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The effect of dexamethasone on biomarkers of inflammation and neuronal damage in patients with hip fracture: A secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2023; 40:372-377. [PMID: 36809185 DOI: 10.1097/eja.0000000000001810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
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Corrigendum to "In vitro immune response of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide" [Fish Shellfish Immunol. 94 (2019) 190-198]. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 129:263-264. [PMID: 35985973 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.07.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To measure symptoms of anxiety, depression and hopelessness in a sample of young Pacific adults living in Auckland, New Zealand during the 2020/2021 COVID-19 pandemic and identify protective factors. METHODS Participants were 267 Pacific adults (58% female) who completed a survey online. Analyses included descriptive statistics, correlations, linear regression and symptom network analysis. RESULTS Around 25% of the sample scored in the range for moderate to severe anxiety and 10% for moderate to severe depression on standard measures. Almost 40% indicated that they found the first lockdown very stressful and 55% noted that some members of their family found it stressful. Only 16% worried about COVID-19 and their future quite a bit or constantly, while another 25% worried sometimes. Self-compassion and Pacific Identity had moderate, negative correlations, and Worry about COVID-19 had weak positive correlations, with anxiety, depression, hopelessness and perceived stress. CONCLUSION These results suggest that, while the prevalence of depression and anxiety are quite high among this population, fostering ethnic identity and self-compassion in Pacific children and adolescents might protect against developing depression and anxiety.
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Upper respiratory tract symptom risk in elite field hockey players during a dry run for the Tokyo Olympics. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:1827-1835. [PMID: 34873991 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.2009041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTThe primary aim of this study was to examine if biomarker and/or self-reported data could predict upper respiratory tract symptom (URTS) risk in elite field hockey players. The secondary aim was to investigate the effect of the additional stressor 'repeated heat exposure' on measures of thermoregulation and immunity. A prospective cohort repeated measures study design was used to collect URTS, household illness, self-reported wellness, biomarker and thermoregulatory data from elite male field hockey players (n = 19), during an 8-week training and competition period that simulated the preparatory and competition phases of the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. Heat response testing (HRT) was performed at the beginning of the study period, following heat acclimation (HA) and following an intensified competition period (ICP) played in hot and humid conditions (27-37°C and 53-80% relative humidity). Univariate frailty analysis demonstrated that illness in players' households (Hazard ratio (HR: 4.90; p < 0.001)) and self-reported stress (HR: 0.63; p = 0.043) predicted players' risk for URTS. Additionally, low baseline resting salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) concentration predicted players' "potential" URTS risk (p = 0.021). The additional stressor "repeated heat exposure" was found to facilitate partial thermoregulatory adaptation without attenuating resting immune functions. In conclusion, lifestyle and behavioural factors (i.e. household illness and stress) influenced players risk for URTS more so than sport-related stressors. Furthermore, repeated heat exposure did not appear to compromise players resting immunity. To assess athletes' risk for URTS, baseline screening of SIgA concentration and regular monitoring of self-reported lifestyle and behavioural data are recommended.
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Glycaemic and Appetite Suppression Effect of a Vegetable-Enriched Bread. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124277. [PMID: 34959829 PMCID: PMC8707846 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bread, a frequently consumed food, is an ideal vehicle for addition of ingredients that increase nutrient density and add health benefits. This experimental cross-over study sought to test the effect of a vegetable-enriched bread (VB) in comparison to commercial white bread (WB) and wheatmeal bread (WMB) on serum glucose, insulin response and subjective appetite suppression. On three separate occasions, 10 participants (23 ± 7 years) visited the laboratory and consumed after an overnight fast, in random order, a 75 g serve of WB, WMB or VB. Venous blood samples drawn twice before (0 min) and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min after consumption of the bread were analysed for glucose and insulin. Participants rated their subjective feelings of hunger, fullness, satisfaction and desire to eat on a 150 mm Likert scale. The mean glucose iAUC over 120 min was not different among the breads. The mean insulin iAUC for the VB was significantly lower than the WB and WMB; difference VB and WB 12,415 pmol/L*minutes (95% CI 1918, 22,912 pmol/L*minutes, p = 0.025) and difference VB and WMB 13,800 pmol/L*minutes (95% CI 1623, 25,976 pmol/L*minutes p = 0.031). The VB was associated with a higher fullness feeling in the participants over the 120-min period. The consumption of VB was associated with less insulin release and higher satiety over 120 min which may be related to the higher fibre content and texture of VB. The role of vegetable and fruit fibres such as pectin in bread and insulin response should also be further explored.
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Risk factors at five-year survival in grade 3 breast cancer: a retrospective observational study of the New Zealand population. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:2020. [PMID: 34742271 PMCID: PMC8571889 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-12122-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the most common cancer in New Zealand, with approximately 3000 new registrations annually, affecting one in nine women and resulting in more than 600 deaths. This study analyzed data of patients with selected prognostic factors of Nottingham grade 3 tumors over a specified five-year period. The study aimed to identify factors that result in differential survival in the female, New Zealand population. METHOD This is an observational, retrospective cohort study of prospectively collected data from New Zealand Breast Cancer Register. The selected period of 1st January 2011 to 31st, December 2015 allowed a consistent overlap for a national five-year data of grade 3 breast cancer in New Zealand. Mortality was carried out using univariate Fine-Gray competing risk statistical models. RESULTS This study showed that women in the older age group (> 70 years) had higher five-year mortality risk (HR: 1.7, 95% CI: 0.9-3.0, p = 0.053). Hormonal receptor analysis showed that ER positive, PR negative, and ER negative, PR negative subjects were at increased risk (HR = 3.5, 95% CI 2.3-5.4, p < 0.001) and (HR = 2.6, 95% CI, 1.8-3.9, p < 0.001) respectively. Molecular subtypes Triple Negative Breast Cancer and Luminal B subjects were at increased risk (HR = 3.0, 95% CI, 1.8-4.7, p < 0.001 and (HR = 3.3, 95% CI, 1.7-6.3, p < 0.001) respectively. HER2 enriched subjects were at a higher, but not significant, risk of five-year mortality compared to luminal A (HR = 1.6, 95% CI, 0.8-3.0, p = 0.10). NZ Europeans were at increased risk (HR = 1.7, 95% CI, 0.8-3.2, p = 0.11), with the highest Cumulative Incidence Function CIF, the largest proportion of HER2 enriched and TNBC across ethnicities.; however, Pacific Islanders experienced the highest HER2 CIF. CONCLUSION The survival rates for grade 3 breast cancer vary across the selected prognostic factors and ethnicity. The results of this study make an initial contribution to the understanding of grade 3 breast cancer in the New Zealand population.
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Effect of anticoagulants on farmed giant kokopu, Galaxias argenteus (Gmelin 1789) haematological parameters and erythrocyte fragility. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 99:684-689. [PMID: 33811326 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We sought to determine a compatible anticoagulant for routine haematological and physiological assessments with giant kokopu (Galaxias argenteus), an endemic New Zealand fish. We observed that blood treated with lithium heparin (LH) rapidly coagulated and haemolysed, making it unsuitable for G. argenteus. Dipotassium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (K2 EDTA) and trisodium citrate (citrate) effectively prevented blood coagulation. K2 EDTA-treated erythrocytes exhibited the least mean haemolysis and mean corpuscular fragility. Further studies into prolonged storage effects of citrate and K2 EDTA are recommended to find a compatible anticoagulant for use with G. argenteus blood.
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Haematological and metabolic profiles associated with age and sex in giant kokopu (Galaxias argenteus) (Gmelin 1789) broodstock. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 99:384-395. [PMID: 33715165 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study characterized selected peripheral blood (PB) haematological parameters, liver, serum and muscle metabolic features in 3- and 5-year-old male and female giant kokopu (Galaxias argenteus) broodstock reared indoor at 16°C. Sex and age did not affect PB total cell count and haematocrit values. Nonetheless, higher erythrocytes in 5-year-old fish, elevated thrombocyte and lymphocyte counts in 3-year-old fish indicate age-specific cellular regulation. Higher thrombocyte counts in female fish suggest sex-specific regulation. At a metabolic level, liver abundance for long chain saturated fatty acids (FAs) was higher in males, whereas females had elevated levels of polyunsaturated FAs. Essential and non-essential amino acids (AAs) in liver and serum were also elevated in females compared to males. These findings suggest differential allocation of FAs and AAs to reflect requirements for gonadal, development and provisioning. Similarly, age significantly resulted in higher liver and serum abundances of some non-essential AAs in 3-year-olds compared to 5-year-old fish, suggesting higher metabolism in younger fish. Overall, results enhance our understanding of sex- and age-based differences in fish haematology, muscle, liver, and serum metabolite profiles in healthy G. argenteus. Future studies should carefully consider potential age- and sex-specific differences in metabolic responses.
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Exogenous Ketone Supplementation and Keto-Adaptation for Endurance Performance: Disentangling the Effects of Two Distinct Metabolic States. Sports Med 2021; 50:641-656. [PMID: 31820376 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01246-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ketone bodies (KB) provide an alternative energy source and uniquely modulate substrate metabolism during endurance exercise. Nutritional ketosis (blood KBs > 0.5 mM) can be achieved within minutes via exogenous ketone supplementation or days-to-weeks via conforming to a very low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet (KD). In contrast to short-term (< 2 weeks) KD ingestion, chronic adherence (> 3 weeks) leads to a state of keto-adaptation. However, despite elevating blood KBs to similar concentrations, exogenous ketone supplementation and keto-adaptation are not similar metabolic states as they elicit diverse and distinct effects on substrate availability and metabolism during exercise; meaning that their influence on endurance exercise performance is different. In contrast to contemporary, high(er)-carbohydrate fuelling strategies, inducing nutritional ketosis is rarely ergogenic irrespective of origin and, in fact, can impair endurance performance. Nonetheless, exogenous ketone supplementation and keto-adaptation possess utility for select endurance events and individuals, thus warranting further research into their performance effects and potential strategies for their optimisation. It is critical, however, that future research considers the limitations of measuring blood KB concentrations and their utilisation, and assess the effect of nutritional ketosis on performance using exercise protocols reflective of real-world competition. Furthermore, to reliably assess the effects of keto-adaptation, rigorous dietary-training controls of sufficient duration should be prioritised.
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Predictors of upper respiratory tract symptom risk: Differences between elite rugby union and league players. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:1594-1601. [PMID: 33629651 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1888430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study examined possible predictors of upper respiratory tract symptom (URTS) episodes in elite rugby union and league players (n = 51) during intensive pre-season training. Baseline saliva and blood samples were collected in the first week of pre-season training for analysis of salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) and cytomegalovirus. Thereafter, SIgA, URTS, internal training load and self-reported wellness data were repeatedly measured throughout a 10-week pre-season training period. Univariate frailty model analysis, which included 502 observations, was performed for each rugby code for the following independent predictor variables: SIgA concentration, internal training load, total wellness, sleep quantity, sleep quality and stress. Rugby union and league players experienced a similar number of URTS episodes; however, predictors of URTS episodes differed between the codes. No biomarkers or self-reported measures significantly predicted URTS risk in rugby union players, while reductions in self-reported total wellness (HR: 0.731, p = 0.004) and sleep quality (HR: 0.345, p = 0.001) predicted increased URTS risk in rugby league players. The findings from this study highlight that factors influencing URTS risk are perhaps sport specific and this may be attributed to different sporting demands and/or different management of players by team-practitioners.
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Household illness is the strongest predictor of upper respiratory tract symptom risk in elite rugby union players. J Sci Med Sport 2020; 24:430-434. [PMID: 33262041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify periods of increased risk for upper respiratory tract symptom (URTS) episodes, and examine whether biomarkers and/or self-reported lifestyle and wellness data can predict URTS risk in elite rugby union players. DESIGN Prospective, longitudinal and repeated-measures study. METHODS Salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA), salivary cortisol, URTS, internal training load and self-reported lifestyle and wellness data including household illness, stress, mood, fatigue, muscle soreness and sleep quality were repeatedly measured in elite Southern hemisphere rugby union players (n=28) throughout a season. Univariate frailty model analysis, which included 495 observations, was used to determine predictors of URTS risk. RESULTS Surprisingly, the highest incidence of URTS occurred after rest weeks, namely the Christmas break and bye weeks (i.e., no scheduled trainings or matches); whereas URTS risk was reduced during weeks involving international travel (Hazard ratio (HR): 0.43, p<0.001)). Household illness was the strongest predictor of URTS risk; players were almost three-fold more at risk for an URTS episode when illness in the household was present (HR: 2.90, p=0.002). A non-significant, but potentially important trend for an inverse association between SIgA concentration and URTS incidence was also observed (HR: 0.99, p=0.070). CONCLUSIONS Rest weeks were identified as periods of increased risk for URTS; while international travel did not appear to increase players risk for URTS. Incidence of household illness and SIgA concentration independently predicted URTS risk, with household illness being the strongest predictor. These findings can assist practitioners monitoring and management of athletes to potentially reduce URTS risk.
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Adaptation to a ketogenic diet modulates adaptive and mucosal immune markers in trained male endurance athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 31:140-152. [PMID: 32969535 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of short-term adaptation to a ketogenic diet (KD) on resting and post-exercise immune markers. Using a randomized, repeated-measures, crossover design, eight trained, male, endurance athletes ingested a 31-day low carbohydrate (CHO), KD (energy intake: 4% CHO; 78% fat) or their habitual diet (HD) (energy intake: 43% CHO; 38% fat). On days 0 and 31, participants ran to exhaustion at 70% VO2max . A high-CHO (2 g·kg-1 ) meal was ingested prior to the pre-HD, post-HD, and pre-KD trials, with CHO (~55 g·h-1 ) ingested during exercise, whereas a low-CHO (<10 g) meal was ingested prior to the post-KD trial, with fat ingested during exercise. Blood and saliva samples were collected at pre-exercise, exhaustion, and 1 hour post-exhaustion. T-cell-related cytokine gene expression within peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and whole-blood inflammatory cytokine production were determined using 24-hour multi-antigen-stimulated whole-blood cultures. Multi-antigen-stimulated PBMC IFN-γ mRNA expression and the IFN-γ/IL-4 mRNA expression ratio were higher at exhaustion in the post-KD compared with pre-KD trial (P = 0.003 and P = 0.004); however, IL-4 and IL-10 mRNA expression were unaltered (P > 0.05). Multi-antigen-stimulated whole-blood IL-10 production was higher in the post-KD compared with pre-KD trial (P = 0.028), whereas IL-1β, IL-2, IL-8, and IFN-γ production was lower in the post-HD compared with pre-HD trial (P < 0.01). Salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA) secretion rate was higher in the post-KD compared with pre-KD trial (P < 0.001). In conclusion, short-term adaptation to a KD in endurance athletes may alter the pro- and anti-inflammatory immune cell cytokine response to a multi-antigen in vitro and SIgA secretion rate.
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Effect of a Ketogenic Diet on Submaximal Exercise Capacity and Efficiency in Runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 51:2135-2146. [PMID: 31033901 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the effect of a 31-d ketogenic diet (KD) on submaximal exercise capacity and efficiency. METHODS A randomized, repeated-measures, crossover study was conducted in eight trained male endurance athletes (V˙O2max, 59.4 ± 5.2 mL⋅kg⋅min). Participants ingested their habitual diet (HD) (13.1 MJ, 43% [4.6 g⋅kg⋅d] carbohydrate and 38% [1.8 g⋅kg⋅d] fat) or an isoenergetic KD (13.7 MJ, 4% [0.5 g·kg⋅d] carbohydrate and 78% [4 g⋅kg⋅d] fat) from days 0 to 31 (P < 0.001). Participants performed a fasted metabolic test on days -2 and 29 (~25 min) and a run-to-exhaustion trial at 70% V˙O2max on days 0 and 31 following the ingestion of a high-carbohydrate meal (2 g⋅kg) or an isoenergetic low-carbohydrate, high-fat meal (<10 g CHO), with carbohydrate (~55 g⋅h) or isoenergetic fat (0 g CHO⋅h) supplementation during exercise. RESULTS Training loads were similar between trials and V˙O2max was unchanged (all, P > 0.05). The KD impaired exercise efficiency, particularly at >70% V˙O2max, as evidenced by increased energy expenditure and oxygen uptake that could not be explained by shifts in respiratory exchange ratio (RER) (all, P < 0.05). However, exercise efficiency was maintained on a KD when exercising at <60% V˙O2max (all, P > 0.05). Time-to-exhaustion (TTE) was similar for each dietary adaptation (pre-HD, 237 ± 44 vs post-HD, 231 ± 35 min; P = 0.44 and pre-KD, 239 ± 27 vs post-KD, 219 ± 53 min; P = 0.36). Following keto-adaptation, RER >1.0 vs <1.0 at V˙O2max coincided with the preservation and reduction in TTE, respectively. CONCLUSION A 31-d KD preserved mean submaximal exercise capacity in trained endurance athletes without necessitating acute carbohydrate fuelling strategies. However, there was a greater risk of an endurance decrement at an individual level.
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Metabolic and immune responses of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) smolts to a short-term poly (I:C) challenge. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2020; 96:731-746. [PMID: 31995234 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [poly (I:C)] was administered in vivo to Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) post-smolts to determine the immune responses on haematological and cellular functional parameters, including spleen (SP), head kidney (HK) and red blood cell (RBC) cytokine expression, as well as serum metabolomics. Poly (I:C) in vivo (24 h exposure) did not affect fish haematological parameters, leucocyte phagocytic activity and phagocytic index, reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide production. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomics revealed that poly (I:C) significantly altered the serum biochemistry profile of 25 metabolites. Metabolites involved in the branched-chain amino acid/glutathione and transsulphuration pathways and phospholipid metabolism accumulated in poly (I:C)-treated fish, whereas those involved in the glycolytic and energy metabolism pathways were downregulated. At cytokine transcript level, poly (I:C) induced a significant upregulation of antiviral ifnγ in HK and Mx1 protein in HK, SP and RBCs. This study provides evidence for poly (I:C)-induced, immune-related biomarkers at metabolic and molecular levels in farmed O. tshawytscha in vivo. These findings provide insights into short-term effects of poly (I:C) at haematological, innate and adaptive immunity and metabolic levels, setting the stage for future studies.
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Advances in salmonid fish immunology: A review of methods and techniques for lymphoid tissue and peripheral blood leucocyte isolation and application. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 95:44-80. [PMID: 31604150 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Evaluating studies over the past almost 40 years, this review outlines the current knowledge and research gaps in the use of isolated leucocytes in salmonid immunology understanding. This contribution focuses on the techniques used to isolate salmonid immune cells and popular immunological assays. The paper also analyses the use of leucocytes to demonstrate immunomodulation following dietary manipulation, exposure to physical and chemical stressors, effects of pathogens and parasites, vaccine design and application strategies assessment. We also present findings on development of fish immune cell lines and their potential uses in aquaculture immunology. The review recovered 114 studies, where discontinuous density gradient centrifugation (DDGC) with Percoll density gradient was the most popular leucocyte isolation method. Fish head kidney (HK) and peripheral blood (PB) were the main sources of leucocytes, from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Phagocytosis and respiratory burst were the most popular immunological assays. Studies used isolated leucocytes to demonstrate that dietary manipulations enhance fish immunity, while chemical and physical stressors suppress immunity. In addition, parasites, and microbial pathogens depress fish innate immunity and induce pro-inflammatory cytokine gene transcripts production, while vaccines enhance immunity. This review found 10 developed salmonid cell lines, mainly from S. salar and O. mykiss HK tissue, which require fish euthanisation to isolate. In the face of high costs involved with density gradient reagents, the application of hypotonic lysis in conjunction with mico-volume blood methods can potentially reduce research costs, time, and using nonlethal and ethically flexible approaches. Since the targeted literature review for this study retrieved no metabolomics study of leucocytes, indicates that this approach, together with traditional technics and novel flow cytometry could help open new opportunities for in vitro studies in aquaculture immunology and vaccinology.
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In vitro immune response of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 94:190-198. [PMID: 31491529 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigated cellular functional and targeted immune cytokine responses of farmed Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in vitro to LPS from Escherichia coli (E. coli) serotypes O111: B4 and O55: B5, and a phorbol ester phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Bacterial LPS and PMA significantly (p < 0.05) induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in O. tshawytscha PBMCs, and enhanced by interferon (IFN)-inducible cytokine production. Cellular phagocytosis was significantly enhanced with PMA and E. coli serotype O111: B4 LPS after 1 and 2 h respectively. At the molecular level, LPS and PMA significantly (p < 0.05) upregulated pro-inflammatory cytokine gene transcripts for IFNγ, TNF-α, and anti-inflammatory IL-10, 24 h post-stimulation. This response is postulated to be mediated via the MyD88 and TRIF pathways in TLR4, or synergistic TLR1 and TLR2 receptors. This is the first report of LPS induced immune related in vitro responses in farmed O. tshawytscha PBMCs.
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Prevalence and Clinical Significance of Anti-DFS70 in Antinuclear Antibody (ANA)-positive Patients Undergoing Routine ANA Testing in a New Zealand Public Hospital. J Rheumatol 2019; 45:289-291. [PMID: 29419453 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.170849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Exercise intensity regulates the effect of heat stress on substrate oxidation rates during exercise. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 20:935-943. [PMID: 31566098 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1674928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Hyperthermia stimulates endogenous carbohydrate metabolism during exercise; however, it is not known if exercise intensity impacts the metabolic effect of heat stress. In the first study of this two-part investigation, endurance-trained male cyclists performed incremental exercise assessments in 18 and 35°C (60% rH). The stimulatory effect of heat stress on carbohydrate oxidation rates was greater at high vs. moderate vs. low relative intensity (P < 0.05). In agreement, no effects of heat stress on carbohydrate oxidation rates were observed during 60-min of subsequent low-intensity cycling. In study two, endurance-trained male cyclists performed 20-min of moderate-intensity (power at the first ventilatory threshold) and 5-min of high-intensity (power at the second ventilatory threshold) cycling in 18, 28, 34, and 40°C (60% rH). At moderate-intensity, carbohydrate oxidation rates were significantly elevated by heat stress in 40°C (P < 0.05), whereas at high-intensity carbohydrate oxidation rates were significantly elevated by heat stress in 34 and 40°C (P < 0.05). This exercise intensity-mediated regulation of the effect of heat stress on carbohydrate oxidation may be partially attributable to observed plasma adrenaline responses. Our data suggest that under moderate environmental heat stress (34-35°C, 60% rH), heat stress-induced changes in CHO oxidation rates are unlikely to occur unless the relative exercise intensity is high (81 ± 8%⩒O2max), whereas under more extreme environmental heat stress (40°C, 60% rH), these changes occur at lower relative intensities (69 ± 8%⩒O2max). This provides indication of when heat stress-induced metabolic changes during exercise are likely to occur.
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Abstract
Copper is a common contaminant in aquatic environments, which may cause physiological dysfunction in marine organisms. However, the toxicity mechanisms of copper in marine bivalves is not fully understood. In this study, we applied an integrated approach that combines flow cytometry and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)-based metabolomics to characterize cellular and molecular mechanisms of copper immunotoxicity in New Zealand Greenshell™ mussel (Perna canaliculus) haemolymph. Flow cytometric results showed significant increases in haemocyte mortality, production of reactive oxygen species and apoptosis (via alteration of caspase 3/7 and mitochondrial membrane potential) of haemocytes exposed to increasing total concentrations of Cu2+ (62.5, 125.0 and 187.5 μM) compared to a low Cu2+ concentration (25.0 μM) and control (0.0 μM). In addition to flow cytometric data, our metabolomics results showed alterations of 25 metabolites within the metabolite profile of Cu2+-exposed haemolymph (125 μM) compared to those of control samples. Changes in levels of these metabolites may be considered important signatures of oxidative stress (e.g., glutathione) and apoptosis processes (e.g., alanine, glutamic acid). This study provides insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress and apoptosis in marine bivalves and highlights the applicability and reliability of metabolomic techniques for immunotoxicological studies in marine organisms.
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Characterisation of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) blood and validation of flow cytometry cell count and viability assay kit. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 88:179-188. [PMID: 30822520 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
New Zealand Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) industry has great potential for growth and expansion. While production is relatively free of health problems, there is limited literature on haematology, and immunological tools to safeguard against possible future health threats. The current study aim was to characterise New Zealand farmed O. tshawytscha peripheral blood cellular composition, develop a micro-volume method to isolate peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and validate a microcapillary flow cytometry assay kit for PBMC cell count and viability assessment. We used light microscopy to characterise peripheral blood and PBMC cellular composition in combination with a flow cytometer Sysmex XT 2000i Haematology Analyser. ImageJ version 1.52 was used for cell size characterisation of freshly stained blood. The stability of PBMCs stained with the Muse® Cell Count and Viability Assay Kit and the Trypan blue assay stains were studied at 4 °C and 21 °C for 60 min; while the Muse® Cell Count and Viability Assay Kit was validated against the Trypan blue assay haemocytometer chamber to assess PBMC count and viability. Findings showed that O. tshawytscha smolt yearlings had total blood cell counts in the range of 1.9-2.7 × 106 μL-1. Differential cell counts revealed five cell types, comprising 97.18% erythrocytes, 2.03% lymphocytes, 0.67% thrombocytes, 0.09% monocytes, and unquantifiable neutrophils. Using micro-volumes of blood and Lymphoprep™, we successfully isolated fish PBMCs. Significantly, stained PBMCs remained stable for up to 45 min at 4 °C and 21 °C; while validation of the Muse® protocol showed that this microfluidic instrument delivered more accurate and precise viability results than the haemocytometer. The Muse® protocol is rapid, easy to use, has quick calibration steps, and is suitable for field use to facilitate onsite sample processing. These findings pave the way for future assessments of fish health and in vitro immunological studies in O. tshawytscha.
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Keeping Athletes Healthy at the 2020 Tokyo Summer Games: Considerations and Illness Prevention Strategies. Front Physiol 2019; 10:426. [PMID: 31057419 PMCID: PMC6479135 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Keeping athletes healthy will be important for optimal athletic performance at the 2020 Tokyo Summer Olympic and Paralympic Games. Athletes will be exposed to several stressors during the preparatory and competition phases of the Summer Games that have the potential to depress immunity and increase illness risk. This mini-review provides an overview on effective and practical stressor-specific illness prevention strategies that can be implemented to maintain and protect the health of Olympic and Paralympic athletes.
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Itaconic acid inhibits growth of a pathogenic marine Vibrio strain: A metabolomics approach. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5937. [PMID: 30976014 PMCID: PMC6459830 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42315-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The antimicrobial role of itaconic acid (ITA) has been recently discovered in mammalian cells. In our previous studies, we discovered that marine molluscs biosynthesise substantial quantities of ITA when exposed to marine pathogens, but its antimicrobial function to Vibrio bacteria is currently unknown. Thus, in this study, we used an untargeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) platform to identify metabolic changes of Vibrio sp. DO1 (V. corallyliticus/neptunius-like isolate) caused by ITA exposure. Vibrio sp. DO1 was cultured in Luria-Bertani broth supplemented with 3 mM sodium acetate and with different concentrations of ITA (0, 3 and 6 mM) for 24 h. The results showed that ITA completely inhibited Vibrio sp. growth at 6 mM and partially inhibited the bacterial growth at 3 mM. A principal component analysis (PCA) revealed a clear separation between metabolite profiles of Vibrio sp. DO1 in the 3 mM ITA treatment and the control, which were different in 25 metabolites. Among the altered metabolites, the accumulation of glyoxylic acid and other metabolites in glyoxylate cycle (cis-aconitic acid, isocitric acid and fumaric acid) together with the increase of isocitrate lyase (ICL) activity in the 3 mM ITA treatment compared to the control suggest that ITA inhibited Vibrio sp. growth via disruption of central carbon metabolism.
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Repeatability characteristics of insulin response patterns and measures of insulin resistance. JOURNAL OF INSULIN RESISTANCE 2019. [DOI: 10.4102/jir.v4i1.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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Identification of MRP2 as a targetable factor limiting oxaliplatin accumulation and response in gastrointestinal cancer. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2245. [PMID: 30783141 PMCID: PMC6381153 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38667-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxaliplatin is important for the clinical treatment of colorectal cancer and other gastrointestinal malignancies, but tumour resistance is limiting. Several oxaliplatin transporters were previously identified but their relative contributions to determining oxaliplatin tumour responses and gastrointestinal tumour cell sensitivity to oxaliplatin remains unclear. We studied clinical associations between tumour expression of oxaliplatin transporter candidate genes and patient response to oxaliplatin, then experimentally verified associations found with MRP2 in models of human gastrointestinal cancer. Among 18 oxaliplatin transporter candidate genes, MRP2 was the only one to be differentially expressed in the tumours of colorectal cancer patients who did or did not respond to FOLFOX chemotherapy. Over-expression of MRP2 (endogenously in HepG2 and PANC-1 cells, or induced by stable transfection of HEK293 cells) decreased oxaliplatin accumulation and cytotoxicity but those deficits were reversed by inhibition of MRP2 with myricetin or siRNA knockdown. Mice bearing subcutaneous HepG2 tumour xenografts were sensitised to oxaliplatin antitumour activity by concurrent myricetin treatment with little or no increase in toxicity. In conclusion, MRP2 limits oxaliplatin accumulation and response in human gastrointestinal cancer. Screening tumour MRP2 expression levels, to select patients for treatment with oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy alone or in combination with a MRP2 inhibitor, could improve treatment outcomes.
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Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this paper is to present organisational cultural determinants that can influence total quality management (TQM) in clinical laboratories. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH This is a viewpoint paper using evidence provided by a literature research about cultural patterns using Competing Values Framework to explain the relationship between organisational culture and TQM. FINDINGS Cultural aspects likely to enhance creativity and innovation are considered as incentives in promoting cultural transformation. TQM in the average modern clinical laboratory requires a long overdue transformational change in values, culture and attitude. SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS Valuing people, making up an organisation, is expected to enhance TQM. ORIGINALITY/VALUE This paper provokes a shift in thinking among traditional clinical laboratory managers and results in a win-win for both staff and total quality outcomes.
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The impact of sport related stressors on immunity and illness risk in team-sport athletes. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 21:1192-1199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Update on the status of leptospirosis in New Zealand. Acta Trop 2018; 188:161-167. [PMID: 30165070 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease that poses public health and ecological threats worldwide. In New Zealand (NZ), incidence of the disease is relatively high compared to other developed countries. The aim of this review was to describe the epidemiological status, ecological risk of leptospirosis and prevention in NZ. Disease notification data for leptospirosis in humans in NZ from 2010 to 2015 were collected from the Institute of Environmental Science and Research database. These data were supported by a literature review of epidemiological studies in human and animal populations. During this six-year period, exotic serovars of Leptospira interrogans sv Australis and Leptospira kirschneri sv Grippotyphosa were identified in patients who had travelled abroad to Samoa (Pacific Ocean) and Thailand, respectively. Most cases of leptospirosis were recorded in New Zealanders of European ethnicity, followed by Māori people. Males had a nine-fold increased risk compared to females mostly due to occupation. The risk of leptospirosis increased gradually with the age, with a peak in the 40 to 49-year-old age group, after which it decreased. Workers in meat-processing and farming industries appeared at highest-risk of occupational exposure compared with other risky occupations such as hunters, veterinarians, technicians, stock truck drivers and lake workers. Other cases were also attributed to outdoor exposures or travelling overseas. Highest disease notification rates occurred in the West Coast region of the South Island (average annual incidence 9.7 per 100,000 people), followed by Whanganui region (8.2 per 100,000) and Hawke's Bay region (8 per 100,000) in the North Island. Vaccines currently available for animals are specific for cattle, sheep, deer and dogs and do protect against all serovars present in NZ. The development and use of molecular diagnostics is crucial for specific identification of Leptospira isolates and informing deployment of efficient vaccines.
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Fucoidan Extracted from the New Zealand Undaria pinnatifida-Physicochemical Comparison against Five Other Fucoidans: Unique Low Molecular Weight Fraction Bioactivity in Breast Cancer Cell Lines. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E461. [PMID: 30469516 PMCID: PMC6316445 DOI: 10.3390/md16120461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fucoidan, the complex fucose-containing sulphated polysaccharide varies considerably in structure, composition, and bioactivity, depending on the source, species, seasonality, and extraction method. In this study, we examined five fucoidans extracted from the same seaweed species Undaria pinnatifida but from different geological locations, and compared them to the laboratory-grade fucoidan from Sigma (S). The five products differed in molecular composition. The amount of over 2 kDa low molecular weight fraction (LMWF) of the New Zealand crude fucoidan (S1) was larger than that of S, and this fraction was unique, compared to the other four fucoidans. The difference of molecular compositions between S and S1 explained our previous observation that S1 exhibited different anticancer profile in some cancer cell lines, compared with S. Since we observed this unique LMWF, we compared the cytotoxic effects of a LMWF and a high molecular weight fucoidan (HMWF) in two breast cancer cell lines-MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. Results indicated that the molecular weight is a critical factor in determining the anti-cancer potential of fucoidan, from the New Zealand U. pinnatifida, as the LMWF exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition on the proliferation of breast cancer cells, significantly better than the HMWF, in both cell lines. A time-dependent inhibition was only observed in the MCF-7. Induction of caspase-dependent apoptosis was observed in the MDA-MB-231 cells, through the intrinsic apoptosis pathway alone, or with the extrinsic pathway. LMWF stimulated a dose-dependent NOS activation in the MDA-MB-231 cells. In conclusion, the fucoidan extracted from the New Zealand U. pinnatifida contains a unique LMWF, which could effectively inhibit the growth of breast cancer cell lines. Therefore, the LMWF from New Zealand U. pinnatifida could be used as a supplement cancer treatment.
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Metabolic and immunological responses of male and female new Zealand Greenshell™ mussels (Perna canaliculus) infected with Vibrio sp. J Invertebr Pathol 2018; 157:80-89. [PMID: 30110610 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Massive mortalities due to pathogens are routinely reported in bivalve cultivation that have significant economic consequences for the global aquaculture industry. However, host-pathogen interactions and infection mechanisms that mediate these interactions are poorly understood. In addition, gender-specific immunological responses have been reported for some species, but the reasons for such differences have not been elucidated. In this study, we used a GC/MS-based metabolomics platform and flow cytometry approach to characterize metabolic and immunological responses in haemolymph of male and female mussels (Perna canaliculus) experimentally infected with Vibrio sp. Sex-based differences in immunological responses were identified, with male mussels displaying higher mortality, oxidative stress and apoptosis after pathogen exposure. However, central metabolic processes appeared to be similar between sexes at 24 h post injection with Vibrio sp. DO1. Significant alterations in relative levels of 37 metabolites were detected between infected and uninfected mussels. These metabolites are involved in major perturbations on the host's innate immune system. In addition, there were alterations of seven metabolites in profiles of mussels sampled on the second day and mussels that survived six days after exposure. These metabolites include itaconic acid, isoleucine, phenylalanine, creatinine, malonic acid, glutaric acid and hydroxyproline. Among these, itaconic acid has the potential to be an important biomarker for Vibrio sp. DO1 infection. These findings provide new insights on the mechanistic relationship between a bivalve host and a pathogenic bacterium and highlight the need to consider host sex as a biological variable in future immunological studies.
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Metabolomics Study of Immune Responses of New Zealand Greenshell™ Mussels (Perna canaliculus) Infected with Pathogenic Vibrio sp. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 20:396-409. [PMID: 29611031 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-018-9804-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio coralliilyticus is a bacterial pathogen which can affect a range of marine organisms, such as corals, fish and shellfish, with sometimes devastating consequences. However, little is known about the mechanisms involved in the host-pathogen interaction, especially within molluscan models. We applied gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based metabolomics to characterize the physiological responses in haemolymph of New Zealand Greenshell™ mussels (Perna canaliculus) injected with Vibrio sp. DO1 (V. coralliilyticus/neptunius-like isolate). Univariate data analyses of metabolite profiles in Vibrio-exposed mussels revealed significant changes in 22 metabolites at 6 h post-infection, compared to non-exposed mussels. Among them, 10 metabolites were up-regulated, while 12 metabolites were down-regulated in infected mussels. Multivariate analyses showed a clear distinction between infected and non-infected mussels. In addition, secondary pathway analyses indicated perturbations of the host innate immune system following infection, including oxidative stress, inflammation and disruption of the TCA cycle, change in amino acid metabolism and protein synthesis. These findings provide new insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of Vibrio infection of mussels and demonstrate our ability to detect detailed and rapid host responses from haemolymph samples using a metabolomics approach.
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Associations between immunological function and memory recall in healthy adults. Brain Cogn 2017; 119:39-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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T-cells and their cytokine production: The anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects of strenuous exercise. Cytokine 2017; 104:136-142. [PMID: 29021092 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Strenuous exercise bouts and heavy training are associated with a heightened anti-inflammatory state and a transient suppression of several immune components. In turn, many athletes are susceptible to illness, particularly upper respiratory symptoms (e.g. cough, sore throat, running nose). T-lymphocytes (T-cells) are important for orchestrating the immune response and can be categorised into subsets according to their phenotypical characteristics resulting from polarisation (i.e. type-1, type-2 and regulatory T-cells). Each T-cell subset has a unique functional role, including their capacity to produce pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in response to an immune challenge. Prolonged and exhaustive exercise typically reduces peripheral blood type-1 T-cell number and their capacity to produce the pro-inflammatory cytokine, interferon-γ. Moreover, heavy training loads are associated with elevated numbers of resting peripheral blood type-2 and regulatory T-cells, which characteristically produce the anti-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-4 and interleukin-10, respectively. This appears to increase the risk of upper respiratory symptoms, potentially due to the cross-regulatory effect of interleukin-4 on interferon-γ production and immunosuppressive action of IL-10. Catecholamines significantly influence the number of peripheral blood T-cells in response to exercise. Whereas, glucocorticoids and prostaglandin E2 promote the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines by T-cells. In summary, strenuous exercise bouts and heavy training shifts T-cell immunity towards an anti-inflammatory state. This impairs the ability of the immune system to mount an inflammatory response to an immune challenge, which may weaken defences against intracellular pathogens (e.g. viruses), and increase the risk of infection and viral reactivation.
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Comparing the effects of two distinct eccentric modalities to traditional resistance training in resistance trained, higher functioning older adults. Exp Gerontol 2017; 98:224-229. [PMID: 28887154 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of eccentric resistance exercise are of interest in the older adult cohort, but to our knowledge, there is no research on the relative effects of different eccentric modalities on a range of outcomes in higher functioning, resistance trained older adults. METHODS 33 resistance-trained older adults (aged 67±4.5years) were randomized into one of three supervised training groups: traditional (TRE), eccentric only (ERE) or eccentrically biased resistance exercise (EBRE) on a 45°, plate-loaded leg press machine. Participants trained twice per week with maximal strength, functional capacity, body composition and blood biomarkers measured before and after the eight-week intervention. RESULTS Both eccentric and concentric strength, and important functional tasks for independent living significantly improved independent of group. Body composition and blood biomarkers were found to significantly improve in the EBRE group only however, no statistical differences were found between groups. CONCLUSION Compared to traditional resistance training, the two eccentric modalities investigated here were equally effective for improvements in maximum muscular strength, functional capacity, body composition and metabolic biomarkers. When training the resistance trained older adult, very heavy isoinertial external loads (at least 70% of one repetition maximum) are effective irrespective of contraction mode. With heavy strength training, resistance trained older adults can continue to expect improvements in health and function.
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Differential expression of novel metabolic and immunological biomarkers in oysters challenged with a virulent strain of OsHV-1. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 73:229-245. [PMID: 28373065 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Early lifestages of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) are highly susceptible to infection by OsHV-1 μVar, but little information exists regarding metabolic or pathophysiological responses of larval hosts. Using a metabolomics approach, we identified a range of metabolic and immunological responses in oyster larvae exposed to OsHV-1 μVar; some of which have not previously been reported in molluscs. Multivariate analyses of entire metabolite profiles were able to separate infected from non-infected larvae. Correlation analysis revealed the presence of major perturbations in the underlying biochemical networks and secondary pathway analysis of functionally-related metabolites identified a number of prospective pathways differentially regulated in virus-exposed larvae. These results provide new insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of OsHV-1 infection in oyster larvae, which may be applied to develop disease mitigation strategies and/or as new phenotypic information for selective breeding programmes aiming to enhance viral resistance.
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Acute effects of heated resistance exercise in female and male power athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:1965-1976. [PMID: 28748371 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3671-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effects of heated resistance exercise on thermal strain, neuromuscular function and hormonal responses in power athletes. METHODS Sixteen (n = 8 female; 8 male) highly trained power athletes completed a combined strength and power resistance exercise session in hot (HOT ~30 °C) and temperate (CON ~20 °C) conditions. Human growth hormone (hGH), cortisol and testosterone concentrations in plasma, peak power (counter-movement jump, CMJ) and peak force (isometric mid-thigh pull) were measured before and after each training session; thermoregulatory responses were monitored during training. RESULTS Skin temperature, thermal sensation and thermal discomfort were higher in HOT compared with CON. Sweat rate was higher in HOT for males only. Compared with CON, HOT had trivial effects on core temperature and heart rate. During HOT, there was a possible increase in upper-body power (medicine ball throw) in females [3.4% (90% CL -1.5, 8.6)] and males [(3.3% (-0.1, 6.9)], while lower-body power (vertical jump) was enhanced in males only [3.2% (-0.4, 6.9)]. Following HOT, CMJ peak power [4.4% (2.5; 6.3)] and strength [8.2% (3.1, 13.6)] were enhanced in female athletes, compared with CON, while effects in males were unclear. Plasma hGH concentration increased in females [83% (18; 183)] and males [107% (-21; 444)] in HOT compared with CON, whereas differential changes occurred for cortisol and testosterone. CONCLUSION Heated resistance exercise enhanced power and increased plasma hGH concentration in female and males power athletes. Further research is required to assess the ergogenic potential of resistance exercise in the heat.
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The therapeutic potential of targeting ABC transporters to combat multi-drug resistance. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:511-530. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1310841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a potential alternative to traditionally recommended steady state exercise for providing health benefits in adolescents, yet its dose-response relationship in this cohort remains unclear, as does its translatability to real-world, nonclinical settings. The present study adopts a novel dose-response design to investigate the effects of undertaking 8 wk of HIIT on the cardiometabolic health of low-active male adolescents. METHODS Twenty-six male adolescents (age 16 ± 1 yr), identified as low active by nonparticipation in structured sport and physical education classes, were randomly assigned to one of five treatment groups. Corresponding with their group numbers (1-5), participants completed a number of HIIT "sets," which consisted of 4 repeated bouts of 20-s near-maximal exertion interspersed with 10-s passive recovery. Participants performed two HIIT sessions and one resistance training session each week for 8 wk. Baseline and follow-up health measures consisted of peak oxygen uptake (V˙O2peak) with an incremental ramp test to volitional exhaustion; body composition (including visceral fat mass, body fat, and lean tissue mass) with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry; and lipid profile, glucose, insulin, and interleukin-6 from blood analysis. All health outcomes were analyzed as percentage changes, and data were modeled using a quadratic function to explore dose-response relationships. RESULTS Significant improvements were observed for V˙O2peak (∼6%), body fat percentage (∼4%), visceral fat mass (∼10%), and waist circumference-to-height ratio (∼3%), but there was no clear effect of dose across groups. CONCLUSIONS Low-active adolescent males performing a single HIIT set twice weekly, in addition to one resistance training session, gained meaningful improvements in fitness and body composition. Performing additional HIIT sets provided no additional improvements to those of the lowest dose in this study.
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A Journey with Elie Metchnikoff: From Innate Cell Mechanisms in Infectious Diseases to Quantum Biology. Front Public Health 2016; 4:125. [PMID: 27379227 PMCID: PMC4909730 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2016.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Many reviews of Elie Metchnikoff’s work have been published, all unanimously acknowledging the significant contributions of his cellular theory to the fields of immunology and infectious diseases. In 1883, he published a key paper describing phagocytic cells in frogs. His descriptions were not just about phagocytes involved in host defense, he also described how these specialized cells eliminated degenerating or dying cells of the host. This perspective focuses on key concepts developed by Metchnikoff by presenting relevant excerpts of his 1883 paper and matching these concepts with challenges of modern immunology. A new approach to macrophage polarization is included to introduce some creative thinking about the exciting emerging area of quantum biology.
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Correlation between antibiotic susceptibilities and genotypes in Neisseria gonorrhoeae from different geographical origins: determinants monitoring by real-time PCR as a complementary tool for surveillance. Sex Transm Infect 2009; 86:106-11. [PMID: 19880968 DOI: 10.1136/sti.2009.038000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Sequence polymorphism-based identification and quantification of Vibrio nigripulchritudo at the species and subspecies level targeting an emerging pathogen for cultured shrimp in New Caledonia. J Microbiol Methods 2007; 70:30-8. [PMID: 17467831 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2007.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2007] [Revised: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study, we demonstrated the existence of an emerging cluster of Vibrio nigripulchritudo that proved to be associated with shrimp mortality events in New Caledonia. Using sequence polymorphisms evidenced in this previous MultiLocus Sequence Typing study, we developed two new quantitative PCR assays permitting the detection and quantification of V. nigripulchritudo at the genospecies level using SYBR Green I chemistry and at the emerging cluster level using Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer technology with hybridization probes. The use of this molecular diagnostic tool evidenced the colonization of the shrimp pond ecosystem by the pathogenic cluster at least at the onset of the disease. This new tool will allow better investigation of the dynamics of this bacterial pathogen in the shrimp farm ecosystem.
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Immunological changes and cytokine gene expression during primary infection with human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). Virology 2007; 361:402-11. [PMID: 17223152 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2006] [Revised: 10/06/2006] [Accepted: 11/17/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We have developed an animal model of experimental HTLV-1 infection in Saimiri sciureus monkeys in order to study both the immunological and the virological aspects of the infection. As cytokines expressed by immune cells play an essential role during viral infection, we have studied the correlation between the expression of some Th1/Th2 cytokines, including IL-2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, and IFN-gamma, and immunological dynamics during primary and chronic HTLV-1 infection in this model. We first demonstrated that, during primary infection, IFN-gamma, IL-2 and IL-10 are expressed at different times and levels. The expression of these cytokines is concomitant with the increase in the numbers of CD4(+), CD8(+) and CD16(+) cells and with the presence of tax/rex viral mRNA. These data indicate the involvement of various cell types in the antiviral immune response. Subsequently, we showed that peripheral blood mononuclear cells freshly isolated from chronically infected monkeys express IFN-gamma and IL-6 at higher levels than those from uninfected animals. IFN-gamma expression is quantitatively correlated to the proviral load and to the presence of circulating effector T-cells against Tax peptide, as detected by Elispot. Further studies will be needed to determine the effective role of these cytokines and other immune system modulators in the control of viral replication during primary HTLV-1 infection or latency.
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Chlamydia trachomatis: discovery of a new strain. THE NEW ZEALAND MEDICAL JOURNAL 2007; 120:U2502. [PMID: 17460749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
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Evidence that the gonococcal porA pseudogene is present in a broad range of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains; suitability as a diagnostic target. Pathology 2006; 38:445-8. [PMID: 17008285 DOI: 10.1080/00313020600928253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The primary aim of the study was to determine if the gonococcal porA pseudogene is a stable sequence target for the detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by PCR. METHODS A total of 240 gonococcal strains from various geographic locations were tested by porA pseudogene PCR. In addition, porA pseudogene PCR positivity rates were compared with established gonococcal assays in three Australian states. RESULTS All N. gonorrhoeae isolates provided positive results in the porA pseudogene PCR. Positivity rates compared favourably with established gonococcal assays, with increased N. gonorrhoeae detection in the Northern Territory and Western Australia. CONCLUSIONS The results of this multicentre study provide further evidence that the porA pseudogene is highly conserved across a diverse range N. gonorrhoeae strains and is a suitable PCR target for routine detection of N. gonorrhoeae.
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A novel real-time duplex PCR assay for detecting penA and ponA genotypes in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Comparison with phenotypes determined by the E-test. Clin Chem 2006; 52:2294-6. [PMID: 17053151 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2006.075309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For many years, the pathogenic bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the etiologic agent of gonorrhea, was generally susceptible to penicillin, until the emergence of resistant strains. Well-characterized genetic variations in the penicillin resistance-determining region correlate with decreased susceptibility to penicillin. At least 5 genes (penA, penB, mtrR, ponA, and penC) are involved in the chromosomally mediated resistance to this antibiotic. To date, no development of multiplex PCR assays targeting a range of gonococcal genes and variations as a means of predicting antibiotic resistance has been reported. METHODS The aim of this study was to develop a duplex assay using DNA from isolated strains. We describe the development and evaluation on the LightCycler platform of a real-time duplex PCR assay (hybridization probe format) for rapid and specific detection of ponA and penA variations, predicting penicillin susceptibilities. RESULTS The real-time duplex PCR assay successfully detected variations in ponA and penA genes by use of distinct melting temperatures from a total of 120 Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates. Moreover, the variation profiles obtained with the real-time PCR and the melting analysis showed good correlation with the pattern of penicillin susceptibility generated with classical antibiograms. Nucleotide sequencing data were in complete agreement with multiplex assay results. CONCLUSIONS The presented assay is suitable for the detection of chromosomally mediated resistant strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in genotyping studies and could be valuable in the effective antimicrobial strategy to gonococci.
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Quantification of Vibrio penaeicida, the etiological agent of Syndrome 93 in New Caledonian shrimp, by real-time PCR using SYBR Green I chemistry. J Microbiol Methods 2006; 67:27-35. [PMID: 16616385 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2006.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2005] [Revised: 02/22/2006] [Accepted: 02/23/2006] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Shrimp farming is a small but growing industry in New Caledonia. Since 1993, "Syndrome 93" has been affecting New Caledonian shrimp farming industry every cold season, causing severe epizootic mortalities in grow-out ponds and significant losses. Highly pathogenic strains of Vibrio penaeicida are considered the etiological agent of the disease in Litopenaeus stylirostris. On one hand, studies demonstrated that healthy shrimp may carry V. penaeicida for weeks with a high overall prevalence, regardless of any seasonal pattern or temperature conditions. On the other hand, larvae are free of V. penaeicida and are also resistant to experimental infection. V. penaeicida is frequently detected in incoming water pumped from the bays, which was shown, by a molecular typing study, to be the infectious source. This particular epidemiological pattern highlights the major role of the factors that trigger and aggravate the disease in grow-out ponds, where shrimp populations carry the pathogen all year round. In order to gain a better understanding of "Syndrome 93" epidemiology, quantification of V. penaeicida both in shrimp and the shrimp farm ecosystem is necessary. This article describes the steps in the successful development of a real-time PCR quantification assay of V. penaeicida in shrimp haemolymph, seawater (from ponds or bays) and sediment pore water, including the choice of an accurate extraction technique. The entire detection method; including sample processing, DNA extraction and real-time PCR amplification, can be completed within 4 h.
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Proinflammatory and immunomodulatory cytokine mRNA time course profiles in hamsters infected with a virulent variant of Leptospira interrogans. Infect Immun 2006; 74:4172-9. [PMID: 16790792 PMCID: PMC1489750 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00447-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to quantify in vivo the mRNAs of cytokines which play important roles in leptospirosis, we have developed quantitative real-time PCR assays for interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-10, IL-12p40, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), transforming growth factor beta, and two housekeeping genes (encoding beta-actin and hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase). We used a lethal hamster model reflecting severe leptospirosis in humans. The LightCycler system was used to quantify the gene expression levels with the SYBR green I detection format using external standard curves for each target. We compared the expression levels of cytokine mRNA in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of both control (uninfected) hamsters and Leptospira interrogans-inoculated hamsters from 1 to 24 h and then 1 to 4 days postinfection. In this kinetic study, there was pronounced expression of Th1 cytokine mRNA (TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and IL-12), with transcripts being detected as early as 1 h postinfection. Expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-4 and IL-10, was prominent in delayed samples from 1 to 4 days postinfection in response to infection with Leptospira interrogans. Our data are the first to establish that pathogenic leptospires can stimulate in vivo the production of type 1 cytokines involved in cellular immunity by using this informative animal model. Measuring and assessing cytokine profiles may provide a useful method for accurate study of the mechanisms of anti-Leptospira immunity, indications of prognosis factors, and prospective evaluation of leptospirosis vaccine efficacy in humans.
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Rapid detection of a chromosomally mediated penicillin resistance-associated ponA mutation in Neisseria gonorrhoeae using a real-time PCR assay. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2006; 255:66-74. [PMID: 16436063 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2005.00053.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence of a decreased susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains to penicillin in New Caledonia has lead clinicians to operate a change in the treatment strategy. In addition, this important health issue has emphasized the need for a rapid means of detecting penicillin resistance in N. gonorrhoeae in order to select an effective treatment and limit the spread of resistant strains. In recent years, the use of fluorescence resonance energy transfer on the LightCycler has proven to be a valuable tool for the screening of mutations occurring in the genome of various microorganisms. In this study, we developed a real-time PCR assay coupled with a fluorometric hybridization probes system to detect a penicillin resistance-associated mutation on the N. gonorrhoeae ponA gene. Following an extensive evaluation involving 136 isolates, melting curve analysis correctly evidenced a 5 degrees C T(m) shift in all N. gonorrhoeae strains possessing this mutation, as determined by conventional sequencing analysis. Moreover, the mutation profiles obtained with the real-time PCR showed good correlation with the pattern of penicillin susceptibility generated with classical antibiograms. Overall, our molecular assay allowed an accurate and reproducible determination of the susceptibility to penicillin corresponding to a mutation present in all chromosomally mediated resistant strains of N. gonorrhoeae.
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Chimeric peptide vaccine composed of B- and T-cell epitopes of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 induces humoral and cellular immune responses and reduces the proviral load in immunized squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). J Gen Virol 2006; 87:1331-1337. [PMID: 16603536 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81582-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A squirrel monkey model of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection was used to evaluate the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a chimeric peptide vaccine composed of a B-cell epitope from the envelope region (aa 175–218) and three HLA-A*0201-restricted cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitopes derived from Tax protein (Tri-Tax). These selected Tax peptides induced secretion of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from monkeys chronically infected with HTLV-1. After immunization, a high titre of antibodies and a high frequency of IFN-γ-producing cells were detected against the Env and the Tri-Tax immunogens, but not against the individual Tax peptides. This might indicate that epitope(s) distinct from those recognized by humans are recognized by responder monkeys. After challenge, it was shown by competitive PCR that partial protection against HTLV-1 infection could be raised in immunized animals. Further studies should be developed to determine the duration of this protection.
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The efficacy of combined therapy of arsenic trioxide and alpha interferon in human T-cell leukemia virus type-1-infected squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). Antiviral Res 2006; 70:132-9. [PMID: 16540180 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2005] [Revised: 01/12/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-associated adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) has a poor prognosis owing to its intrinsic resistance to chemotherapy. Although zidovudine (AZT) and alpha interferon (IFN-alpha) give rise to some response and improve the prognosis of ATLL, alternative therapies are needed. Arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)) has been shown to synergize with IFN-alpha in arresting cell growth and inducing apoptosis of ATLL cells in vitro. In this study, we evaluated the toxicity and the efficacy of this combined treatment in HTLV-1-infected squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) and HTLV-1 infected cell lines derived therefrom. We first show that treatment with As(2)O(3) and IFN-alpha can induce growth arrest in HTLV-1-transformed monkey T-cell lines in vitro. We then show that treatment of squirrel monkeys with As(2)O(3) in vivo is highly toxic at 0.9 or 0.3mg/day but not at 0.14mg/day for up to 2 weeks. Although the combination of As(2)O(3) and IFN-alpha did not affect significantly the HTLV-1 proviral load in infected monkeys, it reduced the absolute numbers of CD3(+), CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells during treatment, with a significant reduction in the total number of circulating HTLV-1 flower cells in the infected monkeys with chronic ATLL-like disease.
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Abstract
Understanding cell dynamics in animal models have implications for therapeutic strategies elaborated against leukemia in human. Quantification of the cell turnover in closely related primate systems is particularly important for rare and aggressive forms of human cancers, such as adult T-cell leukemia. For this purpose, we have measured the death and proliferation rates of the CD4+ T lymphocyte population in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) infected by human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). The kinetics of in vivo bromodeoxyuridine labeling revealed no modulation of the cell turnover in HTLV-1-infected monkeys with normal CD4 cell counts. In contrast, a substantial decrease in the proliferation rate of the CD4+ T population was observed in lymphocytic monkeys (e.g. characterized by excessive proportions of CD4+ T lymphocytes and by the presence of abnormal flower-like cells). Unexpectedly, onset of HTLV-associated leukemia thus occurs in the absence of increased CD4+ T-cell proliferation. This dynamics significantly differs from the generalized activation of the T-cell turnover induced by other primate lymphotropic viruses like HIV and SIV.
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