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Inouye KE, Prentice KJ, Lee A, Wang ZB, Dominguez-Gonzalez C, Chen MX, Riveros JK, Burak MF, Lee GY, Hotamışlıgil GS. Endothelial-derived FABP4 constitutes the majority of basal circulating hormone and regulates lipolysis-driven insulin secretion. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e164642. [PMID: 37279064 PMCID: PMC10443803 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.164642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) is a lipid chaperone secreted from adipocytes upon stimulation of lipolysis. Circulating FABP4 levels strongly correlate with obesity and metabolic pathologies in experimental models and humans. While adipocytes have been presumed to be the major source of hormonal FABP4, this question has not been addressed definitively in vivo. We generated mice with Fabp4 deletion in cells known to express the gene - adipocytes (Adipo-KO), endothelial cells (Endo-KO), myeloid cells (Myeloid-KO), and the whole body (Total-KO) - to examine the contribution of these cell types to basal and stimulated plasma FABP4 levels. Unexpectedly, baseline plasma FABP4 was not significantly reduced in Adipo-KO mice, whereas Endo-KO mice showed ~87% reduction versus WT controls. In contrast, Adipo-KO mice exhibited ~62% decreased induction of FABP4 responses to lipolysis, while Endo-KO mice showed only mildly decreased induction, indicating that adipocytes are the main source of increases in FABP4 during lipolysis. We did not detect any myeloid contribution to circulating FABP4. Surprisingly, despite the nearly intact induction of FABP4, Endo-KO mice showed blunted lipolysis-induced insulin secretion, identical to Total-KO mice. We conclude that the endothelium is the major source of baseline hormonal FABP4 and is required for the insulin response to lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E. Inouye
- Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Molecular Metabolism, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kacey J. Prentice
- Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Molecular Metabolism, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexandra Lee
- Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Molecular Metabolism, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zeqiu B. Wang
- Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Molecular Metabolism, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carla Dominguez-Gonzalez
- Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Molecular Metabolism, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mu Xian Chen
- Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Molecular Metabolism, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jillian K. Riveros
- Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Molecular Metabolism, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - M. Furkan Burak
- Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Molecular Metabolism, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Grace Y. Lee
- Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Molecular Metabolism, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gökhan S. Hotamışlıgil
- Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Molecular Metabolism, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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2
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Prentice KJ, Lee A, Cedillo P, Inouye KE, Ertunc ME, Riveros JK, Lee GY, Hotamisligil GS. Sympathetic tone dictates the impact of lipolysis on FABP4 secretion. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100386. [PMID: 37172691 PMCID: PMC10248869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Levels of circulating fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) protein are strongly associated with obesity and metabolic disease in both mice and humans, and secretion is stimulated by β-adrenergic stimulation both in vivo and in vitro. Previously, lipolysis-induced FABP4 secretion was found to be significantly reduced upon pharmacological inhibition of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and was absent from adipose tissue explants from mice specifically lacking ATGL in their adipocytes (ATGLAdpKO). Here, we find that upon activation of β-adrenergic receptors in vivo, ATGLAdpKO mice unexpectedly exhibited significantly higher levels of circulating FABP4 as compared with ATGLfl/fl controls, despite no corresponding induction of lipolysis. We generated an additional model with adipocyte-specific deletion of both FABP4 and ATGL (ATGL/FABP4AdpKO) to evaluate the cellular source of this circulating FABP4. In these animals, there was no evidence of lipolysis-induced FABP4 secretion, indicating that the source of elevated FABP4 levels in ATGLAdpKO mice was indeed from the adipocytes. ATGLAdpKO mice exhibited significantly elevated corticosterone levels, which positively correlated with plasma FABP4 levels. Pharmacological inhibition of sympathetic signaling during lipolysis using hexamethonium or housing mice at thermoneutrality to chronically reduce sympathetic tone significantly reduced FABP4 secretion in ATGLAdpKO mice compared with controls. Therefore, activity of a key enzymatic step of lipolysis mediated by ATGL, per se, is not required for in vivo stimulation of FABP4 secretion from adipocytes, which can be induced through sympathetic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacey J Prentice
- Department of Molecular Metabolism; Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra Lee
- Department of Molecular Metabolism; Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paulina Cedillo
- Department of Molecular Metabolism; Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karen E Inouye
- Department of Molecular Metabolism; Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Meric Erikci Ertunc
- Department of Molecular Metabolism; Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jillian K Riveros
- Department of Molecular Metabolism; Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Grace Yankun Lee
- Department of Molecular Metabolism; Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gökhan S Hotamisligil
- Department of Molecular Metabolism; Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Prentice KJ, Saksi J, Robertson LT, Lee GY, Inouye KE, Eguchi K, Lee A, Cakici O, Otterbeck E, Cedillo P, Achenbach P, Ziegler AG, Calay ES, Engin F, Hotamisligil GS. A hormone complex of FABP4 and nucleoside kinases regulates islet function. Nature 2021; 600:720-726. [PMID: 34880500 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04137-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The liberation of energy stores from adipocytes is critical to support survival in times of energy deficit; however, uncontrolled or chronic lipolysis associated with insulin resistance and/or insulin insufficiency disrupts metabolic homeostasis1,2. Coupled to lipolysis is the release of a recently identified hormone, fatty-acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4)3. Although circulating FABP4 levels have been strongly associated with cardiometabolic diseases in both preclinical models and humans4-7, no mechanism of action has yet been described8-10. Here we show that hormonal FABP4 forms a functional hormone complex with adenosine kinase (ADK) and nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) to regulate extracellular ATP and ADP levels. We identify a substantial effect of this hormone on beta cells and given the central role of beta-cell function in both the control of lipolysis and development of diabetes, postulate that hormonal FABP4 is a key regulator of an adipose-beta-cell endocrine axis. Antibody-mediated targeting of this hormone complex improves metabolic outcomes, enhances beta-cell function and preserves beta-cell integrity to prevent both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Thus, the FABP4-ADK-NDPK complex, Fabkin, represents a previously unknown hormone and mechanism of action that integrates energy status with the function of metabolic organs, and represents a promising target against metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacey J Prentice
- Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Molecular Metabolism, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jani Saksi
- Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Molecular Metabolism, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lauren T Robertson
- Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Molecular Metabolism, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Grace Y Lee
- Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Molecular Metabolism, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karen E Inouye
- Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Molecular Metabolism, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kosei Eguchi
- Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Molecular Metabolism, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra Lee
- Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Molecular Metabolism, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ozgur Cakici
- Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Molecular Metabolism, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily Otterbeck
- Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Molecular Metabolism, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paulina Cedillo
- Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Molecular Metabolism, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter Achenbach
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anette-Gabriele Ziegler
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ediz S Calay
- Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Molecular Metabolism, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Feyza Engin
- Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Molecular Metabolism, Boston, MA, USA.,Departments of Biomolecular Chemistry and Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Gökhan S Hotamisligil
- Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Molecular Metabolism, Boston, MA, USA. .,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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4
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Giroud M, Jodeleit H, Prentice KJ, Bartelt A. Adipocyte function and the development of cardiometabolic disease. J Physiol 2021; 600:1189-1208. [PMID: 34555180 DOI: 10.1113/jp281979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a medical disorder caused by multiple mechanisms of dysregulated energy balance. A major consequence of obesity is an increased risk to develop diabetes, diabetic complications and cardiovascular disease. While a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms linking obesity, insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease is needed, translational research of the human pathology is hampered by the available cellular and rodent model systems. Major barriers are the species-specific differences in energy balance, vascular biology and adipose tissue physiology, especially related to white and brown adipocytes, and adipose tissue browning. In rodents, non-shivering thermogenesis is responsible for a large part of energy expenditure, but humans possess much less thermogenic fat, which means temperature is an important variable in translational research. Mouse models with predisposition to dyslipidaemia housed at thermoneutrality and fed a high-fat diet more closely reflect human physiology. Also, adipocytes play a key role in the endocrine regulation of cardiovascular function. Adipocytes secrete a variety of hormones, lipid mediators and other metabolites that directly influence the local microenvironment as well as distant tissues. This is specifically apparent in perivascular depots, where adipocytes modulate vascular function and inflammation. Altogether, these mechanisms highlight the critical role of adipocytes in the development of cardiometabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maude Giroud
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Henrika Jodeleit
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Kacey J Prentice
- Department of Molecular Metabolism & Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Bartelt
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Bavaria, Germany.,Department of Molecular Metabolism & Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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5
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Glavas MM, Hui Q, Miao I, Yang F, Erener S, Prentice KJ, Wheeler MB, Kieffer TJ. Early overnutrition in male mice negates metabolic benefits of a diet high in monounsaturated and omega-3 fats. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14032. [PMID: 34234216 PMCID: PMC8263808 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93409-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Overconsumption of saturated fats promotes obesity and type 2 diabetes. Excess weight gain in early life may be particularly detrimental by promoting earlier diabetes onset and potentially by adversely affecting normal development. In the present study we investigated the effects of dietary fat composition on early overnutrition-induced body weight and glucose regulation in Swiss Webster mice, which show susceptibility to high-fat diet-induced diabetes. We compared glucose homeostasis between a high-fat lard-based (HFL) diet, high in saturated fats, and a high-fat olive oil/fish oil-based (HFO) diet, high in monounsaturated and omega-3 fats. We hypothesized that the healthier fat profile of the latter diet would improve early overnutrition-induced glucose dysregulation. However, early overnutrition HFO pups gained more weight and adiposity and had higher diabetes incidence compared to HFL. In contrast, control pups had less weight gain, adiposity, and lower diabetes incidence. Plasma metabolomics revealed reductions in various phosphatidylcholine species in early overnutrition HFO mice as well as with diabetes. These findings suggest that early overnutrition may negate any beneficial effects of a high-fat diet that favours monounsaturated and omega-3 fats over saturated fats. Thus, quantity, quality, and timing of fat intake throughout life should be considered with respect to metabolic health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Glavas
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Queenie Hui
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ian Miao
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Suheda Erener
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kacey J Prentice
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael B Wheeler
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Timothy J Kieffer
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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6
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Abstract
Although counterregulatory hormones and mediators of the fight-or-flight responses are well defined at many levels, how energy stores per se are integrated into this system remains an enigmatic question. Recent years have seen the adipose tissue become a central focus for mediating intracellular signaling and communication through the release of a variety of bioactive lipids and substrates, as well as various adipokines. A critical integration node among these mediators and responses is controlled by FA binding protein 4 (FABP4), also known as adipocyte protein 2 (aP2), which is highly expressed in adipose tissue and functions as a lipid chaperone protein. Recently, it was demonstrated that FABP4 is a secreted hormone that has roles in maintaining glucose homeostasis, representing a key juncture facilitating communication between energy-storage systems and distant organs to respond to life-threatening situations. However, chronic engagement of FABP4 under conditions of immunometabolic stress, such as obesity, exacerbates a number of immunometabolic diseases, including diabetes, asthma, cancer, and atherosclerosis. In both preclinical mouse models and humans, levels of circulating FABP4 have been correlated with metabolic disease incidence, and reducing FABP4 levels or activity is associated with improved metabolic health. In this review, we will discuss the intriguing emerging biology of this protein, including potential therapeutic options for targeting circulating FABP4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacey J Prentice
- Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Jani Saksi
- Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Gökhan S Hotamisligil
- Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT Cambridge, MA.
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7
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Mohan H, Brandt SL, Kim JH, Wong F, Lai M, Prentice KJ, Al Rijjal D, Magomedova L, Batchuluun B, Burdett E, Bhattacharjee A, Cummins CL, Belsham DD, Cox B, Liu Y, Wheeler MB. 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid (CMPF) prevents high fat diet-induced insulin resistance via maintenance of hepatic lipid homeostasis. Diabetes Obes Metab 2019; 21:61-72. [PMID: 30062833 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM Omega-3 fatty acid ethyl ester supplements, available by prescription, are common in the treatment of dyslipidaemia in humans. Recent studies show that 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid (CMPF), a metabolite formed from fish oil supplementation, was able to prevent and reverse high fat diet (HFD)-induced fatty liver in mice. In the present study, we investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for CMPF's hepatic lipid-lowering effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS CD1 male mice were i.p. injected with CMPF (dosage, 6 mg/kg) for 7 days, followed by 5 weeks of a 60% HFD to induce a fatty liver phenotype. Metabolic parameters, liver morphology, lipid content, protein expression and microarray analysis were assessed. We also utilized primary hepatocytes, an in vitro model, to further investigate the direct effects of CMPF on hepatic lipid utilization and biosynthesis. RESULTS CMPF-treated mice display enhanced hepatic lipid clearance while hepatic lipid storage is prevented, thereby protecting against liver lipid accumulation and development of HFD-induced hepatic insulin resistance. Mechanistically, as CMPF enters the liver, it acts as an allosteric acetyl-coA carboxylase (ACC) inhibitor, which directly induces both fatty acid oxidation and hepatic production of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). A feed-back loop is initiated by CMPF, which exists between ACC inhibition, fatty acid oxidation and production of FGF21. As a consequence, an adaptive decrease in Insig2/SREBP-1c/FAS protein expression results in priming of the liver to prevent a HFD-induced fatty liver phenotype. CONCLUSION CMPF is a potential driver of hepatic lipid metabolism, preventing diet-induced hepatic lipid deposition and insulin resistance in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haneesha Mohan
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sydney L Brandt
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ja Hyun Kim
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Frances Wong
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mi Lai
- Department of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kacey J Prentice
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Dana Al Rijjal
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lilia Magomedova
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Elena Burdett
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Carolyn L Cummins
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Denise D Belsham
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Brian Cox
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael B Wheeler
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
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8
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Hansen JB, Dos Santos LRB, Liu Y, Prentice KJ, Teudt F, Tonnesen M, Jonas JC, Wheeler MB, Mandrup-Poulsen T. Glucolipotoxic conditions induce β-cell iron import, cytosolic ROS formation and apoptosis. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 61:69-77. [PMID: 30030388 DOI: 10.1530/jme-17-0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) arises when the pancreatic beta-cell fails to compensate for increased insulin needs due to insulin resistance. Glucolipotoxicity (GLT) has been proposed to induce beta-cell dysfunction in T2D by formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here, we examined if modeling glucolipotoxic conditions by high glucose-high free fatty acid (FFA) exposure (GLT) regulates beta-cell iron transport, by increasing the cytosolic labile iron pool (LIP). In isolated mouse islets, the GLT-induced increase in the LIP catalyzed cytosolic ROS formation and induced apoptosis. We show that GLT-induced ROS production is regulated by an increased LIP associated with elevated expression of genes regulating iron import. Using pharmacological and transgenic approaches, we show that iron reduction and decreased iron import protects from GLT-induced ROS production, prevents impairment of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and inhibits apoptosis. This study identifies a novel pathway underlying GLT-induced apoptosis involving increased iron import, generation of hydroxyl radicals from hydrogen peroxide through the Fenton reaction in the cytosolic compartment associated with dissipation of the MMP and beta-cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Bondo Hansen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laila Romagueira Bichara Dos Santos
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Pole of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kacey J Prentice
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frederik Teudt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Tonnesen
- Department of Diabetes Complications Biology & Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Jean-Christophe Jonas
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Pole of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michael B Wheeler
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Batchuluun B, Al Rijjal D, Prentice KJ, Eversley JA, Burdett E, Mohan H, Bhattacharjee A, Gunderson EP, Liu Y, Wheeler MB. Elevated Medium-Chain Acylcarnitines Are Associated With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Early Progression to Type 2 Diabetes and Induce Pancreatic β-Cell Dysfunction. Diabetes 2018; 67:885-897. [PMID: 29436377 PMCID: PMC5910003 DOI: 10.2337/db17-1150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Specific circulating metabolites have emerged as important risk factors for the development of diabetes. The acylcarnitines (acylCs) are a family of metabolites known to be elevated in type 2 diabetes (T2D) and linked to peripheral insulin resistance. However, the effect of acylCs on pancreatic β-cell function is not well understood. Here, we profiled circulating acylCs in two diabetes cohorts: 1) women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and 2) women with recent GDM who later developed impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), new-onset T2D, or returned to normoglycemia within a 2-year follow-up period. We observed a specific elevation in serum medium-chain (M)-acylCs, particularly hexanoyl- and octanoylcarnitine, among women with GDM and individuals with T2D without alteration in long-chain acylCs. Mice treated with M-acylCs exhibited glucose intolerance, attributed to impaired insulin secretion. Murine and human islets exposed to elevated levels of M-acylCs developed defects in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and this was directly linked to reduced mitochondrial respiratory capacity and subsequent ability to couple glucose metabolism to insulin secretion. In conclusion, our study reveals that an elevation in circulating M-acylCs is associated with GDM and early stages of T2D onset and that this elevation directly impairs β-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dana Al Rijjal
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kacey J Prentice
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Judith A Eversley
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elena Burdett
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Haneesha Mohan
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Erica P Gunderson
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael B Wheeler
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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10
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Prentice KJ, Wendell SG, Liu Y, Eversley JA, Salvatore SR, Mohan H, Brandt SL, Adams AC, Serena Wang X, Wei D, FitzGerald GA, Durham TB, Hammond CD, Sloop KW, Skarke C, Schopfer FJ, Wheeler MB. CMPF, a Metabolite Formed Upon Prescription Omega-3-Acid Ethyl Ester Supplementation, Prevents and Reverses Steatosis. EBioMedicine 2017; 27:200-213. [PMID: 29290411 PMCID: PMC5828468 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prescription ω-3 fatty acid ethyl ester supplements are commonly used for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia. However, the metabolic profile and effect of the metabolites formed by these treatments remain unknown. Here we utilized unbiased metabolomics to identify 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid (CMPF) as a significant metabolite of the ω-3-acid ethyl ester prescription Lovaza™ in humans. Administration of CMPF to mice before or after high-fat diet feeding at exposures equivalent to those observed in humans increased whole-body lipid metabolism, improved insulin sensitivity, increased beta-oxidation, reduced lipogenic gene expression, and ameliorated steatosis. Mechanistically, we find that CMPF acutely inhibits ACC activity, and induces long-term loss of SREBP1c and ACC1/2 expression. This corresponds to an induction of FGF21, which is required for long-term steatosis protection, as FGF21KO mice are refractory to the improved metabolic effects. Thus, CMPF treatment in mice parallels the effects of human Lovaza™ supplementation, revealing that CMPF may contribute to the improved metabolic effects observed with ω-3 fatty acid prescriptions. CMPF is an abundant metabolite resultant from supplementation with the ω-3-acid ethyl ester prescription Lovaza™ in humans Treatment with CMPF reverses hepatic lipid accumulation in diet-induced and genetically obese mouse models CMPF treatment prior to high fat diet feeding prevents development of steatosis through an FGF21-dependent mechanism
Fish oil is commonly prescribed for treating dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome. Here, we identify CMPF as a significant metabolite in humans supplemented with ω-3-acid ethyl esters. CMPF treatment reversed liver lipid accumulation and improved insulin sensitivity in obese mice, while treatment of lean mice prior to high fat diet feeding prevented the development of fatty liver and insulin resistance. We find that CMPF acutely enhances fatty acid utilization and decreases lipid synthesis in the liver, while the preventative action is dependent on FGF21, which potentiates a feedback loop activated by CMPF. Thus, CMPF may contribute to the improved metabolic effects associated with fish oil supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacey J Prentice
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Stacy G Wendell
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Judith A Eversley
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sonia R Salvatore
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Haneesha Mohan
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sydney L Brandt
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Andrew C Adams
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - X Serena Wang
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - David Wei
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Garret A FitzGerald
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Timothy B Durham
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Craig D Hammond
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kyle W Sloop
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Carsten Skarke
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Francisco J Schopfer
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Michael B Wheeler
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
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11
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Nagy E, Liu Y, Prentice KJ, Sloop KW, Sanders PE, Batchuluun B, Hammond CD, Wheeler MB, Durham TB. Synthesis and Characterization of Urofuranoic Acids: In Vivo Metabolism of 2-(2-Carboxyethyl)-4-methyl-5-propylfuran-3-carboxylic Acid (CMPF) and Effects on in Vitro Insulin Secretion. J Med Chem 2017; 60:1860-1875. [PMID: 28171722 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
CMPF (2-(2-carboxyethyl)-4-methyl-5-propylfuran-3-carboxylic acid) is a metabolite that circulates at high concentrations in type 2 and gestational diabetes patients. Further, human clinical studies suggest it might have a causal role in these diseases. CMPF inhibits insulin secretion in mouse and human islets in vitro and in vivo in rodents. However, the metabolic fate of CMPF and the relationship of structure to effects on insulin secretion have not been significantly studied. The syntheses of CMPF and analogues are described. These include isotopically labeled molecules. Study of these materials in vivo has led to the first observation of a metabolite of CMPF. In addition, a wide range of CMPF analogues have been prepared and characterized in insulin secretion assays using both mouse and human islets. Several molecules that influence insulin secretion in vitro were identified. The molecules described should serve as interesting probes to further study the biology of CMPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Nagy
- Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Kacey J Prentice
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Kyle W Sloop
- Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Phillip E Sanders
- Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | | | - Craig D Hammond
- Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Michael B Wheeler
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Timothy B Durham
- Eli Lilly and Company , Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
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12
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Liang T, Qin T, Xie L, Dolai S, Zhu D, Prentice KJ, Wheeler M, Kang Y, Osborne L, Gaisano HY. New Roles of Syntaxin-1A in Insulin Granule Exocytosis and Replenishment. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:2203-2216. [PMID: 28031464 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.769885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In type-2 diabetes (T2D), severely reduced islet syntaxin-1A (Syn-1A) levels contribute to insulin secretory deficiency. We generated β-cell-specific Syn-1A-KO (Syn-1A-βKO) mice to mimic β-cell Syn-1A deficiency in T2D. Glucose tolerance tests showed that Syn-1A-βKO mice exhibited blood glucose elevation corresponding to reduced blood insulin levels. Perifusion of Syn-1A-βKO islets showed impaired first- and second-phase glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) resulting from reduction in readily releasable pool and granule pool refilling. To unequivocally determine the β-cell exocytotic defects caused by Syn-1A deletion, EM and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy showed that Syn-1A-KO β-cells had a severe reduction in the number of secretory granules (SGs) docked onto the plasma membrane (PM) at rest and reduced SG recruitment to the PM after glucose stimulation, the latter indicating defects in replenishment of releasable pools required to sustain second-phase GSIS. Whereas reduced predocked SG fusion accounted for reduced first-phase GSIS, selective reduction of exocytosis of short-dock (but not no-dock) newcomer SGs accounted for the reduced second-phase GSIS. These Syn-1A actions on newcomer SGs were partly mediated by Syn-1A interactions with newcomer SG VAMP8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liang
- From the Departments of Medicine.,Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Tairan Qin
- From the Departments of Medicine.,Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Li Xie
- From the Departments of Medicine.,Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Subhankar Dolai
- From the Departments of Medicine.,Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Dan Zhu
- From the Departments of Medicine.,Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Kacey J Prentice
- Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Michael Wheeler
- Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Youhou Kang
- From the Departments of Medicine.,Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Lucy Osborne
- From the Departments of Medicine.,Molecular Genetics, and
| | - Herbert Y Gaisano
- From the Departments of Medicine, .,Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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13
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Allalou A, Nalla A, Prentice KJ, Liu Y, Zhang M, Dai FF, Ning X, Osborne LR, Cox BJ, Gunderson EP, Wheeler MB. A Predictive Metabolic Signature for the Transition From Gestational Diabetes Mellitus to Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes 2016; 65:2529-39. [PMID: 27338739 PMCID: PMC5001181 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affects 3-14% of pregnancies, with 20-50% of these women progressing to type 2 diabetes (T2D) within 5 years. This study sought to develop a metabolomics signature to predict the transition from GDM to T2D. A prospective cohort of 1,035 women with GDM pregnancy were enrolled at 6-9 weeks postpartum (baseline) and were screened for T2D annually for 2 years. Of 1,010 women without T2D at baseline, 113 progressed to T2D within 2 years. T2D developed in another 17 women between 2 and 4 years. A nested case-control design used 122 incident case patients matched to non-case patients by age, prepregnancy BMI, and race/ethnicity. We conducted metabolomics with baseline fasting plasma and identified 21 metabolites that significantly differed by incident T2D status. Machine learning optimization resulted in a decision tree modeling that predicted T2D incidence with a discriminative power of 83.0% in the training set and 76.9% in an independent testing set, which is far superior to measuring fasting plasma glucose levels alone. The American Diabetes Association recommends T2D screening in the early postpartum period via oral glucose tolerance testing after GDM, which is a time-consuming and inconvenient procedure. Our metabolomics signature predicted T2D incidence from a single fasting blood sample. This study represents the first metabolomics study of the transition from GDM to T2D validated in an independent testing set, facilitating early interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Allalou
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amarnadh Nalla
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kacey J Prentice
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Feihan F Dai
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xian Ning
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Division of Research, Oakland, CA
| | - Lucy R Osborne
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian J Cox
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erica P Gunderson
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Division of Research, Oakland, CA
| | - Michael B Wheeler
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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14
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Liu Y, Prentice KJ, Eversley JA, Hu C, Batchuluun B, Leavey K, Hansen JB, Wei DW, Cox B, Dai FF, Jia W, Wheeler MB. Rapid Elevation in CMPF May Act As a Tipping Point in Diabetes Development. Cell Rep 2016; 14:2889-900. [PMID: 26997281 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.02.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Prediabetes, a state of mild glucose intolerance, can persist for years before a sudden decline in beta cell function and rapid deterioration to overt diabetes. The mechanism underlying this tipping point of beta cell dysfunction remains unknown. Here, the furan fatty acid metabolite CMPF was evaluated in a prospective cohort. Those who developed overt diabetes had a significant increase in CMPF over time, whereas prediabetics maintained chronically elevated levels, even up to 5 years before diagnosis. To evaluate the effect of increasing CMPF on diabetes progression, we used obese, insulin-resistant models of prediabetes. CMPF accelerated diabetes development by inducing metabolic remodeling, resulting in preferential utilization of fatty acids over glucose. This was associated with diminished glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, increased ROS formation, and accumulation of proinsulin, all characteristics of human diabetes. Thus, an increase in CMPF may represent the tipping point in diabetes development by accelerating beta cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Room 3352, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Kacey J Prentice
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Room 3352, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Judith A Eversley
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Room 3352, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Cheng Hu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Battsetseg Batchuluun
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Room 3352, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Katherine Leavey
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Room 3360, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jakob B Hansen
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Room 3352, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - David W Wei
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Room 3352, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Brian Cox
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Room 3360, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Feihan F Dai
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Room 3352, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Weiping Jia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Michael B Wheeler
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Room 3352, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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15
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Pillai R, Paglialunga S, Hoang M, Cousteils K, Prentice KJ, Bombardier E, Huang M, Gonzalez FJ, Tupling AR, Wheeler MB, Joseph JW. Deletion of ARNT/HIF1β in pancreatic beta cells does not impair glucose homeostasis in mice, but is associated with defective glucose sensing ex vivo. Diabetologia 2015; 58:2832-42. [PMID: 26409461 PMCID: PMC6338330 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3768-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS It has been suggested that the transcription factor ARNT/HIF1β is critical for maintaining in vivo glucose homeostasis and pancreatic beta cell glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Our goal was to gain more insights into the metabolic defects seen after the loss of ARNT/HIF1β in beta cells. METHODS The in vivo and in vitro consequences of the loss of ARNT/HIF1β were investigated in beta cell specific Arnt/Hif1β knockout mice (β-Arnt (fl/fl/Cre) mice). RESULTS The only in vivo defects found in β-Arnt (fl/fl/Cre) mice were significant increases in the respiratory exchange ratio and in vivo carbohydrate oxidation, and a decrease in lipid oxidation. The mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate was unaltered in mouse β-Arnt (fl/fl/Cre) islets upon glucose stimulation. β-Arnt (fl/fl/Cre) islets had an impairment in the glucose-stimulated increase in Ca(2+) signalling and a reduced insulin secretory response to glucose in the presence of KCl and diazoxide. The glucose-stimulated increase in the NADPH/NADP(+) ratio was reduced in β-Arnt (fl/fl/Cre) islets. The reduced GSIS and NADPH/NADP(+) levels in β-Arnt (fl/fl/Cre) islets could be rescued by treatment with membrane-permeable tricarboxylic acid intermediates. Small interfering (si)RNA mediated knockdown of ARNT/HIF1β in human islets also inhibited GSIS. These results suggest that the regulation of GSIS by the KATP channel-dependent and -independent pathways is affected by the loss of ARNT/HIF1β in islets. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION This study provides three new insights into the role of ARNT/HIF1β in beta cells: (1) ARNT/HIF1β deletion in mice impairs GSIS ex vivo; (2) β-Arnt (fl/fl/Cre) mice have an increased respiratory exchange ratio; and (3) ARNT/HIF1β is required for GSIS in human islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjitha Pillai
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Health Science Campus building A, room 4008, 10A Victoria Street South, Kitchener, ON, Canada, N2G 1C5
| | - Sabina Paglialunga
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Health Science Campus building A, room 4008, 10A Victoria Street South, Kitchener, ON, Canada, N2G 1C5
| | - Monica Hoang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Health Science Campus building A, room 4008, 10A Victoria Street South, Kitchener, ON, Canada, N2G 1C5
| | - Katelyn Cousteils
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Health Science Campus building A, room 4008, 10A Victoria Street South, Kitchener, ON, Canada, N2G 1C5
| | - Kacey J Prentice
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eric Bombardier
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Mei Huang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Health Science Campus building A, room 4008, 10A Victoria Street South, Kitchener, ON, Canada, N2G 1C5
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - A Russell Tupling
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Michael B Wheeler
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jamie W Joseph
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Health Science Campus building A, room 4008, 10A Victoria Street South, Kitchener, ON, Canada, N2G 1C5.
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16
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Liu Y, Batchuluun B, Ho L, Zhu D, Prentice KJ, Bhattacharjee A, Zhang M, Pourasgari F, Hardy AB, Taylor KM, Gaisano H, Dai FF, Wheeler MB. Characterization of Zinc Influx Transporters (ZIPs) in Pancreatic β Cells: ROLES IN REGULATING CYTOSOLIC ZINC HOMEOSTASIS AND INSULIN SECRETION. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:18757-69. [PMID: 25969539 PMCID: PMC4513131 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.640524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc plays an essential role in the regulation of pancreatic β cell function, affecting important processes including insulin biosynthesis, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, and cell viability. Mutations in the zinc efflux transport protein ZnT8 have been linked with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, further supporting an important role for zinc in glucose homeostasis. However, very little is known about how cytosolic zinc is controlled by zinc influx transporters (ZIPs). In this study, we examined the β cell and islet ZIP transcriptome and show consistent high expression of ZIP6 (Slc39a6) and ZIP7 (Slc39a7) genes across human and mouse islets and MIN6 β cells. Modulation of ZIP6 and ZIP7 expression significantly altered cytosolic zinc influx in pancreatic β cells, indicating an important role for ZIP6 and ZIP7 in regulating cellular zinc homeostasis. Functionally, this dysregulated cytosolic zinc homeostasis led to impaired insulin secretion. In parallel studies, we identified both ZIP6 and ZIP7 as potential interacting proteins with GLP-1R by a membrane yeast two-hybrid assay. Knock-down of ZIP6 but not ZIP7 in MIN6 β cells impaired the protective effects of GLP-1 on fatty acid-induced cell apoptosis, possibly via reduced activation of the p-ERK pathway. Therefore, our data suggest that ZIP6 and ZIP7 function as two important zinc influx transporters to regulate cytosolic zinc concentrations and insulin secretion in β cells. In particular, ZIP6 is also capable of directly interacting with GLP-1R to facilitate the protective effect of GLP-1 on β cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada and
| | - Battsetseg Batchuluun
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada and
| | - Louisa Ho
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada and
| | - Dan Zhu
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada and
| | - Kacey J Prentice
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada and
| | - Alpana Bhattacharjee
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada and
| | - Ming Zhang
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada and
| | - Farzaneh Pourasgari
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada and
| | - Alexandre B Hardy
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada and
| | - Kathryn M Taylor
- the Breast Cancer Molecular Pharmacology Unit, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VIIth Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB United Kingdom
| | - Herbert Gaisano
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada and
| | - Feihan F Dai
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada and
| | - Michael B Wheeler
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada and
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17
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Luu L, Dai FF, Prentice KJ, Huang X, Hardy AB, Hansen JB, Liu Y, Joseph JW, Wheeler MB. The loss of Sirt1 in mouse pancreatic beta cells impairs insulin secretion by disrupting glucose sensing. Diabetologia 2013; 56:2010-20. [PMID: 23783352 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-2946-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) has emerged as a key metabolic regulator of glucose homeostasis and insulin secretion. Enhanced SIRT1 activity has been shown to be protective against diabetes, although the mechanisms remain largely unknown. The aim of this study was to determine how SIRT1 regulates insulin secretion in the pancreatic beta cell. METHODS Pancreatic beta cell-specific Sirt1 deletion was induced by tamoxifen injection in 9-week-old Pdx1CreER:floxSirt1 mice (Sirt1BKO). Controls were injected with vehicle. Mice were assessed metabolically via glucose challenge, insulin tolerance tests and physical variables. In parallel, Sirt1 short interfering RNA-treated MIN6 cells (SIRT1KD) and isolated Sirt1BKO islets were used to investigate the effect of SIRT1 inactivation on insulin secretion and gene expression. RESULTS OGTTs showed impaired glucose disposal in Sirt1BKO mice due to insufficient insulin secretion. Isolated Sirt1BKO islets and SIRT1KD MIN6 cells also exhibited impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Subsequent analyses revealed impaired α-ketoisocaproic acid-induced insulin secretion and attenuated glucose-induced Ca(2+) influx, but normal insulin granule exocytosis in Sirt1BKO beta cells. Microarray studies revealed a large cluster of mitochondria-related genes, the expression of which was dysregulated in SIRT1KD MIN6 cells. Upon further analysis, we demonstrated an explicit defect in mitochondrial function: the inability to couple nutrient metabolism to mitochondrial membrane hyperpolarisation and reduced oxygen consumption rates. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Taken together, these findings indicate that in beta cells the deacetylase SIRT1 regulates the expression of specific mitochondria-related genes that control metabolic coupling, and that a decrease in beta cell Sirt1 expression impairs glucose sensing and insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Luu
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle Room 3352, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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18
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Allister EM, Robson-Doucette CA, Prentice KJ, Hardy AB, Sultan S, Gaisano HY, Kong D, Gilon P, Herrera PL, Lowell BB, Wheeler MB. UCP2 regulates the glucagon response to fasting and starvation. Diabetes 2013; 62:1623-33. [PMID: 23434936 PMCID: PMC3636632 DOI: 10.2337/db12-0981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon is important for maintaining euglycemia during fasting/starvation, and abnormal glucagon secretion is associated with type 1 and type 2 diabetes; however, the mechanisms of hypoglycemia-induced glucagon secretion are poorly understood. We previously demonstrated that global deletion of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2(-/-)) in mice impaired glucagon secretion from isolated islets. Therefore, UCP2 may contribute to the regulation of hypoglycemia-induced glucagon secretion, which is supported by our current finding that UCP2 expression is increased in nutrient-deprived murine and human islets. Further to this, we created α-cell-specific UCP2 knockout (UCP2AKO) mice, which we used to demonstrate that blood glucose recovery in response to hypoglycemia is impaired owing to attenuated glucagon secretion. UCP2-deleted α-cells have higher levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to enhanced mitochondrial coupling, which translated into defective stimulus/secretion coupling. The effects of UCP2 deletion were mimicked by the UCP2 inhibitor genipin on both murine and human islets and also by application of exogenous ROS, confirming that changes in oxidative status and electrical activity directly reduce glucagon secretion. Therefore, α-cell UCP2 deletion perturbs the fasting/hypoglycemic glucagon response and shows that UCP2 is necessary for normal α-cell glucose sensing and the maintenance of euglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M. Allister
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Kacey J. Prentice
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexandre B. Hardy
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sobia Sultan
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Herbert Y. Gaisano
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dong Kong
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Patrick Gilon
- Pôle d’endocrinologie, diabète et nutrition, Institut de recherche expérimentale et clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pedro L. Herrera
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bradford B. Lowell
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael B. Wheeler
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Corresponding author: Michael B. Wheeler,
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Basford CL, Prentice KJ, Hardy AB, Sarangi F, Micallef SJ, Li X, Guo Q, Elefanty AG, Stanley EG, Keller G, Allister EM, Nostro MC, Wheeler MB. The functional and molecular characterisation of human embryonic stem cell-derived insulin-positive cells compared with adult pancreatic beta cells. Diabetologia 2012; 55:358-71. [PMID: 22075915 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2335-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Using a novel directed differentiation protocol, we recently generated up to 25% insulin-producing cells from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) (insulin(+) cells). At this juncture, it was important to functionally and molecularly characterise these hESC-derived insulin(+) cells and identify key differences and similarities between them and primary beta cells. METHODS We used a new reporter hESC line with green fluorescent protein (GFP) cDNA targeted to the INS locus by homologous recombination (INS (GFP/w)) and an untargeted hESC line (HES2). INS (GFP/w) allowed efficient identification and purification of GFP-producing (INS:GFP(+)) cells. Insulin(+) cells were examined for key features of adult beta cells using microarray, quantitative PCR, secretion assays, imaging and electrophysiology. RESULTS Immunofluorescent staining showed complete co-localisation of insulin with GFP; however, cells were often multihormonal, many with granules containing insulin and glucagon. Electrophysiological recordings revealed variable K(ATP) and voltage-gated Ca(2+) channel activity, and reduced glucose-induced cytosolic Ca(2+) uptake. This translated into defective glucose-stimulated insulin secretion but, intriguingly, appropriate glucagon responses. Gene profiling revealed differences in global gene expression between INS:GFP(+) cells and adult human islets; however, INS:GFP(+) cells had remarkably similar expression of endocrine-lineage transcription factors and genes involved in glucose sensing and exocytosis. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION INS:GFP(+) cells can be purified from differentiated hESCs, providing a superior source of insulin-producing cells. Genomic analyses revealed that INS:GFP(+) cells collectively resemble immature endocrine cells. However, insulin(+) cells were heterogeneous, a fact that translated into important functional differences within this population. The information gained from this study may now be used to generate new iterations of functioning beta cells that can be purified for transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Basford
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Toronto General Research Institute, TMDT, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Robson-Doucette CA, Sultan S, Allister EM, Wikstrom JD, Koshkin V, Bhatacharjee A, Prentice KJ, Sereda SB, Shirihai OS, Wheeler MB. Beta-cell uncoupling protein 2 regulates reactive oxygen species production, which influences both insulin and glucagon secretion. Diabetes 2011; 60:2710-9. [PMID: 21984579 PMCID: PMC3198081 DOI: 10.2337/db11-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The role of uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) in pancreatic β-cells is highly debated, partly because of the broad tissue distribution of UCP2 and thus limitations of whole-body UCP2 knockout mouse models. To investigate the function of UCP2 in the β-cell, β-cell-specific UCP2 knockout mice (UCP2BKO) were generated and characterized. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS UCP2BKO mice were generated by crossing loxUCP2 mice with mice expressing rat insulin promoter-driven Cre recombinase. Several in vitro and in vivo parameters were measured, including respiration rate, mitochondrial membrane potential, islet ATP content, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), glucagon secretion, glucose and insulin tolerance, and plasma hormone levels. RESULTS UCP2BKO β-cells displayed mildly increased glucose-induced mitochondrial membrane hyperpolarization but unchanged rates of uncoupled respiration and islet ATP content. UCP2BKO islets had elevated intracellular ROS levels that associated with enhanced GSIS. Surprisingly, UCP2BKO mice were glucose-intolerant, showing greater α-cell area, higher islet glucagon content, and aberrant ROS-dependent glucagon secretion under high glucose conditions. CONCLUSIONS Using a novel β-cell-specific UCP2KO mouse model, we have shed light on UCP2 function in primary β-cells. UCP2 does not behave as a classical metabolic uncoupler in the β-cell, but has a more prominent role in the regulation of intracellular ROS levels that contribute to GSIS amplification. In addition, β-cell UCP2 contributes to the regulation of intraislet ROS signals that mediate changes in α-cell morphology and glucagon secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sobia Sultan
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emma M. Allister
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jakob D. Wikstrom
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vasilij Koshkin
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Kacey J. Prentice
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samuel B. Sereda
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Orian S. Shirihai
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael B. Wheeler
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Corresponding author: Michael B. Wheeler,
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Abstract
Peptide hormones encoded by the proglucagon (Gcg) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (Gip) genes are evolutionarily related glucagon-like sequences and act through a subfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors. A better understanding of the evolutionary history of these hormones and receptors should yield insight into their biological functions. The availability of a large number of near-complete vertebrate genome sequences is a powerful resource to address questions concerning the evolution of sequences; here, we utilize these resources to examine the evolution of glucagon-like sequences and their receptors. These studies led to the discovery of novel genes for a glucagon receptor-like receptor (Grlr) and a glucagon-like sequence (exendin) in vertebrates. Both exendin and GRLR have ancient origins, early in vertebrate evolution, but have been lost on the ancestral lineage leading to extant mammals. We also show that exendin and GRLR are both expressed in the brain of the chicken and Xenopus tropicals, results that suggest that the products of these genes function in this tissue. The lack of exendin or Grlr genes in mammals suggests that other genes may have acquired the functions of exendin and Grlr during mammalian evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Irwin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Titone D, Prentice KJ, Wingfield A. Resource allocation during spoken discourse processing: effects of age and passage difficulty as revealed by self-paced listening. Mem Cognit 2000; 28:1029-40. [PMID: 11105529 DOI: 10.3758/bf03209351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The allocation of processing resources during spoken discourse comprehension was studied in a manner analogous to self-paced reading using the auditory moving window technique (Ferreira, Henderson, Anes, Weeks, & McFarlane, 1996). Young and older participants listened to spoken passages in a self-paced segment-by-segment fashion. In Experiment 1, we examined the influence of speech rate and passage complexity on discourse encoding and recall performance. In Experiment 2, we examined the influence of speech rate and presentation mode (self-paced vs. full-passage presentation) on recall performance. Results suggest that diminished memory performance in the older adult group relative to the young adult group is attributable to age-related differences in how resources were allocated during the initial encoding of the spoken discourse.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Titone
- Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110, USA
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