivia D Chang
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jameson K Hirsch
- Department of Psychology, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Psychology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
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5
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Fox AM, LaCroix JM, Bond AE, Perera KU, Luk JW, Goldston D, Weaver J, Soumoff A, Ghahramanlou-Holloway M. Evaluating Suicide Risk Using the Reasons for Dying- Reasons for Living (RFD-RFL) Index in a Military Psychiatric Inpatient Setting. Psychiatry Res 2021; 295:113576. [PMID: 33307388 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore reasons for dying (RFD) and reasons for living (RFL) among suicidal inpatients, conceptualize the RFD-RFL index, and examine whether suicide risk indicators were associated with the RFD-RFL index scores. Participants were military personnel (N = 167) psychiatrically hospitalized following a suicide-related crisis who provided baseline data as part of a randomized controlled trial. Family was the most commonly reported RFL (39.7%) and was the top ranked RFL for 65.9% of participants. The most frequently endorsed RFD categories included general descriptors of self (26.9%), general statements about escape (19.7%), and others/relationships (19.1%). Greater RFD-RFL index scores were associated with a greater wish to die relative to wish to live, greater hopelessness, and with a history of lifetime multiple suicide attempts. Endorsing more RFD relative to RFL may indicate heightened suicide risk. Results of this study identify the characteristics of RFD and RFL among a high-risk, military sample, and provide preliminary support for the clinical utility of evaluating the quantities of RFD and RFL. Clinicians are encouraged to explore RFD and RFL when working with suicidal patients. Future research may explore military-specific RFD and evaluate the validity of the proposed RFD-RFL index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber M Fox
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Suicide Care, Prevention, and Research (CPR) Initiative, Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology (MPS), 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
| | - Jessica M LaCroix
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Suicide Care, Prevention, and Research (CPR) Initiative, Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology (MPS), 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Allison E Bond
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Suicide Care, Prevention, and Research (CPR) Initiative, Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology (MPS), 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Kanchana U Perera
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Suicide Care, Prevention, and Research (CPR) Initiative, Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology (MPS), 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Jeremy W Luk
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Suicide Care, Prevention, and Research (CPR) Initiative, Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology (MPS), 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - David Goldston
- Duke University, School of Medicine, Box 3527 Med Ctr, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jennifer Weaver
- Fort Belvoir Community Hospital, 9300 DeWitt Loop, Fort Belvoir, VA 22060, USA
| | - Alyssa Soumoff
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, 8901 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA
| | - Marjan Ghahramanlou-Holloway
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Suicide Care, Prevention, and Research (CPR) Initiative, Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology (MPS), 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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6
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Madeira ARSR, Janeiro LDB, Carmo CIG, Brás MSV. Reasons for Living Inventory for Young Adults: Psychometric Properties Among Portuguese Sample. Omega (Westport) 2020; 85:887-903. [PMID: 32938306 DOI: 10.1177/0030222820959940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A main protective factor against suicide in young adults is their reasons for living; therefore, suicide risk screening should consider these reasons. However, few psychometric instruments assess reasons for living, and none have been adapted for young adults in Portugal. Thus, we assess the psychometric characteristics of the Reasons for Living Inventory for Young Adults-II (RFL-YA-II) in participants (n = 936; Mage = 21.77; SD = 2.88) from Portugal. Participants answered measures concerning suicidal ideation, depression, hopelessness, and positive and negative affect. The results of an exploratory factorial analysis replicated the original 4-factor model of the RFL-YA-II, and a confirmatory factorial analysis indicated satisfactory indices. In terms of reliability and convergent, discriminant, and concurrent validity, our results are consistent with previous research. Moreover, our results indicate that the RFL-YA-II is a valid and reliable instrument to study the protective factors against suicidal behavior in Portuguese young adults, and should thus be integrated into preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luís de Brito Janeiro
- Psychology and Educational Sciences Department, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Algarve, Algarve, Portugal.,Psychology Department, Autonomous University of Lisbon Centre for Research in Psychology, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Isabel Guerreiro Carmo
- Psychology and Educational Sciences Department, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Algarve, Algarve, Portugal.,Psychology Department, Autonomous University of Lisbon Centre for Research in Psychology, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marta Sofia Ventosa Brás
- Psychology and Educational Sciences Department, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Algarve, Algarve, Portugal.,Psychology Department, Autonomous University of Lisbon Centre for Research in Psychology, Lisboa, Portugal
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7
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Christensen K, Hom MA, Stanley IH, Joiner TE. Reasons for Living and Suicide Attempts Among Young Adults With Lifetime Suicide Ideation. Crisis 2020; 42:179-185. [PMID: 32781901 DOI: 10.1027/0227-5910/a000705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: Previous work suggests that reasons for living (RFL) are associated with suicide ideation; however, the relationship between RFL and suicide attempts among individuals with suicide ideation remains unclear. Such an examination is necessary to delineate whether RFL are associated with suicide attempts above and beyond their association with suicide ideation. Aims: This study examined the relationship between RFL and suicide attempts among young adults with a lifetime history of suicide ideation. Method: Undergraduate students (N = 163) completed surveys assessing demographics, suicidal thoughts and behaviors, and RFL. Results: Individuals with a history of both suicide ideation and attempt reported significantly lower RFL than individuals with a history of suicide ideation but no suicide attempt. Among individual RFL-YA subscales, only Coping Beliefs was significantly associated with a suicide attempt history. Limitations: The cross-sectional nature of this study precludes any conclusions about the potential protective effects of RFL against suicide attempts, and the college student sample limits generalizability of the findings. Conclusion: Further research is needed to understand whether RFL prospectively predict suicide attempts among individuals with suicide ideation and whether interventions that bolster RFL might reduce suicide risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melanie A Hom
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Ian H Stanley
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Thomas E Joiner
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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8
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Testoni I, Nencioni I, Ronconi L, Alemanno F, Zamperini A. Burnout, Reasons for Living and Dehumanisation among Italian Penitentiary Police Officers. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:ijerph17093117. [PMID: 32365763 PMCID: PMC7246835 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17093117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The literature on burnout syndrome among Penitentiary Police Officers (PPOs) is still rather scarce, and there are no analyses on the protective factors that can prevent these workers from the dangerous effect of burnout, with respect to the weakening of the reasons for living and de-humanization. This study aimed to examine the relationships between burnout, protective factors against weakening of the reasons for living and not desiring to die and the role of de-humanisation, utilising the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI); the Reasons for Living Inventory (RFL); the Testoni Death Representation Scale (TDRS); and the Human Traits Attribution Scale (HTAS), involving 86 PPOs in a North Italy prison. Results showed the presence of a high level of burnout in the group of participants. In addition, dehumanization of prisoners, which is considered a factor that could help in managing other health professional stress situations, does not reduce the level of burnout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Testoni
- FISPPA Department, University of Padova, 35139 Padova, Italy; (I.N.); (L.R.); (A.Z.)
- Emili Sagol Creative Arts Therapies Research Center, University of Haifa, Haifa 349883, Israel
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0498276646
| | - Irene Nencioni
- FISPPA Department, University of Padova, 35139 Padova, Italy; (I.N.); (L.R.); (A.Z.)
| | - Lucia Ronconi
- FISPPA Department, University of Padova, 35139 Padova, Italy; (I.N.); (L.R.); (A.Z.)
| | - Francesca Alemanno
- European and Mediterranean Cultures (DiCEM) Department, University of Basilicata, 75100 Matera, Italy;
| | - Adriano Zamperini
- FISPPA Department, University of Padova, 35139 Padova, Italy; (I.N.); (L.R.); (A.Z.)
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9
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Wadhwa S, Heisel MJ. Enhancing the Assessment of Resiliency to Suicide Ideation among Older Adults: The Development and Initial Validation of the Reasons for Living-Suicide Resiliency Scale (RFL-SR). Clin Gerontol 2020; 43:61-75. [PMID: 31635560 DOI: 10.1080/07317115.2019.1675840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: To derive a brief late-life suicide resiliency scale from the 69-item Reasons for Living Scale-Older Adult version (RFL-OA).Methods: We conducted a series of secondary analyses of RFL-OA data (N = 204) from a dataset combining: 1. A follow-up assessment of nursing home residents in the Geriatric Suicide Ideation Scale (GSIS) development study; 2. A trial of Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) with suicidal older adults; 3. A longitudinal study of risk and resiliency to late-life suicide ideation. We specifically assessed the distributions of RFL-OA items and their associations with suicide ideation and behavior to create an RFL-Suicide Resiliency subscale (RFL-SR); we then tested the psychometric properties of this measure's items drawn from the larger RFL-OA.Results: Nine RFL-OA items were significantly associated with suicide ideation and history of suicide behavior and were not highly correlated with social desirability. Psychometric analyses supported the internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct validity of this scale.Conclusions: The items of the RFL-SR demonstrated strong psychometric properties with older adults in clinical and community settings.Clinical Implications: The RFL-SR may make a useful addition to suicide risk assessment in gerontological research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Wadhwa
- Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marnin J Heisel
- Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Center for the Study and Prevention of Suicide, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
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10
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Chen JI, Osman A, Freedenthal SL, Gutierrez PM. An Examination of the Psychometric Properties of the Reasons for Living Inventory within a Male Veteran Clinical Sample. Arch Suicide Res 2020; 24:204-230. [PMID: 30636520 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2018.1563576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Elevated suicide risk among veteran populations remains a significant public health concern. However, few suicide assessment measures have been validated for veterans. The current study evaluated the reliability and validity of the Reasons for Living Inventory (RFL) scores among veteran populations. The participants included male veterans (N = 421) from a broad range of ages, combat exposures, and history of suicide attempts. Participants completed the RFL and a set of additional self-report measures of relevant constructs in a cross-sectional design. Estimates of internal consistency reliability were adequate for scores on all the original RFL subscale scores. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and exploratory bifactor (bi-factor EFA) analyses provided detailed information regarding the 6-factor solution from the original validation studies with the RFL. Additional analyses identified potential correlates for the RFL total and subscale scores. Secondary analyses showed support for evidence of known-groups validity for the RFL total scale score. Overall, this study provides initial support for the RFL as a reliable and valid measure of protective factors in veterans. Future studies may wish to consider further validation of the current findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason I Chen
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Augustine Osman
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Stacey L Freedenthal
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver Graduate School of Social Work, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Peter M Gutierrez
- Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center at the Denver VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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11
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Chiu YC, Liu SI, Lin CJ, Huang YH, Fang CK, Sun FJ, Kao KL, Huang YP, Wu SI. The Psychometric Properties in the Chinese Version of the Reasons for Living Inventory and the Relationship with Suicidal Behaviors Among Psychiatric Patients in Taiwan. Behav Med 2019; 45:197-209. [PMID: 29558316 DOI: 10.1080/08964289.2018.1444577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the reliability, factor structure, convergent, and construct validities of the Mandarin Chinese version of the Reasons For Living Inventory (RFL) among Taiwanese psychiatric patients. Demographical characteristics of patients who hold these adaptive cognitions and differences on the level of endorsement between suicidal and non-suicidal individuals were also investigated. All adult patients that had visited the psychiatric ambulatory clinic or had been admitted to the psychiatric ward in a general hospital in Taiwan over a 3-month period were consecutively invited to complete an inventory that included background information, the Mandarin Chinese versions of the RFL, the Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R), and the Beck Hopeless Scale (BHS). Of the 254 respondents aged 19 to 65 years, 47.2% had suicidal ideations or attempts within the past year. The original six-factor structure of the American version was confirmed to be acceptable. The Cronbach α was 0.964.Total scores on RFL were inversely and significantly correlated with that from BHS. Multivariate analysis with demographic data and items from SBQ-R revealed that higher scores on the RFL have been associated with married, have children or religious beliefs, fewer past and current suicidal ideations and attempts, fewer histories of suicidal threats, and a less self-reported likelihood of future suicide in our sample. The Mandarin version of the RFL inventory showed acceptable psychometric properties and could distinguish suicidal patients from non-suicidal ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chuan Chiu
- a Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College , Taipei , Taiwan.,b Department of Psychiatry, Mackay Memorial Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Shen-Ing Liu
- a Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College , Taipei , Taiwan.,b Department of Psychiatry, Mackay Memorial Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan.,c Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Chen-Ju Lin
- a Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsin Huang
- a Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Chun-Kai Fang
- a Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Fang-Ju Sun
- c Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Kai-Liang Kao
- d Department of Pediatrics, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Yo-Ping Huang
- e Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Shu-I Wu
- a Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College , Taipei , Taiwan.,b Department of Psychiatry, Mackay Memorial Hospital , Taipei , Taiwan
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12
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Neznanov NG, Mikhailov VA, Shova NI, Popov NI, Druzhinin AK, Kissin MY. [The risk of suicidal behavior in patients with epilepsy]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2019; 119:16-22. [PMID: 32207726 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201911911216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM To study a role of psychopathological and social factors in the development of suicidal behavior in patients with different forms of epilepsy. MATERIAL AND METHODS One hundred and nineteen patients with epilepsy, 57 men and 62 women, mean age 40.7±0.54 years, were studied using neurological and psychiatric examinations, along with a large battery of scales for assessment patient's state and suicidal behavior. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Clinical and psychological risk factors for suicidal behavior as well as for motivation of suicide prevention are identified. The formation of psychopathology determines the model of personality changes associated with epilepsy and the patients' response to social exclusion and stigma that lead to suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G Neznanov
- Bekhterev National Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Neurology St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - V A Mikhailov
- Bekhterev National Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Neurology St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - N I Shova
- Bekhterev National Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Neurology St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - N I Popov
- Bekhterev National Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Neurology St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A K Druzhinin
- Bekhterev National Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Neurology St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - M Ya Kissin
- Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Ventosa Brás MS, Guerreiro Carmo CI, de Jesus SN. Reasons for Living Inventory for Adolescents: Psychometric Properties Among Portuguese Adolescents. Omega (Westport) 2018; 82:527-547. [PMID: 30577719 DOI: 10.1177/0030222818819340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reasons for living are protective factors against suicidal behavior in adolescents. One of the most useful measures to assess them is the Reasons for Living Inventory for Adolescents (RFL-A) developed by Osman et al. The goal of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of its Portuguese version of the RFL-A. To this end, we recruited 512 high school adolescents (mean age = 16.7 years), who completed the RFL-A, a Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire, and a hopelessness scale. Exploratory factor analysis replicated the original five-factor model and confirmatory factor analysis obtained satisfactory adjustment values. The RFL-A shows good reliability (internal consistency and temporal stability) as well as good convergent, discriminant, and concurrent validities. These results indicate that the RFL-A is a valid and reliable measure to study protective factors against suicidal behaviors in Portuguese adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sofia Ventosa Brás
- Psychology and Educational Department, Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, University of the Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | | | - Saul Neves de Jesus
- Psychology and Educational Department, Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, University of the Algarve, Faro, Portugal
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Verschueren A, Kianimehr G, Belingher C, Salort-Campana E, Loundou A, Grapperon AM, Attarian S. Wish to die and reasons for living among patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2018; 20:68-73. [PMID: 30430868 DOI: 10.1080/21678421.2018.1530265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), disease severity, ineffective treatment, and increasing dependence on caregivers may give rise to hopelessness and suicidal ideation among patients. In clinical practice, the desire for death among patients with ALS often accompanies the desire to live and fear of death. Thus, we decided to study suicidal ideation among patients with ALS and examine protective factors and reasons for living. METHODS We conducted a prospective, observational cohort study that recruited patients during routine visits to the outpatient multidisciplinary reference center for ALS. Depression was measured using the Beck Depression Inventory, suicidal ideation was assessed using the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale, and reasons for living were assessed using the Reasons for Living inventory for adults. RESULTS Among the 71 patients included, 39% expressed either passive (wish to die) or active suicidal ideation. Patients who expressed suicidal ideation were more likely to report depressive symptoms and have worse disability scores. A significant difference in the survival and coping beliefs subscore of the RFL inventory, which was negatively associated with suicidal ideation, had been found between those who did and did not have suicidal ideation. CONCLUSION These findings have stressed the need for caregivers to recognize depression and other distressing expressions as well as provide adequate treatment. Therefore, close attention should be given to those suffering from depression while providing optimal care in terms of not only drug treatment but also psychological support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Verschueren
- a Reference Centre for neuromuscular disorders and ALS, CHU La Timone, Aix-Marseille University , Marseille , France
| | - Gilda Kianimehr
- b Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Science , Tehran , Iran
| | - Carole Belingher
- a Reference Centre for neuromuscular disorders and ALS, CHU La Timone, Aix-Marseille University , Marseille , France
| | - Emmanuelle Salort-Campana
- a Reference Centre for neuromuscular disorders and ALS, CHU La Timone, Aix-Marseille University , Marseille , France
| | - Anderson Loundou
- c Department of Public Health , Clinical Research Unit, University Hospital System, Aix-Marseille University , Marseille , France
| | - Aude-Marie Grapperon
- a Reference Centre for neuromuscular disorders and ALS, CHU La Timone, Aix-Marseille University , Marseille , France
| | - Shahram Attarian
- a Reference Centre for neuromuscular disorders and ALS, CHU La Timone, Aix-Marseille University , Marseille , France
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Eskiyurt R, Ozkan B. The investigation of the relationship between probability of suicide and reasons for living in psychiatric inpatients. Indian J Psychiatry 2017; 59:435-441. [PMID: 29497185 PMCID: PMC5806322 DOI: 10.4103/psychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_31_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This study was carried out to determine the reasons of the suicide probability and reasons for living of the inpatients hospitalized at the psychiatry clinic and to analyze the relationship between them. MATERIALS AND METHODS The sample of the study consisted of 192 patients who were hospitalized in psychiatric clinics between February and May 2016 and who agreed to participate in the study. In collecting data, personal information form, suicide probability scale (SPS), reasons for living inventory (RFL), and Beck's depression inventory (BDI) were used. Stepwise regression method was used to determine the factors that predict suicide probability. RESULTS In the study, as a result of analyses made, the median score on the SPS was found 76.0, the median score on the RFL was found 137.0, the median score on the BDI of the patients was found 13.5, and it was found that patients with a high probability of suicide had less reasons for living and that their depression levels were very high. As a result of stepwise regression analysis, it was determined that suicidal ideation, reasons for living, maltreatment, education level, age, and income status were the predictors of suicide probability (F = 61.125; P < 0.001). DISCUSSION It was found that the patients who hospitalized in the psychiatric clinic have high suicide probability and the reasons of living are strong predictors of suicide probability in accordance with the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyhan Eskiyurt
- Department of Nursing, Mental Health Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ankara Yildirim Beyazit, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Birgul Ozkan
- Department of Nursing, Mental Health Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ankara Yildirim Beyazit, Ankara, Turkey
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Blasczyk-Schiep S, Rabska E, Jaworska-Andryszewska P, Laso A. [Emotional regulation in aspect of action vs. state orientation, stress and self - injurious behavior among people with borderline personality disorder]. Pol Merkur Lekarski 2015; 38:315-319. [PMID: 26098649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In the bordeline personality disorder a large role ascribe to biopsychosocial factors. Studies have shown that more than 70% patients BPD reported experiencing traumatic events in childhood. The findings are confirming that making self-harming is a frequent symptom of bordeline disorder and 70-75% patients show at least one act of self-harming. Selfharming can be a reaction to maladaptive emotional regulation. Moreover a lowered tolerance level is characteristic of them to the stress and determined course learning dysfunctional patterns of behavior. AIM The aim of this study is to determine the level of emotional regulation through the variable action vs state orientation and to investigate their relation to stress, self-harming and suicidal behavior. MATERIALS AND METHODS In study participated 45 persons with emotionally unstable borderline personality diagnosis. In the group was 33 women and 12 men in age 19-43. A Polish adaptation of standardized questionnaires was used to measure stress and action vs state orientation (SSI-K), self-injurious behavior (SHI) and suicidal tendencies (RFL-I). RESULTS By patients with borderline personality disorder the level of action control, reasons for living and stress are predictors of selfharming behavior. The mediation analyze showed, that stress and reasons for living are mediators between action vs. state control and the level of self-harming behavior. CONCLUSIONS A high level of stress correlates positively with self-harming and negatively with action control in patients with borderline personality disorder, and a high level of reasons for living correlates positively with action control and negatively with self-harming in people with BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybilla Blasczyk-Schiep
- School of Social Sciences and Humanities, Chair of Clinical Psychology and Rehabilitation, Wrocław Faculty
| | - Ewelina Rabska
- School of Social Sciences and Humanities, Chair of Clinical Psychology and Rehabilitation, Wrocław Faculty
| | | | - Agnieszka Laso
- School of Social Sciences and Humanities, Chair of Clinical Psychology and Rehabilitation, Wrocław Faculty
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Salami TK, Brooks BA, Lamis DA. Impulsivity and reasons for living among African American youth: a risk-protection framework of suicidal ideation. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2015; 12:5196-214. [PMID: 25988310 PMCID: PMC4454962 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120505196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to explore the impact of specific facets of impulsivity as measured by the UPPS Impulsive Behavior Scale (UPPS), as well as reasons for living in predicting suicidal ideation among African American college-aged students. The incremental validity of each facet of the UPPS interacting with reasons for living, a construct meant to buffer against risk for suicide, was explored in a sample of African American students (N = 130; ages 18-24). Results revealed significant interactions between reasons for living and two factors of impulsivity, (lack of) premeditation and sensation seeking. Higher levels of sensation seeking and lack of premeditation in conjunction with lower reasons for living was associated with increased suicidal ideation. Neither urgency nor (lack of) perseverance significantly interacted with reasons for living in association with suicidal ideation. These results suggest including elements of impulsivity, specifically sensation seeking and (lack of) premeditation, when screening for suicidal ideation among African American youth. Future investigations should continue to integrate factors of both risk and protection when determining risk for suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temilola K Salami
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Georgia, 125 Baldwin St., Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Bianca A Brooks
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Georgia State University, 140 Decatur St., Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - Dorian A Lamis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Emory University, 80 Jesse Hill Jr. Drive, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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Bagge CL, Lamis DA, Nadorff M, Osman A. Relations between hopelessness, depressive symptoms and suicidality: mediation by reasons for living. J Clin Psychol 2013; 70:18-31. [PMID: 23798005 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study examined whether reasons for living (RFL) would partially account for the associations between traditional risk factors (depressive symptoms, hopelessness) and suicidal ideation and attempts. METHOD Data were collected from 1,075 undergraduate college students who completed a battery of online assessments. RESULTS Results from a series of simultaneous mediational models indicated that the relations between risk factors and current suicidal ideation were partially mediated by total RFL (and Coping Beliefs and Self-Evaluation subscales). Further, total RFL (and the Coping Beliefs subscale) fully mediated the relation between hopelessness and past-year suicide attempt, and partially mediated the depressive symptoms-suicide attempt relation. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the importance of assessing for the presence of these suicide risk and protective factors. Implications for the improved identification and treatment of young adults at risk for suicide are discussed.
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Street JC, Taha F, Jones AD, Jones KA, Carr E, Woods A, Woodall S, Kaslow NJ. Racial identity and reasons for living in African American female suicide attempters. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol 2012; 18:416-423. [PMID: 22866689 PMCID: PMC3846769 DOI: 10.1037/a0029594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The current study investigated the association between racial identity and reasons for living in African American women who have attempted suicide. Particular attention was paid to the relation between two elements of racial identity (private regard, racial centrality) and reasons for living, an alternative assessment of suicidal risk. While private regard refers to an individual's beliefs about the African American race, racial centrality describes the importance an individual places on his or her racial identity. The sample included 82 low-income African American women, ages 18-64, who reported a suicide attempt in the past 12 months. Participants, recruited from a large, urban public hospital located in the Southeast, completed the Reasons for Living Inventory and the Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity, which included the private regard and racial centrality subscales. Results indicated that, as predicted, higher private regard was associated with more reasons for living. Contrary to expectations, racial centrality was not correlated with reasons for living nor was there an interaction between private regard and racial centrality indicating that racial centrality did not function as a moderator in predicting participants' reasons for living scores. Implications for culturally competent clinical interventions that target bolstering private regard are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalika C Street
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
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Richardson-Vejlgaard R, Sher L, Oquendo MA, Lizardi D, Stanley B. Objections to suicide among depressed patients with alcohol use disorders. J Affect Disord 2009; 117:197-201. [PMID: 19223263 PMCID: PMC2843099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2009.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Revised: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 01/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding how alcohol misuse interacts with beliefs that protect individuals against suicide can help to enhance suicide prevention strategies. One measure of suicide non-acceptability is the Moral Objections to Suicide (MOS) subscale of the Reasons for Living Inventory (RFLI). METHOD 521 mood disordered patients with and without alcohol use disorders (AUD) were administered a battery of clinical measures including the Scale for Suicidal Ideation and the Reasons for Living Inventory. A multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was conducted, examining the effects of alcohol use history on the five RFLI subscales and suicidal ideation, while controlling for differences in age, education, marital status and sex. RESULTS RFL scores were no different between groups, except in one respect: patients with AUD had fewer moral objections to suicide. Higher suicidal ideation was associated with lower MOS scores. Prior suicidal behavior was associated with lower MOS, and higher current suicidal ideation. However, AUD history was not associated with suicidal ideation. CONCLUSION Patients with AUDs had fewer objections to suicide, even though their level of current suicidal ideation was similar to those without AUD, suggesting that attitudes about the acceptability of suicide may be conceptually distinguished from suicidal ideation, and may be differentially associated with risk for suicidal behavior. These findings suggest that alcohol use and suicidal behavior predict current attitudes toward suicide, however causal mechanisms are not clearly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leo Sher
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York State Psychiatric Institute
| | - Maria A. Oquendo
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York State Psychiatric Institute
| | | | - Barbara Stanley
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York State Psychiatric Institute
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Richardson-Vejlgaard R, Sher L, Oquendo MA, Lizardi D, Stanley B. Moral objections to suicide and suicidal ideation among mood disordered Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics. J Psychiatr Res 2009; 43:360-5. [PMID: 18499127 PMCID: PMC3785087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2008] [Revised: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Understanding the beliefs that protect individuals against suicide can help to enhance suicide prevention strategies. One measure of suicide non-acceptability is the moral objections to suicide (MOS) sub-scale of the reasons for living inventory (RFLI). This study examined the MOS and suicidal ideation of White, Black, and Hispanic individuals with mood disorders. We expected minority individuals to have stronger objections to suicide. METHOD Eight hundred and four, White (588), Black (122) and Hispanic (94) participants with DSM-IV diagnoses of MDD or bipolar disorder were administered the scale for suicide ideation, the reasons for living inventory and several measures of clinical distress. RESULTS Higher suicidal ideation was modestly correlated with lower MOS scores overall (r=0.15, p=0.001). Among Blacks however the relationship was inverted: despite having higher suicidal ideation than Whites or Hispanics, Blacks reported the least accepting attitudes toward suicide. CONCLUSION These results suggest that attitudes regarding the acceptability of suicide may be independent of suicidal ideation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall Richardson-Vejlgaard
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Britton PC, Duberstein PR, Conner KR, Heisel MJ, Hirsch JK, Conwell Y. Reasons for living, hopelessness, and suicide ideation among depressed adults 50 years or older. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2008; 16:736-41. [PMID: 18757767 PMCID: PMC2763305 DOI: 10.1097/jgp.0b013e31817b609a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adults with mood disorders are at elevated risk for suicide. Psychological features such as hopelessness increase their risk for suicide ideation. Few studies have examined psychological constructs posited to lower risk for suicide ideation. The authors tested the hypothesis that reasons for living (RFL) are inversely related to suicide ideation. DESIGN This report is a secondary analysis of cross-sectional data. SETTING Participants were recruited from the clinical services of three teaching hospitals in Rochester, NY. PARTICIPANTS The sample consisted of 125 adults 50 years or older receiving treatment for a mood disorder. MEASUREMENTS A diagnostic interview and measures of suicide ideation, depression, hopelessness, and RFL were included in the assessment battery. Dependent variables were presence and severity of suicide ideation. Data were analyzed using multivariate logistic and linear regressions. RESULTS Patients who reported higher levels of fear of suicide were less likely to report suicide ideation. The relationships between hopelessness and both the presence and severity of suicide ideation were stronger among those who reported greater levels of responsibility to family. CONCLUSIONS Clinicians working with at-risk older adults are encouraged to explore their patients' RFL. These cross-sectional findings point to the need for prospective research examining the associations among different RFL, hopelessness, and suicide ideation in depressed older adults.
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