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Bertzbach LD, Seddar L, von Stromberg K, Ip WH, Dobner T, Hidalgo P. The adenovirus DNA-binding protein DBP. J Virol 2024; 98:e0188523. [PMID: 38197632 PMCID: PMC10878046 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01885-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses are a group of double-stranded DNA viruses that can mainly cause respiratory, gastrointestinal, and eye infections in humans. In addition, adenoviruses are employed as vector vaccines for combatting viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2, and serve as excellent gene therapy vectors. These viruses have the ability to modulate the host cell machinery to their advantage and trigger significant restructuring of the nuclei of infected cells through the activity of viral proteins. One of those, the adenovirus DNA-binding protein (DBP), is a multifunctional non-structural protein that is integral to the reorganization processes. DBP is encoded in the E2A transcriptional unit and is highly abundant in infected cells. Its activity is unequivocally linked to the formation, structure, and integrity of virus-induced replication compartments, molecular hubs for the regulation of viral processes, and control of the infected cell. DBP also plays key roles in viral DNA replication, transcription, viral gene expression, and even host range specificity. Notably, post-translational modifications of DBP, such as SUMOylation and extensive phosphorylation, regulate its biological functions. DBP was first investigated in the 1970s, pioneering research on viral DNA-binding proteins. In this literature review, we provide an overview of DBP and specifically summarize key findings related to its complex structure, diverse functions, and significant role in the context of viral replication. Finally, we address novel insights and perspectives for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca D. Bertzbach
- Department of Viral Transformation, Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Laura Seddar
- Department of Viral Transformation, Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Wing-Hang Ip
- Department of Viral Transformation, Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Dobner
- Department of Viral Transformation, Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Paloma Hidalgo
- Department of Viral Transformation, Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
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2
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Chalabi Hagkarim N, Ip WH, Bertzbach LD, Abualfaraj T, Dobner T, Molloy DP, Stewart GS, Grand RJ. Identification of Adenovirus E1B-55K Interaction Partners through a Common Binding Motif. Viruses 2023; 15:2356. [PMID: 38140597 PMCID: PMC10747525 DOI: 10.3390/v15122356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The adenovirus C5 E1B-55K protein is crucial for viral replication and is expressed early during infection. It can interact with E4orf6 to form a complex that functions as a ubiquitin E3 ligase. This complex targets specific cellular proteins and marks them for ubiquitination and, predominantly, subsequent proteasomal degradation. E1B-55K interacts with various proteins, with p53 being the most extensively studied, although identifying binding sites has been challenging. To explain the diverse range of proteins associated with E1B-55K, we hypothesized that other binding partners might recognize the simple p53 binding motif (xWxxxPx). In silico analyses showed that many known E1B-55K binding proteins possess this amino acid sequence; therefore, we investigated whether other xWxxxPx-containing proteins also bind to E1B-55K. Our findings revealed that many cellular proteins, including ATR, CHK1, USP9, and USP34, co-immunoprecipitate with E1B-55K. During adenovirus infection, several well-characterized E1B-55K binding proteins and newly identified interactors, including CSB, CHK1, and USP9, are degraded in a cullin-dependent manner. Notably, certain binding proteins, such as ATR and USP34, remain undegraded during infection. Structural predictions indicate no conservation of structure around the proposed binding motif, suggesting that the interaction relies on the correct arrangement of tryptophan and proline residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Chalabi Hagkarim
- Institute for Cancer and Genomic Sciences, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Wing-Hang Ip
- Leibniz Institute of Virology, Department of Viral Transformation, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Luca D. Bertzbach
- Leibniz Institute of Virology, Department of Viral Transformation, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tareq Abualfaraj
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Taibah University, P.O. Box 344, Madinah 41477, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thomas Dobner
- Leibniz Institute of Virology, Department of Viral Transformation, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - David P. Molloy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Grant S. Stewart
- Institute for Cancer and Genomic Sciences, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Roger J. Grand
- Institute for Cancer and Genomic Sciences, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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3
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Ip WH, Tatham MH, Krohne S, Gruhne J, Melling M, Meyer T, Gornott B, Bertzbach LD, Hay RT, Rodriguez E, Dobner T. Adenovirus E1B-55K controls SUMO-dependent degradation of antiviral cellular restriction factors. J Virol 2023; 97:e0079123. [PMID: 37916833 PMCID: PMC10688335 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00791-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) generally cause mild and self-limiting diseases of the upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts but pose a serious risk to immunocompromised patients and children. Moreover, they are widely used as vectors for vaccines and vector-based gene therapy approaches. It is therefore vital to thoroughly characterize HAdV gene products and especially HAdV virulence factors. Early region 1B 55 kDa protein (E1B-55K) is a multifunctional HAdV-encoded oncoprotein involved in various viral and cellular pathways that promote viral replication and cell transformation. We analyzed the E1B-55K dependency of SUMOylation, a post-translational protein modification, in infected cells using quantitative proteomics. We found that HAdV increases overall cellular SUMOylation and that this increased SUMOylation can target antiviral cellular pathways that impact HAdV replication. Moreover, we showed that E1B-55K orchestrates the SUMO-dependent degradation of certain cellular antiviral factors. These results once more emphasize the key role of E1B-55K in the regulation of viral and cellular proteins in productive HAdV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Hang Ip
- Department of Viral Transformation, Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael H. Tatham
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Steewen Krohne
- Department of Viral Transformation, Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julia Gruhne
- Department of Viral Transformation, Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Melling
- Department of Viral Transformation, Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tina Meyer
- Department of Viral Transformation, Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Britta Gornott
- Department of Viral Transformation, Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Luca D. Bertzbach
- Department of Viral Transformation, Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ronald T. Hay
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Estefania Rodriguez
- Department of Viral Transformation, Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Dobner
- Department of Viral Transformation, Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
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4
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von Stromberg K, Seddar L, Ip WH, Günther T, Gornott B, Weinert SC, Hüppner M, Bertzbach LD, Dobner T. The human adenovirus E1B-55K oncoprotein coordinates cell transformation through regulation of DNA-bound host transcription factors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2310770120. [PMID: 37883435 PMCID: PMC10622919 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2310770120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The multifunctional adenovirus E1B-55K oncoprotein can induce cell transformation in conjunction with adenovirus E1A gene products. Previous data from transient expression studies and in vitro experiments suggest that these growth-promoting activities correlate with E1B-55K-mediated transcriptional repression of p53-targeted genes. Here, we analyzed genome-wide occupancies and transcriptional consequences of species C5 and A12 E1B-55Ks in transformed mammalian cells by combinatory ChIP and RNA-seq analyses. E1B-55K-mediated repression correlates with tethering of the viral oncoprotein to p53-dependent promoters via DNA-bound p53. Moreover, we found that E1B-55K also interacts with and represses transcription of numerous p53-independent genes through interactions with transcription factors that play central roles in cancer and stress signaling. Our results demonstrate that E1B-55K oncoproteins function as promiscuous transcriptional repressors of both p53-dependent and -independent genes and further support the model that manipulation of cellular transcription is central to adenovirus-induced cell transformation and oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Seddar
- Department of Viral Transformation, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg20251, Germany
| | - Wing-Hang Ip
- Department of Viral Transformation, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg20251, Germany
| | - Thomas Günther
- Virus Genomics, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg20251, Germany
| | - Britta Gornott
- Department of Viral Transformation, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg20251, Germany
| | - Sophie-Celine Weinert
- Department of Viral Transformation, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg20251, Germany
| | - Max Hüppner
- Department of Viral Transformation, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg20251, Germany
| | - Luca D. Bertzbach
- Department of Viral Transformation, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg20251, Germany
| | - Thomas Dobner
- Department of Viral Transformation, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg20251, Germany
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5
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Kheimar A, Trapp-Fragnet L, Conradie AM, Bertzbach LD, You Y, Sabsabi MA, Kaufer BB. Viral and cellular telomerase RNAs possess host-specific anti-apoptotic functions. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0188723. [PMID: 37754662 PMCID: PMC10581129 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01887-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Human telomerase RNA (hTR) is overexpressed in many cancers and protects T cells from apoptosis in a telomerase-independent manner. The most prevalent cancer in the animal kingdom is caused by the highly oncogenic herpesvirus Marek's disease virus (MDV). MDV encodes a viral telomerase RNA (vTR) that plays a crucial role in MDV-induced tumorigenesis and shares all four conserved functional domains with hTR. In this study, we assessed whether hTR drives tumor formation in this natural model of herpesvirus-induced tumorigenesis. Therefore, we replaced vTR with hTR in the genome of a highly oncogenic MDV. Furthermore, we investigated the anti-apoptotic activity of vTR, hTR, and their counterpart in the chicken [chicken telomerase RNA (cTR)]. hTR was efficiently expressed and did not alter replication of the recombinant virus. Despite its conserved structure, hTR did not complement the loss of vTR in virus-induced tumorigenesis. Strikingly, hTR did not inhibit apoptosis in chicken cells, but efficiently inhibited apoptosis in human cells. Inverse host restriction has been observed for vTR and cTR in human cells. Our data revealed that vTR, cTR, and hTR possess conserved but host-specific anti-apoptotic functions that likely contribute to MDV-induced tumorigenesis. IMPORTANCE hTR is overexpressed in many cancers and used as a cancer biomarker. However, the contribution of hTR to tumorigenesis remains elusive. In this study, we assessed the tumor-promoting properties of hTR using a natural virus/host model of herpesvirus-induced tumorigenesis. This avian herpesvirus encodes a telomerase RNA subunit (vTR) that plays a crucial role in viral tumorigenesis and shares all conserved functional domains with hTR. Our data revealed that vTR and cellular TRs of humans and chickens possess host-specific anti-apoptotic functions. This provides important translational insights into therapeutic strategies, as inhibition of apoptosis is crucial for tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kheimar
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Laetitia Trapp-Fragnet
- INRAE, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Equipe Biologie des Virus Aviaires INRAE, Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Luca D. Bertzbach
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Viral Transformation, Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yu You
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Benedikt B. Kaufer
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Bertzbach LD, Kohn M, You Y, Kossak L, Sabsabi MA, Kheimar A, Härtle S, Kaufer BB. In vitro infection of primary chicken lymphocytes with Marek's disease virus. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102343. [PMID: 37270781 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease virus (MDV) is a highly oncogenic alphaherpesvirus that infects immune cells and causes a deadly lymphoproliferative disease in chickens. Cytokines and monoclonal antibodies promote the survival of chicken lymphocytes in vitro. Here, we describe protocols for the isolation, maintenance, and efficient MDV infection of primary chicken lymphocytes and lymphocyte cell lines. This facilitates the investigation of key aspects of the MDV life cycle in the primary target cells of viral replication, latency, genome integration, and reactivation. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Schermuly et al.,1 Bertzbach et al. (2019),2 and You et al.3 For a comprehensive background on MDV, please see Osterrieder et al.4 and Bertzbach et al. (2020).5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca D Bertzbach
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Virology, 14163 Berlin, Germany; Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Department of Viral Transformation, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marina Kohn
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Department for Veterinary Sciences, 82152 Planegg/Martinsried, Germany
| | - Yu You
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Virology, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lisa Kossak
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Virology, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Ahmed Kheimar
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Virology, 14163 Berlin, Germany; Sohag University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Poultry Diseases, 82524 Sohag, Egypt
| | - Sonja Härtle
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Department for Veterinary Sciences, 82152 Planegg/Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Benedikt B Kaufer
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Virology, 14163 Berlin, Germany; Freie Universität Berlin, Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), 14163 Berlin, Germany.
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7
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Kaufer BB, Parcells MS, Bertzbach LD. A Special Issue on Marek's Disease Virus-The Editors' View. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030805. [PMID: 36985378 PMCID: PMC10057323 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease virus (MDV), an Alphaherpesvirus belonging to the genus Mardivirus, causes T cell lymphomas in chickens and remains one of the greatest threats to poultry production worldwide [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt B Kaufer
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mark S Parcells
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Luca D Bertzbach
- Department of Viral Transformation, Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), 20251 Hamburg, Germany
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8
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Alemán MV, Bertzbach LD, Speiseder T, Ip WH, González RA, Dobner T. Global Transcriptome Analyses of Cellular and Viral mRNAs during HAdV-C5 Infection Highlight New Aspects of Viral mRNA Biogenesis and Cytoplasmic Viral mRNA Accumulations. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112428. [PMID: 36366526 PMCID: PMC9692883 DOI: 10.3390/v14112428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that human adenoviruses such as species C, types 2 and 5 (HAdV-C2 and HAdV-C5), induce a nearly complete shutoff of host-cell protein synthesis in the infected cell, simultaneously directing very efficient production of viral proteins. Such preferential expression of viral over cellular genes is thought to be controlled by selective nucleocytoplasmic export and translation of viral mRNA. While detailed knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms responsible for the translation of viral mRNA is available, the viral or cellular mechanisms of mRNA biogenesis are not completely understood. To identify parameters that control the differential export of viral and cellular mRNAs, we performed global transcriptome analyses (RNAseq) and monitored temporal nucleocytoplasmic partitioning of viral and cellular mRNAs during HAdV-C5 infection of A549 cells. Our analyses confirmed previously reported features of the viral mRNA expression program, as a clear shift in viral early to late mRNA accumulation was observed upon transition from the early to the late phase of viral replication. The progression into the late phase of infection, however, did not result in abrogation of cellular mRNA export; rather, viral late mRNAs outnumbered viral early and most cellular mRNAs by several orders of magnitude during the late phase, revealing that viral late mRNAs are not selectively exported but outcompete cellular mRNA biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Valdés Alemán
- Department of Viral Transformation, Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), 20251 Hamburg, Germany
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico
| | - Luca D. Bertzbach
- Department of Viral Transformation, Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Speiseder
- Department of Viral Transformation, Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wing Hang Ip
- Department of Viral Transformation, Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ramón A. González
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico
| | - Thomas Dobner
- Department of Viral Transformation, Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), 20251 Hamburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
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9
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Bertzbach LD, Tregaskes CA, Martin RJ, Deumer US, Huynh L, Kheimar AM, Conradie AM, Trimpert J, Kaufman J, Kaufer BB. The Diverse Major Histocompatibility Complex Haplotypes of a Common Commercial Chicken Line and Their Effect on Marek's Disease Virus Pathogenesis and Tumorigenesis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:908305. [PMID: 35693787 PMCID: PMC9186122 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.908305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is crucial for appropriate immune responses against invading pathogens. Chickens possess a single predominantly-expressed class I molecule with strong associations between disease resistance and MHC haplotype. For Marek's disease virus (MDV) infections of chickens, the MHC haplotype is one of the major determinants of genetic resistance and susceptibility. VALO specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens are widely used in biomedical research and vaccine production. While valuable findings originate from MDV infections of VALO SPF chickens, their MHC haplotypes and associated disease resistance remained elusive. In this study, we used several typing systems to show that VALO SPF chickens possess MHC haplotypes that include B9, B9:02, B15, B19 and B21 at various frequencies. Moreover, we associate the MHC haplotypes to MDV-induced disease and lymphoma formation and found that B15 homozygotes had the lowest tumor incidence while B21 homozygotes had the lowest number of organs with tumors. Finally, we found transmission at variable levels to all contact birds except B15/B21 heterozygotes. These data have immediate implications for the use of VALO SPF chickens and eggs in the life sciences and add another piece to the puzzle of the chicken MHC complex and its role in infections with this oncogenic herpesvirus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clive A. Tregaskes
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca J. Martin
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lan Huynh
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed M. Kheimar
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | | | - Jakob Trimpert
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jim Kaufman
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Benedikt B. Kaufer
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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10
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You Y, Vychodil T, Aimola G, Previdelli RL, Göbel TW, Bertzbach LD, Kaufer BB. A Cell Culture System to Investigate Marek's Disease Virus Integration into Host Chromosomes. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122489. [PMID: 34946091 PMCID: PMC8706938 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Marek’s disease virus (MDV) is a highly oncogenic alphaherpesvirus that causes a devastating neoplastic disease in chickens. MDV has been shown to integrate its genome into the telomeres of latently infected and tumor cells, which is crucial for efficient tumor formation. Telomeric repeat arrays present at the ends of the MDV genome facilitate this integration into host telomeres; however, the integration mechanism remains poorly understood. Until now, MDV integration could only be investigated qualitatively upon infection of chickens. To shed further light on the integration mechanism, we established a quantitative integration assay using chicken T cell lines, the target cells for MDV latency and transformation. We optimized the infection conditions and assessed the establishment of latency in these T cells. The MDV genome was efficiently maintained over time, and integration was confirmed in these cells by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). To assess the role of the two distinct viral telomeric repeat arrays in the integration process, we tested various knockout mutants in our in vitro integration assay. Efficient genome maintenance and integration was thereby dependent on the presence of the telomeric repeat arrays in the virus genome. Taken together, we developed and validated a novel in vitro integration assay that will shed light on the integration mechanism of this highly oncogenic virus into host telomeres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu You
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (Y.Y.); (T.V.); (G.A.); (R.L.P.)
| | - Tereza Vychodil
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (Y.Y.); (T.V.); (G.A.); (R.L.P.)
| | - Giulia Aimola
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (Y.Y.); (T.V.); (G.A.); (R.L.P.)
| | - Renato L. Previdelli
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (Y.Y.); (T.V.); (G.A.); (R.L.P.)
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Thomas W. Göbel
- Institute for Animal Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany;
| | - Luca D. Bertzbach
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (Y.Y.); (T.V.); (G.A.); (R.L.P.)
- Department of Viral Transformation, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), 20251 Hamburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (L.D.B.); (B.B.K.)
| | - Benedikt B. Kaufer
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (Y.Y.); (T.V.); (G.A.); (R.L.P.)
- Correspondence: (L.D.B.); (B.B.K.)
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11
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Bertzbach LD, Ip WH, Dobner T. Animal Models in Human Adenovirus Research. Biology (Basel) 2021; 10:biology10121253. [PMID: 34943168 PMCID: PMC8698265 DOI: 10.3390/biology10121253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Animal models are widely used to study various aspects of human diseases and disorders. Likewise, they are indispensable for preclinical testing of medicals and vaccines. Human adenovirus infections are usually self-limiting, and can cause mild respiratory symptoms with fever, eye infection or gastrointestinal symptoms, but occasional local outbreaks with severe disease courses have been reported. In addition, adenovirus infections pose a serious risk for children and patients with a weakened immune system. Human adenovirus research in animal models to study adenovirus-induced disease and tumor development started in the 1950s. Various animal species have been tested for their susceptibility to human adenovirus infection since then, and some have been shown to mimic key characteristics of the infection in humans, including persistent infection. Furthermore, some rodent species have been found to develop tumors upon human adenovirus infection. Our review summarizes the current knowledge on animal models in human adenovirus research, describing the pros and cons along with important findings and future perspectives. Abstract Human adenovirus (HAdV) infections cause a wide variety of clinical symptoms, ranging from mild upper respiratory tract disease to lethal outcomes, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. To date, neither widely available vaccines nor approved antiadenoviral compounds are available to efficiently deal with HAdV infections. Thus, there is a need to thoroughly understand HAdV-induced disease, and for the development and preclinical evaluation of HAdV therapeutics and/or vaccines, and consequently for suitable standardizable in vitro systems and animal models. Current animal models to study HAdV pathogenesis, persistence, and tumorigenesis include rodents such as Syrian hamsters, mice, and cotton rats, as well as rabbits. In addition, a few recent studies on other species, such as pigs and tree shrews, reported promising data. These models mimic (aspects of) HAdV-induced pathological changes in humans and, although they are relevant, an ideal HAdV animal model has yet to be developed. This review summarizes the available animal models of HAdV infection with comprehensive descriptions of virus-induced pathogenesis in different animal species. We also elaborate on rodent HAdV animal models and how they contributed to insights into adenovirus-induced cell transformation and cancer.
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Midha A, Goyette-Desjardins G, Goerdeler F, Moscovitz O, Seeberger PH, Tedin K, Bertzbach LD, Lepenies B, Hartmann S. Lectin-Mediated Bacterial Modulation by the Intestinal Nematode Ascaris suum. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168739. [PMID: 34445445 PMCID: PMC8395819 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascariasis is a global health problem for humans and animals. Adult Ascaris nematodes are long-lived in the host intestine where they interact with host cells as well as members of the microbiota resulting in chronic infections. Nematode interactions with host cells and the microbial environment are prominently mediated by parasite-secreted proteins and peptides possessing immunomodulatory and antimicrobial activities. Previously, we discovered the C-type lectin protein AsCTL-42 in the secreted products of adult Ascaris worms. Here we tested recombinant AsCTL-42 for its ability to interact with bacterial and host cells. We found that AsCTL-42 lacks bactericidal activity but neutralized bacterial cells without killing them. Treatment of bacterial cells with AsCTL-42 reduced invasion of intestinal epithelial cells by Salmonella. Furthermore, AsCTL-42 interacted with host myeloid C-type lectin receptors. Thus, AsCTL-42 is a parasite protein involved in the triad relationship between Ascaris, host cells, and the microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Midha
- Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Guillaume Goyette-Desjardins
- Institute for Immunology & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (G.G.-D.); (B.L.)
| | - Felix Goerdeler
- Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; (F.G.); (O.M.); (P.H.S.)
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oren Moscovitz
- Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; (F.G.); (O.M.); (P.H.S.)
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; (F.G.); (O.M.); (P.H.S.)
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karsten Tedin
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Luca D. Bertzbach
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany;
- Department of Viral Transformation, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Lepenies
- Institute for Immunology & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (G.G.-D.); (B.L.)
| | - Susanne Hartmann
- Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany;
- Correspondence:
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Trimpert J, Dietert K, Firsching TC, Ebert N, Thi Nhu Thao T, Vladimirova D, Kaufer S, Labroussaa F, Abdelgawad A, Conradie A, Höfler T, Adler JM, Bertzbach LD, Jores J, Gruber AD, Thiel V, Osterrieder N, Kunec D. Development of safe and highly protective live-attenuated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates by genome recoding. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109493. [PMID: 34320400 PMCID: PMC8289629 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Safe and effective vaccines are urgently needed to stop the pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We construct a series of live attenuated vaccine candidates by large-scale recoding of the SARS-CoV-2 genome and assess their safety and efficacy in Syrian hamsters. Animals were vaccinated with a single dose of the respective recoded virus and challenged 21 days later. Two of the tested viruses do not cause clinical symptoms but are highly immunogenic and induce strong protective immunity. Attenuated viruses replicate efficiently in the upper but not in the lower airways, causing only mild pulmonary histopathology. After challenge, hamsters develop no signs of disease and rapidly clear challenge virus: at no time could infectious virus be recovered from the lungs of infected animals. The ease with which attenuated virus candidates can be produced and administered favors their further development as vaccines to combat the ongoing pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Trimpert
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristina Dietert
- Institut für Tierpathologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Tiermedizinisches Zentrum für Resistenzforschung, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Nadine Ebert
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern and Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tran Thi Nhu Thao
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern and Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Biomedical Science, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Susanne Kaufer
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabien Labroussaa
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Azza Abdelgawad
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andelé Conradie
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Höfler
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia M Adler
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luca D Bertzbach
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joerg Jores
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Achim D Gruber
- Institut für Tierpathologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Volker Thiel
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern and Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nikolaus Osterrieder
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Dusan Kunec
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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You Y, Hagag IT, Kheimar A, Bertzbach LD, Kaufer BB. Characterization of a Novel Viral Interleukin 8 (vIL-8) Splice Variant Encoded by Marek's Disease Virus. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9071475. [PMID: 34361910 PMCID: PMC8303658 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Marek’s disease virus (MDV) is a highly cell-associated oncogenic alphaherpesvirus that causes lymphomas in various organs in chickens. Like other herpesviruses, MDV has a large and complex double-stranded DNA genome. A number of viral transcripts are generated by alternative splicing, a process that drastically extends the coding capacity of the MDV genome. One of the spliced genes encoded by MDV is the viral interleukin 8 (vIL-8), a CXC chemokine that facilitates the recruitment of MDV target cells and thereby plays an important role in MDV pathogenesis and tumorigenesis. We recently identified a novel vIL-8 exon (vIL-8-E3′) by RNA-seq; however, it remained elusive whether the protein containing the vIL-8-E3′ is expressed and what role it may play in MDV replication and/or pathogenesis. To address these questions, we first generated recombinant MDV harboring a tag that allows identification of the spliced vIL-8-E3′ protein, revealing that it is indeed expressed. We subsequently generated knockout viruses and could demonstrate that the vIL-8-E3′ protein is dispensable for MDV replication as well as secretion of the functional vIL-8 chemokine. Finally, infection of chickens with this vIL-8-E3′ knockout virus revealed that the protein is not important for MDV replication and pathogenesis in vivo. Taken together, our study provides novel insights into the splice forms of the CXC chemokine of this highly oncogenic alphaherpesvirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu You
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (Y.Y.); (I.T.H.); (A.K.)
| | - Ibrahim T. Hagag
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (Y.Y.); (I.T.H.); (A.K.)
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Kheimar
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (Y.Y.); (I.T.H.); (A.K.)
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82424, Egypt
| | - Luca D. Bertzbach
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (Y.Y.); (I.T.H.); (A.K.)
- Department of Viral Transformation, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), 20251 Hamburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (L.D.B.); (B.B.K.)
| | - Benedikt B. Kaufer
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (Y.Y.); (I.T.H.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence: (L.D.B.); (B.B.K.)
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Kheimar A, Klinger R, Bertzbach LD, Sid H, Yu Y, Conradie AM, Schade B, Böhm B, Preisinger R, Nair V, Kaufer BB, Schusser B. A Genetically Engineered Commercial Chicken Line Is Resistant to Highly Pathogenic Avian Leukosis Virus Subgroup J. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1066. [PMID: 34069313 PMCID: PMC8157034 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral diseases remain a major concern for animal health and global food production in modern agriculture. In chickens, avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) represents an important pathogen that causes severe economic loss. Until now, no vaccine or antiviral drugs are available against ALV-J and strategies to combat this pathogen in commercial flocks are desperately needed. CRISPR/Cas9 targeted genome editing recently facilitated the generation of genetically modified chickens with a mutation of the chicken ALV-J receptor Na+/H+ exchanger type 1 (chNHE1). In this study, we provide evidence that this mutation protects a commercial chicken line (NHE1ΔW38) against the virulent ALV-J prototype strain HPRS-103. We demonstrate that replication of HPRS-103 is severely impaired in NHE1ΔW38 birds and that ALV-J-specific antigen is not detected in cloacal swabs at later time points. Consistently, infected NHE1ΔW38 chickens gained more weight compared to their non-transgenic counterparts (NHE1W38). Histopathology revealed that NHE1W38 chickens developed ALV-J typical pathology in various organs, while no pathological lesions were detected in NHE1ΔW38 chickens. Taken together, our data revealed that this mutation can render a commercial chicken line resistant to highly pathogenic ALV-J infection, which could aid in fighting this pathogen and improve animal health in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kheimar
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (A.K.); (L.D.B.); (Y.Y.); (A.M.C.)
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, 82424 Sohag, Egypt
| | - Romina Klinger
- Reproductive Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany; (R.K.); (H.S.)
| | - Luca D. Bertzbach
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (A.K.); (L.D.B.); (Y.Y.); (A.M.C.)
| | - Hicham Sid
- Reproductive Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany; (R.K.); (H.S.)
| | - You Yu
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (A.K.); (L.D.B.); (Y.Y.); (A.M.C.)
| | - Andelé M. Conradie
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (A.K.); (L.D.B.); (Y.Y.); (A.M.C.)
| | - Benjamin Schade
- Bavarian Animal Health Service, Department of Pathology, 85586 Poing, Germany; (B.S.); (B.B.)
| | - Brigitte Böhm
- Bavarian Animal Health Service, Department of Pathology, 85586 Poing, Germany; (B.S.); (B.B.)
| | | | | | - Benedikt B. Kaufer
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (A.K.); (L.D.B.); (Y.Y.); (A.M.C.)
| | - Benjamin Schusser
- Reproductive Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Life Sciences, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany; (R.K.); (H.S.)
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Halabi S, Ghosh M, Stevanović S, Rammensee HG, Bertzbach LD, Kaufer BB, Moncrieffe MC, Kaspers B, Härtle S, Kaufman J. The dominantly expressed class II molecule from a resistant MHC haplotype presents only a few Marek's disease virus peptides by using an unprecedented binding motif. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001057. [PMID: 33901176 PMCID: PMC8101999 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral diseases pose major threats to humans and other animals, including the billions of chickens that are an important food source as well as a public health concern due to zoonotic pathogens. Unlike humans and other typical mammals, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of chickens can confer decisive resistance or susceptibility to many viral diseases. An iconic example is Marek's disease, caused by an oncogenic herpesvirus with over 100 genes. Classical MHC class I and class II molecules present antigenic peptides to T lymphocytes, and it has been hard to understand how such MHC molecules could be involved in susceptibility to Marek's disease, given the potential number of peptides from over 100 genes. We used a new in vitro infection system and immunopeptidomics to determine peptide motifs for the 2 class II molecules expressed by the MHC haplotype B2, which is known to confer resistance to Marek's disease. Surprisingly, we found that the vast majority of viral peptide epitopes presented by chicken class II molecules arise from only 4 viral genes, nearly all having the peptide motif for BL2*02, the dominantly expressed class II molecule in chickens. We expressed BL2*02 linked to several Marek's disease virus (MDV) peptides and determined one X-ray crystal structure, showing how a single small amino acid in the binding site causes a crinkle in the peptide, leading to a core binding peptide of 10 amino acids, compared to the 9 amino acids in all other reported class II molecules. The limited number of potential T cell epitopes from such a complex virus can explain the differential MHC-determined resistance to MDV, but raises questions of mechanism and opportunities for vaccine targets in this important food species, as well as providing a basis for understanding class II molecules in other species including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer Halabi
- University of Cambridge, Department of Pathology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- University of Edinburgh, Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Ghosh
- University of Tübingen, Department of Immunology, Institute of Cell Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Stevanović
- University of Tübingen, Department of Immunology, Institute of Cell Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Rammensee
- University of Tübingen, Department of Immunology, Institute of Cell Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Bernd Kaspers
- Ludwig Maximillians University, Veterinary Faculty, Planegg, Germany
| | - Sonja Härtle
- Ludwig Maximillians University, Veterinary Faculty, Planegg, Germany
| | - Jim Kaufman
- University of Cambridge, Department of Pathology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- University of Edinburgh, Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- University of Cambridge, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Wild M, Kicuntod J, Seyler L, Wangen C, Bertzbach LD, Conradie AM, Kaufer BB, Wagner S, Michel D, Eickhoff J, Tsogoeva SB, Bäuerle T, Hahn F, Marschall M. Combinatorial Drug Treatments Reveal Promising Anticytomegaloviral Profiles for Clinically Relevant Pharmaceutical Kinase Inhibitors (PKIs). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020575. [PMID: 33430060 PMCID: PMC7826512 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a human pathogenic herpesvirus associated with a variety of clinical symptoms. Current antiviral therapy is not always effective, so that improved drug classes and drug-targeting strategies are needed. Particularly host-directed antivirals, including pharmaceutical kinase inhibitors (PKIs), may help to overcome problems of drug resistance. Here, we focused on utilizing a selection of clinically relevant PKIs and determined their anticytomegaloviral efficacies. Particularly, PKIs directed to host or viral cyclin-dependent kinases, i.e., abemaciclib, LDC4297 and maribavir, exerted promising profiles against human and murine cytomegaloviruses. The anti-HCMV in vitro activity of the approved anti-cancer drug abemaciclib was confirmed in vivo using our luciferase-based murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) animal model in immunocompetent mice. To assess drug combinations, we applied the Bliss independence checkerboard and Loewe additivity fixed-dose assays in parallel. Results revealed that (i) both affirmative approaches provided valuable information on anti-CMV drug efficacies and interactions, (ii) the analyzed combinations comprised additive, synergistic or antagonistic drug interactions consistent with the drugs’ antiviral mode-of-action, (iii) the selected PKIs, especially LDC4297, showed promising inhibitory profiles, not only against HCMV but also other α-, β- and γ-herpesviruses, and specifically, (iv) the combination treatment with LDC4297 and maribavir revealed a strong synergism against HCMV, which might open doors towards novel clinical options in the near future. Taken together, this study highlights the potential of therapeutic drug combinations of current developmental/preclinical PKIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Wild
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.W.); (J.K.); (C.W.); (S.W.); (F.H.)
| | - Jintawee Kicuntod
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.W.); (J.K.); (C.W.); (S.W.); (F.H.)
| | - Lisa Seyler
- Institute of Radiology, University Medical Center Erlangen, FAU, Palmsanlage 5, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (L.S.); (T.B.)
| | - Christina Wangen
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.W.); (J.K.); (C.W.); (S.W.); (F.H.)
| | - Luca D. Bertzbach
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Straße 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (L.D.B.); (A.M.C.); (B.B.K.)
| | - Andelé M. Conradie
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Straße 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (L.D.B.); (A.M.C.); (B.B.K.)
| | - Benedikt B. Kaufer
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Straße 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (L.D.B.); (A.M.C.); (B.B.K.)
| | - Sabrina Wagner
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.W.); (J.K.); (C.W.); (S.W.); (F.H.)
| | - Detlef Michel
- Institute for Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Jan Eickhoff
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Str. 15, 44227 Dortmund, Germany;
| | - Svetlana B. Tsogoeva
- Institute of Organic Chemistry I, FAU, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Tobias Bäuerle
- Institute of Radiology, University Medical Center Erlangen, FAU, Palmsanlage 5, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (L.S.); (T.B.)
| | - Friedrich Hahn
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.W.); (J.K.); (C.W.); (S.W.); (F.H.)
| | - Manfred Marschall
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.W.); (J.K.); (C.W.); (S.W.); (F.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-9131-8526-089
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Conradie AM, Bertzbach LD, Trimpert J, Patria JN, Murata S, Parcells MS, Kaufer BB. Distinct polymorphisms in a single herpesvirus gene are capable of enhancing virulence and mediating vaccinal resistance. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009104. [PMID: 33306739 PMCID: PMC7758048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Modified-live herpesvirus vaccines are widely used in humans and animals, but field strains can emerge that have a higher virulence and break vaccinal protection. Since the introduction of the first vaccine in the 1970s, Marek’s disease virus overcame the vaccine barrier by the acquisition of numerous genomic mutations. However, the evolutionary adaptations in the herpesvirus genome responsible for the vaccine breaks have remained elusive. Here, we demonstrate that point mutations in the multifunctional meq gene acquired during evolution can significantly alter virulence. Defined mutations found in highly virulent strains also allowed the virus to overcome innate cellular responses and vaccinal protection. Concomitantly, the adaptations in meq enhanced virus shedding into the environment, likely providing a selective advantage for the virus. Our study provides the first experimental evidence that few point mutations in a single herpesviral gene result in drastically increased virulence, enhanced shedding, and escape from vaccinal protection. Viruses can acquire mutations during evolution that alter their virulence. An example of a virus that has shown repeated shifts to higher virulence in response to more efficacious vaccines is the oncogenic Marek’s disease virus (MDV) that infects chickens. Until now, it remained unknown which mutations in the large virus genome are responsible for this increase in virulence. We could demonstrate that very few amino acid changes in the meq oncogene of MDV can significantly alter the virulence of the virus. In addition, these changes also allow the virus to overcome vaccinal protection and enhance the shedding into the environment. Taken together, our data provide fundamental insights into evolutionary changes that allow this deadly veterinary pathogen to evolve towards greater virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jakob Trimpert
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joseph N. Patria
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, United States of America
| | - Shiro Murata
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mark S. Parcells
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, United States of America
| | - Benedikt B. Kaufer
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Trimpert J, Vladimirova D, Dietert K, Abdelgawad A, Kunec D, Dökel S, Voss A, Gruber AD, Bertzbach LD, Osterrieder N. The Roborovski Dwarf Hamster Is A Highly Susceptible Model for a Rapid and Fatal Course of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108488. [PMID: 33271063 PMCID: PMC7674129 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has precipitated an unprecedented and yet-unresolved health crisis worldwide. Different mammals are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2; however, few species examined so far develop robust clinical disease that mirrors severe human cases or allows testing of vaccines and drugs under conditions of severe disease. Here, we compare the susceptibilities of three dwarf hamster species (Phodopus spp.) to SARS-CoV-2 and introduce the Roborovski dwarf hamster (P. roborovskii) as a highly susceptible COVID-19 model with consistent and fulminant clinical signs. Particularly, only this species shows SARS-CoV-2-induced severe acute diffuse alveolar damage and hyaline microthrombi in the lungs, changes described in patients who succumbed to the infection but not reproduced in any experimentally infected animal. Based on our findings, we propose the Roborovski dwarf hamster as a valuable model to examine the efficacy and safety of vaccine candidates and therapeutics, particularly for use in highly susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Trimpert
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | - Kristina Dietert
- Institut für Tierpathologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Tiermedizinisches Zentrum für Resistenzforschung, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Azza Abdelgawad
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dusan Kunec
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon Dökel
- Institut für Tierpathologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Voss
- Institut für Tierpathologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Achim D Gruber
- Institut für Tierpathologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luca D Bertzbach
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Osterrieder
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Infectious Disease and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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20
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Gruber AD, Osterrieder N, Bertzbach LD, Vladimirova D, Greuel S, Ihlow J, Horst D, Trimpert J, Dietert K. Standardization of Reporting Criteria for Lung Pathology in SARS-CoV-2-infected Hamsters: What Matters? Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 63:856-859. [PMID: 32897757 PMCID: PMC7790148 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2020-0280le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jana Ihlow
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - David Horst
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlin, Germany
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21
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Kreye J, Reincke SM, Kornau HC, Sánchez-Sendin E, Corman VM, Liu H, Yuan M, Wu NC, Zhu X, Lee CCD, Trimpert J, Höltje M, Dietert K, Stöffler L, von Wardenburg N, van Hoof S, Homeyer MA, Hoffmann J, Abdelgawad A, Gruber AD, Bertzbach LD, Vladimirova D, Li LY, Barthel PC, Skriner K, Hocke AC, Hippenstiel S, Witzenrath M, Suttorp N, Kurth F, Franke C, Endres M, Schmitz D, Jeworowski LM, Richter A, Schmidt ML, Schwarz T, Müller MA, Drosten C, Wendisch D, Sander LE, Osterrieder N, Wilson IA, Prüss H. A Therapeutic Non-self-reactive SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Protects from Lung Pathology in a COVID-19 Hamster Model. Cell 2020; 183:1058-1069.e19. [PMID: 33058755 PMCID: PMC7510528 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 led to pandemic spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), manifesting with respiratory symptoms and multi-organ dysfunction. Detailed characterization of virus-neutralizing antibodies and target epitopes is needed to understand COVID-19 pathophysiology and guide immunization strategies. Among 598 human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from 10 COVID-19 patients, we identified 40 strongly neutralizing mAbs. The most potent mAb, CV07-209, neutralized authentic SARS-CoV-2 with an IC50 value of 3.1 ng/mL. Crystal structures of two mAbs in complex with the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain at 2.55 and 2.70 Å revealed a direct block of ACE2 attachment. Interestingly, some of the near-germline SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing mAbs reacted with mammalian self-antigens. Prophylactic and therapeutic application of CV07-209 protected hamsters from SARS-CoV-2 infection, weight loss, and lung pathology. Our results show that non-self-reactive virus-neutralizing mAbs elicited during SARS-CoV-2 infection are a promising therapeutic strategy.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/therapeutic use
- Antigen-Antibody Reactions
- Betacoronavirus/immunology
- Betacoronavirus/metabolism
- Betacoronavirus/pathogenicity
- Binding Sites
- COVID-19
- Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy
- Coronavirus Infections/pathology
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Cricetinae
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Disease Models, Animal
- Humans
- Kinetics
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Molecular Dynamics Simulation
- Pandemics
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/chemistry
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism
- Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy
- Pneumonia, Viral/pathology
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- Protein Binding
- SARS-CoV-2
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Kreye
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Helmholtz Innovation Lab BaoBab (Brain Antibody-omics and B-cell Lab), 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatric Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - S Momsen Reincke
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Helmholtz Innovation Lab BaoBab (Brain Antibody-omics and B-cell Lab), 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), 10178 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Christian Kornau
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Neuroscience Research Center (NWFZ), Cluster NeuroCure, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisa Sánchez-Sendin
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Helmholtz Innovation Lab BaoBab (Brain Antibody-omics and B-cell Lab), 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Victor Max Corman
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany, and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hejun Liu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Meng Yuan
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nicholas C Wu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xueyong Zhu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Chang-Chun D Lee
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jakob Trimpert
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Höltje
- Institute of Integrative Neuroanatomy Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristina Dietert
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Stöffler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Niels von Wardenburg
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Scott van Hoof
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Helmholtz Innovation Lab BaoBab (Brain Antibody-omics and B-cell Lab), 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie A Homeyer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), 10178 Berlin, Germany
| | - Julius Hoffmann
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Azza Abdelgawad
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Achim D Gruber
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Luca D Bertzbach
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daria Vladimirova
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lucie Y Li
- Helmholtz Innovation Lab BaoBab (Brain Antibody-omics and B-cell Lab), 10117 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Integrative Neuroanatomy Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Paula Charlotte Barthel
- Institute of Integrative Neuroanatomy Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karl Skriner
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas C Hocke
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Hippenstiel
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Witzenrath
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Suttorp
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Kurth
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine and I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christiana Franke
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Endres
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Excellence Cluster NeuroCure Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10785 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dietmar Schmitz
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Neuroscience Research Center (NWFZ), Cluster NeuroCure, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lara Maria Jeworowski
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany, and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Richter
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany, and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie Luisa Schmidt
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany, and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tatjana Schwarz
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany, and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcel Alexander Müller
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany, and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany, and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Wendisch
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Leif E Sander
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Osterrieder
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Harald Prüss
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Helmholtz Innovation Lab BaoBab (Brain Antibody-omics and B-cell Lab), 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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22
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Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is a label-free molecular imaging technique allowing an untargeted detection of a broad range of biomolecules and xenobiotics. MSI enables imaging of the spatial distribution of proteins, peptides, lipids and metabolites from a wide range of samples. To date, this technique is commonly applied to tissue sections in cancer diagnostics and biomarker development, but also molecular histology in general. Advances in the methodology and bioinformatics improved the resolution of MS images below the single cell level and increased the flexibility of the workflow. However, MSI-based research in virology is just starting to gain momentum and its full potential has not been exploited yet. In this review, we discuss the main applications of MSI in virology. We review important aspects of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) MSI, the most widely used MSI technique in virology. In addition, we summarize relevant literature on MSI studies that aim to unravel virus-host interactions and virus pathogenesis, to elucidate antiviral drug kinetics and to improve current viral disease diagnostics. Collectively, these studies strongly improve our general understanding of virus-induced changes in the proteome, metabolome and metabolite distribution in host tissues of humans, animals and plants upon infection. Furthermore, latest MSI research provided important insights into the drug distribution and distribution kinetics, especially in antiretroviral research. Finally, MSI-based investigations of oncogenic viruses greatly increased our knowledge on tumor mass signatures and facilitated the identification of cancer biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca D Bertzbach
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Axel Karger
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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23
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Bertzbach LD, Vladimirova D, Dietert K, Abdelgawad A, Gruber AD, Osterrieder N, Trimpert J. SARS-CoV-2 infection of Chinese hamsters (Cricetulus griseus) reproduces COVID-19 pneumonia in a well-established small animal model. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1075-1079. [PMID: 32946664 PMCID: PMC7537531 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic has caused a yet unresolved global crisis. Effective medical intervention by vaccination or therapy seems to be the only possibility to control the pandemic. In this context, animal models are an indispensable tool for basic and applied research to combat SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Here, we established a SARS‐CoV‐2 infection model in Chinese hamsters suitable for studying pathogenesis of the disease as well as pre‐clinical testing of vaccines and therapies. This species of hamster is susceptible to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection as demonstrated by robust virus replication in the upper and lower respiratory tract accompanied by bronchitis and pneumonia as well as significant body weight loss following infection. The Chinese hamster features advantages compared to the Syrian hamster model, including more pronounced clinical symptoms, its small size, well‐characterized genome, transcriptome and translatome data and availability of molecular tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca D Bertzbach
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Kristina Dietert
- Institut für Tierpathologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Tiermedizinisches Zentrum für Resistenzforschung, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Azza Abdelgawad
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Achim D Gruber
- Institut für Tierpathologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Osterrieder
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Infectious Disease and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jakob Trimpert
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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24
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Kreye J, Reincke SM, Kornau HC, Sánchez-Sendin E, Max Corman V, Liu H, Yuan M, Wu NC, Zhu X, Lee CCD, Trimpert J, Höltje M, Dietert K, Stöffler L, von Wardenburg N, van Hoof S, Homeyer MA, Hoffmann J, Abdelgawad A, Gruber AD, Bertzbach LD, Vladimirova D, Li LY, Barthel PC, Skriner K, Hocke AC, Hippenstiel S, Witzenrath M, Suttorp N, Kurth F, Franke C, Endres M, Schmitz D, Jeworowski LM, Richter A, Schmidt ML, Schwarz T, Müller MA, Drosten C, Wendisch D, Sander LE, Osterrieder N, Wilson IA, Prüss H. A SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody protects from lung pathology in a COVID-19 hamster model. bioRxiv 2020:2020.08.15.252320. [PMID: 32817952 PMCID: PMC7430590 DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.15.252320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 led to pandemic spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), manifesting with respiratory symptoms and multi-organ dysfunction. Detailed characterization of virus-neutralizing antibodies and target epitopes is needed to understand COVID-19 pathophysiology and guide immunization strategies. Among 598 human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from ten COVID-19 patients, we identified 40 strongly neutralizing mAbs. The most potent mAb CV07-209 neutralized authentic SARS-CoV-2 with IC50 of 3.1 ng/ml. Crystal structures of two mAbs in complex with the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain at 2.55 and 2.70 A revealed a direct block of ACE2 attachment. Interestingly, some of the near-germline SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing mAbs reacted with mammalian self-antigens. Prophylactic and therapeutic application of CV07-209 protected hamsters from SARS-CoV-2 infection, weight loss and lung pathology. Our results show that non-self-reactive virus-neutralizing mAbs elicited during SARS-CoV-2 infection are a promising therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Kreye
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz Innovation Lab BaoBab (Brain antibody-omics and B-cell Lab), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - S Momsen Reincke
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz Innovation Lab BaoBab (Brain antibody-omics and B-cell Lab), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), 10178 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Christian Kornau
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Neuroscience Research Center (NWFZ), Cluster NeuroCure, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisa Sánchez-Sendin
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz Innovation Lab BaoBab (Brain antibody-omics and B-cell Lab), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Victor Max Corman
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany, and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Berlin, Germany
| | - Hejun Liu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Meng Yuan
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nicholas C. Wu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xueyong Zhu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Chang-Chun D. Lee
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jakob Trimpert
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Höltje
- Institute of Integrative Neuroanatomy Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristina Dietert
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 15, 14163 Berlin, Germany
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 8, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Stöffler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Niels von Wardenburg
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Scott van Hoof
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz Innovation Lab BaoBab (Brain antibody-omics and B-cell Lab), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie A Homeyer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), 10178 Berlin, Germany
| | - Julius Hoffmann
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Azza Abdelgawad
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Achim D Gruber
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 15, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Luca D Bertzbach
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daria Vladimirova
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lucie Y Li
- Helmholtz Innovation Lab BaoBab (Brain antibody-omics and B-cell Lab), Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Integrative Neuroanatomy Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paula Charlotte Barthel
- Institute of Integrative Neuroanatomy Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karl Skriner
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas C Hocke
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Hippenstiel
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Witzenrath
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Suttorp
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Kurth
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine and I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christiana Franke
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Endres
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Excellence Cluster NeuroCure Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dietmar Schmitz
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Neuroscience Research Center (NWFZ), Cluster NeuroCure, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lara Maria Jeworowski
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany, and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Richter
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany, and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie Luisa Schmidt
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany, and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Berlin, Germany
| | - Tatjana Schwarz
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany, and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcel Alexander Müller
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany, and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany, and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Wendisch
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leif E Sander
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Osterrieder
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Harald Prüss
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz Innovation Lab BaoBab (Brain antibody-omics and B-cell Lab), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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Osterrieder N, Bertzbach LD, Dietert K, Abdelgawad A, Vladimirova D, Kunec D, Hoffmann D, Beer M, Gruber AD, Trimpert J. Age-Dependent Progression of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Syrian Hamsters. Viruses 2020; 12:E779. [PMID: 32698441 PMCID: PMC7412213 DOI: 10.3390/v12070779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In late 2019, an outbreak of a severe respiratory disease caused by an emerging coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, resulted in high morbidity and mortality in infected humans. Complete understanding of COVID-19, the multi-faceted disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, requires suitable small animal models, as does the development and evaluation of vaccines and antivirals. Since age-dependent differences of COVID-19 were identified in humans, we compared the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection in young and aged Syrian hamsters. We show that virus replication in the upper and lower respiratory tract was independent of the age of the animals. However, older hamsters exhibited more pronounced and consistent weight loss. In situ hybridization in the lungs identified viral RNA in bronchial epithelium, alveolar epithelial cells type I and II, and macrophages. Histopathology revealed clear age-dependent differences, with young hamsters launching earlier and stronger immune cell influx than aged hamsters. The latter developed conspicuous alveolar and perivascular edema, indicating vascular leakage. In contrast, we observed rapid lung recovery at day 14 after infection only in young hamsters. We propose that comparative assessment in young versus aged hamsters of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and treatments may yield valuable information, as this small-animal model appears to mirror age-dependent differences in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Osterrieder
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (N.O.); (L.D.B.); (A.A.); (D.V.); (D.K.)
| | - Luca D. Bertzbach
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (N.O.); (L.D.B.); (A.A.); (D.V.); (D.K.)
| | - Kristina Dietert
- Institut für Veterinärpathologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 15, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (K.D.); (A.D.G.)
- Tiermedizinisches Zentrum für Resistenzforschung, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Azza Abdelgawad
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (N.O.); (L.D.B.); (A.A.); (D.V.); (D.K.)
| | - Daria Vladimirova
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (N.O.); (L.D.B.); (A.A.); (D.V.); (D.K.)
| | - Dusan Kunec
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (N.O.); (L.D.B.); (A.A.); (D.V.); (D.K.)
| | - Donata Hoffmann
- Institut für Virusdiagnostik, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (D.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Martin Beer
- Institut für Virusdiagnostik, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (D.H.); (M.B.)
| | - Achim D. Gruber
- Institut für Veterinärpathologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 15, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (K.D.); (A.D.G.)
| | - Jakob Trimpert
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (N.O.); (L.D.B.); (A.A.); (D.V.); (D.K.)
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26
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Hagag IT, Wight DJ, Bartsch D, Sid H, Jordan I, Bertzbach LD, Schusser B, Kaufer BB. Abrogation of Marek's disease virus replication using CRISPR/Cas9. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10919. [PMID: 32616820 PMCID: PMC7331644 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67951-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease virus (MDV) is a highly cell-associated alphaherpesvirus that causes deadly lymphomas in chickens. While vaccination protects against clinical symptoms, MDV field strains can still circulate in vaccinated flocks and continuously evolve towards greater virulence. MDV vaccines do not provide sterilizing immunity, allowing the virus to overcome vaccine protection, and has increased the need for more potent vaccines or alternative interventions. In this study, we addressed if the CRISPR/Cas9 system can protect cells from MDV replication. We first screened a number of guide RNAs (gRNAs) targeting essential MDV genes for their ability to prevent virus replication. Single gRNAs significantly inhibited virus replication, but could result in the emergence of escape mutants. Strikingly, combining two or more gRNAs completely abrogated virus replication and no escape mutants were observed upon serial passaging. Our study provides the first proof-of-concept, demonstrating that the CRISPR/Cas9 system can be efficiently used to block MDV replication. The presented findings lay the foundation for future research to completely protect chickens from this deadly pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim T Hagag
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, El-Tagneed St. 114, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Darren J Wight
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Denise Bartsch
- Reproductive Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 1, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Hicham Sid
- Reproductive Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 1, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Ingo Jordan
- ProBioGen AG, Herbert-Bayer-Straße 8, 13086, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luca D Bertzbach
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin Schusser
- Reproductive Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 1, 85354, Freising, Germany.
| | - Benedikt B Kaufer
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
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Hellmich R, Sid H, Lengyel K, Flisikowski K, Schlickenrieder A, Bartsch D, Thoma T, Bertzbach LD, Kaufer BB, Nair V, Preisinger R, Schusser B. Acquiring Resistance Against a Retroviral Infection via CRISPR/Cas9 Targeted Genome Editing in a Commercial Chicken Line. Front Genome Ed 2020; 2:3. [PMID: 34713212 PMCID: PMC8525359 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2020.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome editing technology provides new possibilities for animal breeding and aid in understanding host-pathogen interactions. In poultry, retroviruses display one of the most difficult pathogens to control by conventional strategies such as vaccinations. Avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) is an oncogenic, immunosuppressive retrovirus that causes myeloid leukosis and other tumors in chickens. Severe economic losses caused by ALV-J remain an unsolved problem in many parts of the world due to inefficient eradication strategies and lack of effective vaccines. ALV-J attachment and entry are mediated through the specific receptor, chicken Na+/H+ exchanger type 1 (chNHE1). The non-conserved amino acid tryptophan 38 (W38) in chNHE1 is crucial for virus entry, making it a favorable target for the introduction of disease resistance. In this study, we obtained ALV-J-resistance in a commercial chicken line by precise deletion of chNHE1 W38, utilizing the CRISPR/Cas9-system in combination with homology directed repair. The genetic modification completely protected cells from infection with a subgroup J retrovirus. W38 deletion did neither have a negative effect on the development nor on the general health condition of the gene edited chickens. Overall, the generation of ALV-J-resistant birds by precise gene editing demonstrates the immense potential of this approach as an alternative disease control strategy in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Hellmich
- Department of Animal Sciences, Reproductive Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Hicham Sid
- Department of Animal Sciences, Reproductive Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Kamila Lengyel
- Department of Animal Sciences, Reproductive Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Flisikowski
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Antonina Schlickenrieder
- Department of Animal Sciences, Reproductive Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Denise Bartsch
- Department of Animal Sciences, Reproductive Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Theresa Thoma
- Department of Animal Sciences, Reproductive Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, Freising, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Benjamin Schusser
- Department of Animal Sciences, Reproductive Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, Freising, Germany
- *Correspondence: Benjamin Schusser
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28
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Wild M, Bertzbach LD, Tannig P, Wangen C, Müller R, Herrmann L, Fröhlich T, Tsogoeva SB, Kaufer BB, Marschall M, Hahn F. The trimeric artesunate derivative TF27 exerts strong anti-cytomegaloviral efficacy: Focus on prophylactic efficacy and oral treatment of immunocompetent mice. Antiviral Res 2020; 178:104788. [PMID: 32251769 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) causes serious and even life-threatening diseases, particularly upon congenital or post-transplant infection. Treatment of HCMV infections with currently available drugs targeting viral enzymes is often limited by severe side effects and the emergence of drug-resistant viruses. To avoid this problem, novel therapeutic options directed to host proteins involved in virus replication are being investigated. Recently, we described the pronounced antiherpesviral activity of the trimeric artesunate derivative TF27 at low nanomolar concentrations in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, we report first data on the prophylactic efficacy of TF27 against human and murine CMV and the oncogenic avian alphaherpesvirus Marek's disease virus (MDV). The main findings of this study are (i) a pronounced activity of the experimental drug TF27 against alpha- and betaherpesviruses in vitro upon prophylactic treatment and (ii) a therapeutic and prophylactic efficacy upon oral treatment in an immunocompetent mouse model. Moreover, our data highlight (iii) the tolerability of orally administered TF27 free of compound-associated adverse events and further confirm (iv) the suitability of cellular factors as primary antiviral targets. Thus, we provide evidence for therapeutic and prophylactic antiherpesviral efficacy of TF27 upon oral treatment in immunocompetent hosts and thereby underline its potential for future antiviral drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Wild
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Luca D Bertzbach
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Pierre Tannig
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Christina Wangen
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Regina Müller
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Lars Herrmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry I, FAU, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Tony Fröhlich
- Institute of Organic Chemistry I, FAU, Erlangen, Germany.
| | | | | | - Manfred Marschall
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Friedrich Hahn
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
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29
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Bertzbach LD, Conradie AM, You Y, Kaufer BB. Latest Insights into Marek's Disease Virus Pathogenesis and Tumorigenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12030647. [PMID: 32164311 PMCID: PMC7139298 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Marek’s disease virus (MDV) infects chickens and causes one of the most frequent cancers in animals. Over 100 years of research on this oncogenic alphaherpesvirus has led to a profound understanding of virus-induced tumor development. Live-attenuated vaccines against MDV were the first that prevented cancer and minimized the losses in the poultry industry. Even though the current gold standard vaccine efficiently protects against clinical disease, the virus continuously evolves towards higher virulence. Emerging field strains were able to overcome the protection provided by the previous two vaccine generations. Research over the last few years revealed important insights into the virus life cycle, cellular tropism, and tumor development that are summarized in this review. In addition, we discuss recent data on the MDV transcriptome, the constant evolution of this highly oncogenic virus towards higher virulence, and future perspectives in MDV research.
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30
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Burnett DL, Bertzbach LD. The importance of veterinary specialized generalists in biomedical research. Res Vet Sci 2020; 129:185-186. [PMID: 32065992 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L Burnett
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia.
| | - Luca D Bertzbach
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert von Ostertag-Straße 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
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31
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Bertzbach LD, Harlin O, Härtle S, Fehler F, Vychodil T, Kaufer BB, Kaspers B. IFNα and IFNγ Impede Marek's Disease Progression. Viruses 2019; 11:v11121103. [PMID: 31795203 PMCID: PMC6950089 DOI: 10.3390/v11121103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Marek’s disease virus (MDV) is an alphaherpesvirus that causes Marek’s disease, a malignant lymphoproliferative disease of domestic chickens. While MDV vaccines protect animals from clinical disease, they do not provide sterilizing immunity and allow field strains to circulate and evolve in vaccinated flocks. Therefore, there is a need for improved vaccines and for a better understanding of innate and adaptive immune responses against MDV infections. Interferons (IFNs) play important roles in the innate immune defenses against viruses and induce upregulation of a cellular antiviral state. In this report, we quantified the potent antiviral effect of IFNα and IFNγ against MDV infections in vitro. Moreover, we demonstrate that both cytokines can delay Marek’s disease onset and progression in vivo. Additionally, blocking of endogenous IFNα using a specific monoclonal antibody, in turn, accelerated disease. In summary, our data reveal the effects of IFNα and IFNγ on MDV infection and improve our understanding of innate immune responses against this oncogenic virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca D. Bertzbach
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (L.D.B.); (T.V.)
| | - Olof Harlin
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539 Munich, Germany; (O.H.); (S.H.)
| | - Sonja Härtle
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539 Munich, Germany; (O.H.); (S.H.)
| | | | - Tereza Vychodil
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (L.D.B.); (T.V.)
| | - Benedikt B. Kaufer
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (L.D.B.); (T.V.)
- Correspondence: (B.B.K.); (B.K.)
| | - Bernd Kaspers
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539 Munich, Germany; (O.H.); (S.H.)
- Correspondence: (B.B.K.); (B.K.)
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32
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Bertzbach LD, van Haarlem DA, Härtle S, Kaufer BB, Jansen CA. Marek's Disease Virus Infection of Natural Killer Cells. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7120588. [PMID: 31757008 PMCID: PMC6956363 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7120588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are key players in the innate immune response. They kill virus-infected cells and are crucial for the induction of adaptive immune responses. Marek’s disease virus (MDV) is a highly contagious alphaherpesvirus that causes deadly T cell lymphomas in chickens. Host resistance to MDV is associated with differences in NK cell responses; however, the exact role of NK cells in the control of MDV remains unknown. In this study, we assessed if MDV can infect NK cells and alter their activation. Surprisingly, we could demonstrate that primary chicken NK cells are very efficiently infected with very virulent RB-1B MDV and the live-attenuated CVI988 vaccine. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that both RB-1B and CVI988 enhance NK cell degranulation and increase interferon gamma (IFNγ) production in vitro. In addition, we could show that the MDV Eco Q-encoded oncogene (meq) contributes to the induction of NK cell activation using meq knockout viruses. Taken together, our data revealed for the first time that NK cells are efficiently infectable with MDV and that this oncogenic alphaherpesvirus enhances NK cell degranulation and increased IFNγ production in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca D. Bertzbach
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Daphne A. van Haarlem
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Sonja Härtle
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539 Munich, Germany;
| | - Benedikt B. Kaufer
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany;
- Correspondence: (B.B.K.); (C.A.J.)
| | - Christine A. Jansen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence: (B.B.K.); (C.A.J.)
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Han X, Bertzbach LD, Veit M. Mimicking the passage of avian influenza viruses through the gastrointestinal tract of chickens. Vet Microbiol 2019; 239:108462. [PMID: 31767100 PMCID: PMC7126190 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Avian viruses require neutralization of the gizzard fluid to prevent inactivation. Neutralization uncovers a trypsin-like activity that activates the virus. Viruses grow to high titers in a new epithelial cell line from chicken intestine. Intestinal fluid activate virus particles, but only if diluted. A duck derived virus is better adapted to the fluid compared to fowl plague virus.
In contrast to human influenza viruses that replicate in the respiratory tract and are airborne transmitted, avian viruses also replicate in gut epithelial cells and are transmitted via the fecal-oral route. On this route, the virus is exposed to destructive fluids of the digestive tract, which are acidic and contain the proteases pepsin (gizzard) or chymotrypsin and trypsin (intestine). Only the latter enzyme activates virus by cleaving hemagglutinin (HA) into HA1 and HA2 subunits. We mimicked the passage of viruses through the gastrointestinal tract by treating them with digestive fluids from chicken and determined titers and integrity of HA by western-blot. Gizzard fluid completely inactivated virions and degrades HA even at a high dilution, but only if the pH was kept acidic. If the fluid is diluted with neutral buffer (mimicking virus uptake with seawater) particles were more resistant. Virions containing an uncleaved HA were even activated suggesting that gastric juice contains a trypsin-like protease. Undiluted intestinal fluid inactivated particles and destroyed HA, but diluted fluid activated virions. A virus isolated from the duck´s intestine is more tolerant against intestinal fluid compared to fowl plague virus suggesting that the former is better adapted to grow in the intestine. We also demonstrate that influenza viruses replicate to high titers in a novel chicken epithelial gut cell line. While viruses with a monobasic HA cleavage site require addition of trypsin, these cells effectively process HA with a polybasic cleavage site, which could be blocked with an inhibitor of the cellular furin protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Han
- Freie Universität Berlin, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Virology, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, Berlin, 14163, Germany
| | - Luca D Bertzbach
- Freie Universität Berlin, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Virology, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, Berlin, 14163, Germany
| | - Michael Veit
- Freie Universität Berlin, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Virology, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, Berlin, 14163, Germany.
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Bertzbach LD, Conradie AM, Hahn F, Wild M, Marschall M, Kaufer BB. Artesunate derivative TF27 inhibits replication and pathogenesis of an oncogenic avian alphaherpesvirus. Antiviral Res 2019; 171:104606. [PMID: 31520682 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogues have been the cornerstone of clinical treatment of herpesvirus infections since the 1970s. However, severe side effects and emergence of drug resistant viruses raise the need for alternative treatment options. We recently investigated the broad and strong antiherpesviral activity of the optimized artesunate derivative TF27 in vitro. TF27 efficiently inhibited replication of the highly oncogenic Marek's disease virus (MDV), a virus that infects chickens, causes deadly lymphomas and threatens poultry populations worldwide. In this study, we used this natural virus-host model for herpesvirus-induced cancer by infecting chickens with MDV, and evaluated the protective efficacy of TF27 and the nucleoside analogue valganciclovir (VGCV) on virus replication and tumorigenesis. We could demonstrate that both drugs reduced viral load in the blood and prevented tumor development in a large portion of the animals. Antiviral treatment also had a positive impact on body weight gain, while no negative compound-associated side effects were observed. This research provides the first evidence that the artesunate derivative TF27 and VGCV can be used in avian species and that they inhibit MDV replication and tumorigenesis. In addition, our study paves the way for promising approaches in future antiherpesviral drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca D Bertzbach
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | - Friedrich Hahn
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Markus Wild
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Manfred Marschall
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
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Pauker VI, Bertzbach LD, Hohmann A, Kheimar A, Teifke JP, Mettenleiter TC, Karger A, Kaufer BB. Imaging Mass Spectrometry and Proteome Analysis of Marek's Disease Virus-Induced Tumors. mSphere 2019; 4:e00569-18. [PMID: 30651403 PMCID: PMC6336081 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00569-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly oncogenic alphaherpesvirus Marek's disease virus (MDV) causes immense economic losses in the poultry industry. MDV induces a variety of symptoms in infected chickens, including neurological disorders and immunosuppression. Most notably, MDV induces transformation of lymphocytes, leading to T cell lymphomas in visceral organs with a mortality of up to 100%. While several factors involved in MDV tumorigenesis have been identified, the transformation process and tumor composition remain poorly understood. Here we developed an imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) approach that allows sensitive visualization of MDV-induced lymphoma with a specific mass profile and precise differentiation from the surrounding tissue. To identify potential tumor markers in tumors derived from a very virulent wild-type virus and a telomerase RNA-deficient mutant, we performed laser capture microdissection (LCM) and thereby obtained tumor samples with no or minimal contamination from surrounding nontumor tissue. The proteomes of the LCM samples were subsequently analyzed by quantitative mass spectrometry based on stable isotope labeling. Several proteins, like interferon gamma-inducible protein 30 and a 70-kDa heat shock protein, were identified that are differentially expressed in tumor tissue compared to surrounding tissue and naive T cells. Taken together, our results demonstrate for the first time that MDV-induced tumors can be visualized using IMS, and we identified potential MDV tumor markers by analyzing the proteomes of virus-induced tumors.IMPORTANCE Marek's disease virus (MDV) is an oncogenic alphaherpesvirus that infects chickens and causes the most frequent clinically diagnosed cancer in the animal kingdom. Not only is MDV an important pathogen that threatens the poultry industry but it is also used as a natural virus-host model for herpesvirus-induced tumor formation. In order to visualize MDV-induced lymphoma and to identify potential biomarkers in an unbiased approach, we performed imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) and noncontact laser capture microdissection. This study provides a first description of the visualization of MDV-induced tumors by IMS that could be applied also for diagnostic purposes. In addition, we identified and validated potential biomarkers for MDV-induced tumors that could provide the basis for future research on pathogenesis and tumorigenesis of this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V I Pauker
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - L D Bertzbach
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Hohmann
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - A Kheimar
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - J P Teifke
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - T C Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - A Karger
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - B B Kaufer
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Hahn F, Fröhlich T, Frank T, Bertzbach LD, Kohrt S, Kaufer BB, Stamminger T, Tsogoeva SB, Marschall M. Artesunate-derived monomeric, dimeric and trimeric experimental drugs - Their unique mechanistic basis and pronounced antiherpesviral activity. Antiviral Res 2018; 152:104-110. [PMID: 29458133 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a major human pathogen and is associated with severe pathology, such as life-threatening courses of infection in immunocompromised individuals and neonates. Currently, antiviral therapy is still hampered by a considerable toxicity of the available drugs and induction of viral resistance. Recently, we and others reported the very potent antiviral activity of the broad antiinfective drug artesunate in vitro and in vivo. Here, we investigated further optimized analogs including monomeric, dimeric and trimeric derivatives belonging to this highly interesting chemical group of experimental drugs (sesquiterpenes/trioxanes) and compared these to the previously identified trimeric artesunate compound TF27. We could demonstrate that (i) seven of the eight investigated monomeric, dimeric and trimeric artesunate derivatives, i.e. TF79, TF85, TF87, TF93.2.4, TF111, TF57a and TF57ab, exerted a strong anti-HCMV activity in primary human fibroblasts, (ii) the EC50 values ranged in the low to sub-micromolar concentrations and indicated a higher antiviral potency than the recently described artesunate analogs, (iii) one trimeric compound, TF79, showed a very promising EC50 of 0.03 ± 0.00 μM, which even exceled the antiviral potency of TF27 (EC50 0.04 ± 0.01 μM), (iv) levels of cytotoxicity (quantitative measurement of lactate dehydrogenase release) were low in a range between 100 and 30 μM and thus different from antiviral concentrations, (v) an analysis of protein expression levels indicated a potent block of viral protein expression, and (vi) data from a NF-κB reporter cell system strongly suggested that these compounds share the same antiviral mechanism. Taken together, our data on these novel compounds strongly encourages our earlier concept on the oligomerization and hybridization of artesunate analogs, providing an excellent platform for the generation of antiherpesviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Hahn
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Tony Fröhlich
- Institute of Organic Chemistry I, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Theresa Frank
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Luca D Bertzbach
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert Von Ostertag-Str. 7 - 13, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Stephan Kohrt
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Benedikt B Kaufer
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert Von Ostertag-Str. 7 - 13, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Thomas Stamminger
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Svetlana B Tsogoeva
- Institute of Organic Chemistry I, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Manfred Marschall
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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