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Wyngaarden JB, Johnston CR, Sazhin D, Dennison JB, Zaff O, Fareri D, McCloskey M, Alloy LB, Smith DV, Jarcho JM. Corticostriatal Responses to Social Reward are Linked to Trait Reward Sensitivity and Subclinical Substance Use in Young Adults. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2024:nsae033. [PMID: 38779870 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsae033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Aberrant levels of reward sensitivity have been linked to substance use disorder and are characterized by alterations in reward processing in the ventral striatum (VS). Less is known about how reward sensitivity and subclinical substance use relate to striatal function during social rewards (e.g., positive peer feedback). Testing this relation is critical for predicting risk for development of substance use disorder. In this pre-registered study, participants (N=44) underwent fMRI while completing well-matched tasks that assess neural response to reward in social and monetary domains. Contrary to our hypotheses, aberrant reward sensitivity blunted the relationship between substance use and striatal activation during receipt of rewards, regardless of domain. Moreover, exploratory whole-brain analyses showed unique relations between substance use and social rewards in temporoparietal junction. Psychophysiological interactions demonstrated that aberrant reward sensitivity is associated with increased connectivity between the VS and ventromedial prefrontal cortex during social rewards. Finally, we found that substance use was associated with decreased connectivity between the VS and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex for social rewards, independent of reward sensitivity. These findings demonstrate nuanced relations between reward sensitivity and substance use, even among those without substance use disorder, and suggest altered reward-related engagement of cortico-VS responses as potential predictors of developing disordered behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Wyngaarden
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Camille R Johnston
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel Sazhin
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jeff B Dennison
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ori Zaff
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dominic Fareri
- Derner School of Psychology, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY, USA
| | - Michael McCloskey
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lauren B Alloy
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David V Smith
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Johanna M Jarcho
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Sazhin D, Wyngaarden JB, Dennison JB, Zaff O, Fareri D, McCloskey MS, Alloy LB, Jarcho JM, Smith DV. Trait Reward Sensitivity Modulates Connectivity with the Temporoparietal Junction and Anterior Insula during Strategic Decision Making. bioRxiv 2024:2023.10.19.563125. [PMID: 37904967 PMCID: PMC10614961 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.19.563125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Many decisions happen in social contexts such as negotiations, yet little is understood about how people balance fairness versus selfishness. Past investigations found that activation in brain areas involved in executive function and reward processing was associated with people offering less with no threat of rejection from their partner, compared to offering more when there was a threat of rejection. However, it remains unclear how trait reward sensitivity may modulate activation and connectivity patterns in these situations. To address this gap, we used task-based fMRI to examine the relation between reward sensitivity and the neural correlates of bargaining choices. Participants (N = 54) completed the Sensitivity to Punishment (SP)/Sensitivity to Reward (SR) Questionnaire and the Behavioral Inhibition System/Behavioral Activation System scales. Participants performed the Ultimatum and Dictator Games as proposers and exhibited strategic decisions by being fair when there was a threat of rejection, but being selfish when there was not a threat of rejection. We found that strategic decisions evoked activation in the Inferior Frontal Gyrus (IFG) and the Anterior Insula (AI). Next, we found elevated IFG connectivity with the Temporoparietal junction (TPJ) during strategic decisions. Finally, we explored whether trait reward sensitivity modulated brain responses while making strategic decisions. We found that people who scored lower in reward sensitivity made less strategic choices when they exhibited higher AI-Angular Gyrus connectivity. Taken together, our results demonstrate how trait reward sensitivity modulates neural responses to strategic decisions, potentially underscoring the importance of this factor within social and decision neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sazhin
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James B. Wyngaarden
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jeff B. Dennison
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ori Zaff
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dominic Fareri
- Derner School of Psychology, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY, USA
| | - Michael S. McCloskey
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lauren B. Alloy
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Johanna M. Jarcho
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David V. Smith
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Wyngaarden JB, Johnston CR, Sazhin D, Dennison JB, Zaff O, Fareri D, McCloskey M, Alloy LB, Smith DV, Jarcho JM. Corticostriatal responses to social reward are linked to trait reward sensitivity and subclinical substance use in young adults. bioRxiv 2024:2023.01.17.524305. [PMID: 36711485 PMCID: PMC9882176 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.17.524305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant levels of reward sensitivity have been linked to substance use disorder and are characterized by alterations in reward processing in the ventral striatum (VS). Less is known about how reward sensitivity and subclinical substance use relate to striatal function during social rewards (e.g., positive peer feedback). Testing this relation is critical for predicting risk for development of substance use disorder. In this pre-registered study, participants (N=44) underwent fMRI while completing well-matched tasks that assess neural response to reward in social and monetary domains. Contrary to our hypotheses, aberrant reward sensitivity blunted the relationship between substance use and striatal activation during receipt of rewards, regardless of domain. Moreover, exploratory whole-brain analyses showed unique relations between substance use and social rewards in temporoparietal junction. Psychophysiological interactions demonstrated that aberrant reward sensitivity is associated with increased connectivity between the VS and ventromedial prefrontal cortex during social rewards. Finally, we found that substance use was associated with decreased connectivity between the VS and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex for social rewards, independent of reward sensitivity. These findings demonstrate nuanced relations between reward sensitivity and substance use, even among those without substance use disorder, and suggest altered reward-related engagement of cortico-VS responses as potential predictors of developing disordered behavior.
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Johnston CR, Quarmley M, Nelson BD, Helion C, Murty VP, Jarcho JM. Social feedback biases emerge during recall but not prediction and shift across the development of social anxiety. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2308593120. [PMID: 38117853 PMCID: PMC10756286 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2308593120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory is a reconstructive process that can result in events being recalled as more positive or negative than they actually were. While positive recall biases may contribute to well-being, negative recall biases may promote internalizing symptoms, such as social anxiety. Adolescence is characterized by increased salience of peers and peak incidence of social anxiety. Symptoms often wax and wane before becoming more intractable during adulthood. Open questions remain regarding how and when biases for social feedback are expressed and how individual differences in biases may contribute to social anxiety across development. Two studies used a social feedback and cued response task to assess biases about being liked or disliked when retrieving memories vs. making predictions. Findings revealed a robust positivity bias about memories for social feedback, regardless of whether memories were true or false. Moreover, memory bias was associated with social anxiety in a developmentally sensitive way. Among adults (study 1), more severe symptoms of social anxiety were associated with a negativity bias. During the transition from adolescence to adulthood (study 2), age strengthened the positivity bias in those with less severe symptoms and strengthened the negativity bias in those with more severe symptoms. These patterns of bias were isolated to perceived memory retrieval and did not generalize to predictions about social feedback. These results provide initial support for a model by which schemas may infiltrate perceptions of memory for past, but not predictions of future, social events, shaping susceptibility for social anxiety, particularly during the transition into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille R. Johnston
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA19122
| | - Megan Quarmley
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA19122
| | - Brady D. Nelson
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY11794
| | - Chelsea Helion
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA19122
| | - Vishnu P. Murty
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA19122
| | - Johanna M. Jarcho
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA19122
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Zaff O, Wyngaarden JB, Dennison JB, Sazhin D, Chein J, McCloskey M, Alloy LB, Jarcho JM, Smith DV, Fareri DS. Social Context and Reward Sensitivity Enhance Corticostriatal Function during Experiences of Shared Rewards. bioRxiv 2023:2023.10.19.562908. [PMID: 37905048 PMCID: PMC10614966 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.19.562908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Although prior research has demonstrated enhanced striatal response when sharing rewards with close social connections, less is known about how individual differences affect ventral striatal (VS) activation and connectivity when experiencing rewards within social contexts. Given that self-reported reward sensitivity and level of substance use have been associated with differences in VS activation, we set out to investigate whether these factors would be independently associated with enhancements to neural reward responses within social contexts. In this pre-registered study, participants (N=45) underwent fMRI while playing a card guessing game in which correct or incorrect guesses resulted in monetary gains and losses that were shared evenly with either a close friend, stranger (confederate), or non-human partner. Consistent with our prior work, we found increased VS activation when sharing rewards with a socially close peer as opposed to an out-of-network stranger. As self-reported reward sensitivity increased, the difference in VS response to rewards shared with friends and strangers decreased. We also found enhanced connectivity between the VS and temporoparietal junction when sharing rewards with close friends as opposed to strangers. Finally, exploratory analyses revealed that as reward sensitivity and sub-clinical substance use increase, the difference in VS connectivity with the right fusiform face area increases as a function of social context. These findings demonstrate that responsivity to the context of close friends may be tied to individual reward sensitivity or sub-clinical substance use habits; together these factors may inform predictions of risk for future mental health disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ori Zaff
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James B. Wyngaarden
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey B. Dennison
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel Sazhin
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jason Chein
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael McCloskey
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lauren B. Alloy
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Johanna M. Jarcho
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David V. Smith
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dominic S. Fareri
- Derner School of Psychology, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY, USA
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Quarmley M, Zelinsky G, Athar S, Yang Z, Drucker JH, Samaras D, Jarcho JM. Nonverbal behavioral patterns predict social rejection elicited aggression. Biol Psychol 2023; 183:108670. [PMID: 37652178 PMCID: PMC10591947 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Aggression elicited by social rejection is costly, prevalent, and often lethal. Attempts to predict rejection-elicited aggression using trait-based data have had little success. This may be because in-the-moment aggression is a complex process influenced by current states of attention, arousal, and affect which are poorly predicted by trait-level characteristics. In a study of young adults (N = 89; 18-25 years), machine learning tested the extent to which nonverbal behavioral indices of attention (eye gaze), arousal (pupillary reactivity), and affect (facial expressions) during a novel social interaction paradigm predicted subsequent aggression towards rejecting and accepting peers. Eye gaze and pupillary reactivity predicted aggressive behavior; predictions were more successful than measures of trait-based aggression and harsh parenting. These preliminary results suggest that nonverbal behavior may elucidate underlying mechanisms of in-the-moment aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Quarmley
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - G Zelinsky
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - S Athar
- Department of Computer Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Z Yang
- Department of Computer Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | | | - D Samaras
- Department of Computer Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - J M Jarcho
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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Bidopia T, Karvay YG, Stadterman Guarecuco JM, Jarcho JM, Burke NL. Race/Ethnicity as a Moderator of the Association Between Weight-Related Abuse and Disordered Eating. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2023:10.1007/s40615-023-01775-3. [PMID: 37668958 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-023-01775-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Extant research supports a positive relationship between weight-related abuse (WRA) and disordered eating constructs. Individuals who face marginalization and who are more likely to live in larger bodies, such as Black and Hispanic individuals in the United States (U.S.), may be at a heightened risk of WRA. This study is aimed at understanding whether the relationship between WRA and disordered eating constructs varies by race/ethnicity. We hypothesized that individuals from marginalized backgrounds would have differential levels of dietary restraint, body dissatisfaction, and shape/weight overvaluation with increased experiences of WRA compared to non-Hispanic White individuals. METHODS Two thousand one hundred sixteen undergraduates were recruited from two U.S. universities for a survey-based study assessing psychosocial functioning. Participants completed a demographics questionnaire assessing race/ethnicity, the Weight-Related Abuse Questionnaire assessing WRA experiences, and the Eating Disorders Examination-Questionnaire assessing disordered eating constructs. RESULTS Results showed positive relationships between verbal (vWRA) and physical (pWRA) WRA and disordered eating behaviors and cognitions. Moreover, at higher levels of vWRA, Asian and multiracial individuals showed greater dietary restraint compared to White individuals. No other tested models were moderated by race/ethnicity. CONCLUSION WRA is positively associated with disordered eating behaviors and cognitions across racial/ethnic identities, and vWRA may be differentially related to increased dietary restraint in Asian and multiracial individuals compared to White individuals. Further research utilizing intersectional analyses (e.g., examining how this relationship varies according to the intersection of race/ethnicity, gender, and weight status) would help clarify this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Bidopia
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, Dealy Hall, 441 East Fordham Road, Bronx, NY, 10458, USA
| | - Yvette G Karvay
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, Dealy Hall, 441 East Fordham Road, Bronx, NY, 10458, USA
| | | | - Johanna M Jarcho
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Weiss Hall 866, 1701 N 13th St, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Natasha L Burke
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, Dealy Hall, 441 East Fordham Road, Bronx, NY, 10458, USA.
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Yan M, Clarkson T, Walker JC, Alam T, Brock P, Kirk N, Wiggins JL, Jarcho JM. Neural correlates of peer evaluation in irritable adolescents: Linking anticipation to receipt of social feedback. Biol Psychol 2023; 179:108564. [PMID: 37061084 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Elevated irritability during adolescence predicts mental health issues in adulthood. Social interactions commonly elicit symptoms of irritability. Prior research has traditionally examined neural activity during the anticipation of, and immediate reaction to, social feedback separately in irritable adolescents. However, studies suggest that irritable adolescents demonstrate altered brain activation when anticipating feedback, and these alterations may have downstream effects on the neural activity when actually presented with feedback. Thus, the goal of this study was to characterize the influence of irritability on the relationship between brain function during anticipation and receipt of social feedback. We leveraged the Virtual School task to mimic social interactions using dynamic stimuli. Parallel region of interest (ROI) analyses tested effects of anticipatory bilateral amygdala (or dorsal anterior cingulate cortex; dACC) activation on the dACC (or bilateral amygdala) activation during receipt of peer feedback. Parallel exploratory whole-brain analyses were conducted to identify the effects of anticipatory bilateral amygdala or dACC activation on other regions during receipt of peer feedback. In ROI analyses, more vs. less irritable adolescents showed distinct relationships between anticipatory bilateral amygdala activation and dACC activation when receiving predictably mean feedback. Across both whole-brain analyses, anticipatory bilateral amygdala and dACC activation were separately associated with activation in socioemotional regions of the brain during subsequent feedback. These relationships were modulated by irritability, and the valence and predictability of the feedback. This suggests that irritable adolescents may engage in altered emotion processing and regulation strategies, depending on the valence and predictability of social feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yan
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120, United States of America
| | - T Clarkson
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States of America
| | - J C Walker
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120, United States of America; Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego, CA 92120, United States of America
| | - T Alam
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120, United States of America
| | - P Brock
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92182, United States of America
| | - N Kirk
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92182, United States of America
| | - J L Wiggins
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92120, United States of America; Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego, CA 92120, United States of America
| | - J M Jarcho
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States of America
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Violence exacts staggering personal and financial costs - a burden disproportionally born by adolescents and young adults. This may be partially due to an increased sensitivity to social rejection during this critical phase of development. Irritability, a transdiagnostic symptom, is often elicited by social interactions. Yet, little is known about age differences in social rejection-elicited aggression and irritability. Progress toward testing such relations has been hindered by a lack of ecologically-valid tasks that enable the measurement of in-the-moment social rejection-elicited aggression. METHODS In this paper, we describe an initial study of young adults (n = 55) that demonstrates the efficacy of a novel Virtual School and Aggression Paradigm (VS-AP). Next, we replicate these results in a second study of adolescents and young adults (ages 11-25 years; n = 173) and examine relations between social rejection-elicited aggression, irritability, and age. RESULTS We found that aggressive behavior in the VS-AP differed for accepting, rejecting, and unpredictable peer types (Study 1: F(2, 108) = 20.57, p < .001, ε2 = .28; Study 2: F(2, 344) = 152.13, p < .001, ε2 = .47), demonstrating that the VS-AP successfully models social rejection-elicited aggression. In Study 2, age was negatively correlated with aggressive behavior (r = -.29, p < .001) and irritability (r = -.28, p < .001), while irritability was positively correlated with aggressive behavior (r = .28, p < .001). Age moderated the relation between social rejection-elicited aggression and irritability. Specifically, irritability was more predictive of aggression in young adults than in adolescents (F(3, 167) = 7.07, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS Data suggest mechanisms promoting rejection-elicited aggression may differ across development and vary for those with and without high levels of irritability. The VS-AP is a promising tool for probing neurocognitive, developmental, and clinically relevant mechanisms underlying social rejection-elicited aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Quarmley
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Athena Vafiadis
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Johanna M Jarcho
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Karvay YG, Helion C, Vafiadis A, Smith DV, Jarcho JM. Stress, trauma, and perception of eating behavior changes during the first weeks of the COVID-19 outbreak. Int J Eat Disord 2023; 56:169-181. [PMID: 36453227 PMCID: PMC9878268 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The COVID-19 pandemic is one of the largest collective stressors in recent history. Consistent with prior research, this stress has led to impactful eating behavior change. While prior life traumas also impact eating behavior, it is unclear whether the current stress experienced during COVID-19, and prior life traumas (overall, socially relevant, and nonsocially relevant), interact to influence eating behavior changes. Moreover, it is unclear whether current stress and prior traumas impact how eating behavior changes are perceived (i.e., in magnitude, valence, or both) by the individuals experiencing the changes. Therefore, this study sought to examine both the relationship between current stress and perception of eating behavior changes, as well as the moderating impact of prior life traumas on this relationship. METHODS Between March and April 2020, participants completed a subjective, self-report online assessment of current stress, prior life traumas, pandemic-related changes in eating behaviors, and the perceived impact of eating behavior changes. RESULTS Higher current stress was associated with larger, more negative perceptions of eating behavior changes. This relationship was moderated by prior life traumas. Specifically, the association between current stress and perceived negative impact of eating behavior change was potentiated among those with more prior socially relevant (but not nonsocially relevant) traumas. DISCUSSION These results suggest eating behavior changes occurred early in the pandemic and were uniquely impacted by the cumulative effect of present stress and socially relevant prior life traumas. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE Changes in eating behaviors and pathology have been prevalent during COVID-19. We examined how stress and prior life traumas interacted during the first weeks of COVID-19 to influence perceptions of eating behavior change. As altered perception of eating behaviors is a notable feature of eating pathology, these results will help inform development of intervention targets for those at risk for developing disordered eating during future- and post-pandemic recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chelsea Helion
- Department of Psychology and NeuroscienceTemple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Athena Vafiadis
- Department of Psychology and NeuroscienceTemple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA,School of EducationDuquesne UniversityPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - David V. Smith
- Department of Psychology and NeuroscienceTemple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Johanna M. Jarcho
- Department of Psychology and NeuroscienceTemple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
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Quarmley M, Feldman J, Grossman H, Clarkson T, Moyer A, Jarcho JM. Testing effects of social rejection on aggressive and prosocial behavior: A meta-analysis. Aggress Behav 2022; 48:529-545. [PMID: 35349722 PMCID: PMC9519812 DOI: 10.1002/ab.22026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Social rejection elicits profound feelings of distress. From an evolutionary perspective, the best way to alleviate this distress is to behave prosocially, minimizing the likelihood of further exclusion. Yet, examples ranging from the playground to the pub suggest rejection commonly elicits aggression. Opposing theoretical perspectives and discordant empirical results have left a basic question unanswered: does rejection more commonly elicit prosocial or aggressive behavior? We conducted three meta-analyses (one with studies measuring aggressive behavior; one with studies measuring prosocial behavior; and one with studies measuring both aggressive and prosocial behavior; N = 3864) to quantify: (1) the extent to which social rejection elicits prosocial or aggressive behavior and (2) potential moderating effects on these relations. Random-effects models revealed medium effects such that social rejection potentiated aggressive behavior (k = 19; d = 0.41, p < .0001) and attenuated prosocial behavior (k = 7; d = 0.59, p < .0001), an effect that remained consistent even when participants were given the option to behave prosocially or aggressively (k = 15; d = 0.71, p < .0001). These results cast doubt on the theory that rejection triggers prosocial behavior, and instead suggest it is a robust elicitor of aggression. Statement of Relevance: To our knowledge, these meta-analyses are the first to directly test whether social rejection elicits aggressive or prosocial behavior. By including a comprehensive collection of both published and unpublished research studies, and examining a wide variety of previously untested moderators, we show that social rejection robustly elicits aggressive behavior and inhibits prosocial behavior. Additionally, we demonstrate that aggressive behavior following social rejection is not simply a function of limited choices in response options. In fact, aggressive behavior was evoked even when the option to engage in prosocial behavior was provided. Furthermore, we conducted a comprehensive narrative review of the neural mechanisms underlying social rejection-elicited aggressive and prosocial behavior to supplement primary analyses. Overall, we believe that our work makes a critical theoretical contribution to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hannah Grossman
- Department of Counseling, School, and Educational
Psychology, University at Buffalo
| | | | - Anne Moyer
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University
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12
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Chen HWB, Gardner ES, Clarkson T, Eaton NR, Wiggins JL, Leibenluft E, Jarcho JM. Bullying Perpetration and Victimization in Youth: Associations with Irritability and Anxiety. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2022; 53:1075-1082. [PMID: 34024018 PMCID: PMC8711067 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-021-01192-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Prior work on has demonstrated that irritability and anxiety are associated with bullying perpetration and victimization, respectively. Even though symptoms of irritability and anxiety often occur concurrently, few studies have tested their interactive effects on perpetration or victimization. The current study recruited 131 youths from a broader program of research that examines the pathophysiology and treatment of pediatric irritability and anxiety. Two moderation tests were performed to examine concurrent irritability and anxiety symptoms and their relation to perpetration and victimization of bullying. More severe anxiety was associated with greater victimization. However, more severe irritability was associated with, not just greater perpetration, but also greater victimization. An irritability-by-anxiety interaction demonstrated that youths with more severe irritability and lower levels of anxiety engaged in more perpetration. Our findings suggest a more nuanced approach to understanding how the commonly comorbid symptoms of irritability and anxiety interact in relation to peer-directed behavior in youths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Wei Bernie Chen
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Wolf Hall Suite 108, 105 The Green, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| | | | - Tessa Clarkson
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Jillian Lee Wiggins
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA,San Diego State University / University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA
| | - Ellen Leibenluft
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD
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13
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Ulichney V, Jarcho JM, Shipley TF, Ham J, Helion C. Social comparison for concern and action on climate change, racial injustice, and COVID-19. Anal Soc Issues Public Policy 2022; 22:ASAP12309. [PMID: 35602991 PMCID: PMC9111435 DOI: 10.1111/asap.12309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Preventing the negative impacts of major, intersectional social issues hinges on personal concern and willingness to take action. This research examines social comparison in the context of climate change, racial injustice, and COVID-19 during Fall 2020. Participants in a U.S. university sample (n = 288), reported personal levels of concern and action and estimated peers' concern and action regarding these three issues. Participants estimated that they were more concerned than peers for all three issues and took more action than peers regarding COVID-19 and climate change. Participants who reported higher levels of personal concern also estimated that they took greater action than peers (relative to participants who reported lower levels of concern). Exploratory analyses found that perceived personal control over social issues were associated with greater concern and action for racial injustice and climate change but not for COVID-19. This indicates that issue-specific features, including perceived controllability, may drive people to differently assess their experiences of distinct social issues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Joy Ham
- Department of Psychology, Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Chelsea Helion
- Department of Psychology, Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
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14
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Clarkson T, Karvay Y, Quarmley M, Jarcho JM. Sex differences in neural mechanisms of social and non-social threat monitoring. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2021; 52:101038. [PMID: 34814040 PMCID: PMC8608892 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2021.101038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescent males and females differ in their responses to social threat. Yet, threat processing is often probed in non-social contexts using the error-related negativity (ERN; Flanker EEG Task), which does not yield sex-specific outcomes. fMRI studies show inconsistent patterns of sex-specific neural engagement during threat processing. Thus, the relation between threat processing in non-social and social contexts across sexes and the effects perceived level of threat on brain function are unclear. We tested the interactive effect of non-social threat-vigilance (ERN), sex (N = 69; Male=34; 11–14-year-olds), and perceived social threat on brain function while anticipating feedback from ‘unpredictable’, ‘nice’, or ‘mean’ purported peers (fMRI; Virtual School Paradigm). Whole-brain analyses revealed differential engagement of precentral and inferior frontal gyri, putamen, anterior cingulate cortex, and insula. Among males with more threat-vigilant ERNs, greater social threat was associated with increased activation when anticipating unpredictable feedback. Region of interest analyses revealed this same relation in females in the amygdala and anterior hippocampus when anticipating mean feedback. Thus, non-social threat vigilance relates to neural engagement depending on perceived social threat, but peer-based social contexts and brain regions engaged, differ across sexes. This may partially explain divergent psychosocial outcomes in adolescence. Responses to social threat differ by sex and likely influence peer victimization. Threat processing is often probed in nonsocial contexts and is not sex-specific. Responses to type of social threat differed by sex, but relate to response to non-social threat. Brain regions engaged during social threat differ by sex. Perceived social threat relate to in-vivo peer victimization in both sexes.
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15
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Jensen CD, Zaugg KK, Muncy NM, Allen WD, Blackburn R, Duraccio KM, Barnett KA, Kirwan CB, Jarcho JM. Neural mechanisms that promote food consumption following sleep loss and social stress: An fMRI study in adolescent girls with overweight/obesity. Sleep 2021; 45:6418083. [PMID: 34727185 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Insufficient sleep and social stress are associated with weight gain and obesity development in adolescent girls. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) research suggests that altered engagement of emotion-related neural networks may explain overeating when under stress. The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of acute sleep restriction on female adolescents' neural responding during social evaluative stress and their subsequent eating behavior. METHODS Forty-two adolescent females (ages 15-18 years) with overweight or obesity completed a social stress induction task in which they were told they would be rated by peers based on their photograph and profile. Participants were randomly assigned to one night of sleep deprivation or 9 hours of sleep the night before undergoing fMRI while receiving positive and negative evaluations from their peers. After which, subjects participated in an ad libitum buffet. RESULTS Sleep deprived, relative to non-deprived girls had distinct patterns of neural engagement to positive and negative evaluation in anterior, mid, and posterior aspects of midline brain structures. Moreover, a sleep deprivation-by-evaluation valence-by-caloric intake interaction emerged in bilateral dorsal anterior cingulate. Among sleep deprived girls, greater engagement during negative, but not positive, feedback was associated with lower caloric intake. This was not observed for non-sleep deprived girls. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest an interaction between acute sleep loss and social evaluation that predicts emotion-related neural activation and caloric intake in adolescents. This research helps to elucidate the relationship between sleep loss, social stress, and weight status using a novel health neuroscience model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad D Jensen
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Kelsey K Zaugg
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Nathan M Muncy
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Whitney D Allen
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Robyn Blackburn
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Kara M Duraccio
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | | | - C Brock Kirwan
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA.,Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Johanna M Jarcho
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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16
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Karvay Y, Imbriano G, Jin J, Mohanty A, Jarcho JM. They're watching you: the impact of social evaluation and anxiety on threat-related perceptual decision-making. Psychol Res 2021; 86:1174-1183. [PMID: 34143260 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-021-01547-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In day-to-day social interactions, we frequently use cues and contextual knowledge to make perceptual decisions regarding the presence or absence of threat in facial expressions. Such perceptual decisions are often made in socially evaluative contexts. However, the influence of such contexts on perceptual discrimination of threatening and neutral expressions has not been examined empirically. Furthermore, it is unclear how individual differences in anxiety interact with socially evaluative contexts to influence threat-related perceptual decision-making. In the present study, participants completed a 2-alternative forced choice perceptual decision-making task in which they used threatening and neutral cues to discriminate between threatening and neutral faces while being socially evaluated by purported peers or not. Perceptual sensitivity and reaction time were measured. Individual differences in state anxiety were assessed immediately after the task. In the presence of social evaluation, higher state anxiety was associated with worse perceptual sensitivity, i.e., worse discrimination of threatening and neutral faces. These findings suggest that individual differences in anxiety interact with social evaluation to impair the use of threatening cues to discriminate between threatening and neutral expressions. Such impairment in perceptual decision-making may contribute to maladaptive social behavior that often accompanies evaluative social contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette Karvay
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | | | - Jingwen Jin
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong & The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Aprajita Mohanty
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Johanna M Jarcho
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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17
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Nelson BD, Jarcho JM. Neural Response to Monetary and Social Feedback Demonstrate Differential Associations with Depression and Social Anxiety. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2021; 16:1048-1056. [PMID: 33942882 PMCID: PMC8483280 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsab055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
An aberrant neural response to rewards has been linked to both depression and social anxiety. Most studies have focused on the neural response to monetary rewards, and few have tested different modalities of reward (e.g. social) that are more salient to particular forms of psychopathology. In addition, most studies contain critical confounds, including contrasting positive and negative feedback and failing to disentangle being correct from obtaining positive feedback. In the present study, 204 participants underwent electroencephalography during monetary and social feedback tasks that were matched in trial structure, timing and feedback stimuli. The reward positivity (RewP) was measured in response to correctly identifying stimuli that resulted in monetary win, monetary loss, social like or social dislike feedback. All monetary and social tasks elicited a RewP, which were positively correlated. Across all tasks, the RewP was negatively associated with depression and positively associated with social anxiety. The RewP to social dislike feedback, independent of monetary and social like feedback, was also associated with social anxiety. The present study suggests that a domain-general neural response to correct feedback demonstrates a differential association with depression and social anxiety, but a domain-specific neural response to social dislike feedback is uniquely associated with social anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady D Nelson
- Correspondence should be addressed to Brady D. Nelson, Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-2500, USA. E-mail:
| | - Johanna M Jarcho
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, 1701 N 13th St, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Hsu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.
| | - Johanna M Jarcho
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
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19
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Beer JC, Smith AR, Jarcho JM, Chen G, Reynolds RC, Pine DS, Nelson EE. Anxiously elaborating the social percept: Anxiety and age differences in functional connectivity of the fusiform face area in a peer evaluation paradigm. Australian Journal of Psychology 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ajpy.12130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne C. Beer
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,
| | - Ashley R. Smith
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,
| | - Johanna M. Jarcho
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,
| | - Gang Chen
- Scientific and Statistical Computing Core, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,
| | - Richard C. Reynolds
- Scientific and Statistical Computing Core, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,
| | - Daniel S. Pine
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,
| | - Eric E. Nelson
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,
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20
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Quarmley M, Yang Z, Athar S, Zelinksy G, Samaras D, Jarcho JM. Nonverbal Behavioral Patterns Predict Social Rejection Elicited Aggression. Proc Int Conf Autom Face Gesture Recognit 2020; 2020:557-561. [PMID: 34970089 PMCID: PMC8715420 DOI: 10.1109/fg47880.2020.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Peer-based aggression following social rejection is a costly and prevalent problem for which existing treatments have had little success. This may be because aggression is a complex process influenced by current states of attention and arousal, which are difficult to measure on a moment to moment basis via self report. It is therefore crucial to identify nonverbal behavioral indices of attention and arousal that predict subsequent aggression. We used Support Vector Machines (SVMs) and eye gaze duration and pupillary response features, measured during positive and negative peer-based social interactions, to predict subsequent aggressive behavior towards those same peers. We found that eye gaze and pupillary reactivity not only predicted aggressive behavior, but performed better than models that included information about the participant's exposure to harsh parenting or trait aggression. Eye gaze and pupillary reactivity models also performed equally as well as those that included information about peer reputation (e.g. whether the peer was rejecting or accepting). This is the first study to decode nonverbal eye behavior during social interaction to predict social rejection-elicited aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Quarmley
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Zhibo Yang
- Department of Computer Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, USA
| | - Shahrukh Athar
- Department of Computer Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, USA
| | - Gregory Zelinksy
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, USA
| | - Dimitris Samaras
- Department of Computer Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, USA
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21
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Sazhin D, Frazier AM, Haynes CR, Johnston CR, Chat IKY, Dennison JB, Bart CP, McCloskey ME, Chein JM, Fareri DS, Alloy LB, Jarcho JM, Smith DV. The Role of Social Reward and Corticostriatal Connectivity in Substance Use. J Psychiatr Brain Sci 2020; 5:e200024. [PMID: 33215046 PMCID: PMC7673297 DOI: 10.20900/jpbs.20200024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This report describes an ongoing R03 grant that explores the links between trait reward sensitivity, substance use, and neural responses to social and nonsocial reward. Although previous research has shown that trait reward sensitivity and neural responses to reward are linked to substance use, whether this relationship is impacted by how people process social stimuli remains unclear. We are investigating these questions via a neuroimaging study with college-aged participants, using individual difference measures that examine the relation between substance use, social context, and trait reward sensitivity with tasks that measure reward anticipation, strategic behavior, social reward consumption, and the influence of social context on reward processing. We predict that substance use will be tied to distinct patterns of striatal dysfunction. Specifically, reward hyposensitive individuals will exhibit blunted striatal responses to social and non-social reward and enhanced connectivity with the orbitofrontal cortex; in contrast, reward hypersensitive individuals will exhibit enhanced striatal responses to social and non-social reward and blunted connectivity with the orbitofrontal cortex. We also will examine the relation between self-reported reward sensitivity, substance use, and striatal responses to social reward and social context. We predict that individuals reporting the highest levels of substance use will show exaggerated striatal responses to social reward and social context, independent of self-reported reward sensitivity. Examining corticostriatal responses to reward processing will help characterize the relation between reward sensitivity, social context and substance use while providing a foundation for understanding risk factors and isolating neurocognitive mechanisms that may be targeted to increase the efficacy of interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sazhin
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | | | - Caleb R. Haynes
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | | | - Iris Ka-Yi Chat
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | | | - Corinne P. Bart
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | | | - Jason M. Chein
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Dominic S. Fareri
- Gordon F. Derner School of Psychology, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY 11530, USA
| | - Lauren B. Alloy
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Johanna M. Jarcho
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - David V. Smith
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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22
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Smith AR, Nelson EE, Kircanski K, Rappaport BI, Do QB, Leibenluft E, Pine DS, Jarcho JM. Social anxiety and age are associated with neural response to social evaluation during adolescence. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2020; 42:100768. [PMID: 32077442 PMCID: PMC7030986 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a sensitive period for the development of adaptive social behaviors and social anxiety, possibly due to aspects of brain development. However, research is needed to examine interactions among age, social anxiety, and social dynamics previously shown to influence neural responding. The current functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study examines brain function in 8-18 year-olds with varying levels of social anxiety. Interactions are examined among age, social anxiety, and two key task factors: valence and predictability of social interactions. Results demonstrate age, social anxiety severity, and each of the two key task-based factors interact to predict neural response in the caudate, middle and superior temporal gyri. In particular, among adolescents less-than 13 years of age, higher social anxiety predicted greater responding to unpredictable negative evaluations. However, in this same age group, the opposite pattern emerged during receipt of unpredictable positive evaluations, with less neural response in more anxious youth. Adolescents aged 13 and older overall showed less robust effects. We discuss these findings in terms of age- and anxiety-related differences in socioemotional processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Smith
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD United States.
| | - E E Nelson
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH United States
| | - K Kircanski
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD United States
| | - B I Rappaport
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri United States
| | - Q B Do
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania United States
| | - E Leibenluft
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD United States
| | - D S Pine
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD United States
| | - J M Jarcho
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania United States
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23
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Quarmley ME, Nelson BD, Clarkson T, White LK, Jarcho JM. I Knew You Weren't Going to Like Me! Neural Response to Accurately Predicting Rejection Is Associated With Anxiety and Depression. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:219. [PMID: 31632249 PMCID: PMC6783491 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety and depression often emerge in adolescence. A normative increase in the desire for peer acceptance may be one of many contributing factors. These shifts occur during a phase of development in which neural reward networks, including structures such as the ventral striatum, undergo critical changes. Despite the salience of peer feedback during adolescence, neural responses to reward have largely been examined in the monetary domain, leaving many open questions about responses to social rewards. Moreover, most paradigms do not tease apart different aspects of reward processing (e.g., receiving feedback, being correct). Anxiety and depression are also associated with alterations in reward networks; however, little is known about how anxiety and depression in adolescence relate to differences in social vs. non-social reward processing. In this study, adolescents (n = 28) underwent fMRI while completing novel monetary and social feedback tasks, which tease apart reward domain (social/monetary), valence (positive/negative), and outcome (correct/incorrect). Participants were shown a pair of stimuli (doors/age-matched peers) and asked to indicate which stimulus would provide positive (win money/social like) or negative (lose money/social dislike) feedback. Participants then received feedback about the purported accuracy of their response. Region-of-interest analyses showed that left ventral striatum response varied by domain (social/monetary), valence (positive/negative), and outcome (correct/incorrect) of reward. Additionally, unique associations between anxiety, depression, and brain function were observed for correct, but not for incorrect trials, in the social, but not monetary task. Specifically, adolescents with high anxiety symptoms, but low depression, displayed greater left ventral striatum activation when correctly identifying peers who gave dislike (vs. like) feedback. Thus, anxious youth exhibited enhanced activation in a brain region implicated in reward processing when they accurately predicted someone was going to dislike them. Higher levels of both depression and anxiety symptoms were associated with greater striatal activation to correctly identifying peers who gave like (vs. dislike) feedback. These results suggest a neural mechanism by which negative prediction biases may be reinforced in anxious youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Quarmley
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Brady D Nelson
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Tessa Clarkson
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lauren K White
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Johanna M Jarcho
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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24
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Jin J, Sabharwal A, Infantolino ZP, Jarcho JM, Nelson BD. Time-Frequency Delta Activity to Social Feedback Demonstrates Differential Associations With Depression and Social Anxiety Symptoms. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:189. [PMID: 31507387 PMCID: PMC6718448 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Social feedback is highly salient and particularly relevant when investigating the pathophysiology of depression and social anxiety. A bourgeoning body of research has demonstrated an association between reward-related delta activity and psychopathology. However, a critical limitation is that these findings are derived from neural responses to monetary feedback, and time-frequency representation of social feedback remains unexplored. In addition, no study has isolated the differential/unique associations of positive valence and the intrinsic rewarding experience of being correct with reward-related neural activity. In the present study, 204 participants underwent electroencephalography (EEG) while they completed a novel paradigm comprised of monetary and social feedback tasks that were matched in trial structure, timing, and feedback stimuli. For each task, participants were instructed to correctly identify one of two doors that would provide positive feedback (monetary win behind the door) or one of two peers who would provide positive feedback (social like); or to correctly identify the door or peer that would provide negative feedback (money loss behind the door/social dislike). A principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted on the time-frequency data and revealed two factors in the delta and one factor in the theta frequency ranges. Results indicated that the lower-frequency delta factor (delta-low) was greater to correct vs. incorrect feedback, more so for social vs. monetary tasks, while the higher-frequency delta factor (delta-high) was greater to correct vs. incorrect feedback for social like, social dislike, and monetary win tasks, but not the monetary loss task. In contrast, the theta factor was greater to incorrect relative to correct feedback in negative valence (lose money/social dislike) but not positive valence (win money/social like) tasks. Furthermore, greater delta-high activity for social feedback was associated with greater social anxiety symptoms, whereas lesser delta-high activity for social feedback was associated with greater depressive symptoms. Finally, greater theta activity to monetary feedback was associated with greater depressive symptoms. The present study provides novel evidence demonstrating unique social vs. monetary feedback-related delta and theta activity, and differential associations between delta activity with depression and social anxiety symptoms. These findings highlight the importance of investigating feedback-related neural responses in the social domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Jin
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Amri Sabharwal
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | | | - Johanna M Jarcho
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Brady D Nelson
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
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25
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Jarcho JM, Grossman HY, Guyer AE, Quarmley M, Smith AR, Fox NA, Leibenluft E, Pine DS, Nelson EE. Connecting Childhood Wariness to Adolescent Social Anxiety through the Brain and Peer Experiences. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2019; 47:1153-1164. [PMID: 31028560 PMCID: PMC6628896 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-019-00543-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Wariness in early childhood manifests as shy, inhibited behavior in novel social situations and is associated with increased risk for developing social anxiety. In youth with childhood wariness, exposure to a potent social stressor, such as peer victimization, may potentiate brain-based sensitivity to unpredictable social contexts, thereby increasing risk for developing social anxiety. To test brain-based associations between early childhood wariness, self-reported peer victimization, and current social anxiety symptoms, we quantified neural responses to different social contexts in low- and high-victimized pre-adolescents with varying levels of early childhood wariness. Measures of early childhood wariness were obtained annually from ages 2-to-7-years. At age 11, participants were characterized as having low (N = 20) or high (N = 27) peer victimization. To index their neural responses to peer evaluation, participants completed an fMRI-based Virtual School paradigm (Jarcho et al. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 13, 21-31, 2013a). In highly victimized, relative to low-victimized participants, wariness was differentially related to right amygdala response based on the valence and predictability of peer evaluation. More specifically, in highly victimized participants, wariness was associated with greater right amygdala response to unpredictably positive peer evaluation. Effects of wariness were not observed in participants who reported low levels of victimization. Moreover, in victimized participants, high wariness and right amygdala response to unpredictably positive peer evaluation was associated with more severe social anxiety symptoms. Results can be interpreted using a diathesis-stress model, which suggests that neural response to unexpectedly positive social feedback is a mechanism by which exposure to peer victimization potentiates the risk for developing social anxiety in individuals exhibiting high levels of early childhood wariness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M Jarcho
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Weiss Hall, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA.
| | - Hannah Y Grossman
- Department of Counseling, School, and Educational Psychology, University of Buffalo, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Amanda E Guyer
- Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Megan Quarmley
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Weiss Hall, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Ashley R Smith
- National Institute of Mental Health, Emotion and Development Branch, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nathan A Fox
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Ellen Leibenluft
- National Institute of Mental Health, Emotion and Development Branch, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel S Pine
- National Institute of Mental Health, Emotion and Development Branch, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eric E Nelson
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
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Smith AR, Nelson EE, Rappaport BI, Pine DS, Leibenluft E, Jarcho JM. I Like Them…Will They Like Me? Evidence for the Role of the Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex During Mismatched Social Appraisals in Anxious Youth. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2018; 28:646-654. [PMID: 29792726 PMCID: PMC6249670 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2017.0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Socially anxious adolescents report distress during social decision-making, wherein their favorable view of peers directly conflicts with their expectation to be viewed negatively by peers; a phenomenon we refer to as "mismatch bias." The present study utilizes a novel paradigm with dynamic social stimuli to explore the correlates of mismatch biases in anxious and healthy youth. METHOD The behavioral and neural correlates of mismatch biases were assessed in healthy (N = 17) and anxious (N = 14) youth during functional MRI. Participants completed a novel task where they viewed silent videos of unknown peers. After viewing each video, participants appraised the social desirability of the peer ("How much do you think you would like them [if you met them]") or predicted how socially desirable the peer would find them ("How much do you think they would like you [if you met them]"). Each participant's mismatch bias was calculated as the difference between their appraisal of peers and their prediction of peers' appraisal of them. RESULTS We found that anxious youth exhibited mismatch bias: they rated unknown peers as more desirable than they predicted peers would rate them. This effect was not present in the healthy group. Mismatch biases were associated with increased engagement of the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC), a region broadly involved in flexible cognitions and behavioral selection. In addition, greater mismatch biases and vlPFC activation during mismatch biases were associated with more severe anxiety symptoms. CONCLUSIONS The findings highlight the importance of understanding mismatch biases to inform treatments that target distress elicited by discrepant social appraisals in anxious youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R. Smith
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Eric E. Nelson
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Brent I. Rappaport
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Daniel S. Pine
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ellen Leibenluft
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Johanna M. Jarcho
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
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Distefano A, Jackson F, Levinson AR, Infantolino ZP, Jarcho JM, Nelson BD. A comparison of the electrocortical response to monetary and social reward. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2018; 13:247-255. [PMID: 29373743 PMCID: PMC5836277 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsy006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Affective science research on reward processing has primarily focused on monetary rewards. There has been a growing interest in evaluating the neural basis of social decision-making and reward processing. The present study employed a within-subject design and compared the reward positivity (RewP), an event-related potential component that is present following favorable feedback and absent or reduced following unfavorable feedback, during monetary and social reward tasks. Specifically, 114 participants (75 females) completed a monetary reward task and a novel social reward task that were matched on trial structure, timing, and feedback stimuli in a counterbalanced order. Results indicated that the monetary and social RewP were of similar magnitude, positively correlated and demonstrated comparable psychometric properties, including reliability and dependability. Across both the monetary and social tasks, women demonstrated a greater RewP compared with men. This study provides a novel methodological approach toward examining the electrocortical response to social reward that is comparable to monetary reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Distefano
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Felicia Jackson
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Amanda R Levinson
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | | | - Johanna M Jarcho
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Brady D Nelson
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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Lieberman MD, Jarcho JM, Obayashi J. Attributional Inference Across Cultures: Similar Automatic Attributions and Different Controlled Corrections. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2016; 31:889-901. [PMID: 15951361 DOI: 10.1177/0146167204274094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Five studies examined the automatic and controlled components of attributional inference in U.S. and East Asian (EA) samples. Studies 1 through 3 used variations of the “anxious woman” paradigm, manipulating the inferential goal (dispositional or situational) and the normative impact of situational constraint information (discounting or augmenting). In each study, U.S. and EA participants under cognitive load produced strong automatic attributions to the focus of their inferential goal (dispositional or situational). Compared with the U.S. cognitive load participants, U.S. no load participants corrected their attributions according to the normative rules of inference. In contrast, EA no load participants corrected in the direction of situational causality, even when the specific content of the situational information provided should have promoted stronger dispositional inferences. Studies 4 and 5 examined and ruled out alternative accounts. Results are discussed in terms of a situational causality heuristic present in EA individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Lieberman
- Department of Psychology, University of California-Los Angeles, 90095-1563, USA.
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Jarcho JM, Davis MM, Shechner T, Degnan KA, Henderson HA, Stoddard J, Fox NA, Leibenluft E, Pine DS, Nelson EE. Early-Childhood Social Reticence Predicts Brain Function in Preadolescent Youths During Distinct Forms of Peer Evaluation. Psychol Sci 2016; 27:821-35. [PMID: 27150109 DOI: 10.1177/0956797616638319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Social reticence is expressed as shy, anxiously avoidant behavior in early childhood. With development, overt signs of social reticence may diminish but could still manifest themselves in neural responses to peers. We obtained measures of social reticence across 2 to 7 years of age. At age 11, preadolescents previously characterized as high (n = 30) or low (n = 23) in social reticence completed a novel functional-MRI-based peer-interaction task that quantifies neural responses to the anticipation and receipt of distinct forms of social evaluation. High (but not low) social reticence in early childhood predicted greater activity in dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and left and right insula, brain regions implicated in processing salience and distress, when participants anticipated unpredictable compared with predictable feedback. High social reticence was also associated with negative functional connectivity between insula and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, a region commonly implicated in affect regulation. Finally, among participants with high social reticence, negative evaluation was associated with increased amygdala activity, but only during feedback from unpredictable peers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M Jarcho
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University
| | - Megan M Davis
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
| | | | - Kathryn A Degnan
- Department of Human Development, University of Maryland, College Park
| | | | - Joel Stoddard
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health
| | - Nathan A Fox
- Department of Human Development, University of Maryland, College Park
| | - Ellen Leibenluft
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health
| | - Daniel S Pine
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health
| | - Eric E Nelson
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Center for Biobehavioral Health, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University
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Gold AL, Jarcho JM, Rosen DK, Pine DS, Ernst M. Emotional and Nonemotional Conflict Processing in Pediatric and Adult Anxiety Disorders. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2015; 25:754-63. [PMID: 26544668 PMCID: PMC4691651 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2015.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Perturbations in emotional conflict adaptation, an implicit regulatory process, have been observed in adult anxiety disorders. However, findings remain inconsistent and restricted to adults. The current study compares conflict adaptation in youth and adults, with and without anxiety disorders. We predicted conflict adaptation would be present in the healthy but not the anxious groups. METHODS In a clinic setting, 111 participants (27 healthy youth, 22 anxious youth, 41 healthy adults, and 21 anxious adults) completed emotional and nonemotional conflict tasks. Groups did not differ (all p's >0.1) on intelligence quotient (IQ), gender, and socioeconomic status; age did not differ between healthy and anxious subjects in either age cohort. Separate four way mixed-design analyses of variance were conducted to test hypotheses regarding the influence of diagnosis, age group, and task type on accuracy (percent correct) and reaction time (RT) for conflict adaptation (incongruent trials preceded by incongruent vs. congruent trials) and conflict detection (incongruent vs. congruent trials). RESULTS Measures of conflict adaptation did not interact with diagnosis or age. There was a significant main effect of conflict adaptation across the overall sample in the expected direction for accuracy, but not RT. The well-replicated conflict detection effect also did emerge across tasks, with slower RT and lower accuracy for incongruent than for congruent trials. These effects were greater for the emotional than for nonemotional tasks. Finally, there were age differences in accuracy-based conflict detection specific to the emotional task, for which the size of the effect was larger for youth than for adults. CONCLUSIONS The current study of youth and adults did not replicate prior behavioral findings of failure to engage conflict adaptation in anxiety disorders. Therefore, more work is needed before widely adopting conflict adaptation paradigms as a standard neurocognitive marker for anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L. Gold
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Johanna M. Jarcho
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Dana K. Rosen
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Daniel S. Pine
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Monique Ernst
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Jarcho JM, Feier NA, Labus JS, Naliboff B, Smith SR, Hong JY, Colloca L, Tillisch K, Mandelkern MA, Mayer EA, London ED. Placebo analgesia: Self-report measures and preliminary evidence of cortical dopamine release associated with placebo response. Neuroimage Clin 2015; 10:107-14. [PMID: 26759785 PMCID: PMC4683423 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Placebo analgesia is measured by self-report, yet current, expected, and recalled efficacy may be differentially related to brain function. Here we used a human thermal pain model to compare self-reports of expected, concurrent, and recalled efficacy of a topical placebo analgesic, and tested associations of the three measures of efficacy with changes in dopamine D2/D3 receptor availability in brain using [18F]fallypride with positron emission tomography (PET). Participants (15 healthy women) were assessed on three test days. The first test day included a laboratory visit, during which the temperature needed to evoke consistent pain was determined, placebo analgesia was induced via verbal and experience-based expectation, and the placebo response was measured. On two subsequent test days, PET scans were performed in Control and Placebo conditions, respectively, in counterbalanced order. During Visit 1, concurrent and recalled placebo efficacy were unrelated; during the Placebo PET visit, expected and recalled efficacy were highly correlated (ρ = 0.68, p = 0.005), but concurrent efficacy was unrelated to expected or recalled efficacy. Region of interest analysis revealed dopamine D2/D3 receptor availability was lower in left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex in the Placebo condition (p < 0.001, uncorrected), and greater change in this measure was associated with higher levels of recalled analgesic efficacy (ρ = 0.58, p = 0.02). These preliminary findings underscore the need to consider how self-reported symptom improvement is assessed in clinical trials of analgesics and suggest that dopaminergic activity in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex may promote recalled efficacy of placebo. Healthy women reported on expected, concurrent, and recalled placebo analgesia. Measures were obtained in the lab and during PET scanning with [18F]fallypride. Dopamine D2/D3 receptor availability in PFC was associated with placebo analgesia. This relationship was specific to recalled placebo analgesia efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M Jarcho
- Gail and Gerald Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, NY, USA
| | - Natasha A Feier
- Gail and Gerald Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jennifer S Labus
- Gail and Gerald Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Pain and Interoception Network (PAIN), UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, Unit
| | - Bruce Naliboff
- Gail and Gerald Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Pain and Interoception Network (PAIN), UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, Unit
| | - Suzanne R Smith
- Gail and Gerald Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Pain and Interoception Network (PAIN), UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, Unit
| | - Jui-Yang Hong
- Gail and Gerald Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Pain and Interoception Network (PAIN), UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, Unit
| | - Luana Colloca
- School of Nursing, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA; School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kirsten Tillisch
- Gail and Gerald Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Pain and Interoception Network (PAIN), UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, Unit; VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Emeran A Mayer
- Gail and Gerald Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Pain and Interoception Network (PAIN), UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, Unit
| | - Edythe D London
- Department of Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Shechner T, Jarcho JM, Wong S, Leibenluft E, Pine DS, Nelson EE. Threats, rewards, and attention deployment in anxious youth and adults: An eye tracking study. Biol Psychol 2015; 122:121-129. [PMID: 26493339 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The current study examines anxiety and age associations with attention allocation and physiological response to threats and rewards. Twenty-two healthy-adults, 20 anxious-adults, 26 healthy-youth, and 19 anxious-youth completed two eye-tracking tasks. In the Visual Scene Task (VST), participants' fixations were recorded while they viewed a central neutral image flanked by two threatening or two rewarding stimuli. In the Negative Words Task (NWT), physiological response was measured by means of pupil diameter change while negative and neutral words were presented. For both tasks, no interaction was found between anxiety and age-group. In the VST, anxious participants avoided the threatening images when groups were collapsed across age. Similarly, adults but not adolescents avoided the threatening images when collapsed across anxiety. No differences were found for rewarding images. In NWT, all subjects demonstrated increase in pupil dilation after word presentation. Only main effect of age emerged with stronger pupil dilation in adults than children. Finally, maximum pupil change was correlated with threat avoidance bias in the scene task. Gaze patterns and pupil dilation show that anxiety and age are associated with attention allocation to threats. The relations between attention and autonomic arousal point to a complex interaction between bottom-up and top-down processes as they relate to attention allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johanna M Jarcho
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, NIMH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Stuart Wong
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, NIMH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | - Daniel S Pine
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, NIMH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Eric E Nelson
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, NIMH, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Spielberg JM, Jarcho JM, Dahl RE, Pine DS, Ernst M, Nelson EE. Anticipation of peer evaluation in anxious adolescents: divergence in neural activation and maturation. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2015; 10:1084-91. [PMID: 25552568 PMCID: PMC4526485 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsu165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is the time of peak onset for many anxiety disorders, particularly Social Anxiety Disorder. Research using simulated social interactions consistently finds differential activation in several brain regions in anxious (vs non-anxious) youth, including amygdala, striatum and medial prefrontal cortex. However, few studies examined the anticipation of peer interactions, a key component in the etiology and maintenance of anxiety disorders. Youth completed the Chatroom Task while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging. Patterns of neural activation were assessed in anxious and non-anxious youth as they were cued to anticipate social feedback from peers. Anxious participants evidenced greater amygdala activation and rostral anterior cingulate (rACC)↔amygdala coupling than non-anxious participants during anticipation of feedback from peers they had previously rejected; anxious participants also evidenced less nucleus accumbens activation during anticipation of feedback from selected peers. Finally, anxiety interacted with age in rACC: in anxious participants, age was positively associated with activation to anticipated feedback from rejected peers and negatively for selected peers, whereas the opposite pattern emerged for non-anxious youth. Overall, anxious youth showed greater reactivity in anticipation of feedback from rejected peers and thus may ascribe greater salience to these potential interactions and increase the likelihood of avoidance behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Spielberg
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Johanna M Jarcho
- National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA, and
| | - Ronald E Dahl
- Institute of Human Development, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Daniel S Pine
- National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA, and
| | - Monique Ernst
- National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA, and
| | - Eric E Nelson
- National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA, and
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Guyer AE, Jarcho JM, Pérez-Edgar K, Degnan KA, Pine DS, Fox NA, Nelson EE. Temperament and Parenting Styles in Early Childhood Differentially Influence Neural Response to Peer Evaluation in Adolescence. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2015; 43:863-74. [PMID: 25588884 PMCID: PMC4468038 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-015-9973-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral inhibition (BI) is a temperament characterized by social reticence and withdrawal from unfamiliar or novel contexts and conveys risk for social anxiety disorder. Developmental outcomes associated with this temperament can be influenced by children's caregiving context. The convergence of a child's temperamental disposition and rearing environment is ultimately expressed at both the behavioral and neural levels in emotional and cognitive response patterns to social challenges. The present study used functional neuroimaging to assess the moderating effects of different parenting styles on neural response to peer rejection in two groups of adolescents characterized by their early childhood temperament (M(age) = 17.89 years, N = 39, 17 males, 22 females; 18 with BI; 21 without BI). The moderating effects of authoritarian and authoritative parenting styles were examined in three brain regions linked with social anxiety: ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC), striatum, and amygdala. In youth characterized with BI in childhood, but not in those without BI, diminished responses to peer rejection in vlPFC were associated with higher levels of authoritarian parenting. In contrast, all youth showed decreased caudate response to peer rejection at higher levels of authoritative parenting. These findings indicate that BI in early life relates to greater neurobiological sensitivity to variance in parenting styles, particularly harsh parenting, in late adolescence. These results are discussed in relation to biopsychosocial models of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E Guyer
- Department of Human Ecology, Center for Mind and Brain, University of California Davis, 267 Cousteau Place, Davis, CA, 95618, USA,
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Jarcho JM, Romer AL, Shechner T, Galvan A, Guyer AE, Leibenluft E, Pine DS, Nelson EE. Forgetting the best when predicting the worst: Preliminary observations on neural circuit function in adolescent social anxiety. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2015; 13:21-31. [PMID: 25933410 PMCID: PMC4466042 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Social anxiety disorder typically begins in adolescence, a sensitive period for brain development, when increased complexity and salience of peer relationships requires novel forms of social learning. Disordered social learning in adolescence may explain how brain dysfunction promotes social anxiety. Socially anxious adolescents (n = 15) and adults (n = 19) and non-anxious adolescents (n = 24) and adults (n = 32) predicted, then received, social feedback from high and low-value peers while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). A surprise recall task assessed memory biases for feedback. Neural correlates of social evaluation prediction errors (PEs) were assessed by comparing engagement to expected and unexpected positive and negative feedback. For socially anxious adolescents, but not adults or healthy participants of either age group, PEs elicited heightened striatal activity and negative fronto-striatal functional connectivity. This occurred selectively to unexpected positive feedback from high-value peers and corresponded with impaired memory for social feedback. While impaired memory also occurred in socially-anxious adults, this impairment was unrelated to brain-based PE activity. Thus, social anxiety in adolescence may relate to altered neural correlates of PEs that contribute to impaired learning about social feedback. Small samples necessitate replication. Nevertheless, results suggest that the relationship between learning and fronto-striatal function may attenuate as development progresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M Jarcho
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, United States.
| | - Adrienne L Romer
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, United States
| | | | - Adriana Galvan
- Department of Psychology, University of Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Amanda E Guyer
- Department of Human Ecology, Center for Mind and Brain, University of Davis, CA, United States
| | - Ellen Leibenluft
- Section on Bipolar Spectrum Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, United States
| | - Daniel S Pine
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, United States
| | - Eric E Nelson
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, United States
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Shechner T, Britton JC, Ronkin EG, Jarcho JM, Mash JA, Michalska KJ, Leibenluft E, Pine DS. Fear conditioning and extinction in anxious and nonanxious youth and adults: examining a novel developmentally appropriate fear-conditioning task. Depress Anxiety 2015; 32:277-88. [PMID: 25427438 PMCID: PMC6318449 DOI: 10.1002/da.22318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fear conditioning and extinction have been implicated in the pathogenesis of anxiety disorders. However, due to ethical and methodological limitations, few studies have examined these learning processes across development, particularly among anxious individuals. The present study examined differences in fear conditioning and extinction in anxious and nonanxious youth and adults using a novel task designed to be more tolerable for children than existing paradigms. METHODS Twenty-two anxious adults, 15 anxious youth, 30 healthy adults, and 17 healthy youth completed two discriminative fear-conditioning tasks. A well-validated task paired a woman's fearful face with a scream as the unconditioned stimulus. The novel task paired a bell with an aversive alarm as the unconditioned stimulus. Self-reported fear, skin conductance response, and fear-potentiated startle eye blink were measured. RESULTS Both tasks were well tolerated and elicited fear responses with moderate stability. Anxious youth and adults reported overall greater fear than healthy participants during the tasks, although no group differences occurred in discriminative fear conditioning or extinction, as assessed by self-report or physiology. CONCLUSION The novel bell-conditioning task is potent in eliciting fear responses but tolerable for pediatric and anxious populations. Our findings are consistent with prior studies that have shown comparable fear learning processes in anxious and nonanxious youth, but dissimilar from studies exhibiting between-group differences in extinction. Given the limited research on fear conditioning in youth, methodological issues and suggestions for future work are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Shechner
- Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Israel,Correspondence to: Tomer Shechner, Psychology Department, University of Haifa, Mt Carmel, 3498838, Haifa, Israel.,
| | | | - Emily G. Ronkin
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, NIMH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Johanna M. Jarcho
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, NIMH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jamie A. Mash
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, NIMH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | - Daniel S. Pine
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, NIMH, Bethesda, Maryland
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Jarcho JM, Tanofsky-Kraff M, Nelson EE, Engel SG, Vannucci A, Field SE, Romer AL, Hannallah L, Brady SM, Demidowich AP, Shomaker LB, Courville AB, Pine DS, Yanovski JA. Neural activation during anticipated peer evaluation and laboratory meal intake in overweight girls with and without loss of control eating. Neuroimage 2015; 108:343-53. [PMID: 25550068 PMCID: PMC4323624 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The interpersonal model of loss of control (LOC) eating proposes that socially distressing situations lead to anxious states that trigger excessive food consumption. Self-reports support these links, but the neurobiological underpinnings of these relationships remain unclear. We therefore examined brain regions associated with anxiety in relation to LOC eating and energy intake in the laboratory. Twenty-two overweight and obese (BMIz: 1.9±0.4) adolescent (15.8±1.6y) girls with LOC eating (LOC+, n=10) and without LOC eating (LOC-, n=12) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during a simulated peer interaction chatroom paradigm. Immediately after the fMRI scan, girls consumed lunch ad libitum from a 10,934-kcal laboratory buffet meal with the instruction to "let yourself go and eat as much as you want." Pre-specified hypotheses regarding activation of five regions of interest were tested. Analysis of fMRI data revealed a significant group by peer feedback interaction in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), such that LOC+ had less activity following peer rejection (vs. acceptance), while LOC- had increased activity (p<.005). Moreover, functional coupling between vmPFC and striatum for peer rejection (vs. acceptance) interacted with LOC status: coupling was positive for LOC+, but negative in LOC- (p<.005). Activity of fusiform face area (FFA) during negative peer feedback from high-value peers also interacted with LOC status (p<.005). A positive association between FFA activation and intake during the meal was observed among only those with LOC eating. In conclusion, overweight and obese girls with LOC eating may be distinguished by a failure to engage regions of prefrontal cortex implicated in emotion regulation in response to social distress. The relationship between FFA activation and food intake supports the notion that heightened sensitivity to incoming interpersonal cues and perturbations in socio-emotional neural circuits may lead to overeating in order to cope with negative affect elicited by social discomfort in susceptible youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M Jarcho
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health (NIH), 9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg 15K, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marian Tanofsky-Kraff
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, DHHS, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Eric E Nelson
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health (NIH), 9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg 15K, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Scott G Engel
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute and University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 700 1st Ave S, Fargo, ND 58103, USA
| | - Anna Vannucci
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, DHHS, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sara E Field
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, DHHS, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Adrienne L Romer
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health (NIH), 9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg 15K, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Louise Hannallah
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, DHHS, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sheila M Brady
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, DHHS, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrew P Demidowich
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, DHHS, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lauren B Shomaker
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, DHHS, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Amber B Courville
- Nutrition Department, Clinical Center, NIH, DHHS, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel S Pine
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health (NIH), 9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg 15K, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jack A Yanovski
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, DHHS, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Nelson EE, Lau JYF, Jarcho JM. Growing pains and pleasures: how emotional learning guides development. Trends Cogn Sci 2014; 18:99-108. [PMID: 24405846 PMCID: PMC4219354 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The nervous system promotes adaptive responding to myriad environmental stimuli by ascribing emotion to specific stimulus domains. This affects the salience of different stimuli, facilitates learning, and likely involves the amygdala. Recent studies suggest a strong homology between adaptive responses that result from learning and those that emerge during development. As in motivated learning, developmental studies have found the salience of different classes of stimulus (e.g., peers) undergoes marked fluctuation across maturation and may involve differential amygdala engagement. In this review, by highlighting the importance of particular stimulus categories during sensitive periods of development, we suggest that variability in amygdala response to different stimulus domains has an active and functional role in shaping emerging cortical circuits across development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E Nelson
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda MD, USA.
| | - Jennifer Y F Lau
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK
| | - Johanna M Jarcho
- Section on Development and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda MD, USA
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Guyer AE, Benson B, Choate VR, Bar-Haim Y, Perez-Edgar K, Jarcho JM, Pine DS, Ernst M, Fox NA, Nelson EE. Lasting associations between early-childhood temperament and late-adolescent reward-circuitry response to peer feedback. Dev Psychopathol 2014; 26:229-43. [PMID: 24444176 PMCID: PMC4096565 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579413000941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral inhibition, a temperament identifiable in infancy, is associated with heightened withdrawal from social encounters. Prior studies raise particular interest in the striatum, which responds uniquely to monetary gains in behaviorally inhibited children followed into adolescence. Although behavioral manifestations of inhibition are expressed primarily in the social domain, it remains unclear whether observed striatal alterations to monetary incentives also extend to social contexts. In the current study, imaging data were acquired from 39 participants (17 males, 22 females; ages 16-18 years) characterized since infancy on measures of behavioral inhibition. A social evaluation task was used to assess neural response to anticipation and receipt of positive and negative feedback from novel peers, classified by participants as being of high or low interest. As with monetary rewards, striatal response patterns differed during both anticipation and receipt of social reward between behaviorally inhibited and noninhibited adolescents. The current results, when combined with prior findings, suggest that early-life temperament predicts altered striatal response in both social and nonsocial contexts and provide support for continuity between temperament measured in early childhood and neural response to social signals measured in late adolescence and early adulthood.
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Jarcho JM, Fox NA, Pine DS, Leibenluft E, Shechner T, Degnan KA, Perez-Edgar K, Ernst M. Enduring influence of early temperament on neural mechanisms mediating attention-emotion conflict in adults. Depress Anxiety 2014; 31:53-62. [PMID: 23861165 PMCID: PMC4118474 DOI: 10.1002/da.22140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Behavioral inhibition, a temperament identified in early childhood, is often associated with dysregulated attention and affective processing, particularly in response to threat. Longitudinal studies find that the manifestation of perturbed attention and affective processing often dissipates with age. Yet, childhood behavioral inhibition continues to predict perturbed brain function into adulthood. This suggests that adults with childhood behavioral inhibition may engage compensatory processes to effectively regulate emotion-related attention. However, it is unknown whether perturbations in brain function reflect compensation for attention bias to emotional stimuli generally, or to threatening contexts more specifically. The present study tests these possibilities. METHODS Adults with and without a history of stable childhood behavioral inhibition completed an attention-control task in the context of threatening and nonthreatening stimuli while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging. Participants were asked to identify the gender of fearful (threatening) and happy (nonthreatening) faces, while ignoring both the face emotion and overlaid congruent (low attention control, LAC) or incongruent (high attention control, HAC) gender words. RESULTS When fearful faces were present, adults with stable childhood behavioral inhibition exhibited more activity in striatum, cingulate, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for HAC trials compared with LAC trials, relative to those without behavioral inhibition. When happy faces were present, the opposite activation pattern emerged. No group differences in behavior were observed. CONCLUSIONS Among adults, stable childhood behavioral inhibition predicts neural, but not behavioral, responding when attention control is engaged in discrete emotional contexts. This suggests a mechanism by which adults may compensate for the behavioral manifestation of threat-based attention biases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M. Jarcho
- Section on Developmental and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland,Correspondence to: Johanna M. Jarcho, Section on Developmental and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 15K, Bethesda, MD 20892.,
| | - Nathan A. Fox
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Daniel S. Pine
- Section on Developmental and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ellen Leibenluft
- Section on Bipolar Spectrum Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tomer Shechner
- Section on Developmental and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kathryn A. Degnan
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Koraly Perez-Edgar
- Department of Psychology and Child Study Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Monique Ernst
- Section on Developmental and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Jarcho JM, Leibenluft E, Walker OL, Fox NA, Pine DS, Nelson EE. Neuroimaging studies of pediatric social anxiety: paradigms, pitfalls and a new direction for investigating the neural mechanisms. Biol Mood Anxiety Disord 2013; 3:14. [PMID: 23849682 PMCID: PMC3733938 DOI: 10.1186/2045-5380-3-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) is a common and debilitating condition that typically manifests in adolescence. Here we describe cognitive factors engaged by brain-imaging tasks, which model the peer-based social interactions that evoke symptoms of SAD. We then present preliminary results from the Virtual School paradigm, a novel peer-based social interaction task. This paradigm is designed to investigate the neural mechanisms mediating individual differences in social response flexibility and in participants' responses to uncertainty in social contexts. We discuss the utility of this new paradigm for research on brain function and developmental psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M Jarcho
- Section on Developmental and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 15 K, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ellen Leibenluft
- Section on Bipolar Spectrum Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Olga Lydia Walker
- Department of Human Development, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Nathan A Fox
- Department of Human Development, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Department of Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Daniel S Pine
- Section on Developmental and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 15 K, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Eric E Nelson
- Section on Developmental and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 15 K, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Jarcho JM, Feier NA, Bert A, Labus JA, Lee M, Stains J, Ebrat B, Groman SM, Tillisch K, Brody AL, London ED, Mandelkern MA, Mayer EA. Diminished neurokinin-1 receptor availability in patients with two forms of chronic visceral pain. Pain 2013; 154:987-96. [PMID: 23582152 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Central sensitization and dysregulation of peripheral substance P and neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R) signaling are associated with chronic abdominal pain in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Although positron emission tomography (PET) has demonstrated that patients with injury-related chronic pain have diminished NK-1R availability in the brain, it is unknown whether these deficits are present in IBD and IBS patients, who have etiologically distinct forms of non-injury-related chronic pain. This study's aim was to determine if patients with IBD or IBS exhibit deficits in brain expression of NK-1Rs relative to healthy controls (HCs), the extent to which expression patterns differ across patient populations, and if these patterns differentially relate to clinical parameters. PET with [(18)F]SPA-RQ was used to measure NK-1R availability by quantifying binding potential (BP) in the 3 groups. Exploratory correlation analyses were performed to detect associations between NK-1R BP and physical symptoms. Compared to HCs, IBD patients had NK-1R BP deficits across a widespread network of cortical and subcortical regions. IBS patients had similar, but less pronounced deficits. BP in a subset of these regions was robustly related to discrete clinical parameters in each patient population. Widespread deficits in NK-1R BP occur in IBD and, to a lesser extent, IBS; however, discrete clinical parameters relate to NK-1R BP in each patient population. This suggests that potential pharmacological interventions that target NK-1R signaling may be most effective for treating distinct symptoms in IBD and IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M Jarcho
- Section on Developmental and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Shechner T, Jarcho JM, Britton JC, Leibenluft E, Pine DS, Nelson EE. Attention bias of anxious youth during extended exposure of emotional face pairs: an eye-tracking study. Depress Anxiety 2013; 30:14-21. [PMID: 22815254 PMCID: PMC3541440 DOI: 10.1002/da.21986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies demonstrate that anxiety is characterized by biased attention toward threats, typically measured by differences in motor reaction time to threat and neutral cues. Using eye-tracking methodology, the current study measured attention biases in anxious and nonanxious youth, using unrestricted free viewing of angry, happy, and neutral faces. METHODS Eighteen anxious and 15 nonanxious youth (8-17 years old) passively viewed angry-neutral and happy-neutral face pairs for 10 s while their eye movements were recorded. RESULTS Anxious youth displayed a greater attention bias toward angry faces than nonanxious youth, and this bias occurred in the earliest phases of stimulus presentation. Specifically, anxious youth were more likely to direct their first fixation to angry faces, and they made faster fixations to angry than neutral faces. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with findings from earlier, reaction-time studies, the current study shows that anxious youth, like anxious adults, exhibit biased orienting to threat-related stimuli. This study adds to the existing literature by documenting that threat biases in eye-tracking patterns are manifest at initial attention orienting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Shechner
- Section on Developmental Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Jarcho JM, Fox NA, Pine DS, Etkin A, Leibenluft E, Shechner T, Ernst M. The neural correlates of emotion-based cognitive control in adults with early childhood behavioral inhibition. Biol Psychol 2012; 92:306-14. [PMID: 23046903 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study is the first to assess whether the neural correlates of cognitive control processes differ in adults with and without a behaviorally inhibited temperament during early childhood. Adults with and without childhood behavioral inhibition completed an emotional conflict task while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning. While no group differences in behavior were observed, adults with childhood behavioral inhibition, relative to adults without childhood behavioral inhibition, exhibited greater dorsomedial prefrontal cortex activity during conflict detection and greater putamen activity during conflict adaptation. Lifetime psychopathology predicted behavioral, but not brain-related, differences in conflict adaptation. These data suggest that the brain regions underlying cognitive control processes are differentially influenced by childhood behavioral inhibition, and may be differently related to psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M Jarcho
- Section on Developmental and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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Jarcho JM, Benson BE, Plate RC, Guyer AE, Detloff AM, Pine DS, Leibenluft E, Ernst M. Developmental effects of decision-making on sensitivity to reward: an fMRI study. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2012; 2:437-47. [PMID: 22591860 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies comparing neural correlates of reward processing across development yield inconsistent findings. This challenges theories characterizing adolescents as globally hypo- or hypersensitive to rewards. Developmental differences in reward sensitivity may fluctuate based on reward magnitude, and on whether rewards require decision-making. We examined whether these factors modulate developmental differences in neural response during reward anticipation and/or receipt in 26 adolescents (14.05±2.37 yrs) and 26 adults (31.25±8.23 yrs). Brain activity was assessed with fMRI during reward anticipation, when subjects made responses with-vs.-without decision-making, to obtain large-vs.-small rewards, and during reward receipt. When reward-receipt required decision-making, neural activity did not differ by age. However, when reward receipt did not require decision-making, neural activity varied by development, reward magnitude, and stage of the reward task. During anticipation, adolescents, but not adults, exhibited greater activity in the insula, extending into putamen, and cingulate gyrus for large-vs.-small incentives. During feedback, adults, but not adolescents, exhibited greater activity in the precuneus for large-vs.-small incentives. These data indicate that age-related differences in reward sensitivity cannot be characterized by global hypo- or hyper-responsivity. Instead, neural responding in striatum, prefrontal cortex and precuneus is influenced by both situational demands and developmental factors. This suggests nuanced maturational effects in adolescent reward sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M Jarcho
- Section of Developmental and Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 15 K, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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Jarcho JM, Mayer EA, Jiang ZK, Feier NA, London ED. Pain, affective symptoms, and cognitive deficits in patients with cerebral dopamine dysfunction. Pain 2012; 153:744-754. [PMID: 22386471 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Converging preclinical, and human epidemiological, neuroimaging, and genetic evidence suggests a central role for dopamine neurotransmission in modulating pain perception and analgesia. Dysregulation in dopamine signaling may modulate the experience of pain both directly, by enhancing or diminishing the propagation of nociceptive signals, and indirectly, by influencing affective and cognitive processes, which affect the expectation, experience, and interpretation of nociceptive signals. Hypersensitivity to pain and high rates of comorbid chronic pain are common in disorders linked with deficits in dopamine system function, including disorders of mood and affect, substance abuse, and Parkinson disease. Hyposensitivity to pain, however, is common in patients with schizophrenia, which has been linked with excessive dopamine neurotransmission. Although patients are typically affected most by the primary symptoms of their disorders, alterations in pain perception may further increase the burden of their illness, compromising their quality of life. The present review focuses on this relationship, and discusses clinical and potential therapeutic implications for both patients with dopamine-related disorders and those with chronic pain syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M Jarcho
- National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA Department of Medicine, Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Kilpatrick LA, Labus JS, Coveleskie K, Hammer C, Rappold G, Tillisch K, Bueller JA, Suyenobu B, Jarcho JM, McRoberts JA, Niesler B, Mayer EA. The HTR3A polymorphism c. -42C>T is associated with amygdala responsiveness in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2011; 140:1943-51. [PMID: 21420406 PMCID: PMC3757951 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)3 receptor (5-HT3R) antagonists are effective in treating patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and have anxiolytic effects. Their therapeutic effects are related, in part, to reducing amygdala engagement during expected visceral pain. A single nucleotide polymorphism in HTR3A, c.-42C>T;(C178T; rs1062613), is associated with altered reactivity of the amygdala during emotional face processing in healthy subjects (controls). We evaluated the influence of this single nucleotide polymorphism on amygdala reactivity to emotional faces and nonemotional stimuli in female patients with IBS and controls. METHODS We measured brain responses during an affect-matching paradigm in 54 women (26 with IBS, 29 controls) using functional magnetic resonance imaging. We examined associations between HTR3A c.-42C>T genotype (C/C vs T carrier) and responses in amygdala and other regions of brain that expressed high levels of 5-HT3R. RESULTS The C/C genotype was associated with greater anxiety symptoms in patients with IBS and controls and increased activation of the amygdala under emotional and nonemotional conditions. Among patients with IBS, C/C genotype was associated with greater symptom ratings. A subset of IBS patients with the C/C genotype had increased amygdala responses to nonemotional stimuli, compared with other subjects with C/C genotype. CONCLUSIONS Regardless of diagnosis, the C/C genotype of the c.-42C>T polymorphism in HTR3A, compared with T carrier status, is associated with increased anxiety and amygdala responsiveness during emotional and nonemotional tasks. This polymorphism was associated with severity of IBS symptoms. Although this genotype is not sufficient for diagnosis of IBS, it is associated with severity of symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- LA Kilpatrick
- Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, UCLA, Department of Medicine, Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, UCLA
| | - JS Labus
- Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, UCLA, Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, UCLA, Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
| | - K Coveleskie
- Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, UCLA
| | - C Hammer
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - G Rappold
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - K Tillisch
- Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, UCLA, Department of Medicine, Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, UCLA
| | - JA Bueller
- Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, UCLA, Department of Medicine, Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, UCLA
| | - B Suyenobu
- Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, UCLA, Department of Medicine, Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, UCLA
| | - JM Jarcho
- Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, UCLA, Department of Medicine, Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, UCLA
| | - JA McRoberts
- Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, UCLA, Department of Medicine, Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, UCLA
| | - B Niesler
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - EA Mayer
- Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, UCLA, Department of Medicine, Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, UCLA, Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, UCLA, Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
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Jarcho JM, Berkman ET, Lieberman MD. The neural basis of rationalization: cognitive dissonance reduction during decision-making. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2010; 6:460-7. [PMID: 20621961 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsq054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
People rationalize the choices they make when confronted with difficult decisions by claiming they never wanted the option they did not choose. Behavioral studies on cognitive dissonance provide evidence for decision-induced attitude change, but these studies cannot fully uncover the mechanisms driving the attitude change because only pre- and post-decision attitudes are measured, rather than the process of change itself. In the first fMRI study to examine the decision phase in a decision-based cognitive dissonance paradigm, we observed that increased activity in right-inferior frontal gyrus, medial fronto-parietal regions and ventral striatum, and decreased activity in anterior insula were associated with subsequent decision-related attitude change. These findings suggest the characteristic rationalization processes that are associated with decision-making may be engaged very quickly at the moment of the decision, without extended deliberation and may involve reappraisal-like emotion regulation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M Jarcho
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Jarcho
- Center for Neurobiology of Stress, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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Frederick DA, Forbes GB, Grigorian KE, Jarcho JM. The UCLA Body Project I: Gender and Ethnic Differences in Self-Objectification and Body Satisfaction Among 2,206 Undergraduates. Sex Roles 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-007-9251-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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