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Miller IJ, Stapelberg M, Rosic N, Hudson J, Coxon P, Furness J, Walsh J, Climstein M. Implementation of artificial intelligence for the detection of cutaneous melanoma within a primary care setting: prevalence and types of skin cancer in outdoor enthusiasts. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15737. [PMID: 37576493 PMCID: PMC10416769 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is enthusiasm for implementing artificial intelligence (AI) to assist clinicians detect skin cancer. Performance metrics of AI from dermoscopic images have been promising, with studies documenting sensitivity and specificity values equal to or superior to specialists for the detection of malignant melanomas (MM). Early detection rates would particularly benefit Australia, which has the worlds highest incidence of MM per capita. The detection of skin cancer may be delayed due to late screening or the inherent difficulty in diagnosing early skin cancers which often have a paucity of clinical features and may blend into sun damaged skin. Individuals who participate in outdoor sports and recreation experience high levels of intermittent ultraviolet radiation (UVR), which is associated with the development of skin cancer, including MM. This research aimed to assess the prevalence of skin cancer in individuals who regularly participate in activities outdoors and to report the performance parameters of a commercially available AI-powered software to assess the predictive risk of MM development. Methods Cross-sectional study design incorporating a survey, total body skin cancer screening and AI-embedded software capable of predictive scoring of queried MM. Results A total of 423 participants consisting of surfers (n = 108), swimmers (n = 60) and walkers/runners (n = 255) participated. Point prevalence for MM was highest for surfers (6.48%), followed by walkers/runners (4.3%) and swimmers (3.33%) respectively. When compared to the general Australian population, surfers had the highest odds ratio (OR) for MM (OR 119.8), followed by walkers/runners (OR 79.74), and swimmers (OR 61.61) rounded out the populations. Surfers and swimmers reported comparatively lower lifetime hours of sun exposure (5,594 and 5,686, respectively) but more significant amounts of activity within peak ultraviolet index compared with walkers/runners (9,554 h). A total of 48 suspicious pigmented lesions made up of histopathology-confirmed MM (n = 15) and benign lesions (n = 33) were identified. The performance of the AI from this clinical population was found to have a sensitivity of 53.33%, specificity of 54.44% and accuracy of 54.17%. Conclusions Rates of both keratinocyte carcinomas and MM were notably higher in aquatic and land-based enthusiasts compared to the general Australian population. These findings further highlight the clinical importance of sun-safe protection measures and regular skin screening in individuals who spend significant time outdoors. The use of AI in the early identification of MM is promising. However, the lower-than-expected performance metrics of the AI software used in this study indicated reservations should be held before recommending this particular version of this AI software as a reliable adjunct for clinicians in skin imaging diagnostics in patients with potentially sun damaged skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J. Miller
- Aquatic Based Research, Southern Cross University, Bilinga, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Bilinga, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael Stapelberg
- Aquatic Based Research, Southern Cross University, Bilinga, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Bilinga, Queensland, Australia
- Specialist Suite, John Flynn Hospital, Tugun, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nedeljka Rosic
- Aquatic Based Research, Southern Cross University, Bilinga, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Bilinga, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jeremy Hudson
- Aquatic Based Research, Southern Cross University, Bilinga, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Bilinga, Queensland, Australia
- North Queensland Skin Centre, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul Coxon
- North Queensland Skin Centre, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - James Furness
- Water Based Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joe Walsh
- Sport Science Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- AI Consulting Group, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mike Climstein
- Aquatic Based Research, Southern Cross University, Bilinga, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Bilinga, Queensland, Australia
- Water Based Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, Queensland, Australia
- Physical Activity, Lifestyle, Ageing and Wellbeing Faculty Research Group, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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2
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Zhang Q, Linke V, Overmyer KA, Traeger LL, Kasahara K, Miller IJ, Manson DE, Polaske TJ, Kerby RL, Kemis JH, Trujillo EA, Reddy TR, Russell JD, Schueler KL, Stapleton DS, Rabaglia ME, Seldin M, Gatti DM, Keele GR, Pham DT, Gerdt JP, Vivas EI, Lusis AJ, Keller MP, Churchill GA, Blackwell HE, Broman KW, Attie AD, Coon JJ, Rey FE. Author Correction: Genetic mapping of microbial and host traits reveals production of immunomodulatory lipids by Akkermansia muciniphila in the murine gut. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:745. [PMID: 36973420 PMCID: PMC10066032 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01366-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qijun Zhang
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Vanessa Linke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- IMol Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- ReMedy International Research Agenda Unit, IMol Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katherine A Overmyer
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lindsay L Traeger
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kazuyuki Kasahara
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ian J Miller
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Daniel E Manson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Thomas J Polaske
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Robert L Kerby
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Julia H Kemis
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Edna A Trujillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Thiru R Reddy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jason D Russell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kathryn L Schueler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Donald S Stapleton
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mary E Rabaglia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Marcus Seldin
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, and Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Duy T Pham
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - Joseph P Gerdt
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Eugenio I Vivas
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, and Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mark P Keller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Helen E Blackwell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Karl W Broman
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Alan D Attie
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Joshua J Coon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Federico E Rey
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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3
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Ocampo Gonzalez F, Solarewicz J, Miller IJ, Lopez-Hisijos NM. Peripheral Blood Flow Cytometry Outside of Recommended Indications: A Potential Source of Increased Healthcare Costs? Am J Clin Pathol 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqac126.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction/Objective
Flow cytometry (FC) is a useful tool in the diagnosis of hematological conditions. Recommended indications for peripheral blood FC have been put forth by several groups, including the American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP) in its Choosing Wisely Initiative, and include neutropenia, absolute lymphocytosis, lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly, as well as follow-up for known hematological malignancies. Concerns exist that the use of peripheral blood flow cytometry outside of these indications can be associated with increased health costs.
Methods/Case Report
We performed a retrospective search for all peripheral blood flow cytometry studies performed at Rush University Medical Center in the period spanning January to June, 2021. We used the Query feature on Soft Computer’s SoftFlow (SCC Soft Computer, Florida). For all cases found the electronic health record was searched for information on the clinical indication, ordering service, history of hematological malignancies, and study results.
Results (if a Case Study enter NA)
286 peripheral blood flow cytometry studies were identified, of which 187 had negative findings and 99 were abnormal. 220 cases (77%) were ordered under recommended indications (by ASCP) while 66 cases (23%) were ordered outside of them. Of the studies ordered under recommended indications, 121 (55%) had abnormal findings, while 99 (45%) were negative. Of the studies ordered outside of recommended indications, 100% had negative findings; none of these cases showed a history of hematological malignancy on record. The most common non-recommended indications were isolated anemia (31 cases, 11%), isolated thrombocytopenia (16 cases, 5.5%), bicytopenia (15 cases, 5%) and coagulopathy (4 cases, 1.5%). 42 studies (65%) were ordered by the hematology/oncology service while 22 (35%) were ordered by the internal medicine and surgery services.
Conclusion
A quarter of the peripheral blood flow cytometry studies in the selected period were performed outside of recommended indications, with negative results in 100% of them. Collectively, single or bicytopenias were the most common non-recommended indication. The majority of these studies were ordered by the hematology/oncology service, with only a third coming from others. Some possible causes for these inappropriate requests include ordering studies as a battery instead of a step-wise approach, and concern for missing an incipient/occult condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ocampo Gonzalez
- Pathology, Rush University Medical Center , Chicago, Illinois , United States
| | - J Solarewicz
- Pathology, Rush University Medical Center , Chicago, Illinois , United States
| | - I J Miller
- Pathology, Rush University Medical Center , Chicago, Illinois , United States
| | - N M Lopez-Hisijos
- Pathology, Rush University Medical Center , Chicago, Illinois , United States
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4
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Rensvold JW, Shishkova E, Sverchkov Y, Miller IJ, Cetinkaya A, Pyle A, Manicki M, Brademan DR, Alanay Y, Raiman J, Jochem A, Hutchins PD, Peters SR, Linke V, Overmyer KA, Salome AZ, Hebert AS, Vincent CE, Kwiecien NW, Rush MJP, Westphall MS, Craven M, Akarsu NA, Taylor RW, Coon JJ, Pagliarini DJ. Defining mitochondrial protein functions through deep multiomic profiling. Nature 2022; 606:382-388. [PMID: 35614220 PMCID: PMC9310563 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04765-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are epicentres of eukaryotic metabolism and bioenergetics. Pioneering efforts in recent decades have established the core protein componentry of these organelles1 and have linked their dysfunction to more than 150 distinct disorders2,3. Still, hundreds of mitochondrial proteins lack clear functions4, and the underlying genetic basis for approximately 40% of mitochondrial disorders remains unresolved5. Here, to establish a more complete functional compendium of human mitochondrial proteins, we profiled more than 200 CRISPR-mediated HAP1 cell knockout lines using mass spectrometry-based multiomics analyses. This effort generated approximately 8.3 million distinct biomolecule measurements, providing a deep survey of the cellular responses to mitochondrial perturbations and laying a foundation for mechanistic investigations into protein function. Guided by these data, we discovered that PIGY upstream open reading frame (PYURF) is an S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferase chaperone that supports both complex I assembly and coenzyme Q biosynthesis and is disrupted in a previously unresolved multisystemic mitochondrial disorder. We further linked the putative zinc transporter SLC30A9 to mitochondrial ribosomes and OxPhos integrity and established RAB5IF as the second gene harbouring pathogenic variants that cause cerebrofaciothoracic dysplasia. Our data, which can be explored through the interactive online MITOMICS.app resource, suggest biological roles for many other orphan mitochondrial proteins that still lack robust functional characterization and define a rich cell signature of mitochondrial dysfunction that can support the genetic diagnosis of mitochondrial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarred W Rensvold
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Evgenia Shishkova
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Yuriy Sverchkov
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ian J Miller
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Arda Cetinkaya
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Angela Pyle
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mateusz Manicki
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dain R Brademan
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Yasemin Alanay
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Genetics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Genetics Unit, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Julian Raiman
- Department of Clinical Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Adam Jochem
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Paul D Hutchins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sean R Peters
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Vanessa Linke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Katherine A Overmyer
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Austin Z Salome
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Alexander S Hebert
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Catherine E Vincent
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nicholas W Kwiecien
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Matthew J P Rush
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michael S Westphall
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mark Craven
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nurten A Akarsu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Robert W Taylor
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- NHS Highly Specialised Services for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Joshua J Coon
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA.
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, WI, USA.
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - David J Pagliarini
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA.
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, WI, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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5
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Overmyer KA, Shishkova E, Miller IJ, Balnis J, Bernstein MN, Peters-Clarke TM, Meyer JG, Quan Q, Muehlbauer LK, Trujillo EA, He Y, Chopra A, Chieng HC, Tiwari A, Judson MA, Paulson B, Brademan DR, Zhu Y, Serrano LR, Linke V, Drake LA, Adam AP, Schwartz BS, Singer HA, Swanson S, Mosher DF, Stewart R, Coon JJ, Jaitovich A. Large-Scale Multi-omic Analysis of COVID-19 Severity. Cell Syst 2021; 12:23-40.e7. [PMID: 33096026 PMCID: PMC7543711 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 112.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We performed RNA-seq and high-resolution mass spectrometry on 128 blood samples from COVID-19-positive and COVID-19-negative patients with diverse disease severities and outcomes. Quantified transcripts, proteins, metabolites, and lipids were associated with clinical outcomes in a curated relational database, uniquely enabling systems analysis and cross-ome correlations to molecules and patient prognoses. We mapped 219 molecular features with high significance to COVID-19 status and severity, many of which were involved in complement activation, dysregulated lipid transport, and neutrophil activation. We identified sets of covarying molecules, e.g., protein gelsolin and metabolite citrate or plasmalogens and apolipoproteins, offering pathophysiological insights and therapeutic suggestions. The observed dysregulation of platelet function, blood coagulation, acute phase response, and endotheliopathy further illuminated the unique COVID-19 phenotype. We present a web-based tool (covid-omics.app) enabling interactive exploration of our compendium and illustrate its utility through a machine learning approach for prediction of COVID-19 severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Overmyer
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, WI 53562, USA; Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53562, USA
| | - Evgenia Shishkova
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, WI 53562, USA; Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53562, USA
| | - Ian J Miller
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, WI 53562, USA; Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53562, USA
| | - Joseph Balnis
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY 12208, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | | | - Trenton M Peters-Clarke
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, WI 53562, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53562, USA
| | - Jesse G Meyer
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, WI 53562, USA; Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53562, USA
| | - Qiuwen Quan
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, WI 53562, USA; Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53562, USA
| | - Laura K Muehlbauer
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, WI 53562, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53562, USA
| | - Edna A Trujillo
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, WI 53562, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53562, USA
| | - Yuchen He
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, WI 53562, USA; Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53562, USA
| | - Amit Chopra
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Hau C Chieng
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Anupama Tiwari
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY 12208, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Marc A Judson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Brett Paulson
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, WI 53562, USA; Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53562, USA
| | - Dain R Brademan
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, WI 53562, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53562, USA
| | - Yunyun Zhu
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, WI 53562, USA; Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53562, USA
| | - Lia R Serrano
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, WI 53562, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53562, USA
| | - Vanessa Linke
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, WI 53562, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53562, USA
| | - Lisa A Drake
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY 12208, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Alejandro P Adam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | | | - Harold A Singer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Scott Swanson
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53562, USA
| | - Deane F Mosher
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53562, USA
| | - Ron Stewart
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53562, USA
| | - Joshua J Coon
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, WI 53562, USA; Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53562, USA; Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53562, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53562, USA.
| | - Ariel Jaitovich
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY 12208, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
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Brademan DR, Miller IJ, Kwiecien NW, Pagliarini DJ, Westphall MS, Coon JJ, Shishkova E. Argonaut: A Web Platform for Collaborative Multi-omic Data Visualization and Exploration. Patterns (N Y) 2020; 1:100122. [PMID: 33154995 PMCID: PMC7641515 DOI: 10.1016/j.patter.2020.100122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Researchers now generate large multi-omic datasets using increasingly mature mass spectrometry techniques at an astounding pace, facing new challenges of "Big Data" dissemination, visualization, and exploration. Conveniently, web-based data portals accommodate the complexity of multi-omic experiments and the many experts involved. However, developing these tailored companion resources requires programming expertise and knowledge of web server architecture-a substantial burden for most. Here, we describe Argonaut, a simple, code-free, and user-friendly platform for creating customizable, interactive data-hosting websites. Argonaut carries out real-time statistical analyses of the data, which it organizes into easily sharable projects. Collaborating researchers worldwide can explore the results, visualized through popular plots, and modify them to streamline data interpretation. Increasing the pace and ease of access to multi-omic data, Argonaut aims to propel discovery of new biological insights. We showcase the capabilities of this tool using a published multi-omics dataset on the large mitochondrial protease deletion collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dain R. Brademan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Ian J. Miller
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Nicholas W. Kwiecien
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - David J. Pagliarini
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael S. Westphall
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Joshua J. Coon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Evgenia Shishkova
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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7
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Linke V, Overmyer KA, Miller IJ, Brademan DR, Hutchins PD, Trujillo EA, Reddy TR, Russell JD, Cushing EM, Schueler KL, Stapleton DS, Rabaglia ME, Keller MP, Gatti DM, Keele GR, Pham D, Broman KW, Churchill GA, Attie AD, Coon JJ. A large-scale genome-lipid association map guides lipid identification. Nat Metab 2020; 2:1149-1162. [PMID: 32958938 PMCID: PMC7572687 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-00278-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite the crucial roles of lipids in metabolism, we are still at the early stages of comprehensively annotating lipid species and their genetic basis. Mass spectrometry-based discovery lipidomics offers the potential to globally survey lipids and their relative abundances in various biological samples. To discover the genetics of lipid features obtained through high-resolution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we analysed liver and plasma from 384 diversity outbred mice, and quantified 3,283 molecular features. These features were mapped to 5,622 lipid quantitative trait loci and compiled into a public web resource termed LipidGenie. The data are cross-referenced to the human genome and offer a bridge between genetic associations in humans and mice. Harnessing this resource, we used genome-lipid association data as an additional aid to identify a number of lipids, for example gangliosides through their association with B4galnt1, and found evidence for a group of sex-specific phosphatidylcholines through their shared locus. Finally, LipidGenie's ability to query either mass or gene-centric terms suggests acyl-chain-specific functions for proteins of the ABHD family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Linke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Katherine A Overmyer
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ian J Miller
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dain R Brademan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Paul D Hutchins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Edna A Trujillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Thiru R Reddy
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Emily M Cushing
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kathryn L Schueler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Donald S Stapleton
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mary E Rabaglia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mark P Keller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | | | - Duy Pham
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - Karl W Broman
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Alan D Attie
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Joshua J Coon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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8
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Overmyer KA, Shishkova E, Miller IJ, Balnis J, Bernstein MN, Peters-Clarke TM, Meyer JG, Quan Q, Muehlbauer LK, Trujillo EA, He Y, Chopra A, Chieng HC, Tiwari A, Judson MA, Paulson B, Brademan DR, Zhu Y, Serrano LR, Linke V, Drake LA, Adam AP, Schwartz BS, Singer HA, Swanson S, Mosher DF, Stewart R, Coon JJ, Jaitovich A. Large-scale Multi-omic Analysis of COVID-19 Severity. medRxiv 2020:2020.07.17.20156513. [PMID: 32743614 PMCID: PMC7388490 DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.17.20156513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We performed RNA-Seq and high-resolution mass spectrometry on 128 blood samples from COVID-19 positive and negative patients with diverse disease severities. Over 17,000 transcripts, proteins, metabolites, and lipids were quantified and associated with clinical outcomes in a curated relational database, uniquely enabling systems analysis and cross-ome correlations to molecules and patient prognoses. We mapped 219 molecular features with high significance to COVID-19 status and severity, many involved in complement activation, dysregulated lipid transport, and neutrophil activation. We identified sets of covarying molecules, e.g., protein gelsolin and metabolite citrate or plasmalogens and apolipoproteins, offering pathophysiological insights and therapeutic suggestions. The observed dysregulation of platelet function, blood coagulation, acute phase response, and endotheliopathy further illuminated the unique COVID-19 phenotype. We present a web-based tool (covid-omics.app) enabling interactive exploration of our compendium and illustrate its utility through a comparative analysis with published data and a machine learning approach for prediction of COVID-19 severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A. Overmyer
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, WI 53562, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53562, USA
| | - Evgenia Shishkova
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, WI 53562, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53562, USA
| | - Ian J. Miller
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, WI 53562, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53562, USA
| | - Joseph Balnis
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | | | - Trenton M. Peters-Clarke
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, WI 53562, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53562, USA
| | - Jesse G. Meyer
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, WI 53562, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53562, USA
| | - Qiuwen Quan
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, WI 53562, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53562, USA
| | - Laura K. Muehlbauer
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, WI 53562, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53562, USA
| | - Edna A. Trujillo
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, WI 53562, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53562, USA
| | - Yuchen He
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, WI 53562, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53562, USA
| | - Amit Chopra
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Hau C. Chieng
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Anupama Tiwari
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Marc A. Judson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Brett Paulson
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, WI 53562, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53562, USA
| | - Dain R. Brademan
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, WI 53562, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53562, USA
| | - Yunyun Zhu
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, WI 53562, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53562, USA
| | - Lia R. Serrano
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, WI 53562, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53562, USA
| | - Vanessa Linke
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, WI 53562, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53562, USA
| | - Lisa A. Drake
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Alejandro P. Adam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | | | - Harold A. Singer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Scott Swanson
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53562, USA
| | - Deane F. Mosher
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53562, USA
| | - Ron Stewart
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53562, USA
| | - Joshua J. Coon
- National Center for Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Madison, WI 53562, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53562, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53562, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53562, USA
| | - Ariel Jaitovich
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
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9
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Miller IJ, Peters SR, Overmyer KA, Paulson BR, Westphall MS, Coon JJ. Real-time health monitoring through urine metabolomics. NPJ Digit Med 2019; 2:109. [PMID: 31728416 PMCID: PMC6848197 DOI: 10.1038/s41746-019-0185-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Current healthcare practices are reactive and based on limited physiological information collected months or years apart. By enabling patients and healthy consumers access to continuous measurements of health, wearable devices and digital medicine stand to realize highly personalized and preventative care. However, most current digital technologies provide information on a limited set of physiological traits, such as heart rate and step count, which alone offer little insight into the etiology of most diseases. Here we propose to integrate data from biohealth smartphone applications with continuous metabolic phenotypes derived from urine metabolites. This combination of molecular phenotypes with quantitative measurements of lifestyle reflect the biological consequences of human behavior in real time. We present data from an observational study involving two healthy subjects and discuss the challenges, opportunities, and implications of integrating this new layer of physiological information into digital medicine. Though our dataset is limited to two subjects, our analysis (also available through an interactive web-based visualization tool) provides an initial framework to monitor lifestyle factors, such as nutrition, drug metabolism, exercise, and sleep using urine metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J. Miller
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Sean R. Peters
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | | | - Brett R. Paulson
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Michael S. Westphall
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Joshua J. Coon
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
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10
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Meyer JG, Liu S, Miller IJ, Coon JJ, Gitter A. Learning Drug Functions from Chemical Structures with Convolutional Neural Networks and Random Forests. J Chem Inf Model 2019; 59:4438-4449. [PMID: 31518132 PMCID: PMC6819987 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Empirical testing of chemicals for drug efficacy costs many billions of dollars every year. The ability to predict the action of molecules in silico would greatly increase the speed and decrease the cost of prioritizing drug leads. Here, we asked whether drug function, defined as MeSH "therapeutic use" classes, can be predicted from only a chemical structure. We evaluated two chemical-structure-derived drug classification methods, chemical images with convolutional neural networks and molecular fingerprints with random forests, both of which outperformed previous predictions that used drug-induced transcriptomic changes as chemical representations. This suggests that the structure of a chemical contains at least as much information about its therapeutic use as the transcriptional cellular response to that chemical. Furthermore, because training data based on chemical structure is not limited to a small set of molecules for which transcriptomic measurements are available, our strategy can leverage more training data to significantly improve predictive accuracy to 83-88%. Finally, we explore use of these models for prediction of side effects and drug-repurposing opportunities and demonstrate the effectiveness of this modeling strategy for multilabel classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse G. Meyer
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Center for
Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Department of Computer Sciences, Morgridge Institute
for Research, DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, and Department of Biostatistics and
Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Shengchao Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Center for
Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Department of Computer Sciences, Morgridge Institute
for Research, DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, and Department of Biostatistics and
Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Ian J. Miller
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Center for
Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Department of Computer Sciences, Morgridge Institute
for Research, DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, and Department of Biostatistics and
Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Joshua J. Coon
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Center for
Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Department of Computer Sciences, Morgridge Institute
for Research, DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, and Department of Biostatistics and
Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Anthony Gitter
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Center for
Quantitative Biology of Complex Systems, Department of Computer Sciences, Morgridge Institute
for Research, DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, and Department of Biostatistics and
Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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11
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Miller IJ, Rees ER, Ross J, Miller I, Baxa J, Lopera J, Kerby RL, Rey FE, Kwan JC. Autometa: automated extraction of microbial genomes from individual shotgun metagenomes. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:e57. [PMID: 30838416 PMCID: PMC6547426 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Shotgun metagenomics is a powerful, high-resolution technique enabling the study of microbial communities in situ. However, species-level resolution is only achieved after a process of 'binning' where contigs predicted to originate from the same genome are clustered. Such culture-independent sequencing frequently unearths novel microbes, and so various methods have been devised for reference-free binning. As novel microbiomes of increasing complexity are explored, sometimes associated with non-model hosts, robust automated binning methods are required. Existing methods struggle with eukaryotic contamination and cannot handle highly complex single metagenomes. We therefore developed an automated binning pipeline, termed 'Autometa', to address these issues. This command-line application integrates sequence homology, nucleotide composition, coverage and the presence of single-copy marker genes to separate microbial genomes from non-model host genomes and other eukaryotic contaminants, before deconvoluting individual genomes from single metagenomes. The method is able to effectively separate over 1000 genomes from a metagenome, allowing the study of previously intractably complex environments at the level of single species. Autometa is freely available at https://bitbucket.org/jason_c_kwan/autometa and as a docker image at https://hub.docker.com/r/jasonkwan/autometa under the GNU Affero General Public License 3 (AGPL 3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Miller
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Evan R Rees
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Jennifer Ross
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Izaak Miller
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Jared Baxa
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Juan Lopera
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Robert L Kerby
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Federico E Rey
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jason C Kwan
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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12
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Flórez LV, Scherlach K, Miller IJ, Rodrigues A, Kwan JC, Hertweck C, Kaltenpoth M. An antifungal polyketide associated with horizontally acquired genes supports symbiont-mediated defense in Lagria villosa beetles. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2478. [PMID: 29946103 PMCID: PMC6018673 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04955-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial symbionts are often a source of chemical novelty and can contribute to host defense against antagonists. However, the ecological relevance of chemical mediators remains unclear for most systems. Lagria beetles live in symbiosis with multiple strains of Burkholderia bacteria that protect their offspring against pathogens. Here, we describe the antifungal polyketide lagriamide, and provide evidence supporting that it is produced by an uncultured symbiont, Burkholderia gladioli Lv-StB, which is dominant in field-collected Lagria villosa. Interestingly, lagriamide is structurally similar to bistramides, defensive compounds found in marine tunicates. We identify a gene cluster that is probably involved in lagriamide biosynthesis, provide evidence for horizontal acquisition of these genes, and show that the naturally occurring symbiont strains on the egg are protective in the soil environment. Our findings highlight the potential of microbial symbionts and horizontal gene transfer as influential sources of ecological innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura V Flórez
- Department for Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 13, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Kirstin Scherlach
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Products Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - Ian J Miller
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, 777 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705-2222, USA
| | - Andre Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Av. 24A, n. 1515-Bela Vista, Rio Claro, SP, 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Jason C Kwan
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, 777 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705-2222, USA
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Products Research and Infection Biology, HKI, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Natural Product Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Kaltenpoth
- Department for Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 13, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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13
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Englert CR, Harlander JM, Brown CM, Marr KD, Miller IJ, Stump JE, Hancock J, Peterson JQ, Kumler J, Morrow WH, Mooney TA, Ellis S, Mende SB, Harris SE, Stevens MH, Makela JJ, Harding BJ, Immel TJ. Michelson Interferometer for Global High-resolution Thermospheric Imaging (MIGHTI): Instrument Design and Calibration. Space Sci Rev 2017; 212:553-584. [PMID: 30008488 PMCID: PMC6042234 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-017-0358-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The Michelson Interferometer for Global High-resolution imaging of the Thermosphere and Ionosphere (MIGHTI) instrument was built for launch and operation on the NASA Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) mission. The instrument was designed to measure thermospheric horizontal wind velocity profiles and thermospheric temperature in altitude regions between 90km and 300km, during day and night. For the wind measurements it uses two perpendicular fields of view pointed at the Earth's limb, observing the Doppler shift of the atomic oxygen red and green lines at 630.0nm and 557.7nm wavelength. The wavelength shift is measured using field-widened, temperature compensated Doppler Asymmetric Spatial Heterodyne (DASH) spectrometers, employing low order échelle gratings operating at two different orders for the different atmospheric lines. The temperature measurement is accomplished by a multichannel photometric measurement of the spectral shape of the molecular oxygen A-band around 762nm wavelength. For each field of view, the signals of the two oxygen lines and the A-band are detected on different regions of a single, cooled, frame transfer charge coupled device (CCD) detector. On-board calibration sources are used to periodically quantify thermal drifts, simultaneously with observing the atmosphere. The MIGHTI requirements, the resulting instrument design and the calibration are described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Charles M. Brown
- Space Science Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington DC 20375
| | - Kenneth D. Marr
- Space Science Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington DC 20375
| | | | | | | | | | - Jay Kumler
- Jenoptik Optical Systems LLC, Jupiter, FL 33478
| | | | | | | | - Stephen B. Mende
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Stewart E. Harris
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Michael H. Stevens
- Space Science Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington DC 20375
| | - Jonathan J. Makela
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Brian J. Harding
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Thomas J. Immel
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
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14
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Harlander JM, Englert CR, Brown CM, Marr KD, Miller IJ, Zastera V, Bach BW, Mende SB. Michelson Interferometer for Global High-resolution Thermospheric Imaging (MIGHTI): Monolithic Interferometer Design and Test. Space Sci Rev 2017; 212:601-613. [PMID: 30034034 PMCID: PMC6048440 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-017-0374-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The design and laboratory tests of the interferometers for the Michelson Interferometer for Global High-resolution Thermospheric Imaging (MIGHTI) instrument which measures thermospheric wind and temperature for the NASA-sponsored Ionospheric Connection (ICON) Explorer mission are described. The monolithic interferometers use the Doppler Asymmetric Spatial Heterodyne (DASH) Spectroscopy technique for wind measurements and a multi-element photometer approach to measure thermospheric temperatures. The DASH technique and overall optical design of the MIGHTI instrument are described in an overview followed by details on the design, element fabrication, assembly, laboratory tests and thermal control of the interferometers that are the heart of MIGHTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Harlander
- Space Systems Research Corporation, 1940 Duke Street, Suite 200, Alexandria, VA 22314
| | - Christoph R. Englert
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Space Science Division, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington, DC 20375
| | - Charles M. Brown
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Space Science Division, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington, DC 20375
| | - Kenneth D. Marr
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Space Science Division, 4555 Overlook Ave SW, Washington, DC 20375
| | - Ian J. Miller
- LightMachinery Inc., 80 Colonnade Rd #1, Nepean, ON K2E 7L2, Canada
| | - Vaz Zastera
- LightMachinery Inc., 80 Colonnade Rd #1, Nepean, ON K2E 7L2, Canada
| | | | - Stephen B. Mende
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California-Berkeley, 7 Gauss Way, Berkeley, CA 94720
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15
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Ma Y, Metch JW, Vejerano EP, Miller IJ, Leon EC, Marr LC, Vikesland PJ, Pruden A. Microbial community response of nitrifying sequencing batch reactors to silver, zero-valent iron, titanium dioxide and cerium dioxide nanomaterials. Water Res 2015; 68:87-97. [PMID: 25462719 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
As nanomaterials in consumer products increasingly enter wastewater treatment plants, there is concern that they may have adverse effects on biological wastewater treatment. Effects of silver (nanoAg), zero-valent iron (NZVI), titanium dioxide (nanoTiO₂) and cerium dioxide (nanoCeO₂) nanomaterials on nitrification and microbial community structure were examined in duplicate lab-scale nitrifying sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) relative to control SBRs that received no nanomaterials or ionic/bulk analogs. Nitrification function was not measurably inhibited in the SBRs by any of the materials as dosing was initiated at 0.1 mg/L and sequentially increased every 14 days to 1, 10, and 20 mg/L. However, SBRs rapidly lost nitrification function when the Ag⁺ experiment was repeated at a continuous high load of 20 mg/L. Shifts in microbial community structure and decreased microbial diversity were associated with both sequential and high loading of nanoAg and Ag⁺, with more pronounced effects for Ag⁺. Bacteroidetes became more dominant in SBRs dosed with Ag⁺, while Proteobacteria became more dominant in SBRs dosed with nanoAg. The two forms of silver also had distinct effects on specific bacterial genera. A decrease in nitrification gene markers (amoA) was observed in SBRs dosed with nanoAg and Ag⁺. In contrast, impacts of NZVI, nanoTiO₂, nanoCeO₂ and their analogs on microbial community structure and nitrification gene markers were limited. TEM-EDS analysis indicated that a large portion of nanoAg remained dispersed in the activated sludge and formed Ag–S complexes, while NZVI, nanoTiO₂ and nanoCeO₂ were mostly aggregated and chemically unmodified. Overall, this study suggests a high threshold of the four nanomaterials in terms of exerting adverse effects on nitrification function. However, distinct microbial community responses to nanoAg indicate potential long-term effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Ma
- Via Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 418 Durham Hall, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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16
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Muteki K, Morgado JE, Reid GL, Wang J, Xue G, Riley FW, Harwood JW, Fortin DT, Miller IJ. Quantitative Structure Retention Relationship Models in an Analytical Quality by Design Framework: Simultaneously Accounting for Compound Properties, Mobile-Phase Conditions, and Stationary-Phase Properties. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ie303459a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Muteki
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - James E. Morgado
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - George L. Reid
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jian Wang
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Gang Xue
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Frank W. Riley
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jeffrey W. Harwood
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - David T. Fortin
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Ian J. Miller
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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Dobbs AP, Miller IJ, Martinović S. The use of silicon-based tethers for the Pauson-Khand reaction. Beilstein J Org Chem 2007; 3:21. [PMID: 17617903 PMCID: PMC1949821 DOI: 10.1186/1860-5397-3-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2007] [Accepted: 07/06/2007] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A range of silicon-based tethers and promoters have been investigated for use in the development of a silyl-tethered Pauson-Khand reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian P Dobbs
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Walter Besant Building, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, E4 4QD, UK
| | - Ian J Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, E4 4QD, UK
| | - Saša Martinović
- Department of Chemistry, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, E4 4QD, UK
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19
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20
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21
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Abstract
The in vivo reflectance spectra of Caucasian skin, coated with preparations containing sunscreen vehicle, vehicle with olive oil and vehicle with the UVB and UVA absorbers 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate and 4-t-butyl-4'-methoxydibenzoylmethane were determined. All preparations reduced the reflectance of skin throughout the UVA spectral range (320 to 400 nm), with the sunscreen preparations containing the UVB and UVB plus UVA absorbers reducing the reflectance more than the sunscreen vehicle alone. This phenomenon, which facilitates the penetration of UV radiation to the lower epidermis and dermal layers of skin and therefore lessens sunscreen efficacy, is attributed to optical coupling mediated by refractive index matching of the sunscreen to the upper epidermis. The greater reduction in skin diffuse reflectance caused by sunscreens containing methoxycinnamate is associated with this compound's high refractive index. Also, by determining the excitation spectra of the autofluorescence originating from the dermal layer of skin, the transmission spectra of the various components of sunscreen on skin were established, and these were in good general agreement with previously published spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald J Smith
- New Zealand Institute for Industrial Research, Lower Hutt.
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Abstract
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) give rise to both eggs and sperm via complex maturational processes that require both cell migration and proliferation. However, little is known about the genes controlling gamete formation during the early stages of PGC development. Although several mutations are known to severely reduce the number of PGCs reaching and populating the genital ridges, the molecular identity of only two of these genes is known: the c-kit receptor protein tyrosine kinase and the c-kit ligand (the steel factor). Herein, we report that mutant mice lacking TIAR, an RNA recognition motif/ribonucleoprotein-type RNA-binding protein highly expressed in PGCs, fail to develop spermatogonia or oogonia. This developmental defect is a consequence of reduced survival of PGCs that migrate to the genital ridge around embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5). The numbers of PGCs populating the genital ridge in TIAR-deficient embryos are severely reduced compared to wild-type embryos by E11.5 and in the mutants PGCs are completely absent at E13.5. Furthermore, TIAR-deficient embryonic stem cells do not proliferate in the absence of exogenous leukemia inhibitory factor in an in vitro methylcellulose culture assay, supporting a role for TIAR in regulating cell proliferation. Because the development of PGCs relies on the action of several growth factors, these results are consistent with a role for TIAR in the expression of a survival factor or survival factor receptor that is essential for PGC development. TIAR-deficient mice thus provide a model system to study molecular mechanisms of PGC development and possibly the basis for some forms of idiopathic infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Beck
- Division of Tumor Immunology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Abstract
Conjugated π electrons in a ring system are described in terms of a
transverse wave propagated along the carbon skeleton. Kekule benzene is
forbidden because the π electron quantal wave self-interferes. The
characteristics of an aromatic system are expressed in terms of the weighted
combination of Kekule structures, and resonance energy occurs through
combining canonical structures with conservation of momentum. The resonance
energy of benzene is calculated as 1·045 times the energy difference
between two carbon-carbon single bonds and one double bond, or 162 kJ/mol
on one bond energy scheme. Bond localization is due to differences in wave
impedance between zones represented by adjacent phase space cells; wave
reinforcement occurs in one zone, cancellation in another as a consequence of
the directional asymmetry of phase changes of the quantal wave. Quantal wave
impedance can be altered by altering the localized potential, and it is
proposed that the so-called Mills-Nixon effect arising from the annelation of
bicyclic rings occurs because the bicyclic ring better focuses a polarization
field. The polarization field arising as a consequence of strain is shown to
semiquantitatively account for the bond alternation. The difference between
exo and endo bond lengths in tris(bicyclo[2.1.1]hexeno)benzene is
calculated to be 7·2 pm, compared with 9 pm as determined
experimentally.
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25
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Abstract
A canine model was used to investigate the efferent laryngeal responses to stimulation by topically applied acid and pepsin. Five adult mongrel dogs were studied. Electromyographic recordings from the thyroarytenoid muscle were measured with hooked-wire electrodes as an acid solution (normal saline/hydrochloric acid at pH 6.0, 5.0, 4.0, 3.0, 2.5, 2.0, 1.5, and 1.0) was sequentially instilled into the larynx. Laryngospasm (tonic, sustained contraction of the thyroarytenoid muscle) occurred in all animals at pH 2.5 to 2.0 or less. Control substances such as neutral pH isotonic saline, hypotonic saline, hypertonic saline, water, and pepsin alone failed to produce laryngospasm. Next, solutions containing both acid (in the same pH range) and pepsin were tested. The laryngeal responses were similar to those of acid alone. The superior laryngeal nerves were sectioned bilaterally and the above experiments repeated. None of the test solutions produced laryngospasm; however, when capsaicin (1%) was instilled into the subglottis, laryngospasm occurred. Thus, chemoreceptors in the subglottis (supplied by the recurrent laryngeal nerves) appear to be responsive to capsaicin stimulation but not to acid stimulation. The data suggest that pH-sensitive chemoreceptors in the canine larynx cause laryngospasm (when the pH of the test solution is 2.5 or less) and that these acid receptors are supplied by the superior laryngeal nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Loughlin
- Center For Voice Disorders, Department of Otolaryngology, Bowman Gray School of Medicine of Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1034, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- I J Miller
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Mailloux LU, Kapikian N, Napolitano B, Mossey RT, Bellucci AG, Wilkes BM, Vernace MA, Miller IJ. Home hemodialysis: patient outcomes during a 24-year period of time from 1970 through 1993. Adv Ren Replace Ther 1996; 3:112-9. [PMID: 8814916 DOI: 10.1016/s1073-4449(96)80050-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In the United States, from 1983 to 1993, home hemodialysis use has decreased from 6% to 1.3% of the dialysis population, whereas continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) has increased to 20%. Most home hemodialysis programs have withered away because of current patient mix, increase in CAPD, proliferation of outpatient centers, disinterest in nephrologists, and fear of self-cannulation by patients. From 1970 through 1993, 896 patients began dialysis at North Shore and were followed up through 1994. During this period, 687 patients were on in-center hemodialysis, 95 on CAPD, 74 on home hemodialysis, and 40 on in-center peritoneal dialysis. The home hemodialysis patients were younger, with a median age of 44 versus 59 years for in-center hemodialysis patients, and had less comorbidity. The home hemodialysis group had fewer diabetic patients and no renal vascular patients. The 5-year and median survival estimates were significantly better for the home hemodialysis patients versus other dialysis modalities. More home hemodialysis patients received transplants. Compared with the other dialysis modalities, home hemodialysis patients showed significantly improved survival rates. When matched by age, sex, and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) diagnosis to corresponding in-center hemodialysis, the home hemodialysis patients still had significantly better survival rates, but the home hemodialysis patients had less comorbidity. In conclusion, home hemodialysis patients survive longer and have better rehabilitation than other dialysis patients. Reasons for better survival in addition to a younger age and more favorable ESRD diagnosis may include less comorbidity, more patient involvement, and longer dialysis time. Because of these better outcomes, home hemodialysis should be offered to more ESRD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L U Mailloux
- Department of Medicine, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
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28
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Abstract
The highly complex polysaccharide extracted from the New Zealand red alga Pachymenia lusoria (Grev.) J. Ag. has been characterised and certain structural features defined. A reductive hydrolysis procedure was used for constituent sugar and linkage analyses, with trideuteriomethylation being employed to enable the location of natural methyl ether groups to be determined. A reductive partial-hydrolysis procedure allowed agarobiosyl constituent residues to be identified. The analytical results are consistent with the polymer having a linear backbone of 3-linked D-galactopyranosyl alternating with 4-linked D- or L-galactopyranosyl residues. The 3-linked residues are nearly all 2-sulfated, with 1 in 3 also being 6-O-methylated and 1 in 5 also bearing a 4,6-pyruvic acetal residue. About one-third of the polymer is comprised of blocks of agarobiosyl repeat units that are 2-sulfated on the beta-D-galactopyranosyl and one-third 2-O-methylated on the 3,6-anhydro-L-galactosyl constituents. Of the remaining 4-linked residues, half are 2-O-methyl-D-galactopyranosyl residues and half are galactopyranosyl residues, of which approximately half are in the L configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- I J Miller
- Carina Chemical Laboratories, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
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29
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Abstract
Citric acid detection threshold and magnitude response were measured on the anterior tongue in 10 patients with unilateral chorda-lingual nerve transections before and after repair. Fungiform taste buds were analysed by videomicroscopy. Preliminary data suggests that humans can regenerate fungiform taste buds and recover some taste sensitivity after repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Zuniga
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of North Carolina, School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill 27599-7450, USA
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Abstract
Taste worlds of humans vary because of taste blindness to phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) and its chemical relative, 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP). We review early PTC studies and apply modern statistical analyses to show that a higher frequency of women tasted PTC crystals, and were tasters (threshold classification). In our laboratory, scaling of PROP bitterness led to the identification of a subset of tasters (supertasters) who rate PROP as intensely bitter. Supertasters also perceive stronger tastes from a variety of bitter and sweet substances, and perceive more burn from oral irritants (alcohol and capsaicin). The density of taste receptors on the anterior tongue (fungiform papillae, taste buds) correlate significantly with perceived bitterness of PROP and support the supertaster concept. Psychophysical data from studies in our laboratory also show a sex effect; women are supertasters more frequently. The anatomical data also support the sex difference; women have more fungiform papillae and more taste buds. Future investigations of PTC/PROP tasting and food behaviors should include scaling to identify supertasters and separate sex effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Bartoshuk
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8041
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Miller IJ, Bieker JJ. A novel, erythroid cell-specific murine transcription factor that binds to the CACCC element and is related to the Krüppel family of nuclear proteins. Mol Cell Biol 1993; 13:2776-86. [PMID: 7682653 PMCID: PMC359658 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.13.5.2776-2786.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe a novel erythroid cell-specific cDNA (EKLF [erythroid Krüppel-like factor]) isolated by enriching for genes expressed in a mouse erythroleukemia cell line but not expressed in a mouse monocyte-macrophage cell line. The complete cDNA sequence is predicted to encode a protein of approximately 38,000 Da that contains a proline-rich amino domain and three TFIIIA-like zinc fingers within the carboxy domain. Additional sequence analyses reveal that the EKLF zinc fingers are most homologous to the Krüppel family of transcription factors and also allow us to predict potential DNA-binding target sites for the EKLF protein. On the basis of this prediction, we show that EKLF is able to bind the sequence CCA CAC CCT, an essential element of the beta-globin promoter. Its tissue distribution establishes that the EKLF transcript is expressed only in bone marrow and spleen, the two hematopoietic organs of the mouse, and analysis of murine cell lines indicates that EKLF expression is limited to erythroid and mast cell lines. Cotransfection assays establish that EKLF transcriptionally activates a target promoter that contains its DNA-binding site. The tissue expression pattern of EKLF, in conjunction with its function as a transcriptional activator, strongly suggests that the EKLF protein may be intimately involved in establishment and/or maintenance of the erythroid cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- I J Miller
- Department of Biochemistry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
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33
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Witt M, Miller IJ. Comparative lectin histochemistry on taste buds in foliate, circumvallate and fungiform papillae of the rabbit tongue. Histochemistry 1992; 98:173-82. [PMID: 1452451 DOI: 10.1007/bf00315876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Taste buds (TB) in the foliate, circumvallate and fungiform papillae of the rabbit tongue were examined with lectin histochemistry by means of light (LM) and electron (EM) microscopy. Biotin- and gold-labeled lectins were used for the detection of carbohydrate residues in TB cells and subcutaneous salivary glands. At the LM level, the lectins of soybean (SBA) and peanut (PNA) react with material of the foliate and circumvallate taste pores only after pretreatment of the section with neuraminidase. This indicates that the terminal trisaccharide sequences are as follows: Sialic acid-Gal-GalNAc in O-glycosylated glycoproteins or Sialic acid-Gal-GlcNAc in N-glycosylated glycoproteins. In fungi-form taste buds the lectins of Dolichos biflorus (DBA) and Helix pomatia (HPA), also specific to GalNAc residues, are reactive without preincubation with neuraminidase. Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), specific to GlcNAc, reacts with TBs of all papillae; and the lectin from Ulex europaeus (UEA I), specific to fucose, binds to individual TB cells. The presence of sialic acid may protect mucus or other glycoproteins in TB cells and inside the taste pore from premature enzymatic degradation. In a post-embedding EM procedure on LR-White-embedded tissue sections, only gold-labeled HPA was found to bind especially on membrane surfaces of the microvilli which protrude into the taste pore; however HPA did not bind to the electron-dense mucus inside the taste pore. The mucus situated in the trough and at the top of the adjacent epithelial cells also is strongly HPA-positive, but is of different origin and composition than that found in the taste pore. These results demonstrate distinct carbohydrate histochemical differences between fungiform and circumvallate/foliate taste buds. The different configuration of galactosyl residues and the occurrence of mannose in circumvallate and foliate TBs leads to the suggestion that the lectin reactivities of TBs are not only due to the presence of mucins, but also to N-linked glycoproteins, possibly with a hormone-like paraneuronal function. A possible relationship to v. Ebner glands in these papillae is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Witt
- Department of Anatomy, University of Tübingen, Federal Republic of Germany
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Abstract
While the communication of empathy is thought to be a curative factor in psychotherapy, current conceptualizations usually focus on empathy as only an attitude or state of mind of the therapist. A five-stage model of therapeutic empathic communication is presented. The model is applied to analyzing the therapeutic impact of empathic communication in dynamic psychotherapy. Its usefulness is demonstrated in a case example.
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Affiliation(s)
- I J Miller
- Department of Anatomy, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27103
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36
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Abstract
Taste buds were counted in two strains of mice which have been characterized in terms of their taste avoidance of the bitter-tasting substance, sucrose octaacetate (SOA). One strain (SWR/J) avoids SOA and is referred to as "taster' while the other strain (C57BL/6J) does not avoid SOA at the same concentration and is termed "non-taster'. The taster-strain contains a significantly greater number of taste buds in its vallate papillae than the non-tasters do. The relative number of taste buds which individual mice and humans possess probably contributes to the relative differences in their sensitivity and preference behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- I J Miller
- Department of Anatomy, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27103
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Abstract
1. Mammalian taste receptors are distributed within separate subpopulations, innervated by branches of cranial nerves VII, IX, and X. Most gustatory electrophysiology has focused on input from the fungiform papillae on the anterior portion of the tongue, carried by the chorda tympani branch of the VIIth nerve. However, only a small percentage of the taste buds are located in the fungiform papillae (approximately 18% in the hamster). There have been no studies on the hamster's IXth nerve, which innervates greater than 50% of its taste buds, and most other studies of IXth nerve function have employed only whole-nerve recording. 2. Action potentials were recorded from 83 individual fibers in the IXth nerve of the hamster. Stimuli were five concentrations each of sucrose, NaCl, HCl, and quinine hydrochloride (QHCl), all presented to every fiber at 37 degrees C. Responses were quantified as the number of impulses in 10 s minus the preceding 10 s of spontaneous activity. 3. Across these concentration series, HCl and QHCl were by far the most excitatory stimuli, with mean responses across all cells three to four times greater than those evoked by sucrose or NaCl. The order of effectiveness of the stimuli was H greater than Q much greater than N greater than S. 4. Of the 83 fibers, 56 were stimulated via the foliate papillae and 27 via the single vallate papilla. No fibers responded to both of these fields. There were generally no differences in the sensitivity of these two subpopulations of taste buds, except that QHCl was more effective when applied to the foliates. 5. A "total" response measure was derived by summing the excitatory responses to each stimulus across the entire concentration series. The fibers were then classified according to the best total response, resulting in 52 HCl-, 19 QHCl-, 8 sucrose- and 4 NaCl-best cells. Considering the slope of the concentration-response functions as a criterion for classification produced very similar results. The fiber classification varied somewhat with concentration, with more fibers categorized as HCl- and QHCl-best at the higher concentration levels. 6. Breadth of responsiveness was measured using the equation developed by Smith and Travers. At the concentrations used to examine hamster chorda tympani fibers, IXth nerve fibers were not very responsive and were quite narrowly tuned to the four taste qualities. At higher concentrations the fibers became more broadly responsive across the four stimuli.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hanamori
- Department of Otolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Ohio 45267
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Smith JC, Miller IJ, Krimm RF, Nejad MS, Beidler LM. A comparison of the effects of bilateral sections of the chorda tympani nerve and extirpation of the submaxillary and sublingual salivary glands on the eating and drinking patterns of the rat. Physiol Behav 1988; 44:435-44. [PMID: 3237835 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(88)90303-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The chorda tympani nerve (CT) innervates the fungiform papillae on the tip of the tongue and has been considered an important nerve for the sense of taste. The CT also contains the parasympathetic supply to the submaxillary and sublingual salivary glands. Therefore, changes in taste or feeding behavior following bilateral sections of CT are caused by both degeneration of fungiform papillae and the inevitable partial desalivation of the rat. In the present experiments we compared the effects of bilateral chorda tympani nerve sections with extirpation of submaxillary and sublingual glands on daily home cage eating and drinking patterns in the rat. Before and after surgery we analyzed the daily eating and drinking patterns, including such measures as intake, bout number, bout length, interbout interval and rate of consumption during bouts. The results of desalivation and bilateral CT sections were indistinguishable. The most profound change was that eating bout duration was increased following surgery. Since food intake did not increase, the results indicate a marked loss in eating efficiency over the daily ingestion periods. Although the eating patterns of desalivated and chorda tympani sectioned rats are quite similar, the evidence is not compelling that they have the same physiological basis. A second experiment was designed to test the hypothesis that the atypical eating patterns observed following bilateral sectioning of CT were the direct result of partial desalivation resulting from the denervation of the salivary glands. In this experiment a unilateral section was made of one CT and it was shown that the eating behavior was not affected. Then the contralateral submaxillary and sublingual salivary glands were removed. This resulted in a six-fold increase in feeding bout length. In all cases a unilateral CT section combined with extirpation of the contralateral salivary glands resulted in rats whose eating behavior was indistinguishable from the earlier data following either the bilateral CT sections or bilateral desalivations. The conclusion is drawn that the eating irregularities noted following bilateral CT sections result from this partial desalivation. CT sections were verified by taste bud counts in the fungiform papillae and histological examinations were made of salivary glands in rats receiving CT sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Smith
- Florida State University, Department of Psychology, Tallahassee 32306
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40
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Abstract
Some of the subjective variability attributed to taste experience could be related to wide variations of taste bud density. Studies of taste perception show a direct relationship between sensation and the number of receptors. Taste bud densities are quantified in this study using light microscopy to reconstruct two regions of 18 human cadaver tongues. Specimens came from male and female cadavers representing three age groups: young adults, middle-aged adults, and older adults. The results show a range of more than 100-fold in taste bud density that is evenly distributed among age groups and sexes. The disparity is not attributable to the state of health of the adults prior to death, and it is corroborated in the literature. Differences in taste bud density that extend across age groups probably confound some inferences about the effects of aging on taste sensitivity that are derived from cross-sectional studies of human populations. It is not clear from the data whether or not human taste bud density in individuals and in populations is stable or changing with time.
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Affiliation(s)
- I J Miller
- Department of Anatomy, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27103
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41
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Kuang DY, Miller IJ, Little FB. Tongues of TCM constitutional types in otolaryngology outpatients. J TRADIT CHIN MED 1987; 7:251-62. [PMID: 3449706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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42
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Krimm RF, Nejad MS, Smith JC, Miller IJ, Beidler LM. The effect of bilateral sectioning of the chorda tympani and the greater superficial petrosal nerves on the sweet taste in the rat. Physiol Behav 1987; 41:495-501. [PMID: 3432405 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(87)90086-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The effects of bilateral deafferentation of the greater superficial petrosal (GSP) and the chorda tympani (CT) nerves on the ingestion of sucrose solutions were studied in rats. The rats received five daily sequential 30 second exposures for each sucrose concentration, and the average number of licks per exposure was calculated. Sucrose concentrations of 0.01, 0.03, 0.10, 0.32, and 1.00 M were presented in ascending order across days, both before and after bilateral sectioning of both the CT and the GSP nerves, the CT alone, the GSP alone, or a sham surgery. Prior to surgery, mean lick rate increased with increasing concentrations of sucrose. Following surgery, the rats with combined GSP and CT nerve sections showed a significant decrease in mean rate of licking to the sucrose solutions. The rats with GSP sections showed a similar decrease in mean lick rate to the sucrose solutions. Animals with sections of the CT nerve and sham-operated animals showed no significant reduction in mean lick rate to the sucrose solutions. These results indicate that the GSP nerve is important to the rat in reinforcing high lick rates to sucrose.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Krimm
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee 32306
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43
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Abstract
Taste sensitivity is known to vary among regions of the tongue and between subjects. The distribution of taste buds on the human tongue is examined in this report to determine if interregional and intersubject variation of taste bud density might account for some of the variation in human taste sensitivity. The subjects were ten males, aged 22-80 years, who died from acute trauma or an acute cardiovascular episode. Specimens were obtained as anatomical gifts or from autopsy. A sample of tissue about 1 cm2 was taken from the tongue tip and midlateral region; frozen sections were prepared for light microscopy; and serial sections were examined by light microscopy to count the taste buds. The average taste bud (tb) density on the tongue tip was 116 tb/cm2 with a range from 3.6 to 514 among subjects. The number of gustatory papillae on the tip averaged 24.5 papillae/cm2 with a range from 2.4 to 80. Taste bud density in the midregion averaged 25.2 tb/cm2 (range: 0-85.9), and the mean number of gustatory papillae was 8.25/cm2 (range: 0-28). The mean number of taste buds per papilla was 3.8 +/- 2.2 (s.d.) on the tip and 2.6 +/- 1.5 (s.d.) on the midregion. Subjects with the highest taste bud densities on the tip also had the highest densities in the midregion and the highest number of taste buds per papilla. Taste bud density was 4.6 times higher on the tip than the midregion, which probably accounts for some of the regional difference in taste sensitivity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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44
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Miller IJ, Suthanthiran M, Riggio RR, Williams JJ, Riehle RA, Vaughan ED, Stubenbord WT, Mouradian J, Cheigh JS, Stenzel KH. Impact of renal donation. Long-term clinical and biochemical follow-up of living donors in a single center. Am J Med 1985; 79:201-8. [PMID: 3895908 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9343(85)90010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Forty-six renal donors who responded to a questionnaire and two additional donors with nephrotic syndrome and renal insufficiency were studied. The mean age was 46 +/- 2.0 years (mean +/- SE). Duration of follow-up was 6 +/- 0.5 years. Serum creatinine levels increased from 1.0 +/- 0.03 mg/dl before donation to 1.2 +/- 0.04 mg/dl at follow-up. The incidence of proteinuria (more than 150 mg over 24 hours) was 39 percent. The serum creatinine level was 1.0 +/- 0.08 mg/dl and 1.2 +/- 0.06 mg/dl in the proteinuric and nonproteinuric groups, respectively. The incidence of hypertension was 31 percent with a serum creatinine level of 1.1 +/- 0.11 mg/dl and 1.2 +/- 0.07 mg/dl in the hypertensive and normotensive groups, respectively. One patient with nephrotic syndrome had proliferative glomerulonephritis. It is concluded that renal donation is associated with a minimal but statistically significant increment in serum creatinine levels. The incidence of mild hypertension and proteinuria is increased, but impact on renal function is minimal as assessed by serum creatinine determination.
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Abstract
The distribution of taste buds was examined in hamsters to reveal the sources of convergent neural activity on taste neurons of the medulla and pons. A total of 723 taste buds was found in adult animals. Fungiform papillae contained 130 taste buds (18%). A single vallate papilla had 168 taste buds (23%). There were 230 taste buds (32%) located on bilateral foliate papillae. The palate contained 100 taste buds (14%) divided among the soft palate (88, 12%) and the incisal papilla (12, 2%). On the epiglottis and adjacent region of the esophagus were found 70 taste buds (10%). About 10 taste buds each were located on the buccal wall (1.4%), while the remaining 5 taste buds were found on the sublingual organ. Conclusions about information processing in central neurons of the gustatory system must reflect knowledge of diverse receptor populations and their interactions.
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Abstract
The localization of the motor neurons to the tensor tympani (TT) muscle was studied using the method of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). After intramuscular injections of HRP, specifically labeled neurons were found in the ventral, parvocellular portion of the trigeminal motor nucleus. These cells had a medial relation to the rootlets of the trigeminal nerve and, rostrally, to the lateral lemniscus. The results are compared to those of other investigators and a generalization is suggested for the localization of these neurons which allows for species variation. Other incidental findings are also discussed.
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Abstract
The acid hydrolysis of agar,
a partially methylated agar, and K-carrageenan initially gives the disaccharide resulting from
cleavage of the link between the anhydrogalactose and
the galactose units. A new method for isolating
these disaccharides on a preparative scale is described, and their 13C
n.m.r. spectra are listed and assigned.
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