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Williams CL, Marzinotto I, Brigatti C, Gillespie KM, Lampasona V, Williams AJK, Long AE. A novel, high-performance, low-volume, rapid luciferase immunoprecipitation system (LIPS) assay to detect autoantibodies to zinc transporter 8. Clin Exp Immunol 2024; 215:215-224. [PMID: 38150393 PMCID: PMC10876106 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxad139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zinc transporter 8 autoantibodies (ZnT8A) are thought to appear close to type 1 diabetes (T1D) onset and can identify high-risk multiple (≥2) autoantibody positive individuals. Radiobinding assays (RBA) are widely used for ZnT8A measurement but have limited sustainability. We sought to develop a novel, high-performance, non-radioactive luciferase immunoprecipitation system (LIPS) assay to replace RBA. METHODS A custom dual C-terminal ZnT8 (aa268-369; R325/W325) heterodimeric antigen, tagged with a NanoluciferaseTM (Nluc-ZnT8) reporter, and LIPS assay was developed. Assay performance was evaluated by testing sera from new onset T1D (n = 573), healthy schoolchildren (n = 521), and selected first-degree relatives (FDRs) from the Bart's Oxford family study (n = 617; 164 progressed to diabetes). RESULTS In new-onset T1D, ZnT8A levels by LIPS strongly correlated with RBA (Spearman's r = 0.89; P < 0.0001), and positivity was highly concordant (94.3%). At a high specificity (95%), LIPS and RBA had comparable assay performance [LIPS pROC-AUC(95) 0.032 (95% CI: 0.029-0.036); RBA pROC-AUC(95) 0.031 (95% CI: 0.028-0.034); P = 0.376]. Overall, FDRs found positive by LIPS or RBA had a comparable 20-year diabetes risk (52.6% and 59.7%, respectively), but LIPS positivity further stratified T1D risk in FDRs positive for at least one other islet autoantibody detected by RBA (P = 0.0346). CONCLUSION This novel, high-performance, cheaper, quicker, higher throughput, low blood volume Nluc-ZnT8 LIPS assay is a safe, non-radioactive alternative to RBA with enhanced sensitivity and ability to discriminate T1D progressors. This method offers an advanced approach to current strategies to screen the general population for T1D risk for immunotherapy trials and to reduce rates of diabetic ketoacidosis at diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Williams
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Ilaria Marzinotto
- San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Brigatti
- San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Kathleen M Gillespie
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Vito Lampasona
- San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alistair J K Williams
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Anna E Long
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
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Besser REJ, Long AE, Owen KR, Law R, Birks JS, Pearce O, Williams CL, Scudder CL, McDonald TJ, Todd JA. Transdermal Blood Sampling for C-Peptide Is a Minimally Invasive, Reliable Alternative to Venous Sampling in Children and Adults With Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2024; 47:239-245. [PMID: 38087932 DOI: 10.2337/dc23-1379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE C-peptide and islet autoantibodies are key type 1 diabetes biomarkers, typically requiring venous sampling, which limits their utility. We assessed transdermal capillary blood (TCB) collection as a practical alternative. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Ninety-one individuals (71 with type 1 diabetes, 20 control; individuals with type 1 diabetes: aged median 14.8 years [interquartile range (IQR) 9.1-17.1], diabetes duration 4.0 years [1.5-7.7]; control individuals: 42.2 years [38.0-52.1]) underwent contemporaneous venous and TCB sampling for measurement of plasma C-peptide. Participants with type 1 diabetes also provided venous serum and plasma, and TCB plasma for measurement of autoantibodies to glutamate decarboxylase, islet antigen-2, and zinc transporter 8. The ability of TCB plasma to detect significant endogenous insulin secretion (venous C-peptide ≥200 pmol/L) was compared along with agreement in levels, using Bland-Altman. Venous serum was compared with venous and TCB plasma for detection of autoantibodies, using established thresholds. Acceptability was assessed by age-appropriate questionnaire. RESULTS Transdermal sampling took a mean of 2.35 min (SD 1.49). Median sample volume was 50 µL (IQR 40-50) with 3 of 91 (3.3%) failures, and 13 of 88 (14.7%) <35 µL. TCB C-peptide showed good agreement with venous plasma (mean venous ln[C-peptide] - TCB ln[C-peptide] = 0.008, 95% CI [-0.23, 0.29], with 100% [36 of 36] sensitivity/100% [50 of 50] specificity to detect venous C-peptide ≥200 pmol/L). Where venous serum in multiple autoantibody positive TCB plasma agreed in 22 of 32 (sensitivity 69%), comparative specificity was 35 of 36 (97%). TCB was preferred to venous sampling (type 1 diabetes: 63% vs. 7%; 30% undecided). CONCLUSIONS Transdermal capillary testing for C-peptide is a sensitive, specific, and acceptable alternative to venous sampling; TCB sampling for islet autoantibodies needs further assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E J Besser
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Department of Paediatric Diabetes, Oxford Children's Hospital, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, U.K
| | - Anna E Long
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
| | - Katharine R Owen
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Rebecca Law
- Department of Paediatric Diabetes, Oxford Children's Hospital, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, U.K
| | - Jacqueline S Birks
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Centre for Statistics in Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Olivia Pearce
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
| | - Claire L Williams
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
| | - Claire L Scudder
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Timothy J McDonald
- Academic Department of Blood Sciences, Royal Devon University Hospital, Exeter, U.K
- Exeter NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K
| | - John A Todd
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
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Grant B, Ratnayake G, Williams CL, Long A, Halsall DJ, Semple RK, Cavenagh JD, Drake WM, Church DS. Resolution of dysglycaemia after treatment of monoclonal gammopathy of endocrine significance. Eur J Endocrinol 2023; 189:K25-K29. [PMID: 37818852 PMCID: PMC10711369 DOI: 10.1093/ejendo/lvad138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
In very rare cases of monoclonal gammopathy, insulin-binding paraprotein can cause disabling hypoglycaemia. We report a 67-year-old man re-evaluated for hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia that persisted despite distal pancreatectomy. He had no medical history of diabetes mellitus or autoimmune disease but was being monitored for an IgG kappa monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. On glucose tolerance testing, hyperglycaemia occurred at 60 min (glucose 216 mg/dL) and hypoglycaemia at 300 min (52 mg/dL) concurrent with an apparent plasma insulin concentration of 52 850 pmol/L on immunoassay. Laboratory investigation revealed an IgG2 kappa with very high binding capacity but low affinity (Kd 1.43 × 10-6 mol/L) for insulin. The monoclonal gammopathy was restaged as smouldering myeloma not warranting plasma cell-directed therapy from a haematological standpoint. Plasma exchange reduced paraprotein levels and improved fasting capillary glucose concentrations. Lenalidomide was used to treat disabling hypoglycaemia, successfully depleting paraprotein and leading to resolution of symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie Grant
- Department of Endocrinology, St Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London EC1A 7BE, United Kingdom
| | - Gowri Ratnayake
- Department of Endocrinology, St Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London EC1A 7BE, United Kingdom
| | - Claire L Williams
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Learning and Research, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Long
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Learning and Research, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, United Kingdom
| | - David J Halsall
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Robert K Semple
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - James D Cavenagh
- Department of Haematolo-Oncology, St Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London EC1A 7BE, United Kingdom
| | - William M Drake
- Department of Endocrinology, St Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London EC1A 7BE, United Kingdom
| | - David S Church
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
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Williams CL, Aitken RJ, Wilson IV, Mortimer GLM, Long AE, Williams AJK, Gillespie KM. The measurement of autoantibodies to insulin informs diagnosis of diabetes in a childhood population negative for other autoantibodies. Diabet Med 2022; 39:e14979. [PMID: 36251483 PMCID: PMC9827938 DOI: 10.1111/dme.14979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Some childhood type 1 diabetes cases are islet autoantibody negative at diagnosis. Potential explanations include misdiagnosis of genetic forms of diabetes or insufficient islet autoantibody testing. Many NHS laboratories offer combinations of three autoantibody markers. We sought to determine the benefit of testing for additional islet autoantibodies, including insulin (IAA) and tetraspanin 7 (TSPAN7A). METHODS Radiobinding assays (RBAs) were used to test for four islet autoantibodies in children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes (n = 486; 54.1% male; median age 10.4 years [range 0.7-18.0]; median duration 1 day [range -183 to 14]). Islet autoantibody negative children were tested for TSPAN7A using a luminescence-based test. Where available, islet cell antibody (ICA) and human leucocyte antigen (HLA) data were considered. RESULTS Using three autoantibody markers, 21/486 (4.3%) children were autoantibody negative. Testing for IAA classified a further 9/21 (42.9%) children as autoantibody positive. Of the remaining 12 (2.5%) autoantibody negative children, all were TPAN7A negative, seven were ICA negative and one was positive for the protective variant DQB1*0602. One was subsequently diagnosed with Maturity Onset of Diabetes in the Young, but follow-up was not available in all cases. CONCLUSIONS Using highly sensitive assays, testing for three autoantibodies fails to detect islet autoimmunity in approximately 1/20 children diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. Testing for IAA in children <5 years and GADA in those >10 years was the most effective strategy for detecting islet autoimmunity. The ability to test for all islet autoantibodies should inform clinical decisions and make screening for monogenic diabetes more cost-effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L. Williams
- Diabetes and Metabolism, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Southmead HospitalBristolUK
| | - Rachel J. Aitken
- Diabetes and Metabolism, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Southmead HospitalBristolUK
| | - Isabel V. Wilson
- Diabetes and Metabolism, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Southmead HospitalBristolUK
| | - Georgina L. M. Mortimer
- Diabetes and Metabolism, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Southmead HospitalBristolUK
| | - Anna E. Long
- Diabetes and Metabolism, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Southmead HospitalBristolUK
| | - Alistair J. K. Williams
- Diabetes and Metabolism, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Southmead HospitalBristolUK
| | | | - Kathleen M. Gillespie
- Diabetes and Metabolism, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Southmead HospitalBristolUK
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Williams CL, Fareed R, Mortimer GLM, Aitken RJ, Wilson IV, George G, Gillespie KM, Williams AJK, Long AE. The longitudinal loss of islet autoantibody responses from diagnosis of type 1 diabetes occurs progressively over follow-up and is determined by low autoantibody titres, early-onset, and genetic variants. Clin Exp Immunol 2022; 210:151-162. [PMID: 36181724 PMCID: PMC9750828 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical usefulness of post-diagnosis islet autoantibody levels is unclear and factors that drive autoantibody persistence are poorly defined in type 1 diabetes (T1D). Our aim was to characterise the longitudinal loss of islet autoantibody responses after diagnosis in a large, prospectively sampled UK cohort. Participants with T1D [n = 577] providing a diagnosis sample [range -1.0 to 2.0 years] and at least one post-diagnosis sample (<32.0 years) were tested for autoantibodies to glutamate decarboxylase 65 (GADA), islet antigen-2 (IA-2A), and zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8A). Select HLA and non-HLA SNPs were considered. Non-genetic and genetic factors were assessed by multivariable logistic regression models for autoantibody positivity at initial sampling and autoantibody loss at final sampling. For GADA, IA-2A, and ZnT8A, 70.8%, 76.8%, and 40.1%, respectively, remained positive at the final sampling. Non-genetic predictors of autoantibody loss were low baseline autoantibody titres (P < 0.0001), longer diabetes duration (P < 0.0001), and age-at-onset under 8 years (P < 0.01--0.05). Adjusting for non-genetic covariates, GADA loss was associated with low-risk HLA class II genotypes (P = 0.005), and SNPs associated with autoimmunity RELA/11q13 (P = 0.017), LPP/3q28 (P = 0.004), and negatively with IFIH1/2q24 (P = 0.018). IA-2A loss was not associated with genetic factors independent of other covariates, while ZnT8A loss was associated with the presence of HLA A*24 (P = 0.019) and weakly negatively with RELA/11q13 (P = 0.049). The largest longitudinal study of islet autoantibody responses from diagnosis of T1D shows that autoantibody loss is heterogeneous and influenced by low titres at onset, longer duration, earlier age-at-onset, and genetic variants. These data may inform clinical trials where post-diagnosis participants are recruited.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Williams
- Diabetes and Metabolism, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Level 2, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
| | - R Fareed
- Diabetes and Metabolism, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Level 2, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
| | - G L M Mortimer
- Diabetes and Metabolism, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Level 2, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
| | - R J Aitken
- Diabetes and Metabolism, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Level 2, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
| | - I V Wilson
- Diabetes and Metabolism, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Level 2, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
| | - G George
- Diabetes and Metabolism, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Level 2, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
| | - K M Gillespie
- Diabetes and Metabolism, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Level 2, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
| | - A J K Williams
- Diabetes and Metabolism, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Level 2, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
| | - The BOX Study Group
BallavChitrabhanuDrBucks Healthcare Trust, UKDuttaAtanuDrBucks Healthcare Trust, UKRussell-TaylorMichelleDrBucks Healthcare Trust, UKBesserRachelDrOxford University Hospitals Trust UK, UKBursellJamesDrMilton Keynes University Hospital, UKChandranShanthiDrMilton Keynes University Hospital, UKPatelSejalDrWexham Park Hospital, UKSmithAnneDrNorthampton General Hospital, UKKenchaiahManoharaDrNorthampton General Hospital, UKMargabanthuGomathiDrKettering General Hospital, UKKavvouraFoteiniDrRoyal Berkshire Hospital, UKYaliwalChandanDrRoyal Berkshire Hospital, UK
| | - A E Long
- Correspondence: Dr Anna. E. Long. Diabetes and Metabolism, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Level 2, Learning and Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK.
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Abstract
The presence of islet autoantibodies remains a reliable biomarker to identify individuals at high risk of developing type 1 diabetes. As such, these autoantibodies play a pivotal role in understanding the prodrome of diabetes and selecting individuals for both prevention and intervention clinical trials. Over the last few decades, studies have sought to investigate autoantibody prevalence after diabetes onset to better understand ongoing islet autoimmunity; however, many findings are contradictory, and little is known about factors that may influence autoantibody persistence. Generally, glutamate decarboxylase autoantibodies (GADAs) are the most prevalent autoantibodies after diagnosis, particularly in adults, whilst zinc transporter 8 autoantibodies (ZnT8A) prevalence declines more rapidly. However, when studies with islet autoantibody data at diagnosis are considered, it becomes clear that overall islet antigen-2 autoantibodies (IA-2A) tend to persist for longer than GADA or ZnT8A. In this review, we assess the major studies that have contributed to our understanding of autoantibody persistence after diabetes onset and what factors affect this. Islet autoantibodies may provide biomarkers for long-term β-cell function and insights into how to prevent ongoing islet autoimmunity but larger studies collecting samples at and decades after diabetes onset are required to leverage the information they could provide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Long
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Gifty George
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Claire L Williams
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
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Abstract
Zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8), a protein highly specific to pancreatic insulin-producing beta cells, is vital for the biosynthesis and secretion of insulin. ZnT8 autoantibodies (ZnT8A) are among the most recently discovered and least-characterised islet autoantibodies. In combination with autoantibodies to several other islet antigens, including insulin, ZnT8A help predict risk of future type 1 diabetes. Often, ZnT8A appear later in the pathogenic process leading to type 1 diabetes, suggesting that the antigen is recognised as part of the spreading, rather than the initial, autoimmune response. The development of autoantibodies to different forms of ZnT8 depends on the genotype of an individual for a polymorphic ZnT8 residue. This genetic variant is associated with susceptibility to type 2 but not type 1 diabetes. Levels of ZnT8A often fall rapidly after diagnosis while other islet autoantibodies can persist for many years. In this review, we consider the contribution made by ZnT8 to our understanding of type 1 diabetes over the past decade and what remains to be investigated in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Williams
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Level 2, Learning and Research, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Anna E Long
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Level 2, Learning and Research, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK.
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Lafrenière M, Mahadeo N, Lewis J, Rottmann J, Williams CL. Continuous generation of volumetric images during stereotactic body radiation therapy using periodic kV imaging and an external respiratory surrogate. Phys Med 2019; 63:25-34. [PMID: 31221405 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a technique for continuous generation of volumetric images during SBRT using periodic kV imaging and an external respiratory surrogate signal to drive a patient-specific PCA motion model. Using the on-board imager, kV radiographs are acquired every 3 s and used to fit the parameters of a motion model so that it matches observed changes in internal patient anatomy. A multi-dimensional correlation model is established between the motion model parameters and the external surrogate position and velocity, enabling volumetric image reconstruction between kV imaging time points. Performance of the algorithm was evaluated using 10 realistic eXtended CArdiac-Torso (XCAT) digital phantoms including 3D anatomical respiratory deformation programmed with 3D tumor positions measured with orthogonal kV imaging of implanted fiducial gold markers. The clinically measured ground truth 3D tumor positions provided a dataset with realistic breathing irregularities, and the combination of periodic on-board kV imaging with recorded external respiratory surrogate signal was used for correlation modeling to account for any changes in internal-external correlation. The three-dimensional tumor positions are reconstructed with an average root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.47 mm, and an average 95th percentile 3D positional error of 2.80 mm compared with the clinically measured ground truth 3D tumor positions. This technique enables continuous 3D anatomical image generation based on periodic kV imaging of internal anatomy without the additional dose of continuous kV imaging. The 3D anatomical images produced using this method can be used for treatment verification and delivered dose computation in the presence of irregular respiratory motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lafrenière
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - N Mahadeo
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - J Lewis
- University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - J Rottmann
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - C L Williams
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Williams CL, Bunch KJ, Murphy MFG, Stiller CA, Botting BJ, Wallace WH, Davies MC, Sutcliffe AG. Cancer risk in children born after donor ART. Hum Reprod 2019; 33:140-146. [PMID: 29106578 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dex333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Do children born after donor ART have an increased risk of developing childhood cancer in comparison to the general population? SUMMARY ANSWER This study showed no overall increased risk of childhood cancer in individuals born after donor ART. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Most large population-based studies have shown no increase in overall childhood cancer incidence after non-donor ART; however, other studies have suggested small increased risks in specific cancer types, including haematological cancers. Cancer risk specifically in children born after donor ART has not been investigated to date. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This retrospective cohort study utilized record linkage to determine the outcome status of all children born in Great Britain (1992-2008) after donor ART. The cohort included 12 137 members who contributed 95 389 person-years of follow-up (average follow-up 7.86 years). PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Records of all children born in Great Britain (England, Wales, Scotland) after all forms of donor ART (1992-2008) were linked to the UK National Registry of Childhood Tumours (NRCT) to determine the number who subsequently developed cancer by 15 years of age, by the end of 2008. Rates of overall and type specific cancer (selected a priori) were compared with age, sex and calendar year standardized population-based rates, stratifying for potential mediating/moderating factors including sex, age at diagnosis, birth weight, multiple births, maternal previous live births, assisted conception type and fresh/ cryopreserved cycles. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE In our cohort of 12 137 children born after donor ART (52% male, 55% singleton births), no overall increased risk of cancer was identified. There were 12 cancers detected compared to 14.4 expected (standardized incidence ratio (SIR) 0.83; 95% CI 0.43-1.45; P = 0.50). A small, significant increased risk of hepatoblastoma was found, but the numbers and absolute risks were small (<5 cases observed; SIR 10.28; 95% CI 1.25-37.14; P < 0.05). This increased hepatoblastoma risk was associated with low birthweight. LIMITATIONS REASONS FOR CAUTION Although this study includes a large number of children born after donor ART, the rarity of specific diagnostic subgroups of childhood cancer results in few cases and therefore wide CIs for such outcomes. As this is an observational study, it is not possible to adjust for all potential confounders; we have instead used stratification to explore potential moderating and mediating factors, where data were available. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS This is the first study to investigate cancer risk in children born after donor ART. Although based on small numbers, results are reassuring for families and clinicians. The small but significant increased risk of hepatoblastoma detected was associated with low birthweight, a known risk factor for this tumour type. It should be emphasized that the absolute risks are very small. However, on-going investigation with a longer follow-up is needed. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work was funded by Cancer Research UK (C36038/A12535) and the National Institute for Health Research (405526) and supported by the National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust and University College London. The work of the Childhood Cancer Research Group (CCRG) was supported by the charity CHILDREN with CANCER UK, the National Cancer Intelligence Network, the Scottish Government and the Department of Health for England and Wales. There are no competing interests. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Williams
- University College London, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London WC1 1EH, UK
| | - K J Bunch
- National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
| | - M F G Murphy
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - C A Stiller
- National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service, Oxford OX4 2GX, UK
| | - B J Botting
- University College London, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London WC1 1EH, UK
| | - W H Wallace
- Paediatric Oncology Department, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 1LF, UK
| | - M C Davies
- Reproductive Medicine Unit, Institute for Women's Health, University College London Hospitals, London NW1 2BU, UK
| | - A G Sutcliffe
- University College London, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London WC1 1EH, UK
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Wiese L, Williams CL. DEPRESSION AND LONELINESS IN RURAL OLDER ADULTS LIVING ALONE. Innov Aging 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igy023.2359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L Wiese
- Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, United States
| | - C L Williams
- Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431
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11
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Williams CL, Wiese LK, Williams I, Galvin JE. EXPLORING PERCEPTIONS ABOUT COGNITIVE SCREENING IN A RURAL APPALACHIAN COHORT. Innov Aging 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igy023.3242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C L Williams
- C.E. Lynn College of Nursing, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, United States
| | - L K Wiese
- Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - I Williams
- The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - J E Galvin
- Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
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12
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Church D, Cardoso L, Kay RG, Williams CL, Freudenthal B, Clarke C, Harris J, Moorthy M, Karra E, Gribble FM, Reimann F, Burling K, Williams AJK, Munir A, Jones TH, Führer D, Moeller LC, Cohen M, Khoo B, Halsall D, Semple RK. Assessment and Management of Anti-Insulin Autoantibodies in Varying Presentations of Insulin Autoimmune Syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:3845-3855. [PMID: 30085133 PMCID: PMC6179165 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-00972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Context Insulin autoimmune syndrome (IAS), spontaneous hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia due to insulin-binding autoantibodies, may be difficult to distinguish from tumoral or other forms of hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, including surreptitious insulin administration. No standardized treatment regimen exists. Objectives To evaluate an analytic approach to IAS and responses to different treatments. Design and Setting Observational study in the UK Severe Insulin Resistance Service. Patients Six patients with hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia and detectable circulating anti-insulin antibody (IA). Main Outcome Measures Glycemia, plasma insulin, and C-peptide concentrations by immunoassay or mass spectrometry (MS). Immunoreactive insulin was determined in the context of polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation and gel filtration chromatography (GFC). IA quantification using ELISA and RIA, and IA were further characterized using radioligand binding studies. Results All patients were diagnosed with IAS (five IgG, one IgA) based on a high insulin/C-peptide ratio, low insulin recovery after PEG precipitation, and GFC evidence of antibody-bound insulin. Neither ELISA nor RIA result proved diagnostic for every case. MS provided a more robust quantification of insulin in the context of IA. One patient was managed conservatively, four were treated with diazoxide without sustained benefit, and four were treated with immunosuppression with highly variable responses. IA affinity did not appear to influence presentation or prognosis. Conclusions IAS should be considered in patients with hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia and a high insulin/C-peptide ratio. Low insulin recovery on PEG precipitation supports the presence of insulin-binding antibodies, with GFC providing definitive confirmation. Immunomodulatory therapy should be customized according to individual needs and clinical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Church
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust–MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cambridge University Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Luís Cardoso
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Academic Endocrine Unity, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Richard G Kay
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust–MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Claire L Williams
- Diabetes & Metabolism, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Bernard Freudenthal
- Department of Diabetes & Endocrinology, Royal Free Hospital, London, NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catriona Clarke
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Harris
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust–MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Myuri Moorthy
- Department of Diabetes & Endocrinology, Royal Free Hospital, London, NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Efthmia Karra
- Department of Diabetes & Endocrinology, Royal Free Hospital, London, NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust–MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Reimann
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust–MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Burling
- Core Biochemical Assay Laboratory, Cambridge University Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair J K Williams
- Diabetes & Metabolism, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Alia Munir
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - T Hugh Jones
- Robert Hague Centre for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Barnsley Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, Barnsley, United Kingdom
| | - Dagmar Führer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Lars C Moeller
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Mark Cohen
- Department of Diabetes & Endocrinology, Royal Free Hospital, London, NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bernard Khoo
- Department of Diabetes & Endocrinology, Royal Free Hospital, London, NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Halsall
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cambridge University Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robert K Semple
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust–MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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13
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Cairns IH, Lobzin VV, Donea A, Tingay SJ, McCauley PI, Oberoi D, Duffin RT, Reiner MJ, Hurley-Walker N, Kudryavtseva NA, Melrose DB, Harding JC, Bernardi G, Bowman JD, Cappallo RJ, Corey BE, Deshpande A, Emrich D, Goeke R, Hazelton BJ, Johnston-Hollitt M, Kaplan DL, Kasper JC, Kratzenberg E, Lonsdale CJ, Lynch MJ, McWhirter SR, Mitchell DA, Morales MF, Morgan E, Ord SM, Prabu T, Roshi A, Shankar NU, Srivani KS, Subrahmanyan R, Wayth RB, Waterson M, Webster RL, Whitney AR, Williams A, Williams CL. Low Altitude Solar Magnetic Reconnection, Type III Solar Radio Bursts, and X-ray Emissions. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1676. [PMID: 29374211 PMCID: PMC5786056 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19195-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Type III solar radio bursts are the Sun's most intense and frequent nonthermal radio emissions. They involve two critical problems in astrophysics, plasma physics, and space physics: how collective processes produce nonthermal radiation and how magnetic reconnection occurs and changes magnetic energy into kinetic energy. Here magnetic reconnection events are identified definitively in Solar Dynamics Observatory UV-EUV data, with strong upward and downward pairs of jets, current sheets, and cusp-like geometries on top of time-varying magnetic loops, and strong outflows along pairs of open magnetic field lines. Type III bursts imaged by the Murchison Widefield Array and detected by the Learmonth radiospectrograph and STEREO B spacecraft are demonstrated to be in very good temporal and spatial coincidence with specific reconnection events and with bursts of X-rays detected by the RHESSI spacecraft. The reconnection sites are low, near heights of 5-10 Mm. These images and event timings provide the long-desired direct evidence that semi-relativistic electrons energized in magnetic reconnection regions produce type III radio bursts. Not all the observed reconnection events produce X-ray events or coronal or interplanetary type III bursts; thus different special conditions exist for electrons leaving reconnection regions to produce observable radio, EUV, UV, and X-ray bursts.
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Affiliation(s)
- I H Cairns
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - V V Lobzin
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Space Weather Services, Bureau of Meteorology, PO Box 1386, Sydney, NSW 1240, Australia
| | - A Donea
- Centre for Astrophysics, School of Mathematical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - S J Tingay
- International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - P I McCauley
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - D Oberoi
- National Centre for Radio Astrophysics, Tata Institute for Fundamental Research, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411007, India
| | - R T Duffin
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
- Department of Physics, Seattle University, Seattle, WA, 98122-1090, USA
| | - M J Reiner
- The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 02330, USA
| | - N Hurley-Walker
- International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - N A Kudryavtseva
- International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
- Department of Cybernetics, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, 12 618, Estonia
| | - D B Melrose
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - J C Harding
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - G Bernardi
- Square Kilometre Array South Africa (SKA SA), Cape Town, South Africa
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, USA
- Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | | | - R J Cappallo
- MIT Haystack Observatory, Westford, MA, 01886-1299, USA
| | - B E Corey
- MIT Haystack Observatory, Westford, MA, 01886-1299, USA
| | | | - D Emrich
- International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - R Goeke
- MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Cambridge, USA
| | | | - M Johnston-Hollitt
- International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
- Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - D L Kaplan
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, USA
| | - J C Kasper
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, USA
| | - E Kratzenberg
- MIT Haystack Observatory, Westford, MA, 01886-1299, USA
| | - C J Lonsdale
- MIT Haystack Observatory, Westford, MA, 01886-1299, USA
| | - M J Lynch
- International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - S R McWhirter
- MIT Haystack Observatory, Westford, MA, 01886-1299, USA
| | - D A Mitchell
- International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - E Morgan
- MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Cambridge, USA
| | - S M Ord
- International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, USA
| | - T Prabu
- Raman Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - A Roshi
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), Charlottesville, USA
| | | | - K S Srivani
- MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Cambridge, USA
| | - R Subrahmanyan
- Raman Research Institute, Bangalore, India
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), Charlottesville, USA
| | - R B Wayth
- International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics (CAASTRO), Sydney, USA
| | - M Waterson
- International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
- Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - R L Webster
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics (CAASTRO), Sydney, USA
| | - A R Whitney
- MIT Haystack Observatory, Westford, MA, 01886-1299, USA
| | - A Williams
- International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - C L Williams
- MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Cambridge, USA
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14
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Gonyo P, Bergom C, Brandt AC, Tsaih SW, Sun Y, Bigley TM, Lorimer EL, Terhune SS, Rui H, Flister MJ, Long RM, Williams CL. SmgGDS is a transient nucleolar protein that protects cells from nucleolar stress and promotes the cell cycle by regulating DREAM complex gene expression. Oncogene 2017; 36:6873-6883. [PMID: 28806394 PMCID: PMC5730474 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The chaperone protein and guanine nucleotide exchange factor SmgGDS (RAP1GDS1) is a key promoter of cancer cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. SmgGDS undergoes nucleocytoplasmic shuttling, suggesting that it has both cytoplasmic and nuclear functions that promote cancer. Previous studies indicate that SmgGDS binds cytoplasmic small GTPases and promotes their trafficking to the plasma membrane. In contrast, little is known about the functions of SmgGDS in the nucleus, or how these nuclear functions might benefit cancer cells. Here we show unique nuclear localization and regulation of gene transcription pathways by SmgGDS. Strikingly, SmgGDS depletion significantly reduces expression of over 600 gene products that are targets of the DREAM complex, which is a transcription factor complex that regulates expression of proteins controlling the cell cycle. The cell cycle regulators E2F1, MYC, MYBL2 (B-Myb) and FOXM1 are among the DREAM targets that are diminished by SmgGDS depletion. E2F1 is well known to promote G1 cell cycle progression, and the loss of E2F1 in SmgGDS-depleted cells provides an explanation for previous reports that SmgGDS depletion characteristically causes a G1 cell cycle arrest. We show that SmgGDS localizes in nucleoli, and that RNAi-mediated depletion of SmgGDS in cancer cells disrupts nucleolar morphology, signifying nucleolar stress. We show that nucleolar SmgGDS interacts with the RNA polymerase I transcription factor upstream binding factor (UBF). The RNAi-mediated depletion of UBF diminishes nucleolar localization of SmgGDS and promotes proteasome-mediated degradation of SmgGDS, indicating that nucleolar sequestration of SmgGDS by UBF stabilizes SmgGDS protein. The ability of SmgGDS to interact with UBF and localize in the nucleolus is diminished by expressing DiRas1 or DiRas2, which are small GTPases that bind SmgGDS and act as tumor suppressors. Taken together, our results support a novel nuclear role for SmgGDS in protecting malignant cells from nucleolar stress, thus promoting cell cycle progression and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gonyo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - C Bergom
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - A C Brandt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - S-W Tsaih
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Y Sun
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - T M Bigley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - E L Lorimer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - S S Terhune
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Biotechnology and Bioengineering Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - H Rui
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - M J Flister
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - R M Long
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Medical College of Wisconsin Central Wisconsin Campus, Wausau, WI, USA
| | - C L Williams
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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15
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Zhao B, Hu W, Kumar S, Gonyo P, Rana U, Liu Z, Wang B, Duong WQ, Yang Z, Williams CL, Miao QR. The Nogo-B receptor promotes Ras plasma membrane localization and activation. Oncogene 2017; 36:3406-3416. [PMID: 28068323 PMCID: PMC5472485 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The localization of prenylated Ras at the plasma membrane promotes activation of Ras by receptor tyrosine kinases and stimulates oncogenic signaling by mutant Ras. The Nogo-B receptor (NgBR) is a transmembrane receptor that contains a conserved hydrophobic pocket. Here, we demonstrate that the NgBR promotes the membrane accumulation of Ras by directly binding prenylated Ras at the plasma membrane. We show that NgBR knockdown diminishes the membrane localization of Ras in multiple cell types. NgBR overexpression in NIH-3T3 fibroblasts increases membrane-associated Ras, induces the transformed phenotype in vitro, and promotes the formation of fibrosarcoma in nude mice. NgBR knockdown in human breast cancer cells reduces Ras membrane localization, inhibits EGF-stimulated Ras signaling, and diminishes tumorigenesis of xenografts in nude mice. Our data demonstrate that NgBR is a unique receptor that promotes accumulation of prenylated Ras at the plasma membrane and promotes EGF pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Zhao
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Divisions of Pediatric Pathology, Department of Pathology, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Key Laboratory of Separation Science, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - W Hu
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Divisions of Pediatric Pathology, Department of Pathology, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - S Kumar
- Divisions of Pediatric Pathology, Department of Pathology, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - P Gonyo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - U Rana
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Divisions of Pediatric Pathology, Department of Pathology, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Z Liu
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Divisions of Pediatric Pathology, Department of Pathology, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - B Wang
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Divisions of Pediatric Pathology, Department of Pathology, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Department of Pathology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - W Q Duong
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Divisions of Pediatric Pathology, Department of Pathology, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Z Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - C L Williams
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Q R Miao
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Divisions of Pediatric Pathology, Department of Pathology, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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16
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Abstract
Objectives To investigate the static frictional resistance at the bracket/archwire interface in two recently introduced bracket systems and compare them to conventional ceramic and conventional metal bracket systems. Three variables were considered including the bracket system, archwire type and archwire angulation. Material and Methods Four bracket systems were tested in vitro: Self ligating ceramic, ceramic with metal slot and module, conventional ceramic with module and conventional metal with module. A specially constructed jig and an Instron testing machine were used to measure the static frictional resistance for 0.014 inches round and 0.018 x 0.025 inches rectangular stainless steel wires at 0° and 7° angulations. Main outcome measures: static frictional force at the bracket/archwire interface; recorded and measured in units of force (Newtons). Results Self ligating ceramic and metal slot ceramic bracket systems generated significantly less static frictional resistance than conventional ceramic bracket systems with the wire at both angulations (P < 0.05). Changing the wire from 0.014 round to 0.018 x 0.025 rectangular wire significantly increased frictional forces for metal slot ceramic and conventional metal bracket systems (P < 0.01). Increasing wire angulation significantly increased frictional resistance at the bracket/archwire interface for all four types of bracket systems tested (P < 0.001). Conclusions Compared to conventional ceramic, self ligating ceramic and metal slot ceramic bracket systems should give improved clinical performance, matching that of conventional metal brackets.
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Abstract
Refugee movements impose tremendous psychological and physical trauma on survivors, making refugees a high risk group for psychopathology and psycho-social adjustment problems. Prevention programs based on public mental health principles are needed for refugees, but few exist, and none have been evaluated empirically to determine if they lower rates of illness or other psycho-social problems. This paper explores impediments to the development of prevention programming for refugees and describes public mental health strategies for the psycho-social problems of refugees. A necessary step towards the development of prevention programs is the recognition that a substantial body of knowledge exists about the refugee experience and its community mental health implications. Attention to prevention is important, particularly the need to evaluate empirically any prevention program's effectiveness with refugees.
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18
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Boyle AL, Bromley EHC, Bartlett GJ, Sessions RB, Sharp TH, Williams CL, Curmi PMG, Forde NR, Linke H, Woolfson DN. Squaring the circle in peptide assembly: from fibers to discrete nanostructures by de novo design. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:15457-67. [PMID: 22917063 DOI: 10.1021/ja3053943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The design of bioinspired nanostructures and materials of defined size and shape is challenging as it pushes our understanding of biomolecular assembly to its limits. In such endeavors, DNA is the current building block of choice because of its predictable and programmable self-assembly. The use of peptide- and protein-based systems, however, has potential advantages due to their more-varied chemistries, structures and functions, and the prospects for recombinant production through gene synthesis and expression. Here, we present the design and characterization of two complementary peptides programmed to form a parallel heterodimeric coiled coil, which we use as the building blocks for larger, supramolecular assemblies. To achieve the latter, the two peptides are joined via peptidic linkers of variable lengths to produce a range of assemblies, from flexible fibers of indefinite length, through large colloidal-scale assemblies, down to closed and discrete nanoscale objects of defined stoichiometry. We posit that the different modes of assembly reflect the interplay between steric constraints imposed by short linkers and the bulk of the helices, and entropic factors that favor the formation of many smaller objects as the linker length is increased. This approach, and the resulting linear and proteinogenic polypeptides, represents a new route for constructing complex peptide-based assemblies and biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee L Boyle
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
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19
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Chen CC, Williams CL. Interactions between epinephrine, ascending vagal fibers, and central noradrenergic systems in modulating memory for emotionally arousing events. Front Behav Neurosci 2012; 6:35. [PMID: 22754515 PMCID: PMC3384987 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2012.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well-established that exposure to emotionally laden events initiates secretion of the arousal-related hormone epinephrine in the periphery. These neuroendocrine changes and the subsequent increase in peripheral physiological output play an integral role in modulating brain systems involved in memory formation. The impermeability of the blood brain barrier to epinephrine represents an important obstacle in understanding how peripheral hormones initiate neurochemical changes in the brain that lead to effective memory formation. This obstacle necessitated the identity of a putative pathway capable of conveying physiological changes produced by epinephrine to limbic structures that incorporate arousal and affect related information into memory. A major theme of the proposed studies is that ascending fibers of the vagus nerve may represent such a mechanism. This hypothesis was tested by evaluating the contribution of ascending vagal fibers in modulating memory for responses learned under behavioral conditions that produce emotional arousal by manipulating appetitive stimuli. A combination of electrophysiological recording of vagal afferent fibers and in vivo microdialysis was employed in a second study to simultaneously assess how elevations in peripheral levels of epinephrine affect vagal nerve discharge and the subsequent potentiation of norepinephrine release in the basolateral amygdala. The final study used double immunohistochemistry labeling of c-fos and dopamine beta hydroxylase (DBH), the enzyme for norepinephrine synthesis to determine if epinephrine administration alone or stimulation of the vagus nerve at an intensity identical to that which improved memory in Experiment 1 produces similar patterns of neuronal activity in brain areas involved in processing memory for emotional events. Findings emerging from this collection of studies establish the importance of ascending fibers of the vagus nerve as an essential pathway for conveying the peripheral consequences of physiological arousal on brain systems that encode new information into memory storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Chen
- Department of Psychology, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville VA, USA
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20
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Williams CL, Willard S, Kouba A, Sparks D, Holmes W, Falcone J, Williams CH, Brown A. Dietary shifts affect the gastrointestinal microflora of the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2012; 97:577-85. [PMID: 22524500 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2012.01299.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Giant pandas exhibit seasonal changes in bamboo plant part preference. The influences on the gastrointestinal tracts (GIT) microbial populations were evaluated during a 14-month period for a pair of adult male and female giant pandas housed at the Memphis Zoo using traditional culturing methods to enumerate eight bacterial groups (total anaerobes, total aerobes (TAR), streptococci (STR), total enterics, Escherichia coli, Bacteroides spp., lactobacilli and Clostridium spp.). Both the male and female pandas altered bamboo consumption behaviours, with a sharp decrease in leaf preference in April 2010 and returning to high levels of leaf preference from June to October, corresponding to significant shifts in the densities of TAR, STR, and lactobacilli and Bacteroides spp. These findings indicate seasonal changes in food preference affect the assemblages of microbial populations within the GIT of the giant panda and contribute to a better understanding of the importance of bamboo in this species' foraging strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Williams
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
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Williams CL. [Dietary fiber and nutritional support in pediatrics: current understanding]. Vopr Pitan 2010; 79:42-49. [PMID: 20968006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The article summarizes the materials on the use of dietary fiber (DF) in the diet of children of different ages. According to the few studies that DF used in children's diets, play an important role in the prevention and treatment of obesity and in lowering serum cholesterol, which reduces the risk of children of cardiovascular disease. Given that children and adolescents consume food insufficient number of DF should be encouraged to increase in baby food for their consumption at the expense of fruit, vegetables and products prepared from cereals. A number of recommendations on the level of consumption of DF children and adolescents of all ages.
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Abstract
In order to further define O(2) store utilization during dives and understand the physiological basis of the aerobic dive limit (ADL, dive duration associated with the onset of post-dive blood lactate accumulation), emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri) were equipped with either a blood partial pressure of oxygen (P(O(2))) recorder or a blood sampler while they were diving at an isolated dive hole in the sea ice of McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Arterial P(O(2)) profiles (57 dives) revealed that (a) pre-dive P(O(2)) was greater than that at rest, (b) P(O(2)) transiently increased during descent and (c) post-dive P(O(2)) reached that at rest in 1.92+/-1.89 min (N=53). Venous P(O(2)) profiles (130 dives) revealed that (a) pre-dive venous P(O(2)) was greater than that at rest prior to 61% of dives, (b) in 90% of dives venous P(O(2)) transiently increased with a mean maximum P(O(2)) of 53+/-18 mmHg and a mean increase in P(O(2)) of 11+/-12 mmHg, (c) in 78% of dives, this peak venous P(O(2)) occurred within the first 3 min, and (d) post-dive venous P(O(2)) reached that at rest within 2.23+/-2.64 min (N=84). Arterial and venous P(O(2)) values in blood samples collected 1-3 min into dives were greater than or near to the respective values at rest. Blood lactate concentration was less than 2 mmol l(-1) as far as 10.5 min into dives, well beyond the known ADL of 5.6 min. Mean arterial and venous P(N(2)) of samples collected at 20-37 m depth were 2.5 times those at the surface, both being 2.1+/-0.7 atmospheres absolute (ATA; N=3 each), and were not significantly different. These findings are consistent with the maintenance of gas exchange during dives (elevated arterial and venous P(O(2)) and P(N(2)) during dives), muscle ischemia during dives (elevated venous P(O(2)), lack of lactate washout into blood during dives), and arterio-venous shunting of blood both during the surface period (venous P(O(2)) greater than that at rest) and during dives (arterialized venous P(O(2)) values during descent, equivalent arterial and venous P(N(2)) values during dives). These three physiological processes contribute to the transfer of the large respiratory O(2) store to the blood during the dive, isolation of muscle metabolism from the circulation during the dive, a decreased rate of blood O(2) depletion during dives, and optimized loading of O(2) stores both before and after dives. The lack of blood O(2) depletion and blood lactate elevation during dives beyond the ADL suggests that active locomotory muscle is the site of tissue lactate accumulation that results in post-dive blood lactate elevation in dives beyond the ADL.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Ponganis
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0204, USA.
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Zhi H, Yang XJ, Kuhnmuench J, Berg T, Thill R, Yang H, See WA, Becker CG, Williams CL, Li R. SmgGDS is up-regulated in prostate carcinoma and promotes tumour phenotypes in prostate cancer cells. J Pathol 2009; 217:389-97. [PMID: 18973191 DOI: 10.1002/path.2456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
SmgGDS is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor with the unique ability to activate multiple small GTPases, implicating it in cancer development and progression. Here, we investigated the role of SmgGDS in prostate cancer by studying the expression of SmgGDS in benign and malignant prostatic tissues. We also probed SmgGDS function in three prostate carcinoma cell lines using small interfering RNA (siRNA). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that SmgGDS levels were elevated in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), prostate carcinoma, and metastatic prostate carcinoma. In addition, expression of SmgGDS positively correlated with that of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a protein believed to promote the development of prostate carcinoma. Reduction of SmgGDS expression in prostate carcinoma cells inhibited proliferation and migration, irrespective of androgen receptor status. These effects were accompanied by a reduction in COX-2 expression and in activity of NF-kappaB, a known regulator of COX-2. Taken together, these findings suggest that SmgGDS promotes the development and progression of prostate cancer, possibly associated with NF-kappaB-dependent up-regulation of COX-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhi
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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Ponganis PJ, Stockard TK, Meir JU, Williams CL, Ponganis KV, van Dam RP, Howard R. Returning on empty: extreme blood O2 depletion underlies dive capacity of emperor penguins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 210:4279-85. [PMID: 18055617 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.011221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Blood gas analyses from emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri) at rest, and intravascular P(O(2)) profiles from free-diving birds were obtained in order to examine hypoxemic tolerance and utilization of the blood O(2) store during dives. Analysis of blood samples from penguins at rest revealed arterial P(O(2))s and O(2) contents of 68+/-7 mmHg (1 mmHg= 133.3 Pa) and 22.5+/-1.3 ml O(2) dl(-1) (N=3) and venous values of 41+/-10 mmHg and 17.4+/-2.9 ml O(2) dl(-1) (N=9). Corresponding arterial and venous Hb saturations for a hemoglobin (Hb) concentration of 18 g dl(-1) were >91% and 70%, respectively. Analysis of P(O(2)) profiles obtained from birds equipped with intravascular P(O(2)) electrodes and backpack recorders during dives revealed that (1) the decline of the final blood P(O(2)) of a dive in relation to dive duration was variable, (2) final venous P(O(2)) values spanned a 40-mmHg range at the previously measured aerobic dive limit (ADL; dive duration associated with onset of post-dive blood lactate accumulation), (3) final arterial, venous and previously measured air sac P(O(2)) values were indistinguishable in longer dives, and (4) final venous P(O(2)) values of longer dives were as low as 1-6 mmHg during dives. Although blood O(2) is not depleted at the ADL, nearly complete depletion of the blood O(2) store occurs in longer dives. This extreme hypoxemic tolerance, which would be catastrophic in many birds and mammals, necessitates biochemical and molecular adaptations, including a shift in the O(2)-Hb dissociation curve of the emperor penguin in comparison to those of most birds. A relatively higher-affinity Hb is consistent with blood P(O(2)) values and O(2) contents of penguins at rest.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Ponganis
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0204, USA.
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Abstract
UNLABELLED The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of 16 weeks of a comprehensive exercise routine to supervised walking and social conversation on depression in nursing home residents with Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHOD This study was a three-group, repeated-measures design with random assignment to treatment group. Forty-five nursing home residents with moderate to severe AD were randomly assigned to a 16-week programme of comprehensive exercise, supervised walking or social conversation. Raters were blinded to treatment group assignment. Major outcome variables were depression measured by the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia, mood measured by the Dementia Mood Assessment Scale and the Alzheimer's Mood Scale, and affect measured by the Observed Affect Scale. Depression was reduced in all three groups with some evidence of superior benefit from exercise. Depression is a common problem with serious and costly consequences for nursing home residents with AD. Exercise as a behavioural approach to treatment of depression in nursing home residents with severe AD evidenced a clear benefit to participants in this study. More research is needed to clarify the relative benefits of different types of exercise in conjunction with or without pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Williams
- Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida 33431, US.
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Kennedy HF, Shankland GS, Bagg J, Chalmers EA, Gibson BES, Williams CL. Fluconazole and itraconazole susceptibilities of Candida spp. isolated from oropharyngeal specimens and blood cultures of paediatric haematology/oncology patients. Mycoses 2006; 49:457-62. [PMID: 17022761 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2006.01272.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the in vitro susceptibilities to fluconazole and itraconazole of isolates of Candida spp. from surveillance oropharyngeal specimens and blood cultures from paediatric patients with malignancy. The species distribution of 100 isolates from oropharyngeal specimens was C. albicans 86%, C. glabrata 7%, C. lusitaniae 4%, C. parapsilosis 2% and C. tropicalis 1%. From a total of nine isolates from blood cultures the species distribution was C. albicans 33.3%, C. parapsilosis 33.3 % and C. guilliermondii 33.3%. Only three of the oropharyngeal isolates were resistant to fluconazole (MIC > or = 64 mg l(-1)) and only two were resistant to itraconazole (MIC > or = 1 mg l(-1)). None of the blood culture isolates was resistant to either agent. At this centre, C. albicans is the predominant species from oropharyngeal specimens, but non-albicans Candida species predominate in blood cultures. Although resistance to fluconazole and itraconazole is rare at present, continued surveillance is warranted to monitor trends in species distribution and antifungal susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Kennedy
- Department of Microbiology, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Yorkhill Division, Glasgow, UK.
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Miyashita T, Williams CL. Epinephrine administration increases neural impulses propagated along the vagus nerve: Role of peripheral beta-adrenergic receptors. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2005; 85:116-24. [PMID: 16230035 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2005.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2005] [Revised: 08/17/2005] [Accepted: 08/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A significant number of animal and human studies demonstrate that memories for new experiences are encoded more effectively under environmental or laboratory conditions which elevate peripheral concentrations of the hormone epinephrine and in turn, induce emotional arousal. Although this phenomenon has been replicated across several learning paradigms, understanding of how this arousal related hormone affects memory processing remains obscure because epinephrine does not freely enter into the central circulation to produce any direct effects on the brain. This study examined whether epinephrine's actions on the CNS may be mediated by the initial activation of peripheral vagal fibers that project to the brain. The vagus was selected as a candidate for this role since it is densely embedded with beta-adrenergic receptors and the peripheral endings of this nerve innervate a broad spectrum of sensory organs that are directly affected by epinephrine release. Electrophysiological recordings of cervical vagal activity was measured over 110 min in urethane-anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats given saline, epinephrine (0.3 mg/kg), the peripherally acting beta-adrenergic antagonist sotalol (2.0 mg/kg), or a combination of sotalol followed 15 min later by an injection of epinephrine. Epinephrine produced a significant increase in vagal nerve firing 10 min post-injection (p < .05) relative to controls and neural impulses recorded from the vagus remained significantly elevated for the remaining 55 min collection period. The excitatory actions of epinephrine were not observed in groups given an identical dose of the hormone after peripheral beta-adrenergic receptor blockade with sotalol. These findings demonstrate that neural discharge in vagal afferent fibers is increased by elevations in peripheral concentrations of epinephrine and the significance of these findings in understanding how epinephrine modulates brain limbic structures to encode and store new information into memory is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Miyashita
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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Abstract
Fatal adverse reactions to vaccination are uncommon and poorly documented. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of fatal adverse reaction to an inadvertent intravenous vaccination in three calves vaccinated against respiratory (Somnustar Ph) and clostridial (Tasvax 8) diseases. All three calves had severe acute interstitial pneumonia with multifocal pulmonary hemorrhages that resulted in fatal respiratory failure. Qualitatively, the pulmonary lesions in these calves were similar to those in septicemic/endotoxemic calves; however, the severity and extensity of pulmonary hemorrhages were of a higher degree than those usually observed in clinical septicemia/endotoxemia. In addition, approximately 30% of the arterioles and small arteries were surrounded by hemorrhages, which occasionally extended around adjacent bronchioles. A unilateral peri-jugular hematoma with recent transmural perforation of jugular vein found in all three calves was believed to have been caused by the injection needle during vaccination, and the fatal pulmonary changes were believed to have been secondary to the intravenous injection of vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Ramsay
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
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Haywood S, Müller T, Mackenzie AM, Müller W, Tanner MS, Heinz-Erian P, Williams CL, Loughran MJ. Copper-induced hepatotoxicosis with hepatic stellate cell activation and severe fibrosis in North Ronaldsay lambs: a model for non-Wilsonian hepatic copper toxicosis of infants. J Comp Pathol 2004; 130:266-77. [PMID: 15053929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2003.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2003] [Accepted: 11/19/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Copper-sensitive North Ronaldsay sheep represent a possible model for certain hepatic-overload syndromes of infancy and childhood that are clinically, pathologically and genetically distinct from Wilson's disease. The purpose of this study was to simulate in artificially reared lambs the syndrome produced by copper exposure in susceptible human infants. Twenty four North Ronaldsay lambs were assigned to three groups of eight animals, namely, an unsupplemented control group and two trial groups given milk replacer to which copper (CuSO4) had been added at the rate of 5 mg/litre and 10 mg/litre. Four lambs from each group were killed at 40 or 69 days. Livers were fixed in 10% formalin and analysed for copper by mass spectrometry. Paraffin wax-embedded sections were stained with rhodanine for copper and labelled immunohistochemically for alpha smooth muscle actin (ASMA). At 40 days the maximum amounts of copper in the livers of both copper-supplemented groups was 1466-1605 microg/g dry weight (control group 172-201 microg/g Cu dry weight). Histochemically, copper was demonstrated within hepatocytes, together with marked apoptosis. At 69 days there was a florid pericellular fibrosis complemented by strong ASMA immunolabelling, confirming phenotypic modulation of hepatic stellate cells. Such primary copper-induced fibrogenesis confirms the unique status of this animal model in respect of childhood copper toxicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Haywood
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L39 3BX, UK
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Hassert DL, Miyashita T, Williams CL. The effects of peripheral vagal nerve stimulation at a memory-modulating intensity on norepinephrine output in the basolateral amygdala. Behav Neurosci 2004; 118:79-88. [PMID: 14979784 DOI: 10.1037/0735-7044.118.1.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) is known to improve cognitive processing, presumably by affecting activity in central nervous system structures that process recently acquired information. It has long been assumed that these effects are related to stimulation-induced increases of norepinephrine (NE) release in limbic brain structures. The present study examined this hypothesis by administering VNS at an intensity and duration that improves memory and then measuring fluctuations in NE output in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) with in vivo microdialysis. In Experiment 1, VNS caused a 98% increase in NE output relative to baseline. In Experiment 2, methyl atropine was given 10 min before VNS to assess whether stimulation-induced increases in amygdala NE are mediated by afferent or efferent vagal branches. Methyl atropine did not alter NE release in the BLA in comparison with saline. The significance of these findings in understanding how peripheral neural activity modulates limbic structures to encode and store new information into memory is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Hassert
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4400, USA
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MacKay WG, Williams CL, McMillan M, Ndip RN, Shepherd AJ, Weaver LT. Evaluation of protocol using gene capture and PCR for detection of Helicobacter pylori DNA in feces. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:4589-93. [PMID: 14532187 PMCID: PMC254295 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.41.10.4589-4593.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2003] [Revised: 02/01/2003] [Accepted: 06/24/2003] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The route of transmission of Helicobacter pylori, which is usually acquired in childhood and is one of the most common bacterial infections in humans, remains undetermined. Mapping the distribution of H. pylori genotypes within families could help to determine the routes of transmission and risk factors. Here we describe a noninvasive method for obtaining H. pylori DNA isolates from the feces of children. Children presenting with gastrointestinal symptoms at the Royal Hospital for Sick Children were tested for gastric H. pylori colonization by using the 13C-urea breath test (UBT) and were asked to provide fecal samples, which were tested for H. pylori by using the HpSA fecal antigen test. DNA was purified from fecal samples by using a novel method of gene capture with subsequent H. pylori PCR analysis. Fifteen UBT-positive and 15 UBT-negative children participated in the study. The positive and negative predictive values for the assay were 80 and 100%, respectively. Fecal DNA purification followed by H. pylori PCR analysis is an effective tool for harvesting H. pylori DNA isolates from the feces of children. This technique may be developed to allow the diagnosis and noninvasive genotyping of H. pylori in children and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G MacKay
- Division of Developmental Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland.
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Abstract
In this study the pattern of arthrodial membrane deposition in Callinectes sapidus was determined by histological and ultrastructural examination of tissues from the carpus joint of the cheliped collected during premolt, ecdysis, postmolt, and intermolt. Apolysis in the arthrodial membrane occurs at stage D(0) and is synchronous with apolysis of the calcified cuticle. Epicuticle formation begins at early stage D(1) and is completed in late stage D(1). Procuticle deposition starts at D(2) and continues until ecdysis. Numerous cytoplasmic extensions occur throughout the lamellae. Component fibers of the arthrodial membrane are intimately associated with dense plaques on the apical membrane of the underlying hypodermal cells, suggesting a site for fiber polymerization. Deposition of the arthrodial membrane continues after ecdysis, with most of the cuticle thickening occurring during stage C. When stained with PAS and counterstained with hematoxylin, a difference can be discerned between preecdysial and postecdysial procuticle of the arthrodial membrane, a distinction not made in previous studies. The boundary between the arthrodial membrane and calcified cuticle is thicker than either of the two layers and the layers overlap rather than butting up against one another. This pattern suggests that underlying hypodermal cells have to produce multiple types of cuticle over the molt cycle. A summary of the various molting patterns in C. sapidus suggests that the control of these diverse events may prove to be complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Williams
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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Abstract
Traditional waterborne infections have been largely controlled in the UK by the provision of clean drinking water. However, water can still cause problems for infection control teams in particular when used in endoscope washer-disinfectors. HTM 2030 states that final rinse water used in washer-disinfectors must not present a microbiological hazard and that there should be no recovery of micro-organisms from the final rinse water. The problems that biofilms may cause in washer-disinfectors, the type of biofilms that may develop, and the nature of the bacteria within them, in particular how biofilm bacteria behave differently to those that are not part of a biofilm (planktonic bacteria), are discussed in this article. Finally, we discuss how knowledge of the growth and control of biofilms may be used to control their growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G MacKay
- Department of Child Health, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
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Abstract
Problems with censored data arise quite frequently in reliability applications. Estimation of the reliability function is usually of concern. Reliability function estimators proposed by Kaplan and Meier (1958), Breslow (1972), are generally used when dealing with censored data. These estimators have the known properties of being asymptotically unbiased, uniformly strongly consistent, and weakly convergent to the same Gaussian process, when properly normalized. We study the properties of the smoothed Kaplan-Meier estimator with a suitable kernel function in this paper. The smooth estimator is compared with the Kaplan-Meier and Breslow estimators for large sample sizes giving an exact expression for an appropriately normalized difference of the mean square error (MSE) of the two estimators. This quantifies the deficiency of the Kaplan-Meier estimator in comparison to the smoothed version. We also obtain a non-asymptotic bound on an expected L1-type error under weak conditions. Some simulations are carried out to examine the performance of the suggested method.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Kulasekera
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-1907, USA
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Williams CL, Noti JD. Reduced expression of Wnt-1 and E-cadherin, and diminished beta-catenin stability in MCF-7 breast cancer cells that overexpress protein kinase C-alpha. Int J Oncol 2001; 19:1227-33. [PMID: 11713593 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.19.6.1227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
MCF-7 breast cancer cells stably overexpressing protein kinase C-alpha (MCF-7-PKC-alpha cells) exhibit reduced cell-cell adhesion and increased tumorigenicity in nude mice. We investigated the possibility that alterations in E-cadherin and catenins contribute to the unique phenotype of MCF-7-PKC-alpha cells. Northern and Western blotting indicated that MCF-7-PKC-alpha cells express abnormally low amounts of plakoglobin mRNA and protein, and undetectable levels of E-cadherin mRNA and protein. In contrast, even though MCF-7-PKC-alpha cells express low levels of beta-catenin mRNA, they express undetectable levels of beta-catenin protein, suggesting that post-transcriptional events further diminish beta-catenin expression in these cells. Pulse-labeling of the cells with [35S]methionine showed that the half-life of beta-catenin is less than 15 min in MCF-7-PKC-alpha cells, compared to over 2 h in MCF-7-Vector cells [MCF-7 cells transfected with pSV2M(2)6 vector only]. Incubation with LiCl to inactivate glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) significantly prolonged the half-life of beta-catenin in MCF-7-PKC-alpha cells, suggesting that the GSK-3-dependent degradation of beta-catenin contributes to beta-catenin instability in these cells. Northern and Western blotting indicated that Wnt-1, which also inhibits GSK-3 activity, is expressed by MCF-7-Vector cells, but not by MCF-7-PKC-alpha cells. Transfection of (S37A)beta-catenin, which is resistant to GSK-3-dependent degradation, stimulated TCF/LEF-dependent luciferase expression from the pTOPFLASH reporter plasmid by 753-fold in MCF-7-PKC-alpha cells, and by 268-fold in MCF-7-Vector cells. Inactivation of GSK-3 by LiCl stimulated luciferase expression from the pTOPFLASH reporter plasmid by 12.4-fold in MCF-7-PKC-alpha cells, and by 4.8-fold in MCF-7-Vector cells. These results suggest that degradation of beta-catenin by GSK-3 contributes to beta-catenin instability in MCF-7-PKC-alpha cells, diminishing the ability of -catenin to act as a transcriptional co-activator. Reduced Wnt-1 expression by MCF-7-PKC-alpha cells may promote beta-catenin degradation by enhancing GSK-3 activity. Loss of beta-catenin-dependent cell-cell adhesion and transcription may contribute to the aggressive phenotype of MCF-7-PKC-alpha cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Williams
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Guthrie Research Institute, Sayre, PA 18840, USA
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Abstract
Obesity has reached epidemic proportions among children and youth in the United States. Surveys indicate that the number of overweight children aged 6 to 17 years has doubled within three decades. In the decade between the late 1970s and the late 1980s, the prevalence of overweight increased from 7.6% to 10.9% for children aged 6 to 11 years, and from 5.7% to 10.8% for adolescents aged 12 to 19 years. Data for 1999 indicates that the epidemic is continuing to increase, so that 13% of 6- to 11-year-old children and 14% of 12- to 19-year- old children are currently overweight (body mass index > or = 95th percentile for age/gender). This article reviews newer concepts related to etiologic factors, comorbidities, and strategies for prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Williams
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Department of Pediatrics, Section of GI/Nutrition, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Babies & Children's Hospital, 3959 Broadway, BHN7-702, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Abstract
Overweight and obesity in children is epidemic in North America and internationally. Approximately 22 million children under 5 years of age are overweight across the world. In the United States, the number of overweight children and adolescents has doubled in the last two to three decades, and similar doubling rates are being observed worldwide, including in developing countries and regions where an increase in Westernization of behavioral and dietary lifestyles is evident. Comorbidities associated with obesity and overweight are similar in children as in the adult population. Elevated blood pressure, dyslipidemia, and a higher prevalence of factors associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes appear as frequent comorbidities in the overweight and obese pediatric population. In some populations, type 2 diabetes is now the dominant form of diabetes in children and adolescents. Disturbingly, obesity in childhood, particularly in adolescence, is a key predictor for obesity in adulthood. Moreover, morbidity and mortality in the adult population is increased in individuals who were overweight in adolescence, even if they lose the extra weight during adulthood. Although the cause of obesity in children is similar to that of adults (i.e., more energy in vs. energy utilized), emerging data suggest associations between the influence of maternal and fetal factors during intrauterine growth and growth during the first year of life, on risk of later development of adult obesity and its comorbidities. In addition, recent data suggest that varying biological responses in different racial/ethnic groups differently contribute to overweight, obesity, and their comorbidities. Although differences in gene-nutrient interactions may contribute, the role of varying cultural and socioeconomic variables still needs to be determined to understand these disparities. Novel approaches in the prevention and treatment of childhood overweight and obesity are urgently required. With the strong evidence that a lifecycle perspective is important in obesity development and its consequences, consideration must be focused on prevention of obesity in women of child-bearing age, excessive weight gain during pregnancy, and the role of breast-feeding in reducing later obesity in children and adults. Consideration must be given to family behavior patterns, diet after weaning, and the use of new methods of information dissemination to help reduce the impact of childhood obesity worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Deckelbaum
- Department of Pediatrics and the Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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Williams CL, Grechanaia T, Romanova O, Komro KA, Perry CL, Farbakhsh K. Russian-American partners for prevention. Adaptation of a school-based parent-child programme for alcohol use prevention. Eur J Public Health 2001; 11:314-21. [PMID: 11582613 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/11.3.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Russian-American Partners for Prevention was an adaptation and evaluation of the Slick Tracy Home Team Program which was developed in Minnesota in order to delay the onset of drinking. The Slick Tracy Home Team Program was the first intervention of Project Northland, a large 3 year community trial of the efficacy of a public health intervention for under age drinking. METHODS The programme was administered through schools, but involved parents using engaging and fun homework activities. The Russian version was implemented in fifth-grade classrooms in 20 Moscow schools with 1,212 students surveyed at baseline. Students were surveyed again after programme implementation (n = 1,182), of whom 980 were present at baseline. Parents of 1,078 students were surveyed by telephone after programme implementation. RESULTS The results demonstrated the successful recruitment and retention of 20 Moscow schools in a research project, acceptability of programme materials in Russia, high participation rates, changes in students' knowledge about problems associated with under age drinking and some evidence about increases in parent-child communication about alcohol use. As in the USA, no changes in students' alcohol use rates were observed at the end of the first year of the 3 year programme. CONCLUSION Russian youth, as compared to Americans, began drinking at earlier ages, received fewer prevention messages from their parents, and had fewer prevention programmes in school. The results suggested that carefully implemented and evaluated replications of the US Project Northland interventions might provide effective and appropriate school-based programmes for Russia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Williams
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55454, USA.
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Fitzgerald PB, Williams CL, Corteling N, Filia SL, Brewer K, Adams A, de Castella AR, Rolfe T, Davey P, Kulkarni J. Subject and observer-rated quality of life in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2001; 103:387-92. [PMID: 11380309 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0447.2001.00254.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to explore the relationship between objectively rated quality of life and subjective measures of social functioning and life satisfaction. METHOD Participants of the Schizophrenia Care and Assessment Program (SCAP) study at Dandenong in Australia were included in this analysis. Subjective ratings of several domains of social functioning and life satisfaction were taken from the SCAP instrument and comparisons made with data from the Quality of Life scale rated by research staff as well as several psychopathology measures. RESULTS Subjectively reported life satisfaction was not related to positive or negative symptoms of schizophrenia but did correlate with depressive symptoms. Quality of Life scale measures correlated with negative symptoms on most domains. There was very limited overlap in domain items between the life satisfaction and quality of life measures. CONCLUSION Life satisfaction and objectively rated quality of life are not closely related and appear to have different determinants in patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Fitzgerald
- Dandenong Psychiatry Research Centre, Monash University and Dandenong Area Mental Health Service, Victoria, Australia
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Sandstrom NJ, Williams CL. Memory retention is modulated by acute estradiol and progesterone replacement. Behav Neurosci 2001; 115:384-93. [PMID: 11345963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian hormones alter spine density of hippocampal granule and pyramidal cells in young adult and aging female rats (P. Miranda, C. L. Williams, & G. Einstein, 1999; C. S. Woolley, 1998). The present study used a delayed matching-to-place version of the water maze to investigate a behavioral correlate of these hormone-induced changes in hippocampal connectivity in 3- and 8-month-old female rats. When primed with 10-microg injections of estradiol 72 and 48 hr before testing, the memory retention of ovariectomized rats was improved compared with retention after priming with oil. A single injection of progesterone maintained this enhancement if testing occurred within 8 hr of the progesterone injection but not if testing occurred more than 24 hr after the progesterone injection. These findings indicate that estradiol and progesterone alter memory retention and suggest that these changes may be the result of hormone-induced increases in hippocampal connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Sandstrom
- Department of Psychology: Experimental, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.
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Williams CL, Men D, Clayton EC. The effects of noradrenergic activation of the nucleus tractus solitarius on memory and in potentiating norepinephrine release in the amygdala. Behav Neurosci 2001. [PMID: 11142645 DOI: 10.1037//0735-7044.114.6.1131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although it is known that norepinephrine (NE) modulates memory by acting on limbic areas, few studies describe how structures supplying NE to the limbic system, such as the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) contribute to this process. The present study examined the effects on memory of activating the NE pathway between the NTS and the amygdala (AMYG). Rats received buffer or the beta-noradrenergic agonist clenbuterol (CLN; 10, 50, or 100 ng/0.5 microl) into the NTS after footshock training in a Y-maze discrimination task. Infusion of 100 ng CLN significantly improved memory when retention was tested in the absence or presence of cues associated with the footshock. Experiment 2 used in vivo microdialysis to determine whether the mnemonic effects of CLN are mediated by influencing NE output in the AMYG. Subjects were given an intra-NTS infusion of CLN or phosphate buffered saline, footshock (0.8 mA, 1 s), and injected with epinephrine (EPI; 0.3 mg/kg ip) or saline. CLN or EPI injection produced a significant increase in NE sampled from the AMYG. These findings indicate that activation of NTS neurons that project to and release NE in the AMYG modulates memory storage processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Williams
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22904, USA.
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Komro KA, Perry CL, Williams CL, Stigler MH, Farbakhsh K, Veblen-Mortenson S. How did Project Northland reduce alcohol use among young adolescents? Analysis of mediating variables. Health Educ Res 2001; 16:59-70. [PMID: 11252284 DOI: 10.1093/her/16.1.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Project Northland is a randomized trial designed to create, implement and evaluate multilevel, community-wide strategies to prevent alcohol use among adolescents. This paper will focus on the mediating outcomes of the early adolescent phase of Project Northland when the students in the study cohort were in Grades 6-8. The project was conducted in 24 school districts and adjacent communities in northeastern Minnesota. The intervention consisted of social-behavioral curricula in schools, peer leadership activities, parental involvement and education, and community-wide activities. At the end of 3 years of intervention, significantly fewer students in the intervention school districts reported alcohol use than students in the reference districts. Mediation analyses were conducted to investigate if the intervention's effects on mediating variables could explain the reduction in alcohol use. Important mediators of Project Northland's effect on alcohol use were: (1) peer influence to use, including normative estimates, (2) functional meanings of alcohol use, (3) attitudes and behaviors associated with alcohol and drug problems like stimulus seeking, rule violations and bad judgement, and (4) parent-child alcohol-related communication around alcohol use. In addition, among those who did not use alcohol at baseline, self-efficacy to refuse offers of alcohol was a significant mediator.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Komro
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, 1300 South Second Street, Suite 300, Minneapolis, MN 55454-1015, USA
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Williams CL. Methodology of concern. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2001; 155:201; author reply 203. [PMID: 11177104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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Williams CL, Tappen R, Buscemi C, Rivera R, Lezcano J. Obtaining family consent for participation in Alzheimer's research in a Cuban-American population: strategies to overcome the barriers. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2001; 16:183-7. [PMID: 11398568 PMCID: PMC1959408 DOI: 10.1177/153331750101600312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cultural values and beliefs affect family attitudes toward participation in research. Significant resistance to allowing their elders with dementia to participate in clinical research was encountered in Cuban-American families. These families expressed concern about disturbing the elder's comfort (tranquilidad) and solitude (soledad). Furthermore, most believed that intervention would be futile. Feelings of guilt associated with nursing home placement may have been exacerbated by the suggestion that active intervention could be effective. Strategies to overcome these barriers included reduced emphasis on the potential superiority of the intervention to be tested, reassurance that contact with research staff was usually appreciated by participants, arrangements to talk with the family as a group about the study, and increased use of Spanish-language consent forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Williams
- University of Miami School of Nursing, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
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Strassheim D, Williams CL. P2Y2 purinergic and M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors activate different phospholipase C-beta isoforms that are uniquely susceptible to protein kinase C-dependent phosphorylation and inactivation. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:39767-72. [PMID: 10995776 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m007775200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of phospholipase C-beta (PLC-beta) by G protein-coupled receptors typically results in rapid but transient second messenger generation. Although PLC-beta deactivation may contribute to the transient nature of this response, the mechanisms governing PLC-beta deactivation are poorly characterized. We investigated the involvement of protein kinase C (PKC) in the termination of PLC-beta activation induced by endogenous P2Y(2) purinergic receptors and transfected M(3) muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Activation of P2Y(2) receptors causes Galpha(q/11) to associate with PLC-beta3, whereas M(3) mAChR activation causes Galpha(q/11) to associate with both PLC-beta1 and PLC-beta3 in these cells. Phosphorylation of PLC-beta3, but not PLC-beta1, is induced by activating either P2Y(2) receptors or M(3) mAChR. We demonstrate that PKC rather than protein kinase A mediates the G protein-coupled receptor-induced phosphorylation of PLC-beta3. The PKC-mediated phosphorylation of PLC-beta3 diminishes the interaction of Galpha(q/11) with PLC-beta3, thereby contributing to the termination PLC-beta3 activity. These findings indicate that the distinct temporal profiles of PLC activation by P2Y(2) receptors and mAChR may arise from the differential activation of PLC-beta1 and PLC-beta3 by the receptors, coupled with a selective PKC-mediated negative feedback mechanism that targets PLC-beta3 but not PLC-beta1.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Strassheim
- Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, Guthrie Research Institute, Sayre, Pennsylvania 18840, USA
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Williams CL, Men D, Clayton EC. The effects of noradrenergic activation of the nucleus tractus solitarius on memory and in potentiating norepinephrine release in the amygdala. Behav Neurosci 2000; 114:1131-44. [PMID: 11142645 DOI: 10.1037/0735-7044.114.6.1131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although it is known that norepinephrine (NE) modulates memory by acting on limbic areas, few studies describe how structures supplying NE to the limbic system, such as the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) contribute to this process. The present study examined the effects on memory of activating the NE pathway between the NTS and the amygdala (AMYG). Rats received buffer or the beta-noradrenergic agonist clenbuterol (CLN; 10, 50, or 100 ng/0.5 microl) into the NTS after footshock training in a Y-maze discrimination task. Infusion of 100 ng CLN significantly improved memory when retention was tested in the absence or presence of cues associated with the footshock. Experiment 2 used in vivo microdialysis to determine whether the mnemonic effects of CLN are mediated by influencing NE output in the AMYG. Subjects were given an intra-NTS infusion of CLN or phosphate buffered saline, footshock (0.8 mA, 1 s), and injected with epinephrine (EPI; 0.3 mg/kg ip) or saline. CLN or EPI injection produced a significant increase in NE sampled from the AMYG. These findings indicate that activation of NTS neurons that project to and release NE in the AMYG modulates memory storage processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Williams
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22904, USA.
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Montoya DA, White AM, Williams CL, Blusztajn JK, Meck WH, Swartzwelder HS. Prenatal choline exposure alters hippocampal responsiveness to cholinergic stimulation in adulthood. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 2000; 123:25-32. [PMID: 11020547 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-3806(00)00075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Manipulation of dietary choline levels during gestation results in enduring neurobehavioral changes in offspring that last into adulthood. Alterations of hippocampal function and memory are among the most striking changes. Depending upon the measures assessed, prenatal choline supplementation tends to promote excitatory synaptic efficacy in hippocampal circuits while prenatal choline deficiency diminishes it. However, the mechanisms underlying these changes remain unclear. Transverse hippocampal slices were prepared from adult offspring of dams fed choline supplemented, choline deficient, or control diets. We assessed paired-pulse inhibition, and excitatory synaptic responsiveness before and after activation of cholinergic receptors with Carbachol. Prenatally choline deficient animals yielded significantly fewer electrophysiological viable hippocampal slices than did animals from either of the other two treatment groups. Among the slices tested, there were no differences in paired pulse inhibition between the treatment groups. However, transient cholinergic activation resulted in a prolonged enhancement of the amplitude of the population EPSP (pEPSP) response in slices from prenatally choline supplemented animals. These results suggest that GABA receptor-mediated inhibition remains intact after prenatal choline manipulations, and that enhancement of the excitatory responsiveness of hippocampal circuits in slices from prenatally choline supplemented rats may be related in part to an increase in cholinergic tone within the CA1 circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Montoya
- Neurobiology Research Laboratory, Bldg. 16, Rm. 24, VA Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA
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Shepherd AJ, Williams CL, Doherty CP, Hossack M, Preston T, McColl KE, Weaver LT. Comparison of an enzyme immunoassay for the detection of Helicobacter pylori antigens in the faeces with the urea breath test. Arch Dis Child 2000; 83:268-70. [PMID: 10952653 PMCID: PMC1718450 DOI: 10.1136/adc.83.3.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current diagnostic tests for Helicobacter pylori are invasive (endoscopy) or indirect (urea breath test, serology). AIMS To evaluate a new enzyme immunoassay (EIA) which detects H pylori antigens in faeces, by comparing its sensitivity and specificity in children with the (13)C urea breath test (UBT). METHODS A total of 119 children underwent a UBT and provided a faecal sample for antigen testing within seven days. After an overnight fast each child provided a pretest breath sample, and samples at 30 and 40 minutes after ingestion of 100 mg (13)C labelled urea. (13)C enrichment of breath was measured by isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Faeces were stored at -70 degrees C until antigen testing, using the EIA. Samples were read spectrophotometrically at 450 nm and results were interpreted using recommended cut offs of optical density <0.14 as negative, >/=0.16 as positive, with >/=0.14 and <0. 16 representing equivocal results. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated using the manufacturer's cut off compared with UBT. RESULTS Sensitivity and specificity were 88% and 82%, respectively. Negative and positive predictive values were 97% and 58%. CONCLUSIONS The EIA is an alternative, non-invasive, and easy to use method for the detection of H pylori in children. Its high negative predictive value suggests a role in screening out uninfected children.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Shepherd
- Department of Child Health, University of Glasgow, UK.
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