1
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Homsy King M, Nahabwe H, Ssebide B, Kwong LH, Gilardi K. Preventing zoonotic and zooanthroponotic disease transmission at wild great ape sites: Recommendations from qualitative research at Bwindi Impenetrable National Park. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299220. [PMID: 38427618 PMCID: PMC10906881 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Employees at wild great ape sites are at high risk of transmitting infectious diseases to endangered great apes. Because of the significant amount of time employees spend near great apes, they are a priority population for the prevention and treatment of zoonotic and zooanthroponotic spillover and need adequate preventive and curative healthcare. Qualitative, semi-structured interviews with 46 staff (rangers and porters) at Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda (BINP) and key informants from five other wild great ape sites around the world were performed. The objectives of the study were to 1) evaluate health-seeking behavior and health resources used by staff in contact with great apes at Bwindi Impenetrable National Park; 2) evaluate existing occupational health programs for employees working with great apes in other parts of the world; and 3) make recommendations for improvement of occupational health at BINP. Results show that BINP employees do not frequently access preventive healthcare measures, nor do they have easy access to diagnostic testing for infectious diseases of spillover concern. Recommendations include assigning a dedicated healthcare provider for great ape site staff, providing free annual physical exams, and stocking rapid malaria tests and deworming medication in first aid kits at each site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Homsy King
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Haven Nahabwe
- Church of Uganda Bwindi Community Hospital, Kinkizi Diocese, Kanungu, Uganda
| | - Benard Ssebide
- Gorilla Doctors, Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project Incorporated., Kampala, Uganda
| | - Laura H. Kwong
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Kirsten Gilardi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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2
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Červená B, Prokopová T, Cameira RM, Pafčo B, Samaš P, Romportl D, Uwamahoro C, Noheri JB, Ntwari AE, Bahizi M, Nzayisenga G, Nziza J, Gilardi K, Eckardt W, Ndagijimana F, Mudakikwa A, Muvunyi R, Uwingeli P, Cranfield M, Šlapeta J, Petrželková KJ, Modrý D. Anoplocephalid tapeworms in mountain gorillas ( Gorilla beringei beringei) inhabiting the Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda. Parasitology 2024; 151:135-150. [PMID: 38017606 PMCID: PMC10941052 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023001178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Cestodes of the family Anoplocephalidae parasitize a wide range of usually herbivorous hosts including e.g. rodents, ungulates, primates, elephants and hyraxes. While in some hosts, the epidemiology of the infection is well studied, information is lacking in others. In this study of mountain gorillas in the Virunga Massif, an extensive sample set comprising adult cestodes collected via necropsies, proglottids shed in feces, and finally, fecal samples from both night nests and identified individuals were analysed. Anoplocephala gorillae was the dominant cestode species detected in night nest samples and individually known gorillas, of which only 1 individual hosted a Bertiella sp. It was shown that the 2 species can be distinguished through microscopy based on egg morphology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for diagnostics of both species were provided. Sequences of mitochondrial (cox 1) and nuclear (ITS1, 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA) markers were used to evaluate the phylogenetic position of the 2 cestodes detected in mountain gorillas. Both types of fecal samples, from night nests and from identified individuals, provided comparable information about the prevalence of anoplocephalid cestodes, although the analysis of samples collected from identified gorilla individuals showed significant intra-individual fluctuation of A. gorillae egg shedding within a short period. Therefore, multiple samples should be examined to obtain reliable data for wildlife health management programmes, especially when application of anthelmintic treatment is considered. However, while A. gorillae is apparently a common symbiont of mountain gorillas, it does not seem to impair the health of its host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Červená
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Prokopová
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Rita Maria Cameira
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Pafčo
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Samaš
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dušan Romportl
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jan Šlapeta
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Klára Judita Petrželková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Liberec Zoo, Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - David Modrý
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources/CINeZ, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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3
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Zimmerman DM, Hardgrove E, Sullivan S, Mitchell S, Kambale E, Nziza J, Ssebide B, Shalukoma C, Cranfield M, Pandit PS, Troth SP, Callicrate T, Miller P, Gilardi K, Lacy RC. Projecting the impact of an ebola virus outbreak on endangered mountain gorillas. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5675. [PMID: 37029156 PMCID: PMC10082040 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32432-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus is highly lethal for great apes. Estimated mortality rates up to 98% have reduced the global gorilla population by approximately one-third. As mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) are endangered, with just over 1000 individuals remaining in the world, an outbreak could decimate the population. Simulation modeling was used to evaluate the potential impact of an Ebola virus outbreak on the mountain gorilla population of the Virunga Massif. Findings indicate that estimated contact rates among gorilla groups are high enough to allow rapid spread of Ebola, with less than 20% of the population projected to survive at 100 days post-infection of just one gorilla. Despite increasing survival with vaccination, no modeled vaccination strategy prevented widespread infection. However, the model projected that survival rates greater than 50% could be achieved by vaccinating at least half the habituated gorillas within 3 weeks of the first infectious individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn M Zimmerman
- Veterinary Initiative for Endangered Wildlife, Bozeman, MT, USA.
- Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Disease, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Emily Hardgrove
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Sara Sullivan
- Species Conservation Toolkit Initiative, Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield, IL, USA
| | - Stephanie Mitchell
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian National Zoological Park and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Chantal Shalukoma
- Institut Congolais Pour La Conservation de Nature, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | | | - Pranav S Pandit
- EpiCenter for Disease Dynamics, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Taylor Callicrate
- Species Conservation Toolkit Initiative, Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield, IL, USA
| | - Philip Miller
- IUCN SSC Conservation Planning Specialist Group US, Apple Valley, MN, USA
| | - Kirsten Gilardi
- Gorilla Doctors (MGVP, Inc.), Davis, CA, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Robert C Lacy
- Species Conservation Toolkit Initiative, Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield, IL, USA
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4
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Pandit PS, Anthony SJ, Goldstein T, Olival KJ, Doyle MM, Gardner NR, Bird B, Smith W, Wolking D, Gilardi K, Monagin C, Kelly T, Uhart MM, Epstein JH, Machalaba C, Rostal MK, Dawson P, Hagan E, Sullivan A, Li H, Chmura AA, Latinne A, Lange C, O’Rourke T, Olson S, Keatts L, Mendoza AP, Perez A, de Paula CD, Zimmerman D, Valitutto M, LeBreton M, McIver D, Islam A, Duong V, Mouiche M, Shi Z, Mulembakani P, Kumakamba C, Ali M, Kebede N, Tamoufe U, Bel-Nono S, Camara A, Pamungkas J, Coulibaly KJ, Abu-Basha E, Kamau J, Silithammavong S, Desmond J, Hughes T, Shiilegdamba E, Aung O, Karmacharya D, Nziza J, Ndiaye D, Gbakima A, sajali Z, Wacharapluesadee S, Robles EA, Ssebide B, Suzán G, Aguirre LF, Solorio MR, Dhole TN, Nga NTT, Hitchens PL, Joly DO, Saylors K, Fine A, Murray S, Karesh WB, Daszak P, Mazet JAK, Johnson CK. Author Correction: Predicting the potential for zoonotic transmission and host associations for novel viruses. Commun Biol 2023; 6:25. [PMID: 36627372 PMCID: PMC9832161 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04364-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pranav S. Pandit
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Simon J. Anthony
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Tracey Goldstein
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Kevin J. Olival
- grid.420826.a0000 0004 0409 4702EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue, New York, NY 10018 USA
| | - Megan M. Doyle
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Nicole R. Gardner
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Brian Bird
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Woutrina Smith
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - David Wolking
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Kirsten Gilardi
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Corina Monagin
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Terra Kelly
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Marcela M. Uhart
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Jonathan H. Epstein
- grid.420826.a0000 0004 0409 4702EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue, New York, NY 10018 USA
| | - Catherine Machalaba
- grid.420826.a0000 0004 0409 4702EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue, New York, NY 10018 USA
| | - Melinda K. Rostal
- grid.420826.a0000 0004 0409 4702EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue, New York, NY 10018 USA
| | - Patrick Dawson
- grid.420826.a0000 0004 0409 4702EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue, New York, NY 10018 USA
| | - Emily Hagan
- grid.420826.a0000 0004 0409 4702EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue, New York, NY 10018 USA
| | - Ava Sullivan
- grid.420826.a0000 0004 0409 4702EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue, New York, NY 10018 USA
| | - Hongying Li
- grid.420826.a0000 0004 0409 4702EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue, New York, NY 10018 USA
| | - Aleksei A. Chmura
- grid.420826.a0000 0004 0409 4702EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue, New York, NY 10018 USA
| | - Alice Latinne
- grid.420826.a0000 0004 0409 4702EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue, New York, NY 10018 USA
| | - Christian Lange
- Labyrinth Global Health, Inc., 546 15th Ave NE, St Petersburg, FL 33704 USA
| | - Tammie O’Rourke
- Labyrinth Global Health, Inc., 546 15th Ave NE, St Petersburg, FL 33704 USA
| | - Sarah Olson
- grid.269823.40000 0001 2164 6888Wildlife Conservation Society, Health Program, Bronx, NY USA
| | - Lucy Keatts
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - A. Patricia Mendoza
- grid.269823.40000 0001 2164 6888Wildlife Conservation Society, Health Program, Bronx, NY USA ,grid.516986.5Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), Peru Program, Lima, Peru
| | - Alberto Perez
- grid.516986.5Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), Peru Program, Lima, Peru
| | - Cátia Dejuste de Paula
- grid.269823.40000 0001 2164 6888Wildlife Conservation Society, Health Program, Bronx, NY USA
| | - Dawn Zimmerman
- grid.467700.20000 0001 2182 2028Global Health Program, Smithsonian’s National Zoological Park and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC USA
| | - Marc Valitutto
- grid.467700.20000 0001 2182 2028Global Health Program, Smithsonian’s National Zoological Park and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC USA
| | | | | | - Ariful Islam
- grid.420826.a0000 0004 0409 4702EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue, New York, NY 10018 USA
| | - Veasna Duong
- grid.418537.c0000 0004 7535 978XInstitut Pasteur du Cambodge, 5 Monivong Blvd, PO Box 983, Phnom Penh, 12201 Cambodia
| | - Moctar Mouiche
- grid.452492.cMosaic/Global Viral Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Zhengli Shi
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Prime Mulembakani
- grid.9783.50000 0000 9927 0991Kinshasa School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Mohamed Ali
- grid.419725.c0000 0001 2151 8157Egypt National Research Centre, 12311 Dokki, Giza Egypt
| | - Nigatu Kebede
- grid.7123.70000 0001 1250 5688Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ubald Tamoufe
- grid.452492.cMetabiota Cameroon Ltd, Yaoundé, Centre Region Avenue Mvog-Fouda Ada, Av 1.085, Carrefour Intendance, Yaoundé, BP 15939 Cameroon
| | | | - Alpha Camara
- Centre de Recherche en Virologie (VRV) Projet Fievres Hemoraquiques en Guinée, BP 5680 Nongo/Contéya-Commune de Ratoma, Guinea
| | - Joko Pamungkas
- grid.440754.60000 0001 0698 0773Primate Research Center, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, 16151 Indonesia ,grid.440754.60000 0001 0698 0773Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University, Darmaga Campus, Bogor, 16680 Indonesia
| | - Kalpy J. Coulibaly
- grid.418523.90000 0004 0475 3667Department Environment and Health, Institut Pasteur de Côte d’Ivoire, PO BOX 490, Abidjan 01, Ivory Coast
| | - Ehab Abu-Basha
- grid.37553.370000 0001 0097 5797Department of Basic Medical Veterinary Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Ar-Ramtha, Jordan
| | - Joseph Kamau
- grid.418948.80000 0004 0566 5415Molecular Biology Laboratory, Institute of Primate Research, Nairobi, Kenya ,grid.10604.330000 0001 2019 0495Department of Biochemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - James Desmond
- grid.420826.a0000 0004 0409 4702EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue, New York, NY 10018 USA
| | - Tom Hughes
- grid.420826.a0000 0004 0409 4702EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue, New York, NY 10018 USA ,Conservation Medicine, Sungai Buloh, Selangor Malaysia
| | | | - Ohnmar Aung
- grid.467700.20000 0001 2182 2028Global Health Program, Smithsonian’s National Zoological Park and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC USA
| | - Dibesh Karmacharya
- grid.428196.0Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal (CMDN), Thapathali -11, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Julius Nziza
- Regional Headquarters, Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project, Musanze, Rwanda
| | - Daouda Ndiaye
- grid.8191.10000 0001 2186 9619Université Cheikh Anta Diop, BP 5005 Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Aiah Gbakima
- Metabiota, Inc. Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Zikankuba sajali
- grid.11887.370000 0000 9428 8105Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Supaporn Wacharapluesadee
- grid.411628.80000 0000 9758 8584Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases Clinical Center, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Erika Alandia Robles
- grid.516956.8Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), Bolivia Program, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Benard Ssebide
- Regional Headquarters, Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project, Musanze, Rwanda
| | - Gerardo Suzán
- grid.9486.30000 0001 2159 0001Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, 04510 Mexico
| | - Luis F. Aguirre
- grid.10491.3d0000 0001 2176 4059Centro de Biodiversidad y Genética, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Monica R. Solorio
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Geoprocessamento (EpiGeo), Instituto de Medicina Veterinária (IMV) Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), BR-316 Km 31, Castanhal, Pará 69746-360 Brazil
| | - Tapan N. Dhole
- grid.263138.d0000 0000 9346 7267Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Nguyen T. T. Nga
- Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), Vietnam Program, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Peta L. Hitchens
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XMelbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030 Australia
| | - Damien O. Joly
- Nyati Health Consulting, 2175 Dodds Road, Nanaimo, BC V9X0A4 Canada
| | - Karen Saylors
- Labyrinth Global Health, Inc., 546 15th Ave NE, St Petersburg, FL 33704 USA
| | - Amanda Fine
- grid.269823.40000 0001 2164 6888Wildlife Conservation Society, Health Program, Bronx, NY USA
| | - Suzan Murray
- grid.452492.cMosaic/Global Viral Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - William B. Karesh
- grid.420826.a0000 0004 0409 4702EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue, New York, NY 10018 USA
| | - Peter Daszak
- grid.420826.a0000 0004 0409 4702EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eighth Avenue, New York, NY 10018 USA
| | - Jonna A. K. Mazet
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | | | - Christine K. Johnson
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
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5
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Petrželková K, Samaš P, Romportl D, Uwamahoro C, Červená B, Pafčo B, Prokopová T, Cameira R, Granjon A, Shapiro A, Bahizi M, Nziza J, Noheri J, Syaluha E, Eckardt W, Ndagijimana F, Šlapeta J, Modrý D, Gilardi K, Muvunyi R, Uwingeli P, Mudakikwa A, Mapilanga J, Kalonji A, Hickey J, Cranfield M. Ecological drivers of helminth infection patterns in the Virunga Massif mountain gorilla population. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2022; 17:174-184. [PMID: 35145846 PMCID: PMC8802862 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2022.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The Virunga Massif mountain gorilla population has been periodically monitored since the early 1970s, with gradually increasing effort. The population declined drastically in the 1970s, but the numbers stabilized in the 1980s. Since then, the population has been steadily increasing within their limited habitat fragment that is surrounded by a dense human population. We examined fecal samples collected during the Virunga 2015-2016 surveys in monitored and unmonitored gorilla groups and quantified strongylid and tapeworm infections using egg counts per gram to determine environmental and host factors that shape these helminth infections. We showed that higher strongylid infections were present in gorilla groups with smaller size of the 500-m buffered minimum-convex polygon (MCP) of detected nest sites per gorilla group, but in higher gorilla densities and inhabiting vegetation types occurring at higher elevations with higher precipitation and lower temperatures. On the contrary, the impact of monitoring (habituation) was minor, detected in tapeworms and only when in the interaction with environmental variables and MCP area. Our results suggest that the Virunga mountain gorilla population may be partially regulated by strongylid nematodes at higher gorilla densities. New health challenges are probably emerging among mountain gorillas because of the success of conservation efforts, as manifested by significant increases in gorilla numbers in recent decades, but few possibilities for the population expansion due to limited amounts of habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- K.J. Petrželková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Liberec Zoo, Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - P. Samaš
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - D. Romportl
- Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - B. Červená
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - B. Pafčo
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - T. Prokopová
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - R. Cameira
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - A.C. Granjon
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - A. Shapiro
- Here + There Mapping Solutions, Berlin, Germany
| | - M. Bahizi
- Gorilla Doctors (MGVP, Inc.), Davis, CA, USA
| | - J. Nziza
- Gorilla Doctors (MGVP, Inc.), Davis, CA, USA
| | - J.B. Noheri
- Gorilla Doctors (MGVP, Inc.), Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - W. Eckardt
- Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund, Musanze, Rwanda
| | | | - J. Šlapeta
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - D. Modrý
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Veterinary Sciences/CINeZ, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - K. Gilardi
- Gorilla Doctors (MGVP, Inc.), Davis, CA, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - R. Muvunyi
- Rwanda Development Board, Kigali, Rwanda
| | | | | | - J. Mapilanga
- Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature, Kinshasa, Congo
| | - A. Kalonji
- Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature, Parc National de Kahuzi Biega, Bukavu, Congo
| | - J.R. Hickey
- International Gorilla Conservation Programme, Kigali, Rwanda
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6
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McGrath K, Eriksen AB, García-Martínez D, Galbany J, Gómez-Robles A, Massey JS, Fatica LM, Glowacka H, Arbenz-Smith K, Muvunyi R, Stoinski TS, Cranfield MR, Gilardi K, Shalukoma C, de Merode E, Gilissen E, Tocheri MW, McFarlin SC, Heuzé Y. Facial asymmetry tracks genetic diversity among Gorilla subspecies. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20212564. [PMID: 35193404 PMCID: PMC8864355 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mountain gorillas are particularly inbred compared to other gorillas and even the most inbred human populations. As mountain gorilla skeletal material accumulated during the 1970s, researchers noted their pronounced facial asymmetry and hypothesized that it reflects a population-wide chewing side preference. However, asymmetry has also been linked to environmental and genetic stress in experimental models. Here, we examine facial asymmetry in 114 crania from three Gorilla subspecies using 3D geometric morphometrics. We measure fluctuating asymmetry (FA), defined as random deviations from perfect symmetry, and population-specific patterns of directional asymmetry (DA). Mountain gorillas, with a current population size of about 1000 individuals, have the highest degree of facial FA (explaining 17% of total facial shape variation), followed by Grauer gorillas (9%) and western lowland gorillas (6%), despite the latter experiencing the greatest ecological and dietary variability. DA, while significant in all three taxa, explains relatively less shape variation than FA does. Facial asymmetry correlates neither with tooth wear asymmetry nor increases with age in a mountain gorilla subsample, undermining the hypothesis that facial asymmetry is driven by chewing side preference. An examination of temporal trends shows that stress-induced developmental instability has increased over the last 100 years in these endangered apes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate McGrath
- State University of New York, College at Oneonta, Oneonta, NY 13820, USA,Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, MC, PACEA, UMR 5199, 33615, Pessac, France,Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA,Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Daniel García-Martínez
- Physical Anthropology Unit, Department of Biodiversity, Ecology, and Evolution, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Galbany
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, MC, PACEA, UMR 5199, 33615, Pessac, France,Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Passeig de la Vall d'Hebron 171, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aida Gómez-Robles
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, 14 Taviton St, London WC1H 0BW, UK
| | - Jason S. Massey
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Lawrence M. Fatica
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, MC, PACEA, UMR 5199, 33615, Pessac, France,Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Halszka Glowacka
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix 85004, USA
| | - Keely Arbenz-Smith
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Richard Muvunyi
- Department of Tourism and Conservation, Rwanda Development Board, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Tara S. Stoinski
- The Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International, Atlanta, GA 30315, USA
| | - Michael R. Cranfield
- Gorilla Doctors (MGVP, Inc.), Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kirsten Gilardi
- Gorilla Doctors (MGVP, Inc.), Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Chantal Shalukoma
- Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature, Virunga National Park, Rumangabo, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Emmanuel de Merode
- Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature, Virunga National Park, Rumangabo, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Emmanuel Gilissen
- Department of African Zoology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium,Laboratory of Histology and Neuropathology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Matthew W. Tocheri
- Department of Anthropology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada P7B 5E1,Human Origins Program, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Shannon C. McFarlin
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, MC, PACEA, UMR 5199, 33615, Pessac, France,Human Origins Program, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA
| | - Yann Heuzé
- State University of New York, College at Oneonta, Oneonta, NY 13820, USA
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7
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Gilardi K, Uwingeli P. Keep mountain gorillas free from pandemic virus. Nature 2022; 602:211. [PMID: 35136221 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-022-00331-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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8
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Randhawa N, Mailhot H, Lang DT, Martínez-López B, Gilardi K, Mazet JAK. Publisher Correction: Fine scale infectious disease modeling using satellite‑derived data. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13889. [PMID: 34193891 PMCID: PMC8245552 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92411-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nistara Randhawa
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA.
| | | | | | - Beatriz Martínez-López
- Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Kirsten Gilardi
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Jonna A K Mazet
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA.
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9
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Gilardi K, Nziza J, Ssebide B, Syaluha EK, Muvunyi R, Aruho R, Shalukoma C, Seguya A, Masozera AB. Endangered mountain gorillas and COVID-19: One health lessons for prevention and preparedness during a global pandemic. Am J Primatol 2021; 84:e23291. [PMID: 34110030 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The world's 1063 mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) live in two subpopulations at the borders of the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, and Uganda. The majority of mountain gorillas are human-habituated to facilitate tourism and research, which brings mountain gorillas into close proximity of people daily. Wild great apes are proven to be susceptible to human pathogens, including viruses that have caused fatal respiratory disease in mountain gorillas (e.g., human metapneumovirus1 ). This is the result of the close genetic relatedness of humans and gorillas as species, and the structural and genetic similarity in molecular receptors that allow viruses to infect cells2 . At the time of writing, there is no evidence that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the coronavirus that causes coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), has infected a mountain gorilla. However, due to the significant potential for human-to-gorilla transmission, mountain gorilla range States took immediate steps to minimize the COVID-19 threat. These actions included a combination of preventive practice around gorillas and other great apes (e.g., mandatory face mask use, increased "social" minimum distancing from gorillas) as well as human public health measures (e.g., daily health/fever screenings, COVID-19 screening, and quarantines). Minimization of the COVID-19 threat also required socioeconomic decision-making and political will, as all gorilla tourism was suspended by late March 2020 and guidelines developed for tourism reopening. A consortium that collaborates and coordinates on mountain gorilla management and conservation, working within an intergovernmental institutional framework, took a multifaceted One Health approach to address the COVID-19 threat to mountain gorillas by developing a phased contingency plan for prevention and response. The aim of this paper is to describe how range States and partners achieved this collaborative planning effort, with intent that this real-world experience will inform similar actions at other great ape sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Gilardi
- Gorilla Doctors (MGVP, Inc.), Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Julius Nziza
- Gorilla Doctors (MGVP, Inc.), Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Benard Ssebide
- Gorilla Doctors (MGVP, Inc.), Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Eddy Kambale Syaluha
- Gorilla Doctors (MGVP, Inc.), Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Richard Muvunyi
- Department of Tourism and Conservation, Rwanda Development Board, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Robert Aruho
- Monitoring and Research Program, Uganda Wildlife Authority, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Chantal Shalukoma
- Institute Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature, Virunga National Park, Rumangabo, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Andrew Seguya
- Greater Virunga Transboundary Collaboration, Kigali, Rwanda
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10
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Petrželková KJ, Uwamahoro C, Pafčo B, Červená B, Samaš P, Mudakikwa A, Muvunyi R, Uwingeli P, Gilardi K, Nziza J, Noheri JB, Eckardt W, Ndagijimana F, Ssebide B, Okwirokello R, Nizeyimana F, Syaluha EK, Nzayisenga G, Flores Girón L, Bahizi M, Ntwari AE, Lukusa JP, Tumushime JC, Mangura D, Mapilanga J, Kalonji A, Aruho R, Stryková A, Tehlarová Z, Cameira R, Lowenstine L, Šlapeta J, Romportl D, Ferrari N, Cranfield M, Modrý D. Heterogeneity in patterns of helminth infections across populations of mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei). Sci Rep 2021; 11:10869. [PMID: 34035316 PMCID: PMC8149636 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89283-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Conservation efforts have led to the recovery of the endangered mountain gorilla populations. Due to their limited potential for spatial expansion, population densities increased, which may alter the epidemiology of infectious diseases. Recently, clinical gastrointestinal illnesses linked to helminth infections have been recorded in both gorilla populations. To understand drivers and patterns of helminth infections we quantified strongylid and tapeworm infections across both Virunga Massif and Bwindi populations using fecal egg counts. We assessed the impact of age, sex, group size, season and spatial differences used as a proxy, which reflects observed variation in the occurrence of gastrointestinal problems, vegetation types, gorilla subpopulation growth and associated social structure on helminth infections. We revealed striking geographic differences in strongylid infections with higher egg counts mostly in areas with high occurrences of gastrointestinal disease. Increased helminth egg counts were also associated with decreasing group size in some areas. Observed spatial differences may reflect mutual effects of variations in subpopulation growth rates, gorilla social structure, and vegetation associated with altitude across mountain gorilla habitat. Helminth infection intensities in Virunga gorillas were lowest in the youngest and the oldest animals. Elucidating parasite infection patterns of endangered species with low genetic diversity is crucial for their conservation management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara J. Petrželková
- grid.418095.10000 0001 1015 3316Institute of Vertebrate Biology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic ,grid.418338.50000 0001 2255 8513Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic ,Liberec Zoo, Liberec, Czech Republic
| | | | - Barbora Pafčo
- grid.418095.10000 0001 1015 3316Institute of Vertebrate Biology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Červená
- grid.418095.10000 0001 1015 3316Institute of Vertebrate Biology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic ,Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Samaš
- grid.418095.10000 0001 1015 3316Institute of Vertebrate Biology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Antoine Mudakikwa
- grid.508147.f0000 0000 9490 3868Rwanda Development Board, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Richard Muvunyi
- grid.508147.f0000 0000 9490 3868Rwanda Development Board, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Prosper Uwingeli
- grid.508147.f0000 0000 9490 3868Rwanda Development Board, Kigali, Rwanda
| | | | - Julius Nziza
- grid.508041.8Gorilla Doctors (MGVP, Inc.), Davis, CA USA
| | | | | | | | - Benard Ssebide
- grid.508041.8Gorilla Doctors (MGVP, Inc.), Davis, CA USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Luis Flores Girón
- Centre de Recherche en Sciences Naturelles de Lwiro, Lwiro, Democratic Republic of Congo ,Lwiro Primate Rehabilitation Center, Democratic Republic of Congo and Ivan Carter Wildlife Conservation Alliance, Orlando, FL USA
| | - Méthode Bahizi
- grid.508041.8Gorilla Doctors (MGVP, Inc.), Davis, CA USA
| | | | | | | | - Damien Mangura
- grid.508041.8Gorilla Doctors (MGVP, Inc.), Davis, CA USA
| | - Jeff Mapilanga
- Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Arthur Kalonji
- Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature, Parc National de Kahuzi Biega, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Robert Aruho
- grid.463699.7Uganda Wildlife Authority, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Anna Stryková
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Tehlarová
- grid.418095.10000 0001 1015 3316Institute of Vertebrate Biology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Rita Cameira
- grid.418095.10000 0001 1015 3316Institute of Vertebrate Biology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic ,Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Linda Lowenstine
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA USA
| | - Jan Šlapeta
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XSydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dušan Romportl
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nicola Ferrari
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy ,grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Research Center Epidemiology and Molecular Surveillance of Infections ‘‘EpiSoMI’’, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - David Modrý
- grid.418338.50000 0001 2255 8513Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic ,Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic ,grid.10267.320000 0001 2194 0956Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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11
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Kambale Syaluha E, Zimmerman D, Ramer J, Gilardi K, Kabuyaya M, Cranfield MR, Kent MS, Corner SM, Yeh N, Lowenstine L. Metastatic perioral melanoma in a wild mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei). J Med Primatol 2021; 50:197-200. [PMID: 33893639 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A 30-year-old free-ranging female mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) developed a perioral mass that was surgically debulked and diagnosed as malignant melanoma. After tumor recurrence, a canine melanoma vaccine was administered. However, the gorilla died shortly thereafter, and metastases to lymph nodes, lung, liver, and kidney were found post-mortem.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dawn Zimmerman
- Global Health Program, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Kirsten Gilardi
- MGVP, Inc., Goma, DR Congo.,Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Michael R Cranfield
- MGVP, Inc., Goma, DR Congo.,Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Michael S Kent
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sarah M Corner
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Natasha Yeh
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Linda Lowenstine
- MGVP, Inc., Goma, DR Congo.,Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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12
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Grange ZL, Goldstein T, Johnson CK, Anthony S, Gilardi K, Daszak P, Olival KJ, O'Rourke T, Murray S, Olson SH, Togami E, Vidal G, Mazet JAK. Ranking the risk of animal-to-human spillover for newly discovered viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2002324118. [PMID: 33822740 PMCID: PMC8053939 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2002324118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The death toll and economic loss resulting from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic are stark reminders that we are vulnerable to zoonotic viral threats. Strategies are needed to identify and characterize animal viruses that pose the greatest risk of spillover and spread in humans and inform public health interventions. Using expert opinion and scientific evidence, we identified host, viral, and environmental risk factors contributing to zoonotic virus spillover and spread in humans. We then developed a risk ranking framework and interactive web tool, SpillOver, that estimates a risk score for wildlife-origin viruses, creating a comparative risk assessment of viruses with uncharacterized zoonotic spillover potential alongside those already known to be zoonotic. Using data from testing 509,721 samples from 74,635 animals as part of a virus discovery project and public records of virus detections around the world, we ranked the spillover potential of 887 wildlife viruses. Validating the risk assessment, the top 12 were known zoonotic viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. Several newly detected wildlife viruses ranked higher than known zoonotic viruses. Using a scientifically informed process, we capitalized on the recent wealth of virus discovery data to systematically identify and prioritize targets for investigation. The publicly accessible SpillOver platform can be used by policy makers and health scientists to inform research and public health interventions for prevention and rapid control of disease outbreaks. SpillOver is a living, interactive database that can be refined over time to continue to improve the quality and public availability of information on viral threats to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë L Grange
- One Health Institute and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616;
| | - Tracey Goldstein
- One Health Institute and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Christine K Johnson
- One Health Institute and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Simon Anthony
- One Health Institute and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 1001
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Kirsten Gilardi
- One Health Institute and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | | | | | | | - Suzan Murray
- Global Health, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC 20008
| | | | - Eri Togami
- One Health Institute and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Gema Vidal
- One Health Institute and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Jonna A K Mazet
- One Health Institute and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616;
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13
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Randhawa N, Mailhot H, Lang DT, Martínez-López B, Gilardi K, Mazet JAK. Fine scale infectious disease modeling using satellite-derived data. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6946. [PMID: 33767257 PMCID: PMC7994421 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86124-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Innovative tools for modeling infectious agents are essential for better understanding disease spread given the inherent complexity of changing and interacting ecological, environmental, and demographic factors. We leveraged fine-scale satellite data on urban areas to build a road-connected geospatial network upon which to model disease spread. This model was tested by simulating the spread of the 2009 pandemic influenza in Rwanda and also used to determine the effects of vaccination regimens on outbreak spread and impact. Our results were comparable to data collected during the actual pandemic in Rwanda, determining the initial places affected after outbreak introduction in Kigali. They also highlighted the effectiveness of preventing outbreaks by targeting mitigation efforts at points of outbreak origin. This modeling approach can be valuable for planning and control purposes in real-time disease situations, providing helpful baseline scenarios during initial phases of outbreaks, and can be applied to other infectious diseases where high population mobility promotes rapid disease propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nistara Randhawa
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA.
| | | | | | - Beatriz Martínez-López
- Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Kirsten Gilardi
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Jonna A K Mazet
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA.
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14
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Wells HL, Letko M, Lasso G, Ssebide B, Nziza J, Byarugaba DK, Navarrete-Macias I, Liang E, Cranfield M, Han BA, Tingley MW, Diuk-Wasser M, Goldstein T, Johnson CK, Mazet JAK, Chandran K, Munster VJ, Gilardi K, Anthony SJ. The evolutionary history of ACE2 usage within the coronavirus subgenus Sarbecovirus. Virus Evol 2021; 7:veab007. [PMID: 33754082 PMCID: PMC7928622 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veab007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-1) and SARS-CoV-2 are not phylogenetically closely related; however, both use the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor in humans for cell entry. This is not a universal sarbecovirus trait; for example, many known sarbecoviruses related to SARS-CoV-1 have two deletions in the receptor binding domain of the spike protein that render them incapable of using human ACE2. Here, we report three sequences of a novel sarbecovirus from Rwanda and Uganda that are phylogenetically intermediate to SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 and demonstrate via in vitro studies that they are also unable to utilize human ACE2. Furthermore, we show that the observed pattern of ACE2 usage among sarbecoviruses is best explained by recombination not of SARS-CoV-2, but of SARS-CoV-1 and its relatives. We show that the lineage that includes SARS-CoV-2 is most likely the ancestral ACE2-using lineage, and that recombination with at least one virus from this group conferred ACE2 usage to the lineage including SARS-CoV-1 at some time in the past. We argue that alternative scenarios such as convergent evolution are much less parsimonious; we show that biogeography and patterns of host tropism support the plausibility of a recombination scenario, and we propose a competitive release hypothesis to explain how this recombination event could have occurred and why it is evolutionarily advantageous. The findings provide important insights into the natural history of ACE2 usage for both SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 and a greater understanding of the evolutionary mechanisms that shape zoonotic potential of coronaviruses. This study also underscores the need for increased surveillance for sarbecoviruses in southwestern China, where most ACE2-using viruses have been found to date, as well as other regions such as Africa, where these viruses have only recently been discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Wells
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, 1200 Amsterdam Ave, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - M Letko
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 S. 4th St, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA.,Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, 1155 College Ave, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - G Lasso
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10462, USA
| | - B Ssebide
- Gorilla Doctors, c/o MGVP, Inc., 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - J Nziza
- Gorilla Doctors, c/o MGVP, Inc., 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - D K Byarugaba
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Plot 42, Nakasero Road, Kampala, Uganda.,Makerere University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Living Stone Road, Kampala, Uganda
| | - I Navarrete-Macias
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - E Liang
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - M Cranfield
- One Health Institute and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 125 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - B A Han
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, 2801 Sharon Turnpike, Millbrook, NY 12545, USA
| | - M W Tingley
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, 612 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - M Diuk-Wasser
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, 1200 Amsterdam Ave, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - T Goldstein
- One Health Institute and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - C K Johnson
- One Health Institute and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - J A K Mazet
- One Health Institute and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - K Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10462, USA
| | - V J Munster
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, 1155 College Ave, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - K Gilardi
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Plot 42, Nakasero Road, Kampala, Uganda.,One Health Institute and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - S J Anthony
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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15
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Wells H, Letko M, Lasso G, Ssebide B, Nziza J, Byarugaba D, Navarrete-Macias I, Liang E, Cranfield M, Han B, Tingley M, Diuk-Wasser M, Goldstein T, Johnson C, Mazet J, Chandran K, Munster V, Gilardi K, Anthony S. The evolutionary history of ACE2 usage within the coronavirus subgenus Sarbecovirus. bioRxiv 2021:2020.07.07.190546. [PMID: 32676605 PMCID: PMC7359528 DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.07.190546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 are not phylogenetically closely related; however, both use the ACE2 receptor in humans for cell entry. This is not a universal sarbecovirus trait; for example, many known sarbecoviruses related to SARS-CoV-1 have two deletions in the receptor binding domain of the spike protein that render them incapable of using human ACE2. Here, we report three sequences of a novel sarbecovirus from Rwanda and Uganda which are phylogenetically intermediate to SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 and demonstrate via in vitro studies that they are also unable to utilize human ACE2. Furthermore, we show that the observed pattern of ACE2 usage among sarbecoviruses is best explained by recombination not of SARS-CoV-2, but of SARS-CoV-1 and its relatives. We show that the lineage that includes SARS-CoV-2 is most likely the ancestral ACE2-using lineage, and that recombination with at least one virus from this group conferred ACE2 usage to the lineage including SARS-CoV-1 at some time in the past. We argue that alternative scenarios such as convergent evolution are much less parsimonious; we show that biogeography and patterns of host tropism support the plausibility of a recombination scenario; and we propose a competitive release hypothesis to explain how this recombination event could have occurred and why it is evolutionarily advantageous. The findings provide important insights into the natural history of ACE2 usage for both SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2, and a greater understanding of the evolutionary mechanisms that shape zoonotic potential of coronaviruses. This study also underscores the need for increased surveillance for sarbecoviruses in southwestern China, where most ACE2-using viruses have been found to date, as well as other regions such as Africa, where these viruses have only recently been discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- H.L Wells
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Letko
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - G Lasso
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - B Ssebide
- Gorilla Doctors, c/o MGVP, Inc., Davis, California, USA
| | - J Nziza
- Gorilla Doctors, c/o MGVP, Inc., Davis, California, USA
| | - D.K Byarugaba
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
- Makerere University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kampala, Uganda
| | - I Navarrete-Macias
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - E Liang
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Cranfield
- One Health Institute and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - B.A Han
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York, USA
| | - M.W Tingley
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - M Diuk-Wasser
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - T Goldstein
- One Health Institute and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, California, USA
| | - C.K Johnson
- One Health Institute and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, California, USA
| | - J Mazet
- One Health Institute and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, California, USA
| | - K Chandran
- Gorilla Doctors, c/o MGVP, Inc., Davis, California, USA
| | - V.J Munster
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - K Gilardi
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
- One Health Institute and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, California, USA
| | - S.J Anthony
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, California, USA
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16
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Roman L, Gilardi K, Lowenstine L, Hardesty BD, Wilcox C. The Need for Attention to Confirmation Bias and Confounding in the Field of Plastic Pollution and Wildlife Impacts: Comment on "Clinical Pathology of Plastic Ingestion in Marine Birds and Relationships with Blood Chemistry". Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:801-804. [PMID: 33306367 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Roman
- CSIRO Ocean and Atmosphere, Hobart, Tasmania 7004, Australia
| | - Kirsten Gilardi
- Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States of America
| | - Linda Lowenstine
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States of America
| | | | - Chris Wilcox
- CSIRO Ocean and Atmosphere, Hobart, Tasmania 7004, Australia
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17
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Ruff CB, Junno JA, Eckardt W, Gilardi K, Mudakikwa A, McFarlin SC. Skeletal ageing in Virunga mountain gorillas. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190606. [PMID: 32951549 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone loss and heightened fracture risk are common conditions associated with ageing in modern human populations and have been attributed to both hormonal and other metabolic and behavioural changes. To what extent these age-related trends are specific to modern humans or generally characteristic of natural populations of other taxa is not clear. In this study, we use computed tomography to examine age changes in long bone and vertebral structural properties of 34 wild-adult Virunga mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) whose skeletons were recovered from natural accumulations. Chronological ages were known or estimated from sample-specific dental wear formulae and ranged between 11 and 43 years. Gorillas show some of the same characteristics of skeletal ageing as modern humans, including endosteal and some periosteal expansion. However, unlike in humans, there is no decline in cortical or trabecular bone density, or in combined geometric-density measures of strength, nor do females show accelerated bone loss later in life. We attribute these differences to the lack of an extended post-reproductive period in gorillas, which provides protection against bone resorption. Increases in age-related fractures (osteoporosis) in modern humans may be a combined effect of an extended lifespan and lower activity levels earlier in life. This article is part of the theme issue 'Evolution of the primate ageing process'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Ruff
- Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | | | - Kirsten Gilardi
- Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Antoine Mudakikwa
- Department of Tourism and Conservation, Rwanda Development Board, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Shannon C McFarlin
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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18
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Berrian AM, Wilkes M, Gilardi K, Smith W, Conrad PA, Crook PZ, Cullor J, Nyatanyi T, Smith MH, Kazwala R, Mazet JAK. Developing a Global One Health Workforce: The "Rx One Health Summer Institute" Approach. Ecohealth 2020; 17:222-232. [PMID: 32685999 PMCID: PMC7471195 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-020-01481-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The One Health approach has gained support across a range of disciplines; however, training opportunities for professionals seeking to operationalize the interdisciplinary approach are limited. Academic institutions, through the development of high-quality, experiential training programs that focus on the application of professional competencies, can increase accessibility to One Health education. The Rx One Health Summer Institute, jointly led by US and East African partners, provides a model for such a program. In 2017, 21 participants representing five countries completed the Rx One Health program in East Africa. Participants worked collaboratively with communities neighboring wildlife areas to better understand issues impacting human and animal health and welfare, livelihoods, and conservation. One Health topics were explored through community engagement and role-playing exercises, field-based health surveillance activities, laboratories, and discussions with local experts. Educational assessments reflected improvements in participants' ability to apply the One Health approach to health and disease problem solving, as well as anticipate cross-sectoral challenges to its implementation. The experiential learning method, specifically the opportunity to engage with local communities, proved to be impactful on participants' cultural awareness. The Rx One Health Summer Institute training model may provide an effective and implementable strategy by which to contribute to the development of a global One Health workforce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Berrian
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Michael Wilkes
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kirsten Gilardi
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Woutrina Smith
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Patricia A Conrad
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Global Programs, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Paulina Zielinska Crook
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Global Programs, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - James Cullor
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Thierry Nyatanyi
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martin H Smith
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Jonna A K Mazet
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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19
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Evans TS, Myat TW, Aung P, Oo ZM, Maw MT, Toe AT, Aung TH, Hom NS, Shein KT, Thant KZ, Win YT, Thein WZ, Gilardi K, Thu HM, Johnson CK. Bushmeat hunting and trade in Myanmar's central teak forests: Threats to biodiversity and human livelihoods. Glob Ecol Conserv 2020; 22. [PMID: 35574577 PMCID: PMC9098047 DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tierra Smiley Evans
- One Health Institute and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Theingi Win Myat
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Myanmar
| | - Pyaephyo Aung
- Biodiversity and Nature Conservation Association, Myanmar
| | - Zaw Min Oo
- Myanmar Timber Enterprise, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation, Myanmar
| | - Min Thein Maw
- Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation, Myanmar
| | - Aung Than Toe
- One Health Institute and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Tin Htun Aung
- Biodiversity and Nature Conservation Association, Myanmar
| | - Nang Sarm Hom
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Myanmar
| | | | | | - Ye Tun Win
- Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation, Myanmar
| | - Wai Zin Thein
- Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation, Myanmar
| | - Kirsten Gilardi
- One Health Institute and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Hlaing Myat Thu
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Myanmar
| | - Christine Kreuder Johnson
- One Health Institute and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
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20
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Nziza J, Goldstein T, Cranfield M, Webala P, Nsengimana O, Nyatanyi T, Mudakikwa A, Tremeau-Bravard A, Byarugaba D, Tumushime JC, Mwikarago IE, Gafarasi I, Mazet J, Gilardi K. Coronaviruses Detected in Bats in Close Contact with Humans in Rwanda. Ecohealth 2020; 17:152-159. [PMID: 31811597 PMCID: PMC7088394 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-019-01458-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Bats living in close contact with people in Rwanda were tested for evidence of infection with viruses of zoonotic potential. Mucosal swabs from 503 bats representing 17 species were sampled from 2010 to 2014 and screened by consensus PCR for 11 viral families. Samples were negative for all viral families except coronaviruses, which were detected in 27 bats belonging to eight species. Known coronaviruses detected included the betacorona viruses: Kenya bat coronaviruses, Eidolon bat coronavirus, and Bat coronavirus HKU9, as well as an alphacoronavirus, Chaerephon Bat coronavirus. Novel coronaviruses included two betacorona viruses clustering with SARS-CoV, a 2d coronavirus, and an alphacoronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tracey Goldstein
- Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Paul Webala
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Maasai Mara University, P.O. Box 861, Narok, 20500, Kenya
| | | | - Thierry Nyatanyi
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, School of Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, USA
| | | | - Alexandre Tremeau-Bravard
- Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Dennis Byarugaba
- Makerere University Walter Reed Project, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Ivan Emil Mwikarago
- National Reference Laboratory, Rwanda Biomedical Center, P.O. Box 83, Kigali, Rwanda
| | | | - Jonna Mazet
- Gorilla Doctors, P.O. Box 115, Musanze, Rwanda
- Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kirsten Gilardi
- Gorilla Doctors, P.O. Box 115, Musanze, Rwanda
- Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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21
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Montecino-Latorre D, Goldstein T, Gilardi K, Wolking D, Van Wormer E, Kazwala R, Ssebide B, Nziza J, Sijali Z, Cranfield M, Mazet JAK. Reproduction of East-African bats may guide risk mitigation for coronavirus spillover. One Health Outlook 2020; 2:2. [PMID: 33824945 PMCID: PMC7149079 DOI: 10.1186/s42522-019-0008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bats provide important ecosystem services; however, current evidence supports that they host several zoonotic viruses, including species of the Coronaviridae family. If bats in close interaction with humans host and shed coronaviruses with zoonotic potential, such as the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome virus, spillover may occur. Therefore, strategies aiming to mitigate potential spillover and disease emergence, while supporting the conservation of bats and their important ecological roles are needed. Past research suggests that coronavirus shedding in bats varies seasonally following their reproductive cycle; however, shedding dynamics have been assessed in only a few species, which does not allow for generalization of findings across bat taxa and geographic regions. METHODS To assess the generalizability of coronavirus shedding seasonality, we sampled hundreds of bats belonging to several species with different life history traits across East Africa at different times of the year. We assessed, via Bayesian modeling, the hypothesis that chiropterans, across species and spatial domains, experience seasonal trends in coronavirus shedding as a function of the reproductive cycle. RESULTS We found that, beyond spatial, taxonomic, and life history differences, coronavirus shedding is more expected when pups are becoming independent from the dam and that juvenile bats are prone to shed these viruses. CONCLUSIONS These findings could guide policy aimed at the prevention of spillover in limited-resource settings, where longitudinal surveillance is not feasible, by identifying high-risk periods for coronavirus shedding. In these periods, contact with bats should be avoided (for example, by impeding or forbidding people access to caves). Our proposed strategy provides an alternative to culling - an ethically questionable practice that may result in higher pathogen levels - and supports the conservation of bats and the delivery of their key ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Montecino-Latorre
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA USA
| | - Tracey Goldstein
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA USA
| | - Kirsten Gilardi
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA USA
- Gorilla Doctors, Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project Inc, Davis, CA USA
| | - David Wolking
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA USA
| | - Elizabeth Van Wormer
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA USA
- Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE USA
| | - Rudovick Kazwala
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Benard Ssebide
- Gorilla Doctors, Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project Inc., Kampala, Uganda
| | - Julius Nziza
- Gorilla Doctors, Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project Inc., Musanze, Rwanda
| | - Zikankuba Sijali
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Michael Cranfield
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA USA
- Gorilla Doctors, Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project Inc, Davis, CA USA
| | - PREDICT Consortium
- https://ohi.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/programs-projects/predict-project/authorship
| | - Jonna A. K. Mazet
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA USA
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22
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Kelly TR, Machalaba C, Karesh WB, Crook PZ, Gilardi K, Nziza J, Uhart MM, Robles EA, Saylors K, Joly DO, Monagin C, Mangombo PM, Kingebeni PM, Kazwala R, Wolking D, Smith W, Mazet JAK. Implementing One Health approaches to confront emerging and re-emerging zoonotic disease threats: lessons from PREDICT. One Health Outlook 2020; 2:1. [PMID: 33824944 PMCID: PMC7149069 DOI: 10.1186/s42522-019-0007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Recurring outbreaks of emerging and re-emerging zoonoses, such as Ebola virus disease, avian influenza, and Nipah virus, serve as a reminder that the health of humans, animals, and the environment are interconnected and that early response to emerging zoonotic pathogens requires a coordinated, interdisciplinary, cross-sectoral approach. As our world becomes increasingly connected, emerging diseases pose a greater threat, requiring coordination at local, regional, and global levels. One Health is a multisectoral, transdisciplinary, and collaborative approach promoted to more effectively address these complex health threats. Despite strong advocacy for One Health, challenges for practical implementation remain. Here we discuss the value of the One Health approach for addressing global health challenges. We also share strategies applied to achieve successful outcomes through the USAID Emerging Pandemic Threats Program PREDICT project, which serve as useful case studies for implementing One Health approaches. Lastly, we explore methods for promoting more formal One Health implementation to capitalize on the added value of shared knowledge and leveraged resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terra R. Kelly
- One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, CA USA
| | | | | | | | - Kirsten Gilardi
- Gorilla Doctors, Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, University of California, Davis, CA USA
| | - Julius Nziza
- Gorilla Doctors, Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, University of California, Davis, CA USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Corina Monagin
- One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, CA USA
| | | | | | | | - David Wolking
- One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, CA USA
| | - Woutrina Smith
- One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, CA USA
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23
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Roman L, Lowenstine L, Parsley LM, Wilcox C, Hardesty BD, Gilardi K, Hindell M. Is plastic ingestion in birds as toxic as we think? Insights from a plastic feeding experiment. Sci Total Environ 2019; 665:660-667. [PMID: 30776638 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plastic pollution is a modern tragedy of the commons, with hundreds of species affected by society's waste. Birds in particular mistake plastic for prey, and millions of wild birds carry small plastic loads in their stomach and are exposed to potential toxicological effects. It is currently unknown how severely the toxicological and endocrine disrupting chemicals in plastic affect avian development, reproduction and endocrine function. To address this question, we conducted multi-generational plastic feeding experiments to test the toxicological consequences of plastic ingestion at environmentally relevant loads in Japanese quail, Coturnix japonica, investigating parental and two filial generations. Contrary to expectations, we found no evidence of lasting toxicological effects on mortality, adult body weight, organ histology, hormone levels, fertility, hatch rates and eggshell strength in birds experimentally fed plastic. However, we found plastic ingestion causes higher frequencies of male reproductive cysts and minor delays in chick growth and sexual maturity, though without affecting ultimate survival or reproductive output. We report that although plastic ingestion causes detectable endocrine effects in our model species, our lack of finding mortality, morbidity and adverse reproductive outcomes may challenge the common hypothesis of severe toxicological harm and population-level effects when environmentally relevant loads of plastic are ingested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Roman
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia; CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
| | - Linda Lowenstine
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Laura Maeve Parsley
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Chris Wilcox
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | | | - Kirsten Gilardi
- Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Mark Hindell
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia; Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems CRC, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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24
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Nziza J, Tumushime JC, Cranfield M, Ntwari AE, Modrý D, Mudakikwa A, Gilardi K, Šlapeta J. Fleas from domestic dogs and rodents in Rwanda carry Rickettsia asembonensis and Bartonella tribocorum. Med Vet Entomol 2019; 33:177-184. [PMID: 30390316 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fleas (Siphonaptera) are ubiquitous blood-sucking parasites that transmit a range of vector-borne pathogens. The present study examined rodents (n = 29) and domestic dogs (n = 7) living in the vicinity of the Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda, for fleas, identified flea species from these hosts, and detected Bartonella (Rhizobiales: Bartonellaceae) and Rickettsia (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae) DNA. The most frequently encountered flea on rodents was Xenopsylla brasiliensis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). In addition, Ctenophthalmus (Ethioctenophthalmus) calceatus cabirus (Siphonaptera: Hystrichopsyllidae) and Ctenocephalides felis strongylus (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) were determined using morphology and sequencing of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and cytochrome c oxidase subunit II genes (cox1 and cox2, respectively). Bartonella tribocorum DNA was detected in X. brasiliensis and Rickettsia asembonensis DNA (a Rickettsia felis-like organism) was detected in C. felis strongylus. The present work complements studies that clarify the distributions of flea-borne pathogens and potential role of fleas in disease transmission in sub-Saharan Africa. In the context of high-density housing in central sub-Saharan Africa, the detection of B. tribocorum and R. asembonensis highlights the need for surveillance in both rural and urban areas to identify likely reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Nziza
- Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project Regional Headquarters, Musanze, Rwanda
| | - J C Tumushime
- Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project Regional Headquarters, Musanze, Rwanda
| | - M Cranfield
- Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project Regional Headquarters, Musanze, Rwanda
| | - A E Ntwari
- Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project Regional Headquarters, Musanze, Rwanda
| | - D Modrý
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - K Gilardi
- One Health Institute and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, U.S.A
| | - J Šlapeta
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Randhawa N, Mailhot H, Lang D, Martínez-López B, Gilardi K, Mazet J. Using fine-scale satellite imagery and GIS data to help predict disease spread. Front Vet Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/conf.fvets.2019.05.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Grange Z, Goldstein T, Johnson C, Anthony S, Gilardi K, Daszak P, Olival K, O'Rourke T, Murray S, Consortium PREDICT, Mazet J. SpillOver: A new tool for ranking the risk of viral spillover to humans using big data. Front Vet Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/conf.fvets.2019.05.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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27
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Hassell JM, Zimmerman D, Cranfield MR, Gilardi K, Mudakikwa A, Ramer J, Nyirakaragire E, Lowenstine LJ. Morbidity and mortality in infant mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei): A 46-year retrospective review. Am J Primatol 2017; 79. [PMID: 28749595 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Long-term studies of morbidity and mortality in free-ranging primates are scarce, but may have important implications for the conservation of extant populations. Infants comprise a particularly important age group, as variation in survival rates may have a strong influence on population dynamics. Since 1968, the Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project (MGVP, Inc.) and government partners have conducted a comprehensive health monitoring and disease investigation program on mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) in Rwanda, Uganda, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In an effort to better understand diseases in this species, we reviewed reliable field reports (n = 37), gross post-mortem (n = 66), and histopathology (n = 53) reports for 103 infants (less than 3.5 years) mountain gorillas in the Virunga Massif. Our aim was to conduct the first comprehensive analysis of causes of infant mortality and to correlate histological evidence with antemortem morbidity in infant mountain gorillas. Causes of morbidity and mortality were described, and compared by age, sex, and over time. Trauma was the most common cause of death in infants (56%), followed by respiratory infections and aspiration (13%). Gastrointestinal parasitism (33%), atypical lymphoid hyperplasia (suggestive of infectious disease) (31%), and hepatic capillariasis (25%) were the most significant causes of antemortem morbidity identified post-mortem. Identifying the causes of mortality and morbidity in infants of this critically endangered species will help to inform policy aimed at their protection and guide ante- and post-mortem health monitoring and clinical decision-making in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Hassell
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK.,Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, UK
| | | | - Michael R Cranfield
- Gorilla Doctors, MGVP, Inc. and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Kirsten Gilardi
- Gorilla Doctors, MGVP, Inc. and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | | | | | | | - Linda J Lowenstine
- Gorilla Doctors, MGVP, Inc. and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
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Gilardi K, Gillin C, Greenacre CB, Groskin R, Jessup DA, Karesh WB, Mader D, Souza MJ, Wolff PL, Ziccardi M, Sutherland-Smith M. Feral cat policy is about more than cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2015; 246:402-403. [PMID: 25796650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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Gaydos JK, Dierauf L, Kirby G, Brosnan D, Gilardi K, Davis GE. Top 10 principles for designing healthy coastal ecosystems like the Salish Sea. Ecohealth 2008; 5:460-471. [PMID: 19259736 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-009-0209-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Revised: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/26/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Like other coastal zones around the world, the inland sea ecosystem of Washington (USA) and British Columbia (Canada), an area known as the Salish Sea, is changing under pressure from a growing human population, conversion of native forest and shoreline habitat to urban development, toxic contamination of sediments and species, and overharvest of resources. While billions of dollars have been spent trying to restore other coastal ecosystems around the world, there still is no successful model for restoring estuarine or marine ecosystems like the Salish Sea. Despite the lack of a guiding model, major ecological principles do exist that should be applied as people work to design the Salish Sea and other large marine ecosystems for the future. We suggest that the following 10 ecological principles serve as a foundation for educating the public and for designing a healthy Salish Sea and other coastal ecosystems for future generations: (1) Think ecosystem: political boundaries are arbitrary; (2) Account for ecosystem connectivity; (3) Understand the food web; (4) Avoid fragmentation; (5) Respect ecosystem integrity; (6) Support nature's resilience; (7) Value nature: it's money in your pocket; (8) Watch wildlife health; (9) Plan for extremes; and (10) Share the knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph K Gaydos
- The SeaDoc Society, UC Davis Wildlife Health Center, Orcas Island Office, 942 Deer Harbor Road, Eastsound, WA 98245, USA.
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