1
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Plowright RK, Ahmed AN, Coulson T, Crowther TW, Ejotre I, Faust CL, Frick WF, Hudson PJ, Kingston T, Nameer PO, O'Mara MT, Peel AJ, Possingham H, Razgour O, Reeder DM, Ruiz-Aravena M, Simmons NB, Srinivas PN, Tabor GM, Tanshi I, Thompson IG, Vanak AT, Vora NM, Willison CE, Keeley ATH. Ecological countermeasures to prevent pathogen spillover and subsequent pandemics. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2577. [PMID: 38531842 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46151-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Substantial global attention is focused on how to reduce the risk of future pandemics. Reducing this risk requires investment in prevention, preparedness, and response. Although preparedness and response have received significant focus, prevention, especially the prevention of zoonotic spillover, remains largely absent from global conversations. This oversight is due in part to the lack of a clear definition of prevention and lack of guidance on how to achieve it. To address this gap, we elucidate the mechanisms linking environmental change and zoonotic spillover using spillover of viruses from bats as a case study. We identify ecological interventions that can disrupt these spillover mechanisms and propose policy frameworks for their implementation. Recognizing that pandemics originate in ecological systems, we advocate for integrating ecological approaches alongside biomedical approaches in a comprehensive and balanced pandemic prevention strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raina K Plowright
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Aliyu N Ahmed
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Tim Coulson
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Thomas W Crowther
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Imran Ejotre
- Department of Biology, Muni University, P.O. Box 725, Arua, Uganda
| | - Christina L Faust
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Winifred F Frick
- Bat Conservation International, Austin, TX, 78746, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Peter J Hudson
- Centre for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, 16801, USA
| | - Tigga Kingston
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409-3131, USA
| | - P O Nameer
- College of Climate Change and Environmental Science, Kerala Agricultural University, Kerala, 680 656, India
| | | | - Alison J Peel
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Hugh Possingham
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Orly Razgour
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
| | - DeeAnn M Reeder
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA, 17937, USA
| | - Manuel Ruiz-Aravena
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Mississippi State University, Starkville, USA
| | - Nancy B Simmons
- Department of Mammalogy, Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York City, NY, 10024, USA
| | | | - Gary M Tabor
- Center for Large Landscape Conservation, Bozeman, MT, 59771, USA
| | - Iroro Tanshi
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Small Mammal Conservation Organization, Benin City, 300251, Nigeria
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Benin, Benin City, 300000, Nigeria
| | | | - Abi T Vanak
- Centre for Policy Design, Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560064, India
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa
| | - Neil M Vora
- Conservation International, Arlington, VA, 22202, USA
| | - Charley E Willison
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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2
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Sánchez CA, Phelps KL, Frank HK, Geldenhuys M, Griffiths ME, Jones DN, Kettenburg G, Lunn TJ, Moreno KR, Mortlock M, Vicente-Santos A, Víquez-R LR, Kading RC, Markotter W, Reeder DM, Olival KJ. Advances in understanding bat infection dynamics across biological scales. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20232823. [PMID: 38444339 PMCID: PMC10915549 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.2823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, research on bat-associated microbes such as viruses, bacteria and fungi has dramatically increased. Here, we synthesize themes from a conference symposium focused on advances in the research of bats and their microbes, including physiological, immunological, ecological and epidemiological research that has improved our understanding of bat infection dynamics at multiple biological scales. We first present metrics for measuring individual bat responses to infection and challenges associated with using these metrics. We next discuss infection dynamics within bat populations of the same species, before introducing complexities that arise in multi-species communities of bats, humans and/or livestock. Finally, we outline critical gaps and opportunities for future interdisciplinary work on topics involving bats and their microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hannah K. Frank
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Marike Geldenhuys
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Devin N. Jones
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | | | - Tamika J. Lunn
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kelsey R. Moreno
- Department of Psychology, Saint Xavier University, Chicago, IL 60655, USA
| | - Marinda Mortlock
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Luis R. Víquez-R
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA
| | - Rebekah C. Kading
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Center for Vector-borne and Infectious Diseases, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Wanda Markotter
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - DeeAnn M. Reeder
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA
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3
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Weber N, Nagy M, Markotter W, Schaer J, Puechmaille SJ, Sutton J, Dávalos LM, Dusabe MC, Ejotre I, Fenton MB, Knörnschild M, López-Baucells A, Medellin RA, Metz M, Mubareka S, Nsengimana O, O'Mara MT, Racey PA, Tuttle M, Twizeyimana I, Vicente-Santos A, Tschapka M, Voigt CC, Wikelski M, Dechmann DK, Reeder DM. Robust evidence for bats as reservoir hosts is lacking in most African virus studies: a review and call to optimize sampling and conserve bats. Biol Lett 2023; 19:20230358. [PMID: 37964576 PMCID: PMC10646460 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2023.0358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Africa experiences frequent emerging disease outbreaks among humans, with bats often proposed as zoonotic pathogen hosts. We comprehensively reviewed virus-bat findings from papers published between 1978 and 2020 to evaluate the evidence that African bats are reservoir and/or bridging hosts for viruses that cause human disease. We present data from 162 papers (of 1322) with original findings on (1) numbers and species of bats sampled across bat families and the continent, (2) how bats were selected for study inclusion, (3) if bats were terminally sampled, (4) what types of ecological data, if any, were recorded and (5) which viruses were detected and with what methodology. We propose a scheme for evaluating presumed virus-host relationships by evidence type and quality, using the contrasting available evidence for Orthoebolavirus versus Orthomarburgvirus as an example. We review the wording in abstracts and discussions of all 162 papers, identifying key framing terms, how these refer to findings, and how they might contribute to people's beliefs about bats. We discuss the impact of scientific research communication on public perception and emphasize the need for strategies that minimize human-bat conflict and support bat conservation. Finally, we make recommendations for best practices that will improve virological study metadata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Weber
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, Germany
- University of Ulm, Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martina Nagy
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wanda Markotter
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Juliane Schaer
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sébastien J. Puechmaille
- ISEM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Liliana M. Dávalos
- Department of Ecology and Evolution and Consortium for Inter-Disciplinary Environmental Research, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, USA
| | | | - Imran Ejotre
- Institute of Biology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
- Muni University, Arua, Uganda
| | - M. Brock Fenton
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mirjam Knörnschild
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany
- Evolutionary Ethology, Institute for Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama
| | | | - Rodrigo A. Medellin
- Institute of Ecology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Samira Mubareka
- Sunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - M. Teague O'Mara
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama
- Bat Conservation International Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, LA, USA
| | - Paul A. Racey
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Merlin Tuttle
- Merlin Tuttle's Bat Conservation, Austin, TX USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, USA
| | | | - Amanda Vicente-Santos
- Graduate Program in Population Biology, Ecology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Marco Tschapka
- University of Ulm, Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm, Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama
| | | | - Martin Wikelski
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Dina K.N. Dechmann
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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4
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Chothe SK, Jakka P, Boorla VS, Ramasamy S, Gontu A, Nissly RH, Brown J, Turner G, Sewall BJ, Reeder DM, Field KA, Engiles JB, Amirthalingam S, Ravichandran A, LaBella L, Nair MS, Maranas CD, Kuchipudi SV. Little Brown Bats ( Myotis lucifugus) Support the Binding of SARS-CoV-2 Spike and Are Likely Susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051103. [PMID: 37243189 DOI: 10.3390/v15051103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), believed to have originated from a bat species, can infect a wide range of non-human hosts. Bats are known to harbor hundreds of coronaviruses capable of spillover into human populations. Recent studies have shown a significant variation in the susceptibility among bat species to SARS-CoV-2 infection. We show that little brown bats (LBB) express angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor and the transmembrane serine protease 2, which are accessible to and support SARS-CoV-2 binding. All-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations revealed that LBB ACE2 formed strong electrostatic interactions with the RBD similar to human and cat ACE2 proteins. In summary, LBBs, a widely distributed North American bat species, could be at risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and potentially serve as a natural reservoir. Finally, our framework, combining in vitro and in silico methods, is a useful tool to assess the SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility of bats and other animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhada K Chothe
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Padmaja Jakka
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Veda Sheersh Boorla
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Santhamani Ramasamy
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Abhinay Gontu
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Ruth H Nissly
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Justin Brown
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Pennsylvania Game Commission, 2001 Elmerton Ave, Harrisburg, PA 17110, USA
| | - Gregory Turner
- Pennsylvania Game Commission, 2001 Elmerton Ave, Harrisburg, PA 17110, USA
| | - Brent J Sewall
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - DeeAnn M Reeder
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA
| | - Kenneth A Field
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA
| | - Julie B Engiles
- Departments of Pathobiology and Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA
| | - Saranya Amirthalingam
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Abirami Ravichandran
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Lindsey LaBella
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Meera Surendran Nair
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Costas D Maranas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Suresh V Kuchipudi
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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5
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Upham NS, Poelen JH, Paul D, Groom QJ, Simmons NB, Vanhove MPM, Bertolino S, Reeder DM, Bastos-Silveira C, Sen A, Sterner B, Franz NM, Guidoti M, Penev L, Agosti D. Liberating host-virus knowledge from biological dark data. Lancet Planet Health 2021; 5:e746-e750. [PMID: 34562356 PMCID: PMC8457912 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(21)00196-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Connecting basic data about bats and other potential hosts of SARS-CoV-2 with their ecological context is crucial to the understanding of the emergence and spread of the virus. However, when lockdowns in many countries started in March, 2020, the world's bat experts were locked out of their research laboratories, which in turn impeded access to large volumes of offline ecological and taxonomic data. Pandemic lockdowns have brought to attention the long-standing problem of so-called biological dark data: data that are published, but disconnected from digital knowledge resources and thus unavailable for high-throughput analysis. Knowledge of host-to-virus ecological interactions will be biased until this challenge is addressed. In this Viewpoint, we outline two viable solutions: first, in the short term, to interconnect published data about host organisms, viruses, and other pathogens; and second, to shift the publishing framework beyond unstructured text (the so-called PDF prison) to labelled networks of digital knowledge. As the indexing system for biodiversity data, biological taxonomy is foundational to both solutions. Building digitally connected knowledge graphs of host-pathogen interactions will establish the agility needed to quickly identify reservoir hosts of novel zoonoses, allow for more robust predictions of emergence, and thereby strengthen human and planetary health systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan S Upham
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
| | - Jorrit H Poelen
- Ronin Institute for Independent Scholarship, Montclair, NJ, USA; Cheadle Center for Biodiversity and Ecological Restoration, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Deborah Paul
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | | | - Nancy B Simmons
- Department of Mammalogy, Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maarten P M Vanhove
- Zoology, Biodiversity and Toxicology, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Sandro Bertolino
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - DeeAnn M Reeder
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA, USA
| | | | - Atriya Sen
- Department of Computer Science, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Beckett Sterner
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Nico M Franz
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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6
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Thompson CW, Phelps KL, Allard MW, Cook JA, Dunnum JL, Ferguson AW, Gelang M, Khan FAA, Paul DL, Reeder DM, Simmons NB, Vanhove MPM, Webala PW, Weksler M, Kilpatrick CW. Preserve a Voucher Specimen! The Critical Need for Integrating Natural History Collections in Infectious Disease Studies. mBio 2021; 12:e02698-20. [PMID: 33436435 PMCID: PMC7844540 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02698-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite being nearly 10 months into the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic, the definitive animal host for SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), the causal agent of COVID-19, remains unknown. Unfortunately, similar problems exist for other betacoronaviruses, and no vouchered specimens exist to corroborate host species identification for most of these pathogens. This most basic information is critical to the full understanding and mitigation of emerging zoonotic diseases. To overcome this hurdle, we recommend that host-pathogen researchers adopt vouchering practices and collaborate with natural history collections to permanently archive microbiological samples and host specimens. Vouchered specimens and associated samples provide both repeatability and extension to host-pathogen studies, and using them mobilizes a large workforce (i.e., biodiversity scientists) to assist in pandemic preparedness. We review several well-known examples that successfully integrate host-pathogen research with natural history collections (e.g., yellow fever, hantaviruses, helminths). However, vouchering remains an underutilized practice in such studies. Using an online survey, we assessed vouchering practices used by microbiologists (e.g., bacteriologists, parasitologists, virologists) in host-pathogen research. A much greater number of respondents permanently archive microbiological samples than archive host specimens, and less than half of respondents voucher host specimens from which microbiological samples were lethally collected. To foster collaborations between microbiologists and natural history collections, we provide recommendations for integrating vouchering techniques and archiving of microbiological samples into host-pathogen studies. This integrative approach exemplifies the premise underlying One Health initiatives, providing critical infrastructure for addressing related issues ranging from public health to global climate change and the biodiversity crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody W Thompson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Marc W Allard
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph A Cook
- Museum of Southwestern Biology, Biology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Jonathan L Dunnum
- Museum of Southwestern Biology, Biology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Adam W Ferguson
- Gantz Family Collections Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Magnus Gelang
- Gothenburg Natural History Museum, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Deborah L Paul
- Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
- Species File Group, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Nancy B Simmons
- Department of Mammalogy, Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA
| | - Maarten P M Vanhove
- Hasselt University, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Research Group Zoology: Biodiversity and Toxicology, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Paul W Webala
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Maasai Mara University, Narok, Kenya
| | - Marcelo Weksler
- Departamento de Vertebrados, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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7
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Olival KJ, Cryan PM, Amman BR, Baric RS, Blehert DS, Brook CE, Calisher CH, Castle KT, Coleman JTH, Daszak P, Epstein JH, Field H, Frick WF, Gilbert AT, Hayman DTS, Ip HS, Karesh WB, Johnson CK, Kading RC, Kingston T, Lorch JM, Mendenhall IH, Peel AJ, Phelps KL, Plowright RK, Reeder DM, Reichard JD, Sleeman JM, Streicker DG, Towner JS, Wang LF. Possibility for reverse zoonotic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to free-ranging wildlife: A case study of bats. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008758. [PMID: 32881980 PMCID: PMC7470399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic highlights the substantial public health, economic, and societal consequences of virus spillover from a wildlife reservoir. Widespread human transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) also presents a new set of challenges when considering viral spillover from people to naïve wildlife and other animal populations. The establishment of new wildlife reservoirs for SARS-CoV-2 would further complicate public health control measures and could lead to wildlife health and conservation impacts. Given the likely bat origin of SARS-CoV-2 and related beta-coronaviruses (β-CoVs), free-ranging bats are a key group of concern for spillover from humans back to wildlife. Here, we review the diversity and natural host range of β-CoVs in bats and examine the risk of humans inadvertently infecting free-ranging bats with SARS-CoV-2. Our review of the global distribution and host range of β-CoV evolutionary lineages suggests that 40+ species of temperate-zone North American bats could be immunologically naïve and susceptible to infection by SARS-CoV-2. We highlight an urgent need to proactively connect the wellbeing of human and wildlife health during the current pandemic and to implement new tools to continue wildlife research while avoiding potentially severe health and conservation impacts of SARS-CoV-2 "spilling back" into free-ranging bat populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. Olival
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Paul M. Cryan
- US Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Ft. Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Brian R. Amman
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David S. Blehert
- US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Cara E. Brook
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Charles H. Calisher
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kevin T. Castle
- Wildlife Veterinary Consulting, Livermore, Colorado, United States of America
| | | | - Peter Daszak
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Hume Field
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York, United States of America
- Bat Conservation International, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Winifred F. Frick
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Amy T. Gilbert
- US Department of Agriculture, National Wildlife Research Center, Ft. Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - David T. S. Hayman
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Hon S. Ip
- US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | | | - Christine K. Johnson
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Rebekah C. Kading
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Tigga Kingston
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey M. Lorch
- US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ian H. Mendenhall
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
| | - Alison J. Peel
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia
| | - Kendra L. Phelps
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Raina K. Plowright
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - DeeAnn M. Reeder
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Jonathan M. Sleeman
- US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Daniel G. Streicker
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan S. Towner
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
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8
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Ejotre I, Reeder DM, Matuschewski K, Schaer J. Hepatocystis. Trends Parasitol 2020; 37:456-457. [PMID: 32839102 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ejotre
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany; Muni University, Arua, Uganda
| | - DeeAnn M Reeder
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA, USA
| | - Kai Matuschewski
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Juliane Schaer
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany; Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia.
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9
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Cook JA, Arai S, Armién B, Bates J, Bonilla CAC, Cortez MBDS, Dunnum JL, Ferguson AW, Johnson KM, Khan FAA, Paul DL, Reeder DM, Revelez MA, Simmons NB, Thiers BM, Thompson CW, Upham NS, Vanhove MPM, Webala PW, Weksler M, Yanagihara R, Soltis PS. Integrating Biodiversity Infrastructure into Pathogen Discovery and Mitigation of Emerging Infectious Diseases. Bioscience 2020; 70:531-534. [PMID: 32665736 PMCID: PMC7340541 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biaa064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Cook
- Museum of Southwestern Biology and with the Biology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque
| | - Satoru Arai
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Blas Armién
- Departamento de Invetigación de Enfermedades Emergentes y Zoonóticas, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panama City, Republic of Panama
| | - John Bates
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center, The Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Carlos A Carrion Bonilla
- Museum of Southwestern Biology and with the Biology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, and with the Museo de Mastozoologia QCAZ, Universidad Catolica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Maria Beatriz de Souza Cortez
- Florida Museum of Natural History, the UF Biodiversity Institute, and the Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Jonathan L Dunnum
- Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque
| | - Adam W Ferguson
- Gantz Family Collections Center, The Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Ilinois
| | - Karl M Johnson
- Biology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque
| | - Faisal Ali Anwarali Khan
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Jalan Datuk Mohammad Musa, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Deborah L Paul
- iDigBio and iDigInfo, Florida State University, Tallahassee
| | - DeeAnn M Reeder
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Nancy B Simmons
- Division of Vertebrate Zoology's Department of Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York
| | - Barbara M Thiers
- William and Lynda Steere Herbarium, New York Botanical Garden, the Bronx, New York
| | - Cody W Thompson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and with the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Nathan S Upham
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe
| | - Maarten P M Vanhove
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Research Group Zoology: Biodiversity and Toxicology, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Paul W Webala
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Maasai Mara University, Narok, Kenya
| | - Marcelo Weksler
- Departamento de Vertebrados, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Richard Yanagihara
- Pacific Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, the John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Pamela S Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History and with the UF Biodiversity Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville
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10
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Lilley TM, Prokkola JM, Blomberg AS, Paterson S, Johnson JS, Turner GG, Bartonička T, Bachorec E, Reeder DM, Field KA. Resistance is futile: RNA-sequencing reveals differing responses to bat fungal pathogen in Nearctic Myotis lucifugus and Palearctic Myotis myotis. Oecologia 2019; 191:295-309. [PMID: 31506746 PMCID: PMC6763535 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04499-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Resistance and tolerance allow organisms to cope with potentially life-threatening pathogens. Recently introduced pathogens initially induce resistance responses, but natural selection favors the development of tolerance, allowing for a commensal relationship to evolve. Mycosis by Pseudogymnoascus destructans, causing white-nose syndrome (WNS) in Nearctic hibernating bats, has resulted in population declines since 2006. The pathogen, which spread from Europe, has infected species of Palearctic Myotis for a longer period. We compared ecologically relevant responses to the fungal infection in the susceptible Nearctic M. lucifugus and less susceptible Palearctic M. myotis, to uncover factors contributing to survival differences in the two species. Samples were collected from euthermic bats during arousal from hibernation, a naturally occurring phenomenon, during which transcriptional responses are activated. We compared the whole-transcriptome responses in wild bats infected with P. destructans hibernating in their natural habitat. Our results show dramatically different local transcriptional responses to the pathogen between uninfected and infected samples from the two species. Whereas we found 1526 significantly upregulated or downregulated transcripts in infected M. lucifugus, only one transcript was downregulated in M. myotis. The upregulated response pathways in M. lucifugus include immune cell activation and migration, and inflammatory pathways, indicative of an unsuccessful attempt to resist the infection. In contrast, M. myotis appears to tolerate P. destructans infection by not activating a transcriptional response. These host-microbe interactions determine pathology, contributing to WNS susceptibility, or commensalism, promoting tolerance to fungal colonization during hibernation that favors survival. Graphic abstract ![]()
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00442-019-04499-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Lilley
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Jenni M Prokkola
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Steve Paterson
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Joseph S Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | | | - Tomáš Bartonička
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Erik Bachorec
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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11
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Hirose K, Payumo AY, Cutie S, Hoang A, Zhang H, Guyot R, Lunn D, Bigley RB, Yu H, Wang J, Smith M, Gillett E, Muroy SE, Schmid T, Wilson E, Field KA, Reeder DM, Maden M, Yartsev MM, Wolfgang MJ, Grützner F, Scanlan TS, Szweda LI, Buffenstein R, Hu G, Flamant F, Olgin JE, Huang GN. Evidence for hormonal control of heart regenerative capacity during endothermy acquisition. Science 2019; 364:184-188. [PMID: 30846611 DOI: 10.1126/science.aar2038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tissue regenerative potential displays striking divergence across phylogeny and ontogeny, but the underlying mechanisms remain enigmatic. Loss of mammalian cardiac regenerative potential correlates with cardiomyocyte cell-cycle arrest and polyploidization as well as the development of postnatal endothermy. We reveal that diploid cardiomyocyte abundance across 41 species conforms to Kleiber's law-the ¾-power law scaling of metabolism with bodyweight-and inversely correlates with standard metabolic rate, body temperature, and serum thyroxine level. Inactivation of thyroid hormone signaling reduces mouse cardiomyocyte polyploidization, delays cell-cycle exit, and retains cardiac regenerative potential in adults. Conversely, exogenous thyroid hormones inhibit zebrafish heart regeneration. Thus, our findings suggest that loss of heart regenerative capacity in adult mammals is triggered by increasing thyroid hormones and may be a trade-off for the acquisition of endothermy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Hirose
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Alexander Y Payumo
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Stephen Cutie
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Alison Hoang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Romain Guyot
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, École Normale Superieure de Lyon, 69 007 France
| | - Dominic Lunn
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Rachel B Bigley
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Hongyao Yu
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Megan Smith
- Calico Life Sciences, 1170 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ellen Gillett
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - Sandra E Muroy
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94708, USA
| | - Tobias Schmid
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94708, USA
| | - Emily Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kenneth A Field
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA
| | - DeeAnn M Reeder
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA
| | - Malcom Maden
- Department of Biology and UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Michael M Yartsev
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94708, USA
| | - Michael J Wolfgang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Frank Grützner
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - Thomas S Scanlan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Luke I Szweda
- Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8573, USA
| | - Rochelle Buffenstein
- Calico Life Sciences, 1170 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Guang Hu
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Frederic Flamant
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, École Normale Superieure de Lyon, 69 007 France
| | - Jeffrey E Olgin
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Guo N Huang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. .,Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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12
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Field KA, Sewall BJ, Prokkola JM, Turner GG, Gagnon MF, Lilley TM, Paul White J, Johnson JS, Hauer CL, Reeder DM. Effect of torpor on host transcriptomic responses to a fungal pathogen in hibernating bats. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:3727-3743. [PMID: 30080945 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Hibernation, the use of prolonged torpor to depress metabolism, is employed by mammals to conserve resources during extended periods of extreme temperatures and/or resource limitation. Mammalian hibernators arouse to euthermy periodically during torpor for reasons that are not well understood, and these arousals may facilitate immune processes. To determine whether arousals enable host responses to pathogens, we used dual RNA-Seq and a paired sampling approach to examine gene expression in a hibernating bat, the little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus). During torpor, transcript levels differed in only a few genes between uninfected wing tissue and adjacent tissue infected with Pseudogymnoascus destructans, the fungal pathogen that causes white-nose syndrome. Within 70-80 min after emergence from torpor, large changes in gene expression were observed due to local infection, particularly in genes involved in pro-inflammatory host responses to fungal pathogens, but also in many genes involved in immune responses and metabolism. These results support the hypothesis that torpor is a period of relative immune dormancy and arousals allow for local immune responses in infected tissues during hibernation. Host-pathogen interactions were also found to regulate gene expression in the pathogen differently depending on the torpor state of the host. Hibernating species must balance the benefits of energy and water conservation achieved during torpor with the costs of decreased immune competence. Interbout arousals allow hibernators to optimize these, and other, trade-offs during prolonged hibernation by enabling host responses to pathogens within brief, periodic episodes of euthermy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Field
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania
| | - Brent J Sewall
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jenni M Prokkola
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania
| | - Gregory G Turner
- Wildlife Diversity Division, Pennsylvania Game Commission, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
| | - Marianne F Gagnon
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Thomas M Lilley
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania
| | - J Paul White
- Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Joseph S Johnson
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania
| | | | - DeeAnn M Reeder
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania
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13
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Campana MG, Kurata NP, Foster JT, Helgen LE, Reeder DM, Fleischer RC, Helgen KM. White-Nose Syndrome Fungus in a 1918 Bat Specimen from France. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:1611-1612. [PMID: 28820367 PMCID: PMC5572869 DOI: 10.3201/eid2309.170875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
White-nose syndrome, first diagnosed in North America in 2006, causes mass deaths among bats in North America. We found the causative fungus, Pseudogymnoascusdestructans, in a 1918 sample collected in Europe, where bats have now adapted to the fungus. These results are consistent with a Eurasian origin of the pathogen.
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14
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Lilley TM, Prokkola JM, Johnson JS, Rogers EJ, Gronsky S, Kurta A, Reeder DM, Field KA. Immune responses in hibernating little brown myotis ( Myotis lucifugus) with white-nose syndrome. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2016.2232. [PMID: 28179513 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.2232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
White-nose syndrome (WNS) is a fungal disease responsible for decimating many bat populations in North America. Pseudogymnoascus destructans (Pd), the psychrophilic fungus responsible for WNS, prospers in the winter habitat of many hibernating bat species. The immune response that Pd elicits in bats is not yet fully understood; antibodies are produced in response to infection by Pd, but they may not be protective and indeed may be harmful. To understand how bats respond to infection during hibernation, we studied the effect of Pd inoculation on the survival and gene expression of captive hibernating Myotis lucifugus with varying pre-hibernation antifungal antibody titres. We investigated gene expression through the transcription of selected cytokine genes (Il6, Il17a, Il1b, Il4 and Ifng) associated with inflammatory, Th1, Th2 and Th17 immune responses in wing tissue and lymph nodes. We found no difference in survival between bats with low and high anti-Pd titres, although anti-Pd antibody production during hibernation differed significantly between infected and uninfected bats. Transcription of Il6 and Il17a was higher in the lymph nodes of infected bats compared with uninfected bats. Increased transcription of these cytokines in the lymph node suggests that a pro-inflammatory immune response to WNS is not restricted to infected tissues and occurs during hibernation. The resulting Th17 response may be protective in euthermic bats, but because it may disrupt torpor, it could be detrimental during hibernation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Lilley
- Biology Department, Bucknell University, 1 Dent Drive, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA.,Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - J M Prokkola
- Biology Department, Bucknell University, 1 Dent Drive, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA
| | - J S Johnson
- Biology Department, Bucknell University, 1 Dent Drive, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA.,Center for Ecology and Evolutionary Studies, Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - E J Rogers
- Biology Department, Bucknell University, 1 Dent Drive, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA
| | - S Gronsky
- Biology Department, Bucknell University, 1 Dent Drive, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA
| | - A Kurta
- Biology Department, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI 48197, USA
| | - D M Reeder
- Biology Department, Bucknell University, 1 Dent Drive, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA
| | - K A Field
- Biology Department, Bucknell University, 1 Dent Drive, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA
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15
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Schaer J, Perkins SL, Ejotre I, Vodzak ME, Matuschewski K, Reeder DM. Epauletted fruit bats display exceptionally high infections with a Hepatocystis species complex in South Sudan. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6928. [PMID: 28761151 PMCID: PMC5537238 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07093-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocystis parasites are closely related to mammalian Plasmodium species, the causative agents of malaria. Despite the close phylogenetic relationship, Hepatocystis parasites lack the intermittent erythrocytic replication cycles, the signature and exclusive cause of malaria-related morbidity and mortality. Hepatocystis population expansion in the mammalian host is thought to be restricted to the pre-erythrocytic liver phase. Complete differentiation of first generation blood stages into sexual stages for subsequent vector transmission indicates alternative parasite/host co-evolution. In this study, we identified a region of exceptionally high prevalence of Hepatocystis infections in Old World fruit bats in South Sudan. Investigations over the course of five consecutive surveys revealed an average of 93 percent prevalence in four genera of African epauletted fruit bats. We observed a clear seasonal pattern and tolerance of high parasite loads in these bats. Phylogenetic analyses revealed several cryptic Hepatocystis parasite species and, in contrast to mammalian Plasmodium parasites, neither host specificity nor strong geographical patterns were evident. Together, our study provides evidence for Pan-African distribution and local high endemicity of a Hepatocystis species complex in Pteropodidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Schaer
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Parasitology Unit, Berlin, 10117, Germany. .,Museum für Naturkunde - Leibniz Institute for Research on Evolution and Biodiversity, Mammals Collections, Berlin, 10115, Germany.
| | - Susan L Perkins
- American Museum of Natural History, Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, New York, 10024, USA
| | - Imran Ejotre
- Humboldt University, Institute of Biology, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - Megan E Vodzak
- Bucknell University, Department of Biology, Lewisburg, 17837, USA.,Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, 20008, USA
| | - Kai Matuschewski
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Parasitology Unit, Berlin, 10117, Germany.,Humboldt University, Institute of Biology, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - DeeAnn M Reeder
- Bucknell University, Department of Biology, Lewisburg, 17837, USA
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16
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Abstract
White nose syndrome (WNS) is caused by the psychrophilic fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans that can grow in the environment saprotrophically or parasitically by infecting hibernating bats. Infections are pathological in many species of North American bats, disrupting hibernation and causing mortality. To determine what fungal pathways are involved in infection of living tissue, we examined fungal gene expression using RNA-Seq. We compared P. destructans gene expression when grown in culture to that during infection of a North American bat species, Myotis lucifugus, that shows high WNS mortality. Cultured P. destructans was grown at 10 to 14 C and P. destructans growing in vivo was presumably exposed to temperatures ranging from 4 to 8 C during torpor and up to 37 C during periodic arousals. We found that when P. destructans is causing WNS, the most significant differentially expressed genes were involved in heat shock responses, cell wall remodeling, and micronutrient acquisition. These results indicate that this fungal pathogen responds to host-pathogen interactions by regulating gene expression in ways that may contribute to evasion of host responses. Alterations in fungal cell wall structures could allow P. destructans to avoid detection by host pattern recognition receptors and antibody responses. This study has also identified several fungal pathways upregulated during WNS infection that may be candidates for mitigating infection pathology. By identifying host-specific pathogen responses, these observations have important implications for host-pathogen evolutionary relationships in WNS and other fungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia M Reeder
- a Department of Biology , Bucknell University , Lewisburg , PA , USA
| | - Jonathan M Palmer
- b Center for Forest Mycology Research , Northern Research Station, US Forest Service , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Jenni M Prokkola
- a Department of Biology , Bucknell University , Lewisburg , PA , USA
| | - Thomas M Lilley
- a Department of Biology , Bucknell University , Lewisburg , PA , USA
| | - DeeAnn M Reeder
- a Department of Biology , Bucknell University , Lewisburg , PA , USA
| | - Kenneth A Field
- a Department of Biology , Bucknell University , Lewisburg , PA , USA
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17
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Court MH, Robbins AH, Whitford AM, Beck EV, Tseng FS, Reeder DM. Pharmacokinetics of terbinafine in little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus) infected with Pseudogymnoascus destructans. Am J Vet Res 2017; 78:90-99. [PMID: 28029293 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.1.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the pharmacokinetics of terbinafine in little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus) infected with Pseudogymnoascus destructans. ANIMALS 123 bats from a P destructans-infected hibernation site in Virginia. PROCEDURES 3 bats were euthanized and necropsied to confirm the presence of P destructans within the population. The remaining 120 bats were systematically assigned to 6 groups (20 bats/group). Bats in each of 3 groups received 6, 20, or 60 mg of terbinafine/kg, SC, once daily for 10 days. Bats in another group received 200 mg of terbinafine/kg, SC, once daily for 5 days. Bats in 1 group received the terbinafine vehicle solution (0.1 mL/kg, SC, once daily for 10 days). Bats in the remaining group did not receive any treatment. Following the treatment period (days 1 through 10), bats were housed in a hibernation chamber and monitored daily until euthanasia on day 42, 75, or 109. Tissue specimens were collected from all bats as soon as possible after death or euthanasia to determine terbinafine concentration. Within each group and tissue type, terbinafine concentration data were pooled, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by noncompartmental methods. RESULTS Adverse neurologic effects and a high mortality rate before day 10 were observed in bats that received the highest terbinafine dose (200 mg/kg) but not those that received lower doses. Presumed therapeutic terbinafine concentrations (≥ 2 μg/g) were maintained in skin and wing for at least 30 and 6 days in bats that received the 60 and 20 mg/kg doses, respectively, but were not achieved in most bats that received the 6 mg/kg dose. Tissue terminal half-life ranged from 14 to 22 days. Terbinafine concentration in hair was positively correlated with that in skin and wing. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated terbinafine doses > 6 but < 200 mg/kg should be further evaluated for the treatment of P destructans-infected bats. Collection of serial hair specimens may represent a noninvasive method for monitoring terbinafine concentration in treated bats.
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Reeder DM, Field KA, Slater MH. Balancing the Costs of Wildlife Research with the Benefits of Understanding a Panzootic Disease, White-Nose Syndrome. ILAR J 2016; 56:275-82. [PMID: 26912714 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilv035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Additional ethical issues surrounding wildlife research compared with biomedical research include consideration of the harm of research to the ecosystem as a whole and the benefits of conservation to the same species of animals under study. Research on white-nose syndrome in bats provides a case study to apply these considerations to determine whether research that harms ecosystems under crisis is justified. By expanding well-established guidelines for animal and human subjects research, we demonstrate that this research can be considered highly justified. Studies must minimize the amount of harm to the ecosystem while maximizing the knowledge gained. However, the likelihood of direct application of the results of the research for conservation should not necessarily take priority over other considerations, particularly when the entire context of the ecologic disaster is poorly understood. Since the emergence of white-nose syndrome, researchers have made great strides in understanding this panzootic disease and are now in a position to utilize this knowledge to mitigate this wildlife crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- DeeAnn M Reeder
- DeeAnn M. Reeder, PhD, is a professor of biology and animal behavior at Bucknell University in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania. Kenneth A. Field, PhD, is an associate professor of biology and cell biology and biochemistry at Bucknell University in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania. Matthew H. Slater, PhD, is an associate professor of philosophy at Bucknell University in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania
| | - Kenneth A Field
- DeeAnn M. Reeder, PhD, is a professor of biology and animal behavior at Bucknell University in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania. Kenneth A. Field, PhD, is an associate professor of biology and cell biology and biochemistry at Bucknell University in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania. Matthew H. Slater, PhD, is an associate professor of philosophy at Bucknell University in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew H Slater
- DeeAnn M. Reeder, PhD, is a professor of biology and animal behavior at Bucknell University in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania. Kenneth A. Field, PhD, is an associate professor of biology and cell biology and biochemistry at Bucknell University in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania. Matthew H. Slater, PhD, is an associate professor of philosophy at Bucknell University in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania
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Field KA, Johnson JS, Lilley TM, Reeder SM, Rogers EJ, Behr MJ, Reeder DM. The White-Nose Syndrome Transcriptome: Activation of Anti-fungal Host Responses in Wing Tissue of Hibernating Little Brown Myotis. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005168. [PMID: 26426272 PMCID: PMC4591128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
White-nose syndrome (WNS) in North American bats is caused by an invasive cutaneous infection by the psychrophilic fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans (Pd). We compared transcriptome-wide changes in gene expression using RNA-Seq on wing skin tissue from hibernating little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus) with WNS to bats without Pd exposure. We found that WNS caused significant changes in gene expression in hibernating bats including pathways involved in inflammation, wound healing, and metabolism. Local acute inflammatory responses were initiated by fungal invasion. Gene expression was increased for inflammatory cytokines, including interleukins (IL) IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17C, IL-20, IL-23A, IL-24, and G-CSF and chemokines, such as Ccl2 and Ccl20. This pattern of gene expression changes demonstrates that WNS is accompanied by an innate anti-fungal host response similar to that caused by cutaneous Candida albicans infections. However, despite the apparent production of appropriate chemokines, immune cells such as neutrophils and T cells do not appear to be recruited. We observed upregulation of acute inflammatory genes, including prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 (cyclooxygenase-2), that generate eicosanoids and other nociception mediators. We also observed differences in Pd gene expression that suggest host-pathogen interactions that might determine WNS progression. We identified several classes of potential virulence factors that are expressed in Pd during WNS, including secreted proteases that may mediate tissue invasion. These results demonstrate that hibernation does not prevent a local inflammatory response to Pd infection but that recruitment of leukocytes to the site of infection does not occur. The putative virulence factors may provide novel targets for treatment or prevention of WNS. These observations support a dual role for inflammation during WNS; inflammatory responses provide protection but excessive inflammation may contribute to mortality, either by affecting torpor behavior or causing damage upon emergence in the spring. White-nose syndrome is the most devastating epizootic wildlife disease of mammals in history, having killed millions of hibernating bats in North America since 2007. We have used next-generation RNA sequencing to provide a survey of the gene expression changes that accompany this disease in the skin of bats infected with the causative fungus. We identified possible new mechanisms that may either provide protection or contribute to mortality, including inflammatory immune responses. Contrary to expectations that hibernation represents a period of dormancy, we found that gene expression pathways were responsive to the environment. We also examined which genes were expressed in the pathogen and identified several classes of genes that could contribute to the virulence of this disease. Gene expression changes in the host were associated with local inflammation despite the fact that the bats were hibernating. However, we found that hibernating bats with white-nose syndrome lack some of the responses known to defend other mammals from fungal infection. We propose that bats could be protected from white-nose syndrome if these responses could be established prior to hibernation or if treatments could block the virulence factors expressed by the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A. Field
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Joseph S. Johnson
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Thomas M. Lilley
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sophia M. Reeder
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth J. Rogers
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Melissa J. Behr
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - DeeAnn M. Reeder
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Johnson JS, Reeder DM, Lilley TM, Czirják GÁ, Voigt CC, McMichael JW, Meierhofer MB, Seery CW, Lumadue SS, Altmann AJ, Toro MO, Field KA. Antibodies to Pseudogymnoascus destructans are not sufficient for protection against white-nose syndrome. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:2203-14. [PMID: 26078857 PMCID: PMC4461422 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
White-nose syndrome (WNS) is a fungal disease caused by Pseudogymnoascus destructans (Pd) that affects bats during hibernation. Although millions of bats have died from WNS in North America, mass mortality has not been observed among European bats infected by the fungus, leading to the suggestion that bats in Europe are immune. We tested the hypothesis that an antibody-mediated immune response can provide protection against WNS by quantifying antibodies reactive to Pd in blood samples from seven species of free-ranging bats in North America and two free-ranging species in Europe. We also quantified antibodies in blood samples from little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus) that were part of a captive colony that we injected with live Pd spores mixed with adjuvant, as well as individuals surviving a captive Pd infection trial. Seroprevalence of antibodies against Pd, as well as antibody titers, was greater among little brown myotis than among four other species of cave-hibernating bats in North America, including species with markedly lower WNS mortality rates. Among little brown myotis, the greatest titers occurred in populations occupying regions with longer histories of WNS, where bats lacked secondary symptoms of WNS. We detected antibodies cross-reactive with Pd among little brown myotis naïve to the fungus. We observed high titers among captive little brown myotis injected with Pd. We did not detect antibodies against Pd in Pd-infected European bats during winter, and titers during the active season were lower than among little brown myotis. These results show that antibody-mediated immunity cannot explain survival of European bats infected with Pd and that little brown myotis respond differently to Pd than species with higher WNS survival rates. Although it appears that some species of bats in North America may be developing resistance to WNS, an antibody-mediated immune response does not provide an explanation for these remnant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S Johnson
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, 17837
| | - DeeAnn M Reeder
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, 17837
| | | | - Gábor Á Czirják
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research Berlin, Germany
| | | | - James W McMichael
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, 17837
| | | | | | - Shayne S Lumadue
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, 17837
| | | | - Michael O Toro
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, 17837
| | - Kenneth A Field
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, 17837
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Schaer J, Reeder DM, Vodzak ME, Olival KJ, Weber N, Mayer F, Matuschewski K, Perkins SL. Nycteria parasites of Afrotropical insectivorous bats. Int J Parasitol 2015; 45:375-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Grieneisen LE, Brownlee-Bouboulis SA, Johnson JS, Reeder DM. Sex and hibernaculum temperature predict survivorship in white-nose syndrome affected little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus). R Soc Open Sci 2015; 2:140470. [PMID: 26064604 PMCID: PMC4448800 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.140470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
White-nose syndrome (WNS), an emerging infectious disease caused by the novel fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans, has devastated North American bat populations since its discovery in 2006. The little brown myotis, Myotis lucifugus, has been especially affected. The goal of this 2-year captive study was to determine the impact of hibernacula temperature and sex on WNS survivorship in little brown myotis that displayed visible fungal infection when collected from affected hibernacula. In study 1, we found that WNS-affected male bats had increased survival over females and that bats housed at a colder temperature survived longer than those housed at warmer temperatures. In study 2, we found that WNS-affected bats housed at a colder temperature fared worse than unaffected bats. Our results demonstrate that WNS mortality varies among individuals, and that colder hibernacula are more favourable for survival. They also suggest that female bats may be more negatively affected by WNS than male bats, which has important implications for the long-term survival of the little brown myotis in eastern North America.
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Pearson BL, Reeder DM, Judge PG. Crowding increases salivary cortisol but not self-directed behavior in captive baboons. Am J Primatol 2015; 77:462-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L. Pearson
- Animal Behavior Program; Bucknell University; Lewisburg Pennsylvania USA
| | - DeeAnn M. Reeder
- Department of Biology; Bucknell University; Lewisburg Pennsylvania USA
| | - Peter G. Judge
- Animal Behavior Program and Department of Psychology; Bucknell University; Lewisburg Pennsylvania USA
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Johnson JS, Reeder DM, McMichael JW, Meierhofer MB, Stern DWF, Lumadue SS, Sigler LE, Winters HD, Vodzak ME, Kurta A, Kath JA, Field KA. Host, pathogen, and environmental characteristics predict white-nose syndrome mortality in captive little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus). PLoS One 2014; 9:e112502. [PMID: 25409028 PMCID: PMC4237369 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
An estimated 5.7 million or more bats died in North America between 2006 and 2012 due to infection with the fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans (Pd) that causes white-nose syndrome (WNS) during hibernation. The behavioral and physiological changes associated with hibernation leave bats vulnerable to WNS, but the persistence of bats within the contaminated regions of North America suggests that survival might vary predictably among individuals or in relation to environmental conditions. To investigate variables influencing WNS mortality, we conducted a captive study of 147 little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus) inoculated with 0, 500, 5 000, 50 000, or 500 000 Pd conidia and hibernated for five months at either 4 or 10°C. We found that female bats were significantly more likely to survive hibernation, as were bats hibernated at 4°C, and bats with greater body condition at the start of hibernation. Although all bats inoculated with Pd exhibited shorter torpor bouts compared to controls, a characteristic of WNS, only bats inoculated with 500 conidia had significantly lower survival odds compared to controls. These data show that host and environmental characteristics are significant predictors of WNS mortality, and that exposure to up to 500 conidia is sufficient to cause a fatal infection. These results also illustrate a need to quantify dynamics of Pd exposure in free-ranging bats, as dynamics of WNS produced in captive studies inoculating bats with several hundred thousand conidia may differ from those in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S. Johnson
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - DeeAnn M. Reeder
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - James W. McMichael
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Melissa B. Meierhofer
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Daniel W. F. Stern
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Shayne S. Lumadue
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lauren E. Sigler
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Harrison D. Winters
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Megan E. Vodzak
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Allen Kurta
- Department of Biology, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Joseph A. Kath
- Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Springfield, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Kenneth A. Field
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Albariño CG, Foltzer M, Towner JS, Rowe LA, Campbell S, Jaramillo CM, Bird BH, Reeder DM, Vodzak ME, Rota P, Metcalfe MG, Spiropoulou CF, Knust B, Vincent JP, Frace MA, Nichol ST, Rollin PE, Ströher U. Novel paramyxovirus associated with severe acute febrile disease, South Sudan and Uganda, 2012. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 20:211-6. [PMID: 24447466 PMCID: PMC3901491 DOI: 10.3201/eid2002.131620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2012, a female wildlife biologist experienced fever, malaise, headache, generalized myalgia and arthralgia, neck stiffness, and a sore throat shortly after returning to the United States from a 6-week field expedition to South Sudan and Uganda. She was hospitalized, after which a maculopapular rash developed and became confluent. When the patient was discharged from the hospital on day 14, arthralgia and myalgia had improved, oropharynx ulcerations had healed, the rash had resolved without desquamation, and blood counts and hepatic enzyme levels were returning to reference levels. After several known suspect pathogens were ruled out as the cause of her illness, deep sequencing and metagenomics analysis revealed a novel paramyxovirus related to rubula-like viruses isolated from fruit bats.
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Dearborn DC, Hanley D, Ballantine K, Cullum J, Reeder DM. Eggshell colour is more strongly affected by maternal identity than by dietary antioxidants in a captive poultry system. Funct Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2012.02001.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Hanley
- Department of Biology and Program in Animal Behaviour; Bucknell University; Lewisburg; Pennsylvania; 17837; USA
| | - Katherine Ballantine
- Department of Biology and Program in Animal Behaviour; Bucknell University; Lewisburg; Pennsylvania; 17837; USA
| | - John Cullum
- Department of Biology and Program in Animal Behaviour; Bucknell University; Lewisburg; Pennsylvania; 17837; USA
| | - DeeAnn M. Reeder
- Department of Biology and Program in Animal Behaviour; Bucknell University; Lewisburg; Pennsylvania; 17837; USA
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Weaver KN, Alfano SE, Kronquist AR, Reeder DM. Healing Rates of Wing Punch Wounds in Free-Ranging Little Brown Myotis (Myotis lucifugus). Acta Chiropterologica 2009. [DOI: 10.3161/150811009x465866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Pearson BL, Judge PG, Reeder DM. Effectiveness of saliva collection and enzyme-immunoassay for the quantification of cortisol in socially housed baboons. Am J Primatol 2008; 70:1145-51. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Reeder DM, Kosteczko NS, Kunz TH, Widmaier EP. The hormonal and behavioral response to group formation, seasonal changes, and restraint stress in the highly social Malayan Flying Fox (Pteropus vampyrus) and the less social Little Golden-mantled Flying Fox (Pteropus pumilus) (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae). Horm Behav 2006; 49:484-500. [PMID: 16380123 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2005.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2005] [Revised: 11/02/2005] [Accepted: 11/03/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study examined behavioral and physiological responses (changes in inter-animal spacing, total glucocorticoids, testosterone, and body mass) to the formation of breeding and same-sex groups in two bat species, the socially gregarious Malayan Flying Fox (Pteropus vampyrus) and the less social Little Golden-mantled Flying Fox (Pteropus pumilus). We hypothesized that social instability, especially in the breeding groups and especially in P. vampyrus, would result in elevated glucocorticoids and that social facilitation of breeding and/or male-male competition would result in persistently higher levels of testosterone in breeding males. Seasonal rhythms in all measures were also predicted, and the glucocorticoid stress response was expected to vary by sex, season, and group type. Nearly all animals responded to group formation with elevated glucocorticoids, but, for breeding animals (especially aggressive male P. vampyrus), these responses persisted over time. In both species, breeding group formation resulted in elevated testosterone in males. Glucocorticoids, testosterone, testes volume, and body mass generally peaked in the breeding season in males (late summer and early autumn), but the seasonal glucocorticoid peak in females occurred in late winter and early spring. All animals responded to restraint stress with elevations in glucocorticoids that largely did not differ by sex, time of year, reproductive condition, group type, or, in lactating females, the presence of her pup. Changes in both behavior and physiology were more evident in P. vampyrus than in P. pumilus, and we believe that their underlying social differences influenced their responses to group formation and to the changing seasonal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- DeeAnn M Reeder
- Department of Biology, 5 Cummington Street, Boston University, MA 02215, USA.
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Reeder DM, Raff H, Kunz TH, Widmaier EP. Characterization of pituitary–adrenocortical activity in the Malayan flying fox (Pteropus vampyrus). J Comp Physiol B 2006; 176:513-9. [PMID: 16496155 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-006-0073-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2005] [Revised: 01/19/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary-adrenocortical and gonadal endocrine activity was investigated in a captive colony of Pteropus vampyrus, a highly social Old World fruit bat. Both cortisol and corticosterone were present in plasma, at a ratio of approximately 5:1, respectively. Glucocorticoid but not testosterone levels significantly increased prior to and concomitant with the evening active period. Restraint stress for 15-60 min resulted in a significant and rapid increase in plasma levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and glucocorticoids. ACTH levels quickly returned to baseline following restraint whereas glucocorticoid levels remained elevated for at least 30 min after restraint ended. Plasma ACTH levels after stress were similar to levels reported after stress in other mammals. Stress-induced glucocorticoid levels were several-fold greater than those reported for most mammals. Restraint for 15 min significantly inhibited testosterone levels. Restraint stress did not affect hormone levels on the morning following restraint. Brief capture, handling, and release of the animals did not elicit increases in these hormones. The physiological responsiveness of the pituitary and adrenal glands, along with P. vampyrus's documented seasonality and range of social behaviors, makes these bats an excellent model for exploring the general physiology of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axes, as well as social influences on these axes.
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Affiliation(s)
- DeeAnn M Reeder
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Reeder DM, Kosteczko NS, Kunz TH, Widmaier EP. Changes in baseline and stress-induced glucocorticoid levels during the active period in free-ranging male and female little brown myotis, Myotis lucifugus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2004; 136:260-9. [PMID: 15028530 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2003.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2003] [Accepted: 12/23/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Baseline and stress-responsive glucocorticoid (GC) levels were characterized during the active period in free-ranging male and reproductive female little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus). Bats were trapped and blood was sampled within 3 min of capture at two maternity sites during the summer and at one swarming site prior to hibernation in New England. Both GC hormones, cortisol and corticosterone, were detected, with cortisol accounting for an average of approximately 95% of total circulating GCs. Samples collected at the dusk emergence and after the first return from feeding showed significant seasonal differences across the active period (early pregnancy, mid-to-late pregnancy, lactation [and comparable mid-summer times for males], and pre-hibernation) within and between each sex. Elevated baseline values were found in mid-to-late pregnancy females at emergence, and in both males and females at the swarming site compared to other groups. Female GC values during mid-to-late pregnancy and during the pre-hibernation period were greater than those for males. Significantly higher GC levels following 15 min of restraint were exhibited by all animals in the summer and prior to hibernation. There was little variation between groups or sexes in the total GC levels reached following restraint. Taken together, these results suggest that: (1) GCs may be involved in the increased feeding and/or fat deposition characteristic of pregnancy and the pre-hibernation period, (2) GCs may be related to mating and to the generally increased levels of activity that occur during the pre-hibernation period, and (3) regardless of sex or reproductive condition, all animals maximally respond to restraint stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- DeeAnn M Reeder
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Schradin C, Reeder DM, Mendoza SP, Anzenberger G. Prolactin and paternal care: comparison of three species of monogamous new world monkeys (Callicebus cupreus, Callithrix jacchus, and Callimico goeldii). J Comp Psychol 2003; 117:166-75. [PMID: 12856787 DOI: 10.1037/0735-7036.117.2.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The authors explored whether prolactin is associated with paternal care in 3 monkey species: titi monkey (Callicebus cupreus), common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), and Goeldi's monkey (Callimico goeldii). They compared prolactin levels in fathers before and after infant birth as well as between fathers and nonfathers. C. cupreus fathers carry infants almost exclusively, have higher prolactin levels than nonfathers, but show no prolactin increase after infant birth. C. goeldii fathers carry infants only after 3 weeks, show an increase in prolactin levels during the precarrying period, but do not have higher levels than nonfathers. C jacchus fathers are the primary carriers, have higher prolactin levels than nonfathers, and show a trend for a prolactin increase after the birth of infants. In conclusion, species differences in the patterns of prolactin secretion were evident and reflect the different paternal roles.
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Abstract
Cognitive therapy, known for its treatment of depression, is fast becoming an approach to treating a wide variety of psychosocial phenomena. This article explores a model for anger management that incorporates elements of cognitive theory. The basic premises of cognitive theory will be presented. The application of these premises to the control of anger will be discussed. The anger arousal hypothesis by Novaco provides the foundation for the theoretical and clinical issues pertinent to psychiatric mental health nurses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Reeder
- Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
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