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Abstract
Remarkable advancement in DNA sequencing (NGS) technology has made personal genome analysis feasible and affordable. Here we present the whole genome sequencing and analysis of three individuals, two males and one female, from different parts of India. Comparison with the Reference Human Genome and the variant database showed a total of 4.0-4.85 million variants, primarily single nucleotide variants (SNVs), 350-600 K small insertions and deletions (INDELs), and previously unreported novel variants. The analysis of Y-chromosome and mitochondrial haplogroups revealed that the ancestors of the individual arrived on the subcontinent at very different times using distinctly different migration routes. Approximately, 500,000 novel SNPs and about 89,000 novel INDELs have been submitted to the NCBI as novel variants. PCA and Admix analysis revealed that the IHGP03, a Mizoram male from the Northeast region, is strikingly different from the other two Indian genomes. Collectively, the data suggest the complexity of the Indian population admix developed from several distinct waves of human migration over tens of thousands of years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish Padh
- Former Vice-Chancellor, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, 388120, India.
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Padh H, Yagnik B, Sharma D, Desai P. EpiMix Based Novel Vaccine Candidate for Shigella: Evidence of Prophylactic Immunity in Balb/c Mice. Int J Pept Res Ther 2021; 27:1095-1110. [PMID: 33551691 PMCID: PMC7846920 DOI: 10.1007/s10989-020-10153-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistant Shigella is one of the leading causes of mortality in children and infants. Availability of vaccine could prevent the Shigella infection and reduce the mortality. Conventional approaches of vaccine development against shigellosis have not resulted in desirable vaccine. As shigellosis may be caused by multiple strains and serotypes, there is a need to develop a multivalent vaccine, capable of providing protection against multiple Shigella strains. To develop broad spectrum vaccine, we had previously derived a pool of conserved epitopes against Shigella by using multiple immunoinformatic tools. In this study, the identified conserved epitopes derived from the Outer Membrane Proteins A and C of Shigella were chemically synthesized, and the EpiMix made up of 5 epitopes coupled to a carrier protein, ovalbumin was developed and validated for its immunogenicity. The intramuscular immunization with EpiMix in Balb/c mice led to increase in EpiMix specific serum IgG, and significant increase in fecal IgA as well as in IL-4, IL-2and IFN-γ levels. Further, the EpiMix immunized mice showed protection when challenged against S. flexneri ATCC 12022 using the intraperitoneal route. Moreover, the analysis of cytokine profile and IFN-γ/IL4 ratio in post Shigella challenge immunized mice suggested the high levels of IFN-γ levels and possible dominance of Th1 response, playing pivotal role in the elimination of Shigella. Collectively, the results demonstrate the immunogenic potential and protective efficacy of the EpiMix in the murine shigellosis model. However, the detailed study and further optimisation of epitopes would substantiate the prospective use of EpiMix as a prophylactic candidate for vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish Padh
- Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat 388120 India
| | - Bhrugu Yagnik
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, B.V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380054 India
- BRD School of Bioscience, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat 388120 India
| | - Drashya Sharma
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, B.V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380054 India
- BRD School of Bioscience, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat 388120 India
| | - Priti Desai
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, B.V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380054 India
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research (IAR), Institutional Area, Koba, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382426 India
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Padh H. Analysis of Whole Genome of Indian Male Kashmiri Pandit. Indian J Pharm Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.36468/pharmaceutical-sciences.866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Yagnik B, Sharma D, Padh H, Desai P. Oral immunization with LacVax® OmpA induces protective immune response against Shigella flexneri 2a ATCC 12022 in a murine model. Vaccine 2019; 37:3097-3105. [PMID: 31047673 PMCID: PMC7115592 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Shigellosis is an acute invasive disease of the lower intestine, which afflicts millions of people worldwide with an estimated one million fatalities per annum. Despite of extensive research during the last two decades, a vaccine against multi-drug resistant Shigella is not yet available in the market. To provide a safe, effective and broad-spectrum vaccine against Shigella, we explored food grade bacteria Lactococcus lactis (L. lactis) for the delivery of conserved antigenic protein; Outer membrane protein A (OmpA) to the mucosal sites for effective elicitation of systemic and mucosal immunity. We have previously confirmed the immunogenic potential of recombinant L. lactis expressing OmpA (LacVax® OmpA) in BALB/c mice. In the present study, we have characterized the humoral and cellular immune profile of LacVax® OmpA and assessed its protective efficacy using a newly developed human like murine shigellosis model. The significant increase in OmpA specific serum IgG, fecal sIgA and a Th1 dominant immune response (indicated by high INF-γ/IL-4 ratio) in LacVax® OmpA immunized mice revealed successful activation of humoral and cellular immunity. The LacVax® OmpA immunized animals were also protected from human-like shigellosis when challenged with S. flexneri 2a ATCC 12022. The antigen specific serum IgG, fecal sIgA, INF-γ and IL-10 levels were found to be the significant correlates of protection. Collectively these results suggest that the LacVax® OmpA is a promising prophylactic candidate against shigellosis. However, the protective efficacy of LacVax® OmpA in the higher animals would further strengthen its future application in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhrugu Yagnik
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India; B. R. D. School of Biosciences, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidhyanagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Drashya Sharma
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India; B. R. D. School of Biosciences, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidhyanagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Harish Padh
- Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidhyanagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Priti Desai
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India; Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research (IAR), Koba, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
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Yagnik B, Sharma D, Padh H, Desai P. In vivo delivery of pPERDBY to BALB/c mice by LacVax ® DNA-I and comparison of elicited immune response with conventional immunization methods. Gene Ther 2018; 25:485-496. [PMID: 30108273 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-018-0033-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The non-invasive food grade Lactococcus lactis (L. lactis) represents a safe and attractive alternative to invasive pathogens for the delivery of plasmid DNA at mucosal sites. We have earlier shown the DNA delivery potential of r-L. lactis harboring DNA vaccine reporter plasmid; pPERDBY in vitro. In the present work, we examined in vivo delivery potential of food grade non-invasive r-L. lactis::pPERDBY (LacVax® DNA-I) in BALB/c mice. Moreover, using EGFP as a model antigen, we also characterized and compared the immune response elicited by LacVax® DNA-I with other conventional vaccination approaches using protein and naked DNA immunization. The presence of antigen-specific serum IgG and fecal secretory IgA (sIgA) antibodies demonstrated in vivo DNA delivery and immune elicitation potential of the developed LacVax® DNA-I. As compared with intramuscular injection, oral delivery of pPERDBY via L. lactis resulted in a significantly rapid increase in IgG and higher sIgA titers, indicating the immunogenic and immunostimulatory properties of the LacVax® DNA-I. The needle-free immunization with LacVax® DNA-I led to increased production of IL-4, an indicator of Th2 screwed response. To the best of our knowledge, this report for the first time outlines comparison of orally administered LacVax® DNA-I with other conventional vaccination approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhrugu Yagnik
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.,B. R. D. School of Biosciences, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidhyanagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Drashya Sharma
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.,B. R. D. School of Biosciences, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidhyanagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Harish Padh
- Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidhyanagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Priti Desai
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. .,School of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Koba, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
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Almal S, Jeon S, Agarwal M, Patel S, Patel S, Bhak Y, Jun J, Bhak J, Padh H. Sequencing and analysis of the whole genome of Indian Gujarati male. Genomics 2018; 111:196-204. [PMID: 29432975 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The article presents the analysis of whole genome sequence of a Gujarati Indian individual (IHGP01) that was sequenced at 23.05× coverage with a total of 74.93 Gb of sequence data generated using Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform. Variant analysis revealed over 3.9 million single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and about 393,000 small insertions and deletions (InDels) including novel variants. The known variants were analyzed for their health and disease relevance and pharmacogenomic profile. Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome haplogroup analysis clearly indicated arrival on the continent not more than 20,000-25,000 years ago, following the route out of Africa to central Europe, then into Asian continent and subsequent migration to West part of the Indian subcontinent. The current research has added 141,000 novel genetic variations to the human DNA database. Functional analysis and validation of these novel variations and revelation of their role in health and disease will add a newer dimension to understand people of this subcontinent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhani Almal
- B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Sungwon Jeon
- The Genomics Institute, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Milee Agarwal
- B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Sweta Patel
- B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Shivangi Patel
- B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Youngjune Bhak
- The Genomics Institute, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - JeHoon Jun
- Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Bhak
- The Genomics Institute, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea; Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea; Geromics, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Harish Padh
- Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India.
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Abstract
Cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) are phase II detoxification enzymes involved in metabolism of numerous xenobiotics, drugs and endogenous compounds. Interindividual variation in sulfonation capacity is important for determining an individual's response to xenobiotics. SNPs in SULTs, mainly SULT1A1 have been associated with cancer risk and also with response to therapeutic agents. Copy number variation (CNVs) in SULT1A1 is found to be correlated with altered enzyme activity. This short report primarily focuses on CNV in SULT1A1 and its distribution among different ethnic populations around the globe. Frequency distribution of SULT1A1 copy number (CN) in 157 healthy Indian individuals was assessed using florescent-based quantitative PCR assay. A range of 1 to >4 copies, with a frequency of SULT1A1 CN =2 (64.9%) the highest, was observed in our (Indian) population. Upon comparative analysis of frequency distribution of SULT1A1 CN among diverse population groups, a statistically significant difference was observed between Indians (our data) and African-American (AA) (p = 0.0001) and South African (Tswana) (p < 0.0001) populations. Distribution of CNV in the Indian population was found to be similar to that in European-derived populations of American and Japanese. CNV of SULT1A1 varies significantly among world populations and may be one of the determinants of health and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhani Almal
- a Department of Cell and Molecular Biology , B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre , Ahmedabad , Gujarat , India
| | - Harish Padh
- b Sardar Patel University , Vallabh Vidyanagar , Gujarat , India
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Yagnik B, Sharma D, Padh H, Desai P. Dual recombinant Lactococcus lactis for enhanced delivery of DNA vaccine reporter plasmid pPERDBY. Microbiol Immunol 2017; 61:123-129. [PMID: 28258689 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Food grade Lactococcus lactis has been widely used as an antigen and DNA delivery vehicle. We have previously reported the use of non-invasive L. lactis to deliver the newly constructed immunostimulatory DNA vaccine reporter plasmid, pPERDBY. In the present report, construction of dual recombinant L. lactis expressing internalin A of Listeria monocytogenes and harboring pPERDBY (LL InlA + pPERDBY) to enhance the efficiency of delivery of DNA by L. lactis is outlined. After confirmation and validation of LL InlA + pPERDBY, its DNA delivery potential was compared with previously developed non-invasive r- L. lactis::pPERDBY. The use of invasive L. lactis resulted in around threefold increases in the number of enhanced green fluorescent protein-expressing Caco-2 cells. These findings reinforce the prospective application of invasive strain of L. lactis for delivery of DNA/RNA and antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhrugu Yagnik
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development Centre, Ahmedabad, Gujarat.,B. R. D. School of Biosciences, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidhyanagar, Gujarat
| | - Drashya Sharma
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development Centre, Ahmedabad, Gujarat.,B. R. D. School of Biosciences, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidhyanagar, Gujarat
| | - Harish Padh
- Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidhyanagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Priti Desai
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development Centre, Ahmedabad, Gujarat
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Patel AB, Subramanian RB, Padh H, Shah TM, Mohapatra A, Reddy B, Jakhesara SJ, Koringa PG, Dash D, Joshi CG. Identification of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism from Indian Bubalus bubalis through Targeted Sequence Capture. CURR SCI INDIA 2017. [DOI: 10.18520/cs/v112/i06/1230-1239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Dhawan D, Padh H. Thymidylate synthase enhancer region: Novel allele in Indians. Ann Hum Biol 2017; 44:87-90. [DOI: 10.3109/03014460.2016.1170206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dipali Dhawan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, B. V. Patel PERD Centre, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Harish Padh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, B. V. Patel PERD Centre, Ahmedabad, India
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Desai P, Yagnik B, Sharma D, Khan A, Desai N, Padh H. Transfecting CHO-K1 Cells: Comparison of CaPO4, Electroporation and Lipoplex Method with In-house Prepared Polyplex. Indian J Pharm Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.4172/pharmaceutical-sciences.1000276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Yagnik B, Sharma D, Padh H, Desai P. Immunization with r-Lactococcus lactis expressing outer membrane protein A of Shigella dysenteriae type-1: evaluation of oral and intranasal route of administration. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 122:493-505. [PMID: 27860045 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the comparative immunogenic potential of food grade Lactococcus lactis expressing outer membrane protein A (OmpA) of Shigella dysenteriae type-1 (SD-1) when administered either orally or intranasally. METHODS AND RESULTS OmpA of SD-1 was cloned and expressed first in Escherichia coli and then in L. lactis. Presence of recombinant gene was confirmed by restriction enzyme digestion and immunoblot analysis. Using immobilized metal affinity chromatography, OmpA was purified from recombinant E. coliBL21 (DE3) and subcutaneously administered in BALB/c mice. Detection of OmpA-specific IgG antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) confirmed the immunogenicity of OmpA. In order to establish r-L. lactis as a mucosal delivery vehicle, it was administered orally and nasally in BALB/c mice. Serum IgG and faecal IgA were assessed through ELISA to compare the relative potential of immunization routes and immunogenic potential of r-L. lactis. Immunization via the oral route proved superior to intranasal exposure. CONCLUSION Recombinant L. lactis expressing OmpA of SD-1 was found to be immunogenic. Oral administration of r-L. lactis elicited higher systemic and mucosal immune response when compared with the nasal route. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Using food grade recombinant L. lactis has implications in the development of a prophylactic against multidrug-resistant Shigella, which can be used as a prospective vaccine candidate. Evaluating mucosal routes of immunization demonstrated that the oral route of administration elicited better immune response against OmpA of Shigella.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Yagnik
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Ahmedabad, 380054, Gujarat, India.,B. R. D School of Biosciences, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidhyanagar, 388120, Gujarat, India
| | - D Sharma
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Ahmedabad, 380054, Gujarat, India.,B. R. D School of Biosciences, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidhyanagar, 388120, Gujarat, India
| | - H Padh
- Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidhyanagar, 388120, Gujarat, India
| | - P Desai
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Ahmedabad, 380054, Gujarat, India
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Dhawan D, Padh H. Genetic variations in TCF7L2 influence therapeutic response to sulfonylureas in Indian diabetics. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2016; 121:35-40. [PMID: 27639123 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sulfonylureas are widely used to treat type 2 diabetes, with considerable inter-individual variation in the hypoglycaemic response to sulfonylureas. Genetic variants in the gene encoding for transcription factor-7-like 2 (TCF7L2) have been associated with type 2 diabetes. This study aimed to study the effect of variations in TCF7L2 on therapeutic response to sulfonylureas in Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. The effect of TCF7L2 rs12255372, rs7903146 and rs4506565 genotypes on glycaemic response was observed in 250 diabetic patients treated with sulfonylureas and sulfonylureas along with metformin. The genotyping tests were done by allele-specific multiplex PCR. Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were used as phenotypic marker. 60% of sulfonylurea users did not achieve a target HbA1c levels of ⩽6.5% (48mmol/mol) (which denotes good control in diabetics). Genotype influenced response to sulfonylureas, with more treatment failure in the TT homozygotes in case of rs12255372 and rs4506565. The GG genotype at rs12255372 favourably influences treatment success with sulfonylurea therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes (p⩽0.05). At rs12255372, 70.5% GT or TT genotype failed to achieve therapeutic target, an absolute difference of 19% compared to GG homozygotes. Our preliminary data show that genetic variation at rs12255372 has a direct correlation with therapeutic success with sulfonylureas in type 2 diabetes, hence paving the way for better treatment outcomes in diabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipali Dhawan
- B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Thaltej-Gandhinagar Highway, Thaltej, Ahmedabad 380 054, Gujarat, India.
| | - Harish Padh
- B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Thaltej-Gandhinagar Highway, Thaltej, Ahmedabad 380 054, Gujarat, India
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Shah B, Khunt D, Bhatt H, Misra M, Padh H. Intranasal delivery of venlafaxine loaded nanostructured lipid carrier: Risk assessment and QbD based optimization. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Upadhyay D, Anandjiwala S, Padh H, Nivsarkar M. In vitro - In vivo metabolism and pharmacokinetics of picroside I and II using LC-ESI-MS method. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 254:83-92. [PMID: 27234049 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Picroside I and II, iridoid glycosides, are the major active markers of roots and rhizomes of Picrorhiza kurroa (family: Scrophulariaceae). The rhizomes of P. kurroa have been traditionally used to treat worms, constipation, low fever, scorpion sting, asthma and ailments affecting the liver. Various Ayurvedic and herbal preparations are available in the market which contains P. kurroa e.g. Arogyavadhini vati, Tiktadi kwath, Picrolax capsules and suspension. These preparations are used without any significant pharmacokinetics data. Previously, we have reported that oral bioavailability of picroside I and II is low. Most of the iridoid glycosides are primarily metabolized by intestinal microbial flora. So, it is necessary to determine the metabolic profile of picroside I and II and check the correlation with lower bioavailability. Therefore, this study was designed to check metabolic (in vitro and in vivo) profile along with pharmacokinetic profile of picroside I and II. For this, a sensitive and selective LC-ESI-MS method was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of picroside I and II in rat plasma. Chromatographic separations were performed on C18 column. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile: 10 mM ammonium acetate buffer [90:10 v/v], pH 3.5. In-vitro Metabolic study was performed on rat liver microsomes and primary hepatocytes. In-vivo pharmacokinetic and metabolic profile of picroside I and II was generated after oral administration of Kutkin (mixture of picroside I and II) to Sprague-Dawley rats. Various pharmacokinetic parameters viz. Cmax, Tmax, AUC(0-t) were determined. In metabolic study, eight metabolites of picroside I and six metabolites of picroside II were identified in vitro, out of which four metabolites for each picroside I and picroside II were identified in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilawar Upadhyay
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, S. G. Highway, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, 380054, Gujarat, India
| | - Sheetal Anandjiwala
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, S. G. Highway, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, 380054, Gujarat, India
| | - Harish Padh
- Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, 388120, Gujarat, India
| | - Manish Nivsarkar
- B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, S. G. Highway, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, 380054, Gujarat, India.
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Shah B, Khunt D, Misra M, Padh H. Non-invasive intranasal delivery of quetiapine fumarate loaded microemulsion for brain targeting: Formulation, physicochemical and pharmacokinetic consideration. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 91:196-207. [PMID: 27174656 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Systemic drug delivery in schizophrenia is a major challenge due to presence of obstacles like, blood-brain barrier and P-glycoprotein, which prohibit entry of drugs into the brain. Quetiapine fumarate (QF), a substrate to P-glycoprotein under goes extensive first pass metabolism leading to limited absorption thus necessitating frequent oral administration. The aim of this study was to develop QF based microemulsion (ME) with and without chitosan (CH) to investigate its potential use in improving the bioavailability and brain targeting efficiency following non-invasive intranasal administration. QF loaded ME and mucoadhesive ME (MME) showed globule size, pH and viscosity in the range of 29-47nm, 5.5-6.5 and 17-40cP respectively. CH-ME with spherical globules having mean size of 35.31±1.71nm, pH value of 5.61±0.16 showed highest ex-vivo nasal diffusion (78.26±3.29%) in 8h with no sign of structural damage upon histopathological examination. Circular plume with an ovality ratio closer to 1.3 for CH-ME depicted ideal spray pattern. Significantly higher brain/blood ratio of CH-ME in comparison to QF-ME and drug solution following intranasal administration revealed prolonged retention of QF at site of action suggesting superiority of CH as permeability enhancer. Following intranasal administration, 2.7 and 3.8 folds higher nasal bioavailability in brain with CH-ME compared to QF-ME and drug solution respectively is indicative of preferential nose to brain transport (80.51±6.46%) bypassing blood-brain barrier. Overall, the above finding shows promising results in the area of developing non-invasive intranasal route as an alternative to oral route for brain delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brijesh Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, B. V. Patel PERD Centre, Ahmedabad 380054, India.
| | - Dignesh Khunt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, NIPER-Ahmedabad, C/O. B. V. Patel PERD Centre, Ahmedabad, India.
| | - Manju Misra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, NIPER-Ahmedabad, C/O. B. V. Patel PERD Centre, Ahmedabad, India.
| | - Harish Padh
- Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, India.
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Yagnik B, Padh H, Desai P. Construction of a new shuttle vector for DNA delivery into mammalian cells using non-invasive Lactococcus lactis. Microbes Infect 2015; 18:237-44. [PMID: 26655884 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Use of food grade Lactococcus lactis (L. lactis) is fast emerging as a safe alternative for delivery of DNA vaccine. To attain efficient DNA delivery, L. lactis, a non-invasive bacterium is converted to invasive strain either by expressing proteins like Internalin A (InlA) or Fibronectin binding protein A (FnBPA) or through chemical treatments. However the safety status of invasive L. lactis is questionable. In the present report, we have shown that non-invasive L. lactis efficiently delivered the newly constructed reporter plasmid pPERDBY to mammalian cells without any chemical enhancers. The salient features of the vector are; I) Ability to replicate in two different hosts; Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB), II) One of the smallest reporter plasmid for DNA vaccine, III) Enhanced Green Fluorescence Protein (EGFP) linked to Multiple Cloning Site (MCS), IV) Immunostimulatory CpG motifs functioning as an adjuvant. Expression of EGFP in pPERDBY transfected CHO-K1 and Caco-2 cells demonstrates its functionality. Non-invasive r-L. lactis was found efficient in delivering pPERDBY to Caco-2 cells. The in vitro data presented in this article supports the hypothesis that in the absence of invasive proteins or relevant chemical treatment, L. lactis was found efficient in delivering DNA to mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhrugu Yagnik
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Ahmedabad 380054, Gujarat, India.
| | - Harish Padh
- Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidhyanagar 388120, Gujarat, India.
| | - Priti Desai
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Ahmedabad 380054, Gujarat, India.
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Shah B, Khunt D, Bhatt H, Misra M, Padh H. Application of quality by design approach for intranasal delivery of rivastigmine loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: Effect on formulation and characterization parameters. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 78:54-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Gupta A, Padh H. Analysis of CCR5 and SDF-1 genetic variants and HIV infection in Indian population. Int J Immunogenet 2015; 42:270-8. [PMID: 26096543 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 infection and progression exhibits interindividual variation. The polymorphism in the chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR4, the principal coreceptors for HIV-1 and their ligands like SDF-1 have a profound effect in altering the HIV-1 disease progression rate. A single nucleotide polymorphism designated SDF1-3'UTR-801G-A has been associated with resistance to HIV-1 infection or delayed progression to AIDS. In this study, the SDF1-3'A polymorphism, CCR5∆32 polymorphism and CCR5 promoter polymorphism at positions 58934 G/T, 59029 G/A, 59353 T/C, 59356 C/T, 59402 A/G and 59653 C/T were analysed in Indian population. The polymorphisms in HIV-1 patients and healthy individuals were evaluated by conventional PCR, RFLP-PCR and direct sequencing techniques. The CCR5∆32 mutant allele was found to be almost absent in Indian population. The analysis of the CCR5-59356C/T polymorphism revealed a trend towards an association of the C allele with an increased risk of HIV-1 infection. The frequency of allele CCR5-59356C was higher in HIV-1 patients (100%) as compared to healthy control subjects (89%, P = 0.003). The correlation of SDF1-3'A and CCR5 promoter CCR5-58934G/T, CCR5-59029G/A, CCR5-59353T/C, CCR5-59402 A/G and CCR5-59653C/T polymorphisms and protection to HIV-1 infection and progression to AIDS was found to be nonsignificant. Nine haplotypes with more than 1% frequency were detected but were not significant in their protective role against HIV. Comparative analysis with global populations showed a noteworthy difference in CCR5 and SDF-1 polymorphisms' frequency distribution, indicating the ethnic variability of Indians. Although susceptibility to infections cannot be completely dependent on one or few genetic variants, it is important to remember that SDF-1 and CCR5 variants have been correlated globally with HIV-1 infection and disease progression. In the light of that, higher frequency of SDF-1 variants in the Indian population is noteworthy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gupta
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, B.V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Harish Padh
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, B.V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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Almal SH, Padh H. Frequency distribution of autoimmunity associated FCGR3B gene copy number in Indian population. Int J Immunogenet 2014; 42:26-30. [PMID: 25428402 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Amongst several human genome variations, copy number variations (CNVs) are considered as an important source of variability contributing to susceptibility to wide range of diseases. Although CNV is scattered for genes throughout the human genome, several of autoimmunity related genes have CN variation and therefore play an important role in susceptibility to autoimmune diseases. The association of the Fc gamma receptor 3B (FCGR3B) gene copy number in autoimmunity is well characterized in various populations studied. The Fc gamma receptor is a low affinity, glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked receptor for IgG molecule predominantly expressed on human neutrophils. The variable gene copy number of FCGR3B is found to be involved in the impaired clearance of immune complexes, which significantly contribute to the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), type-1 diabetes and others. The FCGR3B copy number ranged from 0 to ≥ 2 copies per diploid genome in other populations, but yet not explored in Indian population. Hence, this study aims to evaluate the variation in the frequency distribution of FCGR3B CNV in Indian population. FCGR3B gene copy number varied significantly when compared to other population of the world. This observation will help us in exploring the potential role of CNV in FCGR3B gene and its association to autoimmune disorders in Indian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Almal
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, B.V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish Padh
- Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India
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Shah BM, Misra M, Shishoo CJ, Padh H. Nose to brain microemulsion-based drug delivery system of rivastigmine: formulation and ex-vivo characterization. Drug Deliv 2014; 22:918-30. [PMID: 24467601 DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2013.878857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder leading to irreversible loss of neurons, cognition and formation of abnormal protein aggregates. Rivastigmine, a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor used for the treatment of AD, undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism, thus limiting its absolute bioavailability to only 36% after 3-mg dose. Due to extreme aqueous solubility, rivastigmine shows poor penetration and lesser concentration in the brain thus requiring frequent oral dosing. This investigation was aimed to formulate microemulsion (ME) and mucoadhesive microemulsions (MMEs) of rivastigmine for nose to brain delivery and to compare percentage drug diffused for both systems using in-vitro and ex-vivo study. Rivastigmine-loaded ME and MMEs were prepared by titration method and characterized for drug content, globule size distribution, zeta potential, pH, viscosity and nasal ciliotoxicity study. Rivastigmine-loaded ME system containing 8% w/w Capmul MCM EP, 44% w/w Labrasol:Transcutol-P (1:1) and 48% w/w distilled water was formulated, whereas 0.3% w/w chitosan (CH) and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (as mucoadhesive agents) were used to formulate MMEs, respectively. ME and MMEs formulations were transparent with drug content, globule size and zeta potential in the range of 98.59% to 99.43%, 53.8 nm to 55.4 nm and -2.73 mV to 6.52 mV, respectively. MME containing 0.3% w/w CH followed Higuchi model (r(2) = 0.9773) and showed highest diffusion coefficient. It was free from nasal ciliotoxicity and stable for three months. However, the potential of developed CH-based MME for nose to brain delivery of rivastigmine can only be established after in-vivo and biodistribution study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brijesh M Shah
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , B. V. Patel PERD Centre , Ahmedabad , Gujarat , India
| | - Manju Misra
- b Department of Pharmaceutics , NIPER-Ahmedabad, C/O B. V. Patel PERD Centre , Ahmedabad , Gujarat , India , and
| | - Chamanlal J Shishoo
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , B. V. Patel PERD Centre , Ahmedabad , Gujarat , India
| | - Harish Padh
- c Vice Chancellor, Sardar Patel University , Vallabh Vidyanagar , Gujarat , India
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Almal S, Padh H. Gene copy number variation in Indian population and its implication in health. Mol Cytogenet 2014. [PMCID: PMC4044524 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8166-7-s1-p119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Gupta A, Padh H. Genetic Variation in Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1): candidate gene in susceptibility to malaria in the Indian population. Mol Cytogenet 2014. [PMCID: PMC4043398 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8166-7-s1-p106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Bhatt D, Chauhan N, Sharma A, Dhawan D, Bhatt RV, Phatak S, Padh H. Investigating the Role of Plasma Glucose Concentration as a Phenotypic Marker for CYP2C9 Genetic Variants, in the Diabetic Population of Gujarat. Indian J Pharm Sci 2014; 76:72-7. [PMID: 24799741 PMCID: PMC4007258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was aimed to investigate the role of plasma glucose concentration as a phenotypic marker and to study the frequency distribution of CYP2C9 genetic variants in Gujarat state diabetic population. One hundred and nine unrelated diabetes mellitus patients treated with sulfonylureas were genotyped for CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 alleles. Their pre- and posttreatment postprandial blood glucose levels were recorded and mean glucose drop per milligram of drug values were calculated and further used as an index for phenotypic correlation. The frequencies of CYP2C9*1, CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 alleles in the Gujarat state diabetic population were 0.84, 0.07 and 0.09, respectively. The distribution of CYP2C9*1/*1, CYP2C9*1/*2, CYP2C9*1/*3, CYP2C9*2/*2, CYP2C9*2/*3 and CYP2C9*3/*3 genotypes were 0.73, 0.08, 0.13, 0.0, 0.06 and 0.0, respectively. Patients with CYP2C9*1/*2 genotype did not show any significant difference in the mean glucose drop per milligram of drug values when compared with wild-type patients in glipizide-treatment group. Patients with CYP2C9*1/*3 genotype showed greater mean glucose drop per milligram of drug values than patients with CYP2C9*1/*1 wild-type genotype for both glipizide and glimepiride while patients with CYP2C9*2/*3 genotype showed greater drop than patients with CYP2C9*1/*1 genotype only in the glipizide-treatment group. The presence of CYP2C9*3 allele significantly affected plasma glucose drop per milligram of drug values in patients taking glipizide and glimepiride, while effects of CYP2C9*2 allele were insignificant. Further studies are needed to confirm the effects of CYP2C9*2 allele on plasma glucose drop per milligram of drug values. However, plasma glucose concentration is a complex physiological marker that cannot be used to establish perfect genotype-phenotype correlation. Hence studies exploring robust phenotypic markers must be initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Bhatt
- Department of Pharmacology, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad-380 009, India
| | - N. Chauhan
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Biology, B. V. Patel PERD Centre, Thaltej, Ahmedabad-380 054, India,Address for correspondence: E-mail:
| | - A. Sharma
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Biology, B. V. Patel PERD Centre, Thaltej, Ahmedabad-380 054, India
| | - D. Dhawan
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Biology, B. V. Patel PERD Centre, Thaltej, Ahmedabad-380 054, India
| | - R. V. Bhatt
- Department of Pharmacology, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad-380 009, India
| | - S. Phatak
- Vijayratna Diabetes Clinic, Paldi, Ahmedabad-380 007, India
| | - H. Padh
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Biology, B. V. Patel PERD Centre, Thaltej, Ahmedabad-380 054, India
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Abstract
Drug discovery and drug delivery are two main aspects for treatment of a variety of disorders. However, the real bottleneck associated with systemic drug administration is the lack of target-specific affinity toward a pathological site, resulting in systemic toxicity and innumerable other side effects as well as higher dosage requirement for efficacy. An attractive strategy to increase the therapeutic index of a drug is to specifically deliver the therapeutic molecule in its active form, not only into target tissue, nor even to target cells, but more importantly, into the targeted organelle, ie, to its intracellular therapeutic active site. This would ensure improved efficacy and minimize toxicity. Cancer chemotherapy today faces the major challenge of delivering chemotherapeutic drugs exclusively to tumor cells, while sparing normal proliferating cells. Nanoparticles play a crucial role by acting as a vehicle for delivery of drugs to target sites inside tumor cells. In this review, we spotlight active and passive targeting, followed by discussion of the importance of targeting to specific cell organelles and the potential role of cell-penetrating peptides. Finally, the discussion will address the strategies for drug/DNA targeting to lysosomes, mitochondria, nuclei and Golgi/endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraj M Sakhrani
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BV Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Gujarat, India
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Dhawan D, Panchal H, Shukla S, Padh H. Genetic variability & chemotoxicity of 5-fluorouracil & cisplatin in head & neck cancer patients: a preliminary study. Indian J Med Res 2013; 137:125-9. [PMID: 23481061 PMCID: PMC3657875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED background & objectives: The efficacy and toxicity of a given chemotherapy regimen varies widely among patients due to the inherited variability of genes that are involved in drug metabolism. There are several crucial enzymes identified involving metabolism of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and cisplatin, which are polymorphic. We studied head and neck cancer patients (n=23) on 5-FU and cisplatin combination therapy attending a tertiary care cancer research institute in Gujarat, India, to understand the effect of a particular genotype on toxicity. METHODS The patients were genotyped for dihydropyrimidine (DPYD) (85T>C, IVS14+1G>A, 2846A>T, 2194G>A), thymidylate synthase (TYMS) [28bp tandem repeat in the promoter enhancer region (TSER)], methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) (677C>T, 1298A>C), glutathione S-transferase P1(GSTP1) (Ile105Val), glutathione S-transferase T1 (GSTT1) (null allele) and glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) (null allele) by multiplex allele-specific PCR and long range PCR. RESULTS Of the 23 (19 males 4 females, age range 18-16 yr) patients, two had grade 3 and 4 toxicity while the remaining 21 had 0 to 2 grade toxicity after treatment with 5-FU and cisplatin combination therapy. An association between the genotype of GSTM1 (+/- and -/-) and the toxicity of cisplatin (P=0.043) was observed. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS The findings of this preliminary study suggested an association between the variants of GSTM1 and toxicity observed due to cisplatin. Well planned studies on a large sample of head and neck cancer patients need to be conducted to understand the effects of these genetic variants on toxicity and efficacy of anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipali Dhawan
- B.V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education & Research Development (PERD) Centre, Ahmedabad, India
| | | | - Shilin Shukla
- Gujarat Cancer and Research Institute, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Harish Padh
- B.V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education & Research Development (PERD) Centre, Ahmedabad, India,Reprint requests: Dr Harish Padh, B.V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education & Research Development (PERD) Centre, Thaltej-Gandhinagar Highway, Thaltej, Ahmedabad 380 054, India e-mail:
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Almal S, Gupta A, Padh H. SDF-1 gene polymorphism and CCL3L1 gene copy number and susceptibility to HIV-1 / AIDS among Indians. BMC Infect Dis 2012. [PMCID: PMC3345367 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-12-s1-p50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Vaidya H, Prajapati A, Rajani M, Sudarsanam V, Padh H, Goyal RK. Beneficial effects of swertiamarin on dyslipidaemia in streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rats. Phytother Res 2012; 26:1259-61. [PMID: 22228612 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Dyslipidaemia is one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitus. Lipid changes associated with diabetes mellitus are attributed to increases in free fatty acid flux, secondary to insulin resistance. In the present study, we have investigated the beneficial effects of swertiamarin on dyslipidaemic conditions associated with type 2 diabetes in streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rats. Swertiamarin (50 mg/kg, i.p.) administered once a day for 6 weeks resulted in significant (p < 0.001) reductions in serum triglycerides, cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein levels in diabetic animals as compared with diabetic control animals. Serum fasting glucose was significantly (p < 0.05) decreased, moreover, the insulin sensitivity index was significantly (p < 0.05) increased in swertiamarin treated animals. Overall the data suggest that swertiamarin has beneficial effects on diabetic associated complications such as dyslipidaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh Vaidya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, K. B. Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-23, Gandhinagar-382023, Gujarat, India
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Varma A, Padh H, Shrivastava N. Ecogeographical phytochemistry of Adhatoda vasicanees in relation to quantitative variations of alkaloids. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2011. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.24.2011.5.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Azmanov DN, Dimitrova S, Florez L, Cherninkova S, Draganov D, Morar B, Saat R, Juan M, Arostegui JI, Ganguly S, Soodyall H, Chakrabarti S, Padh H, López-Nevot MA, Chernodrinska V, Anguelov B, Majumder P, Angelova L, Kaneva R, Mackey DA, Tournev I, Kalaydjieva L. LTBP2 and CYP1B1 mutations and associated ocular phenotypes in the Roma/Gypsy founder population. Eur J Hum Genet 2011; 19:326-33. [PMID: 21081970 PMCID: PMC3062003 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2010.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) is a genetically heterogeneous autosomal recessive disorder, which is an important cause of blindness in childhood. The first known gene, CYP1B1, accounts for a variable proportion of cases in most populations. A second gene, LTBP2, was recently reported in association with a syndrome, in which glaucoma is secondary to lens dislocation. We report on the molecular and clinical profile of 34 families diagnosed as PCG, all originating from the Roma/Gypsy founder population. Comprehensive sequencing analysis revealed a level of heterogeneity unusual for this population, with five CYP1B1 and one ancestral LTBP2 mutation accounting for ∼70% of patients (25 out of 37) and the remainder still unexplained. Homozygosity for the founder LTBP2 p.R299X mutation resulted in a more severe clinical phenotype and poorer outcome despite a markedly higher number of surgical interventions. The genetically homogeneous group of p.R299X homozygotes showed variable phenotypes (presumably also underlying pathogenetic mechanisms), wherein PCG proper with primary dysgenesis of the trabecular meshwork, and Marfan syndrome-like zonular disease with ectopia lentis and later onset secondary glaucoma are two extremes. The spectrum manifestations may occur in different combinations and have a different evolution even within the same sibship or a single patient. Preliminary observations on compounds with mutations in both CYP1B1-LTBP2 suggest that the observed combinations are of no clinical significance and digenic inheritance is unlikely. We provide a population genetics perspective to explain the allelic heterogeneity, comparing the history and geographic distribution of the two major founder mutations--p.R299X/LTBP2 and p.E387K/CYP1B1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitar N Azmanov
- Laboratory for Molecular Genetics, Centre for Medical Research and Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Laura Florez
- Laboratory for Molecular Genetics, Centre for Medical Research and Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | | | - Bharti Morar
- Laboratory for Molecular Genetics, Centre for Medical Research and Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rosmawati Saat
- Laboratory for Molecular Genetics, Centre for Medical Research and Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Manel Juan
- Servei d'Immunologia, IDIBAPS-Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Sriparna Ganguly
- Human Genetics Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Himla Soodyall
- National Health Laboratory Service, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Harish Padh
- BV Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development Centre, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Miguel A López-Nevot
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Botio Anguelov
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Partha Majumder
- Human Genetics Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India
| | - Lyudmila Angelova
- Department of Paediatrics and Medical Genetics, Medical University, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Radka Kaneva
- Molecular Medicine Centre, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - David A Mackey
- Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ivailo Tournev
- Department of Neurology, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Department of Cognitive Science and Psychology, New Bulgarian University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Luba Kalaydjieva
- Laboratory for Molecular Genetics, Centre for Medical Research and Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Varma A, Padh H, Shrivastava N. Andrographolide: a new plant-derived antineoplastic entity on horizon. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2011; 2011:815390. [PMID: 19752167 PMCID: PMC3139959 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nep135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Plant-derived natural products occupy an important position in the area of cancer chemotherapy. Molecules such as vincristine, vinblastine, paclitaxel, camptothecin derivatives, epipodophyllotoxin, and so forth, are invaluable contributions of nature to modern medicine. However, the quest to find out novel therapeutic compounds for cancer treatment and management is a never-ending venture; and diverse plant species are persistently being studied for identification of prospective anticancer agents. In this regard, Andrographis paniculata Nees, a well-known plant of Indian and Chinese traditional system of medicines, has drawn attention of researchers in recent times. Andrographolide, the principal bioactive chemical constituent of the plant has shown credible anticancer potential in various investigations around the globe. In vitro studies demonstrate the capability of the compound of inducing cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in a variety of cancer cells at different concentrations. Andrographolide also shows potent immunomodulatory and anti-angiogenic activities in tumorous tissues. Synthetic analogues of the compound have also been created and analyzed, which have also shown similar activities. Although it is too early to predict its future in cancer chemotherapy, the prologue strongly recommends further research on this molecule to assess its potential as a prospective anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astha Varma
- B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education & Research Development (PERD) Centre, Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway, Thaltej, Ahmedabad 380054, Gujarat, India
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Shep D, Ojha A, Patel S, Nivsarkar M, Jaiswal V, Padh H. Comparative Bioavailability Study of a New Formulation of Injection of 75 mg Diclofenac Sodium in 1 mL with the Conventional Injection of 75 mg Diclofenac Sodium Given in 3 mL Volume. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 6:26-9. [DOI: 10.2174/157488411794941359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Shep D, Ojha A, Patel S, Nivsarkar M, Jaiswal V, Padh H. Pharmacokinetic profile of an intradeltoid diclofenac injection in obese Indian volunteers. J Pain Res 2010; 3:235-40. [PMID: 21311716 PMCID: PMC3033031 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s13894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A new propylene glycol-free and reduced-volume formulation of diclofenac sodium 75 mg/mL designed for intradeltoid administration has been found to be bioequivalent to a reference formulation of diclofenac sodium 75 mg/3 mL given via the intragluteal route in normal healthy volunteers. Standard needles may not reach the gluteus maximus muscle in many cases, especially in the obese. The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of the new formulation and compare the bioavailability of intradeltoid diclofenac sodium 75 mg/mL with that of the intragluteal 75 mg/3 mL reference formulation in obese volunteers. METHODS A comparative, two-way, single-dose, bioavailability study was carried out in 10 obese (body mass index > 25) male Indian volunteers after a washout period of seven days. Blood samples were collected until six hours following drug administration and analyzed using a prevalidated high-pressure liquid chromatography method. RESULTS The mean maximum plasma concentration and time to reach maximum plasma concentration for the test formulation were 1.30 μg/mL and 0.50 hours, respectively, versus 0.93 μg/ mL and 1.08 hours for the reference formulation. The mean areas under the curve from 0 to last measurable time point (AUC(0-t)) for the test and reference formulations were 2.71 μg·h/mL and 2.73 μg·h/mL, respectively. The mean AUCs from 0 to infinity (AUC(0-∞)) for the test and reference formulations were 3.71 μg·h/mL and 3.75 μg·h/mL, respectively. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the test formulation of diclofenac sodium 75 mg/mL has an AUC(0-t) and AUC(0-∞) comparable with the reference intragluteal formulation of diclofenac sodium 75 mg/3 mL, but with an earlier time to reach maximum plasma concentration and a trend towards a higher maximum plasma concentration. This could be attributed to faster absorption from the deltoid region than from the gluteal region. The test formulation could be helpful in the management of pain in obese or overweight patients and those with dense subcutaneous fat in the gluteal area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhaneshwar Shep
- Medical Services, Troikaa Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Ahmedabad, India
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Franklin PX, Yerande S, Thakar HM, Inamdar GS, Giri RS, Padh H, Sudarsanam V, Vasu KK. Synthesis, Antiinflammatory and HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitory Activities of 1,2-Bis[5-thiazolyl]ethane-1,2-dione Derivatives. Indian J Pharm Sci 2010; 71:259-63. [PMID: 20490291 PMCID: PMC2865783 DOI: 10.4103/0250-474x.56021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2006] [Revised: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on principles of pharmacophore delineation and drug designing, compounds containing diketofunctionallity namely 1,2-bis[5-thiazolyl]ethane-1,2-diones were designed and synthesized as antiinflammatory agents. The compounds were evaluated in carrageenan-induced rat-paw edema method. G-3, G-6, G-17, G-20, G-23, G-22, L-708 and 906 showed good antiinflammatory activity. In addition as diketo functionality containing compounds are reported to have HIV-1 integrase inhibitory property, and these compounds contains diketo functionality, so these compounds were screened in assay for HIV-1 integrase inhibition. Few compounds showed weak HIV-1 integrase Inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P X Franklin
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development Centre, Thaltej, Ahmedabad-380 054, India
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Mahajan SG, Banerjee A, Chauhan BF, Padh H, Nivsarkar M, Mehta AA. Inhibitory effect of n-butanol fraction of Moringa oleifera Lam. seeds on ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation in a guinea pig model of asthma. Int J Toxicol 2010; 28:519-27. [PMID: 19966143 DOI: 10.1177/1091581809345165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Moringaceae, which belongs to the Moringa oleifera Lam. family, is a well-known herb used in Asian medicine as an antiallergic drug. In the present study, the efficacy of the n-butanol extract of the seeds of the plant (MONB) is examined against ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation in guinea pigs. The test drugs (MONB or dexamethasone) are administered orally prior to challenge with aerosolized 0.5% ovalbumin. During the experimental period, bronchoconstriction tests are performed, and lung function parameters are measured. The blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid are collected to assess cellular content, and serum is used for cytokine (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-4, and interleukin-6) assays. Histamine assays of lung tissue are performed using lung tissue homogenate. The results suggest that in ovalbumin-sensitized model control animals, tidal volume is decreased, respiration rate is increased, and both the total and differential cell counts in blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid are increased significantly compared with nonsensitized controls. MONB treatment shows improvement in all parameters except bronchoalveolar lavage tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-4. Moreover, MONB treatment demonstrates protection against acetylcholine-induced bronchoconstriction and airway inflammation. These results indicate that MONB has an inhibitory effect on airway inflammation. Thus, MONB possesses an antiasthmatic property through modulation of the relationship between Th1/Th2 cytokine imbalances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailaja G Mahajan
- Department of Pharmacology, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad 380 009, Gujarat, India
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Desai PN, Shrivastava N, Padh H. Production of heterologous proteins in plants: strategies for optimal expression. Biotechnol Adv 2010; 28:427-35. [PMID: 20152894 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Revised: 01/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Plants are a promising expression system for the production of heterologous proteins, especially therapeutic proteins. Currently the majority of therapeutic proteins are produced in mammalian cell lines or bacteria. In a few cases insects, yeast and fungi have been developed for production of human proteins. However, these expression systems have limitations in terms of suitability, cost, scalability, purification and post-translational modifications. Therefore, alternative expression systems are being developed in transgenic animals and transgenic plants. Transgenic plants could provide an attractive alternative in terms of low production cost and lower capital investment in infrastructure, and with appropriate post-translational modifications. The potential of plants as an expression host has not been capitalized, primarily due to lower level of expression of transgenes in plants. The present review will evaluate the rate limiting steps of plant expression systems and suggest strategies to optimize protein expression at each of the steps: gene integration, transcription, translation and protein accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti N Desai
- B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development Centre, Ahmedabad, India
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Dhawan D, Padh H. Pharmacogenetics: technologies to detect copy number variations. Curr Opin Mol Ther 2009; 11:670-680. [PMID: 20072944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The human genome is characterized by structural variations, in addition to having expansive areas of tandem repeat sequences and SNPs. Copy number variations (CNVs) in the human genome are the result of insertions, deletions, duplications and complex multisite variants, affecting approximately 10 to 12% of the genome and covering a higher number of nucleotides than SNPs. Several methods are used for the detection of CNVs, including approaches based on hybridization, such as arrays, PCR amplification, FRET and sequencing. These methods can identify microscopic structural variations (> or = 3 Mb in size), as well as submicroscopic structural variations (approximately 1 kb to 3 Mb in size). CNVs can affect drug metabolism and disease susceptibility. Therefore, the effect of variations in the copies of genes on the efficacy and toxicity of therapeutic agents needs to be well established at both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic levels prior to the use of these agents clinically. This review evaluates the techniques for detecting the CNVs available at the time of publication, citing examples from the application of CNVs in clinical pharmacogenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipali Dhawan
- BV Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Thaltej-Gandhinagar Highway, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, 380 054, Gujarat, India
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Vaidya H, Rajani M, Sudarsanam V, Padh H, Goyal R. Swertiamarin: A lead from Enicostemma littorale Blume. for anti-hyperlipidaemic effect. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 617:108-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2009] [Revised: 06/20/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
The proinflammatory blastocyst implantation cascade involves important mediators like prostaglandins (PG). The influx of calcium via the calcium channel acts as a trigger for the activation of the PG synthesis pathway. Hence, it was hypothesized that calcium channel blockers that are known to possess anti-inflammatory activity may interfere with normal implantation. Pregnant Swiss albino mice (Mus musculus) were treated with diltiazem (1) 4 mg/kg, po on days 1-6 of pregnancy, n=6/day) or (2) at the implantation site (25 microg/animal) via intrauterine injection in the right horn at 5:00 pm on day 4. The intact uterus was used to assay lipid peroxidation and superoxide dismutase activity as markers of membrane fluidity or to observe the day 15 fetus. Oral diltiazem treatment in therapeutic dosage before and during the implantation period did not cause any change in normal uterine milieu during the window of implantation. When injected into the uterine lumen 12-14 h before the average implantation time, however, a complete failure in implantation was observed. Thus, the site specific action of diltiazem may be blocking prostaglandin synthesis, hence causing implantation failure. Oral diltiazem treatment did not mimic this action, indicating that although orally safe in pregnancy in therapeutic dosage, calcium channel blockers may provide a new and yet unknown target in female contraceptive research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aryamitra Banerjee
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development Centre, SG Highway, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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Vats B, Padh H. DNA passage to nuclei: role of endo-lysosomal circuit in eukaryotic Dictyostelium. Can J Microbiol 2009; 55:617-21. [PMID: 19483791 DOI: 10.1139/w09-004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The understanding of DNA passage in eukaryotic cells is still very ambiguous. The route to the nucleus is difficult owing to the barriers, metabolic as well as membranous, posed by the eukaryotic cells. Endocytosis appears to be the most likely process responsible for the transport but is also the major culprit of low transfection efficiencies. Here, we report a study on a eukaryotic amoeba, Dictyostelium discoideum, where by disruption of the endocytic process at the opportune moment, the transformant number increased. We have observed that by disruption of fluid-phase uptake of calcium phosphate DNA nanoparticles, the number of clones increased with the probable increase in number of foreign genes integrating in the host genome. The method described here leads to the possibility of safe and inexpensive methods for transfer of genes required for heterologous recombinant protein production as well as generating therapeutic recombinant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavesh Vats
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, B.V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development Centre, Thaltej-Gandhinagar Highway, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, India
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Ojha A, Rathod R, Padh H. Simultaneous HPLC–UV determination of rhein and aceclofenac in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:1145-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2008] [Revised: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ojha A, Shep D, Nivsarkar M, Patel S, Jaiswal V, Padh H. Pharmacokinetic profile of a new formulation of injection diclofenac designed for intradeltoid use. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2009; 10:517-22. [DOI: 10.1517/14656560902732066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Nivsarkar M, Banerjee A, Padh H. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors: a novel direction for Alzheimer's management. Pharmacol Rep 2008; 60:692-698. [PMID: 19066416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2007] [Revised: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Research in Alzheimer's disease (AD) currently includes various cellular, molecular, genetic, clinical and therapeutic approaches. The cytopathological significance of oxidative damage has been studied in neurons of AD patients. Many epidemiological studies suggest that use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) delay or slow the clinical expression of AD, and anti-oxidant properties of NSAIDs have also been previously described. Therefore, in this study we examined the role of various cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 inhibitors (NSAIDs) in a rat model of aluminum-induced oxidative stress to mimic AD-like conditions. We found that the animals receiving aluminum treatment for one month (4.2 mg/kg, ip) had highly elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (expressed as malondialdehyde--MDA). Moreover, treatment with the COX-2 inhibitor, rofecoxib (0.83 mg/kg, po), was able to significantly reduce this oxidative stress (p<0.05 when compared to aluminum treatment alone on MDA levels). But, nonspecific COX inhibitors (flurbiprofen, 0.83 mg/kg twice a day po and ibuprofen, 100 mg/kg, po), did not protect again oxidative stress. Thus, in agreement with earlier epidemiological studies, we propose that COX-2 specific NSAIDs may be beneficial in AD management. Further experimental work towards identifying the most efficacious COX-2 inhibitors, as well as the mechanism of action and the optimal dosage regimen should be executed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Nivsarkar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Center, SG Highway, Thaltej, Ahmedabad-380 054, Gujarat, India.
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Agarwal M, Shrivastava N, Padh H. Advances in molecular marker techniques and their applications in plant sciences. Plant Cell Rep 2008; 27:617-31. [PMID: 18246355 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-008-0507-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2007] [Revised: 12/16/2007] [Accepted: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Detection and analysis of genetic variation can help us to understand the molecular basis of various biological phenomena in plants. Since the entire plant kingdom cannot be covered under sequencing projects, molecular markers and their correlation to phenotypes provide us with requisite landmarks for elucidation of genetic variation. Genetic or DNA based marker techniques such as RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism), RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA), SSR (simple sequence repeats) and AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) are routinely being used in ecological, evolutionary, taxonomical, phylogenic and genetic studies of plant sciences. These techniques are well established and their advantages as well as limitations have been realized. In recent years, a new class of advanced techniques has emerged, primarily derived from combination of earlier basic techniques. Advanced marker techniques tend to amalgamate advantageous features of several basic techniques. The newer methods also incorporate modifications in the methodology of basic techniques to increase the sensitivity and resolution to detect genetic discontinuity and distinctiveness. The advanced marker techniques also utilize newer class of DNA elements such as retrotransposons, mitochondrial and chloroplast based microsatellites, thereby revealing genetic variation through increased genome coverage. Techniques such as RAPD and AFLP are also being applied to cDNA-based templates to study patterns of gene expression and uncover the genetic basis of biological responses. The review details account of techniques used in identification of markers and their applicability in plant sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milee Agarwal
- B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education Research and Development Centre, Thaltej-Gandhinagar Highway, Ahmadabad, 380054, India
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Guha S, Padh H. Cathepsins: fundamental effectors of endolysosomal proteolysis. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2008; 45:75-90. [PMID: 21086720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular protein degradation is a universal feature of eukaryotic cells and vital for nutrition, protein turnover, intracellular signaling, development and other major physiological processes like antigen presentation and immunity. One of the major compartments of intracellular proteolysis is the endosome-lysosome system. The latter offers a highly orchestrated, vesicular pathway for protein transport and ultimate degradation in lysosomes. Though lysosomes are the classical organelles of complex, multi-enzymatic degradation, it is increasingly evident that endosomes conduct much more than mere transport functions. Endosomes contain significant levels of proteases like cathepsins and are sites of potent intracellular proteolysis. Further, discrete classes of endosomes harbor specific cathepsins and perform selective and exclusive functions. Hence, extra-lysosomal proteolytic machinery within the endocytic pathway enjoys spatial and temporal control over proteolytic functions. The review outlines the structural association and function(s) of major endolysosomal cathepsins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Guha
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development Centre, S.G. Highway, Thaltej, Ahmedabad 380054, India
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