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Fairbanks EL, Tambwe MM, Moore J, Mpelepele A, Lobo NF, Mashauri R, Chitnis N, Moore SJ. Evaluating human landing catches as a measure of mosquito biting and the importance of considering additional modes of action. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11476. [PMID: 38769342 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61116-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Entomological evaluations of vector control tools often use human landing catches (HLCs) as a standard measure of a direct human-vector contact. However, some tools have additional characteristics, such as mortality, and HLCS are not sensitive for measuring other effects beyond landing inhibition. Therefore, additional measures may need to be considered when evaluating these tools for public health use. This study has two main aims (1) the evaluate the accuracy of HLCs as a proxy for feeding and (2) to compare the predicted reduction in vectorial capacity when we do and do not consider these additional characteristics. To achieve this, we analyse previously published semi-field data from an experiment which used HLCs and another where mosquitoes were allowed to feed in the presence of different dosages of the volatile pyrethroid spatial repellent, transfluthrin. We compare results for two mathematical models: one which only considers the reduction in feeding effect and one which also considers mortality before and after feeding (using data gathered by the aspiration of mosquitoes after the semi-field feeding/landing period and 24 h survival monitoring). These Bayesian hierarchical models are parameterised using Bayesian inference. We observe that, for susceptible mosquitoes, reduction in landing is underestimated by HLCs. For knockdown resistant mosquitoes the relationship is less clear; with HLCs sometimes appearing to overestimate this characteristic. We find HLCs tend to under-predict the relative reduction in vectorial capacity in susceptible mosquitoes while over-predicting this impact in knockdown-resistant mosquitoes. Models without secondary effects have lower predicted relative reductions in vectorial capacities. Overall, this study highlights the importance of considering additional characteristics to reduction in biting of volatile pyrethroid spatial repellents. We recommend that these are considered when evaluating novel vector control tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Fairbanks
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, Allschwill, Basel, 4123, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland.
- The Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Mgeni M Tambwe
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, Allschwill, Basel, 4123, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Jason Moore
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, Allschwill, Basel, 4123, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Ahmed Mpelepele
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Rajabu Mashauri
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Nakul Chitnis
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, Allschwill, Basel, 4123, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sarah J Moore
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, Allschwill, Basel, 4123, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- The Nelson Mandela, African Institution of Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences and Bio Engineering, Tengeru, Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania
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Vasconcelos A, King JD, Nunes-Alves C, Anderson R, Argaw D, Basáñez MG, Bilal S, Blok DJ, Blumberg S, Borlase A, Brady OJ, Browning R, Chitnis N, Coffeng LE, Crowley EH, Cucunubá ZM, Cummings DAT, Davis CN, Davis EL, Dixon M, Dobson A, Dyson L, French M, Fronterre C, Giorgi E, Huang CI, Jain S, James A, Kim SH, Kura K, Lucianez A, Marks M, Mbabazi PS, Medley GF, Michael E, Montresor A, Mutono N, Mwangi TS, Rock KS, Saboyá-Díaz MI, Sasanami M, Schwehm M, Spencer SEF, Srivathsan A, Stawski RS, Stolk WA, Sutherland SA, Tchuenté LAT, de Vlas SJ, Walker M, Brooker SJ, Hollingsworth TD, Solomon AW, Fall IS. Accelerating Progress Towards the 2030 Neglected Tropical Diseases Targets: How Can Quantitative Modeling Support Programmatic Decisions? Clin Infect Dis 2024; 78:S83-S92. [PMID: 38662692 PMCID: PMC11045030 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciae082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, considerable progress has been made in the control, elimination, and eradication of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). Despite these advances, most NTD programs have recently experienced important setbacks; for example, NTD interventions were some of the most frequently and severely impacted by service disruptions due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Mathematical modeling can help inform selection of interventions to meet the targets set out in the NTD road map 2021-2030, and such studies should prioritize questions that are relevant for decision-makers, especially those designing, implementing, and evaluating national and subnational programs. In September 2022, the World Health Organization hosted a stakeholder meeting to identify such priority modeling questions across a range of NTDs and to consider how modeling could inform local decision making. Here, we summarize the outputs of the meeting, highlight common themes in the questions being asked, and discuss how quantitative modeling can support programmatic decisions that may accelerate progress towards the 2030 targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Vasconcelos
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan D King
- Global Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cláudio Nunes-Alves
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Roy Anderson
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Argaw
- Global Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maria-Gloria Basáñez
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shakir Bilal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - David J Blok
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Seth Blumberg
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Anna Borlase
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver J Brady
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Raiha Browning
- The Department of Statistics, The University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Nakul Chitnis
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Luc E Coffeng
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emily H Crowley
- Zeeman Institute for System Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, The University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Mathematics Institute, The University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Zulma M Cucunubá
- Departamento de Epidemiología Clínica y Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Derek A T Cummings
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Christopher Neil Davis
- Zeeman Institute for System Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, The University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Mathematics Institute, The University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Louise Davis
- Mathematics Institute, The University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Dixon
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Dobson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Louise Dyson
- Zeeman Institute for System Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, The University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Mathematics Institute, The University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Michael French
- Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- RTI International, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Claudio Fronterre
- CHICAS, Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Emanuele Giorgi
- CHICAS, Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Ching-I Huang
- Zeeman Institute for System Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, The University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Mathematics Institute, The University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Saurabh Jain
- Global Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ananthu James
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sung Hye Kim
- Global Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Klodeta Kura
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Lucianez
- Communicable Diseases Prevention, Control, and Elimination, Pan American Health Organization, Washington D.C., USA
| | - Michael Marks
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pamela Sabina Mbabazi
- Global Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Graham F Medley
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edwin Michael
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Antonio Montresor
- Global Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nyamai Mutono
- Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Thumbi S Mwangi
- Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kat S Rock
- Zeeman Institute for System Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, The University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Mathematics Institute, The University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Martha-Idalí Saboyá-Díaz
- Communicable Diseases Prevention, Control, and Elimination, Pan American Health Organization, Washington D.C., USA
| | - Misaki Sasanami
- Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Schwehm
- ExploSYS GmbH, Interdisciplinary Institute for Exploratory Systems, Leinfelden-Echterdingen, Germany
| | - Simon E F Spencer
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ariktha Srivathsan
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Robert S Stawski
- Institute of Public Health and Wellbeing, School of Health and Social Care, University of Essex, Essex, United Kingdom
| | - Wilma A Stolk
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Samuel A Sutherland
- Zeeman Institute for System Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, The University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sake J de Vlas
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Walker
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - T Déirdre Hollingsworth
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony W Solomon
- Global Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ibrahima Socé Fall
- Global Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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Wang Y, Chitnis N, Fairbanks EL. Optimizing malaria vector control in the Greater Mekong Subregion: a systematic review and mathematical modelling study to identify desirable intervention characteristics. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:162. [PMID: 38553759 PMCID: PMC10981350 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06234-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS), new vector-control tools are needed to target mosquitoes that bite outside during the daytime and night-time to advance malaria elimination. METHODS We conducted systematic literature searches to generate a bionomic dataset of the main malaria vectors in the GMS, including human blood index (HBI), parity proportion, sac proportion (proportion with uncontracted ovary sacs, indicating the amount of time until they returned to host seeking after oviposition) and the resting period duration. We then performed global sensitivity analyses to assess the influence of bionomics and intervention characteristics on vectorial capacity. RESULTS Our review showed that Anopheles minimus, An. sinensis, An. maculatus and An. sundaicus display opportunistic blood-feeding behaviour, while An. dirus is more anthropophilic. Multivariate regression analysis indicated that environmental, climatic and sampling factors influence the proportion of parous mosquitoes, and resting duration varies seasonally. Sensitivity analysis highlighted HBI and parity proportion as the most influential bionomic parameters, followed by resting duration. Killing before feeding is always a desirable characteristic across all settings in the GMS. Disarming is also a desirable characteristic in settings with a low HBI. Repelling is only an effective strategy in settings with a low HBI and low parity proportion. Killing after feeding is only a desirable characteristic if the HBI and parity proportions in the setting are high. CONCLUSIONS Although in general adopting tools that kill before feeding would have the largest community-level effect on reducing outdoor transmission, other modes of action can be effective. Current tools in development which target outdoor biting mosquitoes should be implemented in different settings dependent on their characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, Allschwill, 4123, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nakul Chitnis
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, Allschwill, 4123, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Emma L Fairbanks
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, Allschwill, 4123, Basel, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland.
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4
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Newby G, Cotter C, Roh ME, Harvard K, Bennett A, Hwang J, Chitnis N, Fine S, Stresman G, Chen I, Gosling R, Hsiang MS. Correction: Testing and treatment for malaria elimination: a systematic review. Malar J 2024; 23:63. [PMID: 38429746 PMCID: PMC10908158 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04861-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen Newby
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Chris Cotter
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michelle E Roh
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kelly Harvard
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Adam Bennett
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
- PATH, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jimee Hwang
- Malaria Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nakul Chitnis
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sydney Fine
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Gillian Stresman
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Ingrid Chen
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Roly Gosling
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Michelle S Hsiang
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Kamber L, Bürli C, Harbrecht H, Odermatt P, Sayasone S, Chitnis N. Modeling the persistence of Opisthorchis viverrini worm burden after mass-drug administration and education campaigns with systematic adherence. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011362. [PMID: 38422118 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Opisthorchis viverrini is a parasitic liver fluke contracted by consumption of raw fish, which affects over 10 million people in Southeast Asia despite sustained control efforts. Chronic infections are a risk factor for the often fatal bile duct cancer, cholangiocarcinoma. Previous modeling predicted rapid elimination of O. viverrini following yearly mass drug administration (MDA) campaigns. However, field data collected in affected populations shows persistence of infection, including heavy worm burden, after many years of repeated interventions. A plausible explanation for this observation is systematic adherence of individuals in health campaigns, such as MDA and education, with some individuals consistently missing treatment. We developed an agent-based model of O. viverrini which allows us to introduce various heterogeneities including systematic adherence to MDA and education campaigns at the individual level. We validate the agent-based model by comparing it to a previously published population-based model. We estimate the degree of systematic adherence to MDA and education campaigns indirectly, using epidemiological data collected in Lao PDR before and after 5 years of repeated MDA, education and sanitation improvement campaigns. We predict the impact of interventions deployed singly and in combination, with and without the estimated systematic adherence. We show how systematic adherence can substantially increase the time required to achieve reductions in worm burden. However, we predict that yearly MDA campaigns alone can result in a strong reduction of moderate and heavy worm burden, even under systematic adherence. We predict latrines and education campaigns to be particularly important for the reduction in overall prevalence, and therefore, ultimately, elimination. Our findings show how systematic adherence can explain the observed persistence of worm burden; while emphasizing the benefit of interventions for the entire population, even under systematic adherence. At the same time, the results highlight the substantial opportunity to further reduce worm burden if patterns of systematic adherence can be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Kamber
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christine Bürli
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Helmut Harbrecht
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Odermatt
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Somphou Sayasone
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Lao Tropical and Public Health Institute, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Nakul Chitnis
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Fairbanks EL, Saeung M, Pongsiri A, Vajda E, Wang Y, McIver DJ, Richardson JH, Tatarsky A, Lobo NF, Moore SJ, Ponlawat A, Chareonviriyaphap T, Ross A, Chitnis N. Inference for entomological semi-field experiments: Fitting a mathematical model assessing personal and community protection of vector-control interventions. Comput Biol Med 2024; 168:107716. [PMID: 38039890 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.107716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
The effectiveness of vector-control tools is often assessed by experiments as a reduction in mosquito landings using human landing catches (HLCs). However, HLCs alone only quantify a single characteristic and therefore do not provide information on the overall impacts of the intervention product. Using data from a recent semi-field study which used time-stratified HLCs, aspiration of non-landing mosquitoes, and blood feeding, we suggest a Bayesian inference approach for fitting such data to a stochastic model. This model considers both personal protection, through a reduction in biting, and community protection, from mosquito mortality and disarming (prolonged inhibition of blood feeding). Parameter estimates are then used to predict the reduction of vectorial capacity induced by etofenpox-treated clothing, picaridin topical repellents, transfluthrin spatial repellents and metofluthrin spatial repellents, as well as combined interventions for Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Anopleles minimus. Overall, all interventions had both personal and community effects, preventing biting and killing or disarming mosquitoes. This led to large estimated reductions in the vectorial capacity, with substantial impact even at low coverage. As the interventions aged, fewer mosquitoes were killed; however the impact of some interventions changed from killing to disarming mosquitoes. Overall, this inference method allows for additional modes of action, rather than just reduction in biting, to be parameterised and highlights the tools assessed as promising malaria interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Fairbanks
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health, Institute, Allschwill, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Manop Saeung
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Arissara Pongsiri
- Department of Entomology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Elodie Vajda
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health, Institute, Allschwill, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Yuqian Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health, Institute, Allschwill, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David J McIver
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | | | - Allison Tatarsky
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | | | - Sarah J Moore
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health, Institute, Allschwill, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, United Republic of Tanzania; The Nelson Mandela, African Institution of Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences and Bio Engineering, Tengeru, Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Alongkot Ponlawat
- Department of Entomology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Amanda Ross
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health, Institute, Allschwill, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nakul Chitnis
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health, Institute, Allschwill, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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7
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Sousa FM, Warembourg C, Abakar MF, Alvarez D, Berger-Gonzalez M, Odoch T, Wera E, Chitnis N, Silva LC, Alobo G, Sikko MM, Roquel P, Hernández ALL, Dürr S. Investigation of optimized observation periods for estimating a representative home range of free-roaming domestic dogs. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22750. [PMID: 38123585 PMCID: PMC10733426 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49851-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Free-roaming domestic dogs (FRDD), as vectors of zoonotic diseases, are of high relevance for public health. Understanding roaming patterns of dogs can help to design disease control programs and disease transmission simulation models. Studies on GPS tracking of dogs report stark differences in recording periods. So far, there is no accepted number of days required to capture a representative home range (HR) of FRDD. The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in HR size and shape over time of FRDD living in Chad, Guatemala, Indonesia and Uganda and identify the period required to capture stable HR values. Dogs were collared with GPS units, leading to a total of 46 datasets with, at least, 19 recorded days. For each animal and recorded day, HR sizes were estimated using the Biased Random Bridge method and percentages of daily change in size and shape calculated and taken as metrics. The analysis revealed that the required number of days differed substantially between individuals, isopleths, and countries, with the extended HR (95% isopleth value) requiring a longer recording period. To reach a stable HR size and shape values for 75% of the dogs, 26 and 21 days, respectively, were sufficient. However, certain dogs required more extended observational periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Maximiano Sousa
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Charlotte Warembourg
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Danilo Alvarez
- Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Monica Berger-Gonzalez
- Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Terence Odoch
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ewaldus Wera
- Kupang State Agricultural Polytechnic (Politeknik Pertanian Negeri Kupang), West Timor, Indonesia
| | - Nakul Chitnis
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laura Cunha Silva
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Grace Alobo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Maria M Sikko
- Animal Health Division, Agricultural Department of Sikka Regency, Flores, Indonesia
| | - Pablo Roquel
- Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | | | - Salome Dürr
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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8
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Cushing JM, Park J, Farrell A, Chitnis N. Treatment outcome in an SI model with evolutionary resistance: a Darwinian model for the evolution of resistance. J Biol Dyn 2023; 17:2255061. [PMID: 37733402 DOI: 10.1080/17513758.2023.2255061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
We consider a Darwinian (evolutionary game theoretic) version of a standard susceptible-infectious SI model in which the resistance of the disease causing pathogen to a treatment that prevents death to infected individuals is subject to evolutionary adaptation. We determine the existence and stability of all equilibria, both disease-free and endemic, and use the results to determine conditions under which the treatment will succeed or fail. Of particular interest are conditions under which a successful treatment in the absence of resistance adaptation (i.e. one that leads to a stable disease-free equilibrium) will succeed or fail when pathogen resistance is adaptive. These conditions are determined by the relative breadths of treatment effectiveness and infection transmission rate distributions as functions of pathogen resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Cushing
- Department of Mathematics, University of Arizona, Interdisciplinary Program in Applied Mathematics, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Junpyo Park
- Department of Applied Mathematics, College of Applied Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Alex Farrell
- Caris Life Sciences, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Nakul Chitnis
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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9
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Meier L, Antillon M, Burri C, Chitnis N, Endriss Y, Keiser J, Moore S, Müller P, Penny MA, Voss TS, Mäser P, Utzinger J. Repurposing Know-how for Drug Development: Case Studies from the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute. Chimia (Aarau) 2023; 77:582-592. [PMID: 38047834 DOI: 10.2533/chimia.2023.582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In pursuing novel therapeutic solutions, drug discovery and development rely on efficiently utilising existing knowledge and resources. Repurposing know-how, a strategy that capitalises on previously acquired information and expertise, has emerged as a powerful approach to accelerate drug discovery and development processes, often at a fraction of the costs of de novo developments. For 80 years, collaborating within a network of partnerships, the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH) has been working along a value chain from innovation to validation and application to combat poverty-related diseases. This article presents an overview of selected know-how repurposing initiatives conducted at Swiss TPH with a particular emphasis on the exploration of drug development pathways in the context of neglected tropical diseases and other infectious diseases of poverty, such as schistosomiasis, malaria and human African trypanosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Meier
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marina Antillon
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Burri
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nakul Chitnis
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yvette Endriss
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Keiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Moore
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland
- Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Branch, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Pie Müller
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Melissa A Penny
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Till S Voss
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Mäser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland
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10
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Bucher A, Dimov A, Fink G, Chitnis N, Bonfoh B, Zinsstag J. Benefit-cost analysis of coordinated strategies for control of rabies in Africa. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5370. [PMID: 37679314 PMCID: PMC10484917 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41110-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous research suggests that dog mass vaccination campaigns can eliminate rabies locally, resulting in large human and animal life gains. Despite these demonstrated benefits, dog vaccination programs remain scarce on the African continent. We conducted a benefit-cost analysis to demonstrate that engaging into vaccination campaigns is the dominant strategy for most countries even in the absence of coordinated action between them. And quantify how coordinated policy measures across countries in Africa could impact rabies incidence and associated costs. We show that coordinated dog mass vaccination between countries and PEP would lead to the elimination of dog rabies in Africa with total welfare gains of USD 9.5 billion (95% CI: 8.1 - 11.4 billion) between 2024 and 2054 (30 years). Coordinated disease control between African countries can lead to more socially and ecologically equitable outcomes by reducing the number of lost human lives to almost zero and possibly eliminating rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bucher
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstr. 2, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - A Dimov
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstr. 2, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Zürich, Rämistrasse 71, 8006, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - G Fink
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstr. 2, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - N Chitnis
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstr. 2, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - B Bonfoh
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - J Zinsstag
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstr. 2, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003, Basel, Switzerland.
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11
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Newby G, Cotter C, Roh ME, Harvard K, Bennett A, Hwang J, Chitnis N, Fine S, Stresman G, Chen I, Gosling R, Hsiang MS. Testing and treatment for malaria elimination: a systematic review. Malar J 2023; 22:254. [PMID: 37661286 PMCID: PMC10476355 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04670-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global interest in malaria elimination has prompted research on active test and treat (TaT) strategies. METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to assess the effectiveness of TaT strategies to reduce malaria transmission. RESULTS A total of 72 empirical research and 24 modelling studies were identified, mainly focused on proactive mass TaT (MTaT) and reactive case detection (RACD) in higher and lower transmission settings, respectively. Ten intervention studies compared MTaT to no MTaT and the evidence for impact on malaria incidence was weak. No intervention studies compared RACD to no RACD. Compared to passive case detection (PCD) alone, PCD + RACD using standard diagnostics increased infection detection 52.7% and 11.3% in low and very low transmission settings, respectively. Using molecular methods increased this detection of infections by 1.4- and 1.1-fold, respectively. CONCLUSION Results suggest MTaT is not effective for reducing transmission. By increasing case detection, surveillance data provided by RACD may indirectly reduce transmission by informing coordinated responses of intervention targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen Newby
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Chris Cotter
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michelle E Roh
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kelly Harvard
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Adam Bennett
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
- PATH, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jimee Hwang
- Malaria Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nakul Chitnis
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sydney Fine
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Gillian Stresman
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Ingrid Chen
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Roly Gosling
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Michelle S Hsiang
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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12
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Fillinger U, Denz A, Njoroge MM, Tambwe MM, Takken W, van Loon JJA, Moore SJ, Saddler A, Chitnis N, Hiscox A. A randomized, double-blind placebo-control study assessing the protective efficacy of an odour-based 'push-pull' malaria vector control strategy in reducing human-vector contact. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11197. [PMID: 37433881 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38463-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel malaria vector control strategies targeting the odour-orientation of mosquitoes during host-seeking, such as 'attract-and-kill' or 'push-and-pull', have been suggested as complementary tools to indoor residual spraying and long-lasting insecticidal nets. These would be particularly beneficial if they can target vectors in the peri-domestic space where people are unprotected by traditional interventions. A randomized double-blind placebo-control study was implemented in western Kenya to evaluate: a 'push' intervention (spatial repellent) using transfluthrin-treated fabric strips positioned at open eave gaps of houses; a 'pull' intervention placing an odour-baited mosquito trap at a 5 m distance from a house; the combined 'push-pull' package; and the control where houses contained all elements but without active ingredients. Treatments were rotated through 12 houses in a randomized-block design. Outdoor biting was estimated using human landing catches, and indoor mosquito densities using light-traps. None of the interventions provided any protection from outdoor biting malaria vectors. The 'push' reduced indoor vector densities dominated by Anopheles funestus by around two thirds. The 'pull' device did not add any benefit. In the light of the high Anopheles arabiensis biting densities outdoors in the study location, the search for efficient outdoor protection and effective pull components needs to continue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Fillinger
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (Icipe), Human Health Theme, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.
| | - Adrian Denz
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Margaret M Njoroge
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (Icipe), Human Health Theme, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mohamed M Tambwe
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit (VCPTU), Department of Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Willem Takken
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joop J A van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah J Moore
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit (VCPTU), Department of Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Tengeru, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Adam Saddler
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit (VCPTU), Department of Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Nakul Chitnis
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Hiscox
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Arctech Innovation Ltd., The Cube, Londoneast-Uk Business and Technical Park, Yew Tree Avenue, Dagenham, RM10 7FN, UK
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13
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Charlwood JD, Smith TA, Kampango A, Tomas EVE, Chitnis N. Time series analysis of survival and oviposition cycle duration of Anopheles funestus (Giles) in Mozambique. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15230. [PMID: 37273537 PMCID: PMC10234278 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Survival and gonotrophic cycle duration are important determinants of the vectorial capacity of malaria vectors but there are a limited number of approaches to estimate these quantities from field data. Time-series of observations of mosquitoes at different stages in the life-cycle are under-used. Methods Anopheles funestus mosquitoes were caught using various methods over a 7.6-year period in Furvela, Mozambique. Survival and oviposition cycle duration were estimated using (i) an existing time-series approach for analysing dissections of mosquitoes caught in light-traps, extended to allow for variability in the duration of the cycle; (ii) an established approach for estimating cycle duration from resting collection data; (iii) a novel time-series approach fitted to numbers and categories of mosquitoes caught in exit-traps. Results Data were available from 7,396, 6,041 and 1,527 trap-nights for exit-traps, light-traps and resting collections respectively. Estimates of cycle duration varied considerably between the different methods. The estimated proportion of female mosquitoes surviving each day of 0.740 (95% credible interval [0.650-0.815]) derived from light-trap data was much lower than the estimated daily survival of male mosquitoes from the model fitted to exit-trap data (0.881, 95% credible interval [0.747-0.987]). There was no tendency for the oviposition cycle to become shorter at higher temperature while the odds of survival of females through the cycle was estimated to be multiplied by 1.021 for every degree of mean weekly temperature increase (95% credible interval [0.991-1.051]). There was negligible temperature dependence and little inter-annual variation in male survival. Discussion The time-series approach fitted to the exit-traps suggests that male An. funestus have higher survival than do females, and that male survival was temperature independent and unaffected by the introduction of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs). The patterns of temperature dependence in females are at variance with results of laboratory studies. Time series approaches have the advantage for estimating survival that they do not depend on representative sampling of mosquitoes over the whole year. However, the estimates of oviposition cycle duration were associated with considerable uncertainty, which appears to be due to variability between insects in the duration of the resting period, and the estimates based on exit-trap data are sensitive to assumptions about relative trapping efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques D. Charlwood
- DBL Centre for Health Research and Development, Department for Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Mozambican-Danish Rural Malaria Initiative (MOZDAN), Morrumbene, Inhambane Province, Mozambique
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Thomas A. Smith
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ayubo Kampango
- Mozambican-Danish Rural Malaria Initiative (MOZDAN), Morrumbene, Inhambane Province, Mozambique
- Sector de Estudo de Vectores, Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Vila de Marracuene, Província de Maputo, Mozambique
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
| | - Erzelia V. E. Tomas
- Mozambican-Danish Rural Malaria Initiative (MOZDAN), Morrumbene, Inhambane Province, Mozambique
| | - Nakul Chitnis
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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14
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Das AM, Hetzel MW, Yukich JO, Stuck L, Fakih BS, Al-Mafazy AWH, Ali A, Chitnis N. Modelling the impact of interventions on imported, introduced and indigenous malaria infections in Zanzibar, Tanzania. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2750. [PMID: 37173317 PMCID: PMC10182017 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38379-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria cases can be classified as imported, introduced or indigenous cases. The World Health Organization's definition of malaria elimination requires an area to demonstrate that no new indigenous cases have occurred in the last three years. Here, we present a stochastic metapopulation model of malaria transmission that distinguishes between imported, introduced and indigenous cases, and can be used to test the impact of new interventions in a setting with low transmission and ongoing case importation. We use human movement and malaria prevalence data from Zanzibar, Tanzania, to parameterise the model. We test increasing the coverage of interventions such as reactive case detection; implementing new interventions including reactive drug administration and treatment of infected travellers; and consider the potential impact of a reduction in transmission on Zanzibar and mainland Tanzania. We find that the majority of new cases on both major islands of Zanzibar are indigenous cases, despite high case importation rates. Combinations of interventions that increase the number of infections treated through reactive case detection or reactive drug administration can lead to substantial decreases in malaria incidence, but for elimination within the next 40 years, transmission reduction in both Zanzibar and mainland Tanzania is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aatreyee M Das
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Manuel W Hetzel
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joshua O Yukich
- Center for Applied Malaria Research and Evaluation, Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Logan Stuck
- Center for Applied Malaria Research and Evaluation, Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bakar S Fakih
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Abdul-Wahid H Al-Mafazy
- Zanzibar Malaria Elimination Programme, Zanzibar, United Republic of Tanzania
- Office of the Chief Government Statistician (OCGS), Zanzibar, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Abdullah Ali
- Zanzibar Malaria Elimination Programme, Zanzibar, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Nakul Chitnis
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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15
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Das AM, Hetzel MW, Yukich JO, Stuck L, Fakih BS, Al-mafazy AWH, Ali A, Chitnis N. The impact of reactive case detection on malaria transmission in Zanzibar in the presence of human mobility. Epidemics 2022; 41:100639. [PMID: 36343496 PMCID: PMC9758615 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2022.100639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria persists at low levels on Zanzibar despite the use of vector control and case management. We use a metapopulation model to investigate the role of human mobility in malaria persistence on Zanzibar, and the impact of reactive case detection. The model was parameterized using survey data on malaria prevalence, reactive case detection, and travel history. We find that in the absence of imported cases from mainland Tanzania, malaria would likely cease to persist on Zanzibar. We also investigate potential intervention scenarios that may lead to elimination, especially through changes to reactive case detection. While we find that some additional cases are removed by reactive case detection, a large proportion of cases are missed due to many infections having a low parasite density that go undetected by rapid diagnostic tests, a low rate of those infected with malaria seeking treatment, and a low rate of follow up at the household level of malaria cases detected at health facilities. While improvements in reactive case detection would lead to a reduction in malaria prevalence, none of the intervention scenarios tested here were sufficient to reach elimination. Imported cases need to be treated to have a substantial impact on prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aatreyee M. Das
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland,Corresponding author at: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland.
| | - Manuel W. Hetzel
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joshua O. Yukich
- Center for Applied Malaria Research and Evaluation, Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Logan Stuck
- Center for Applied Malaria Research and Evaluation, Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Bakar S. Fakih
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland,Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | | | - Abdullah Ali
- Zanzibar Malaria Elimination Programme, Zanzibar, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Nakul Chitnis
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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16
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Golumbeanu M, Yang GJ, Camponovo F, Stuckey EM, Hamon N, Mondy M, Rees S, Chitnis N, Cameron E, Penny MA. Leveraging mathematical models of disease dynamics and machine learning to improve development of novel malaria interventions. Infect Dis Poverty 2022; 11:61. [PMID: 35659301 PMCID: PMC9167503 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-022-00981-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Substantial research is underway to develop next-generation interventions that address current malaria control challenges. As there is limited testing in their early development, it is difficult to predefine intervention properties such as efficacy that achieve target health goals, and therefore challenging to prioritize selection of novel candidate interventions. Here, we present a quantitative approach to guide intervention development using mathematical models of malaria dynamics coupled with machine learning. Our analysis identifies requirements of efficacy, coverage, and duration of effect for five novel malaria interventions to achieve targeted reductions in malaria prevalence. Methods A mathematical model of malaria transmission dynamics is used to simulate deployment and predict potential impact of new malaria interventions by considering operational, health-system, population, and disease characteristics. Our method relies on consultation with product development stakeholders to define the putative space of novel intervention specifications. We couple the disease model with machine learning to search this multi-dimensional space and efficiently identify optimal intervention properties that achieve specified health goals. Results We apply our approach to five malaria interventions under development. Aiming for malaria prevalence reduction, we identify and quantify key determinants of intervention impact along with their minimal properties required to achieve the desired health goals. While coverage is generally identified as the largest driver of impact, higher efficacy, longer protection duration or multiple deployments per year are needed to increase prevalence reduction. We show that interventions on multiple parasite or vector targets, as well as combinations the new interventions with drug treatment, lead to significant burden reductions and lower efficacy or duration requirements. Conclusions Our approach uses disease dynamic models and machine learning to support decision-making and resource investment, facilitating development of new malaria interventions. By evaluating the intervention capabilities in relation to the targeted health goal, our analysis allows prioritization of interventions and of their specifications from an early stage in development, and subsequent investments to be channeled cost-effectively towards impact maximization. This study highlights the role of mathematical models to support intervention development. Although we focus on five malaria interventions, the analysis is generalizable to other new malaria interventions. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40249-022-00981-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Golumbeanu
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Guo-Jing Yang
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education and School of Tropical Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, The First and Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, People's Republic of China.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Flavia Camponovo
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sarah Rees
- Innovative Vector Control Consortium, Liverpool, UK
| | - Nakul Chitnis
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ewan Cameron
- Malaria Atlas Project, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Curtin University, Perth, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Melissa A Penny
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland. .,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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17
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Simakova AV, Babkina IB, Chitnis N, Katokhin AV, Babkin AM, Fedorova OS. The role of non-commercial cyprinids in maintenance and spread of the opisthorchiasis focus in the middle Ob River basin (Tomsk region, Russia). Food Waterborne Parasitol 2022; 26:e00146. [PMID: 35198746 PMCID: PMC8850751 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2022.e00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The study assessed the role of non-commercial cyprinid species in maintaining the opisthorchiasis focus in the middle Ob River basin, Tomsk region, Russia. The source of O. felineus infection for humans and carnivores is fish of the family Cyprinidae. This is the most numerous family, 14 species live in the middle Ob River basin, which includes 6 commercial species and 8 non-commercial species. This study aimed to investigate the current situation on infestation of non-commercial cyprinids with O. felineus metacercariae and their role in maintaining and spreading the natural focus of opisthorchiasis in the middle Ob River basin. We investigated 4 non-commercial species (tench, sunbleak, common bleak, gudgeon), which are highly abundant in water bodies. Tench, common bleak and gudgeon are objects of amateur fishing. These species are traditionally included in the diet of the local population. Opisthorchis felineus metacercariae were recorded in muscles of all the examined fish species. The identification of metacercariae was confirmed by morphological methods and PCR diagnostics. Tench and sunbleak are the main sources of opisthorchiasis infection in the floodplain lakes of the Ob River basin (the prevalence of tench infection is 89.3% and mean intensity of infection is 11.2 metacercariae per fish, the prevalence of sunbleak infection is 50.9% and the intensity of infection is 4.25 metacercariae per fish). The prevalence of infection in the introduced common bleak from the rivers of the middle Ob River basin is rapidly increasing from 2.4 (2016–2018) to 37.5% (2020−2021), and mean intensity of infection increased from 1 to 4.15. The epizootic state of water bodies in the middle Ob River basin remains unfavorable in relation to opisthorchiasis. Tench, common bleak and sunbleak, along with ide and dace, are the main source of infection for humans and animals, which is evidenced by high infection with Opisthorchis felineus metacercariae in these numerous fish species. They pose the greatest danger of infection of people and animals with opisthorchiasis. These species should be included in the campaign to avoid raw and poorly cooked fish in the diet. In addition, such species as roach, bream and sunbleak also pose the danger of infection with opisthorchiasis, but to a lesser extent. Non-commercial cyprinid species play a significant role in maintaining the opisthorchiasis focus in the Ob-Irtysh basin, Russia. Tench and sanbleak, along with ide and common dace, are the main source of infection for humans and animals. Ide, dace and common bleak are the main source of infection in rivers; in floodplain lakes, these are tench and sunbleak. Control measures for Opisthorchis felineus should target these four fish species.
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18
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Smith T, Denz A, Ombok M, Bayoh N, Koenker H, Chitnis N, Briet O, Yukich J, Gimnig JE. Incidence and consequences of damage to insecticide-treated mosquito nets in Kenya. Malar J 2021; 20:476. [PMID: 34930254 PMCID: PMC8686568 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03978-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efforts to improve the impact of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) should be informed by understanding of the causes of decay in effect. Holes in LLINs have been estimated to account for 7-11% of loss in effect on vectorial capacity for Plasmodium falciparum malaria in an analysis of repeated cross-sectional surveys of LLINs in Kenya. This does not account for the effect of holes as a cause of net attrition or non-use, which cannot be measured using only cross-sectional data. There is a need for estimates of how much these indirect effects of physical damage on use and attrition contribute to decay in effectiveness of LLINs. METHODS Use, physical integrity, and survival were assessed in a cohort of 4514 LLINs followed for up to 4 years in Kenya. Flow diagrams were used to illustrate how the status of nets, in terms of categories of use, physical integrity, and attrition, changed between surveys carried out at 6-month intervals. A compartment model defined in terms of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) was used to estimate the transition rates between the categories. Effects of physical damage to LLINs on use and attrition were quantified by simulating counterfactuals in which there was no damage. RESULTS Allowing for the direct effect of holes, the effect on use, and the effect on attrition, 18% of the impact on vectorial capacity was estimated to be lost because of damage. The estimated median lifetime of the LLINs was 2.9 years, but this was extended to 5.7 years in the counterfactual without physical damage. Nets that were in use were more likely to be in a damaged state than unused nets but use made little direct difference to LLIN lifetimes. Damage was reported as the reason for attrition for almost half of attrited nets, but the model estimated that almost all attrited nets had suffered some damage before attrition. CONCLUSIONS Full quantification of the effects of damage will require measurement of the supply of new nets and of household stocks of unused nets, and also of their impacts on both net use and retention. The timing of mass distribution campaigns is less important than ensuring sufficient supply. In the Kenyan setting, nets acquired damage rapidly once use began and the damage led to rapid attrition. Increasing the robustness of nets could substantially increase their lifetime and impact but the impact of LLIN programmes on malaria transmission is ultimately limited by levels of use. Longitudinal analyses of net integrity data from different settings are needed to determine the importance of physical damage to nets as a driver of attrition and non-use, and the importance of frequent use as a cause of physical damage in different contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Smith
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4051, Basel, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, 4001, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Adrian Denz
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maurice Ombok
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Nabie Bayoh
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kisumu, Kenya
| | | | - Nakul Chitnis
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Briet
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joshua Yukich
- Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - John E Gimnig
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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19
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Shattock AJ, Le Rutte EA, Dünner RP, Sen S, Kelly SL, Chitnis N, Penny MA. Impact of vaccination and non-pharmaceutical interventions on SARS-CoV-2 dynamics in Switzerland. Epidemics 2021; 38:100535. [PMID: 34923396 PMCID: PMC8669952 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2021.100535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As vaccination coverage against SARS-CoV-2 increases amidst the emergence and spread of more infectious and potentially more deadly viral variants, decisions on timing and extent of relaxing effective, but unsustainable, non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) need to be made. Methods An individual-based transmission model of SARS-CoV-2 dynamics, OpenCOVID, was developed to compare the impact of various vaccination and NPI strategies on the COVID-19 epidemic in Switzerland. OpenCOVID uses the Oxford Containment Health Index (OCHI) to quantify the stringency of NPIs. Results Even if NPIs in place in March 2021 were to be maintained and the vaccine campaigns rollout rapidly scaled-up, a ‘third wave’ was predicted. However, we find a cautious phased relaxation can substantially reduce population-level morbidity and mortality. We find that a faster vaccination campaign can offset the size of such a wave, allowing more flexibility for NPIs to be relaxed sooner. Model outcomes were most sensitive to the level of infectiousness of variants of concern observed in Switzerland. Conclusion A rapid vaccination rollout can allow the sooner relaxation of NPIs, however ongoing surveillance of - and swift responses to - emerging viral variants is of utmost importance for epidemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Shattock
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Epke A Le Rutte
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Robert P Dünner
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Swapnoleena Sen
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Sherrie L Kelly
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Nakul Chitnis
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Melissa A Penny
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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20
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Das AM, Chitnis N, Burri C, Paris DH, Patel S, Spencer SEF, Miaka EM, Castaño MS. Modelling the impact of fexinidazole use on human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) transmission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009992. [PMID: 34843475 PMCID: PMC8659363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gambiense human African trypanosomiasis is a deadly disease that has been declining in incidence since the start of the Century, primarily due to increased screening, diagnosis and treatment of infected people. The main treatment regimen currently in use requires a lumbar puncture as part of the diagnostic process to determine disease stage and hospital admission for drug administration. Fexinidazole is a new oral treatment for stage 1 and non-severe stage 2 human African trypanosomiasis. The World Health Organization has recently incorporated fexinidazole into its treatment guidelines for human African trypanosomiasis. The treatment does not require hospital admission or a lumbar puncture for all patients, which is likely to ease access for patients; however, it does require concomitant food intake, which is likely to reduce adherence. Here, we use a mathematical model calibrated to case and screening data from Mushie territory, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, to explore the potential negative impact of poor compliance to an oral treatment, and potential gains to be made from increases in the rate at which patients seek treatment. We find that reductions in compliance in treatment of stage 1 cases are projected to result in the largest increase in further transmission of the disease, with failing to cure stage 2 cases also posing a smaller concern. Reductions in compliance may be offset by increases in the rate at which cases are passively detected. Efforts should therefore be made to ensure good adherence for stage 1 patients to treatment with fexinidazole and to improve access to care. Sleeping sickness is a parasitic disease present in parts of Central and West Africa that is fatal if left untreated. Current case management requires unpleasant procedures such as a lumbar puncture and intravenous drug administration, but has high compliance rates as the treatment is given by hospital staff to patients. In this study, we explore the impact of a new oral treatment on compliance rates for treatment using a mathematical model fitted to data on sleeping sickness cases and screening activities. We also look at the possibility of patients being more likely to seek and access treatment since the new treatment can be used without a lumbar puncture if the patient does not display clinically severe symptoms. We find that reduced compliance, especially from patients suffering from the first less severe stage of the disease, will lead to more sleeping sickness cases and delay elimination, but increases in the number of patients seeking treatment will likely counter effects of reduced compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aatreyee M. Das
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Nakul Chitnis
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Burri
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel H. Paris
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Swati Patel
- Department of Statistics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Department of Mathematics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | | | - Erick M. Miaka
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine, Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - M. Soledad Castaño
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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21
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Runge M, Mapua S, Nambunga I, Smith TA, Chitnis N, Okumu F, Pothin E. Evaluation of different deployment strategies for larviciding to control malaria: a simulation study. Malar J 2021; 20:324. [PMID: 34315473 PMCID: PMC8314573 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03854-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Larviciding against malaria vectors in Africa has been limited to indoor residual spraying and insecticide-treated nets, but is increasingly being considered by some countries as a complementary strategy. However, despite progress towards improved larvicides and new tools for mapping or treating mosquito-breeding sites, little is known about the optimal deployment strategies for larviciding in different transmission and seasonality settings. METHODS A malaria transmission model, OpenMalaria, was used to simulate varying larviciding strategies and their impact on host-seeking mosquito densities, entomological inoculation rate (EIR) and malaria prevalence. Variations in coverage, duration, frequency, and timing of larviciding were simulated for three transmission intensities and four transmission seasonality profiles. Malaria transmission was assumed to follow rainfall with a lag of one month. Theoretical sub-Saharan African settings with Anopheles gambiae as the dominant vector were chosen to explore impact. Relative reduction compared to no larviciding was predicted for each indicator during the simulated larviciding period. RESULTS Larviciding immediately reduced the predicted host-seeking mosquito densities and EIRs to a maximum that approached or exceeded the simulated coverage. Reduction in prevalence was delayed by approximately one month. The relative reduction in prevalence was up to four times higher at low than high transmission. Reducing larviciding frequency (i.e., from every 5 to 10 days) resulted in substantial loss in effectiveness (54, 45 and 53% loss of impact for host-seeking mosquito densities, EIR and prevalence, respectively). In seasonal settings the most effective timing of larviciding was during or at the beginning of the rainy season and least impactful during the dry season, assuming larviciding deployment for four months. CONCLUSION The results highlight the critical role of deployment strategies on the impact of larviciding. Overall, larviciding would be more effective in settings with low and seasonal transmission, and at the beginning and during the peak densities of the target species populations. For maximum impact, implementers should consider the practical ranges of coverage, duration, frequency, and timing of larviciding in their respective contexts. More operational data and improved calibration would enable models to become a practical tool to support malaria control programmes in developing larviciding strategies that account for the diversity of contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Runge
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. .,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Salum Mapua
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Ismail Nambunga
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Thomas A Smith
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nakul Chitnis
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fredros Okumu
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Emilie Pothin
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Clinton Health Access Initiative, Boston, USA
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22
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Davis CN, Castaño MS, Aliee M, Patel S, Miaka EM, Keeling MJ, Spencer SEF, Chitnis N, Rock KS. Modelling to Quantify the Likelihood that Local Elimination of Transmission has Occurred Using Routine Gambiense Human African Trypanosomiasis Surveillance Data. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:S146-S151. [PMID: 33905480 PMCID: PMC8201550 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The gambiense human African trypanosomiasis (gHAT) elimination programme in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) routinely collects case data through passive surveillance and active screening, with several regions reporting no cases for several years, despite being endemic in the early 2000s. Methods We use mathematical models fitted to longitudinal data to estimate the probability that selected administrative regions have already achieved elimination of transmission (EOT) of gHAT. We examine the impact of active screening coverage on the certainty of model estimates for transmission and therefore the role of screening in the measurement of EOT. Results In 3 example health zones of Sud-Ubangi province, we find there is a moderate (>40%) probability that EOT has been achieved by 2018, based on 2000–2016 data. Budjala and Mbaya reported zero cases during 2017–18, and this further increases our respective estimates to 99.9% and 99.6% (model S) and to 87.3% and 92.1% (model W). Bominenge had recent case reporting, however, that if zero cases were found in 2021, it would substantially raise our certainty that EOT has been met there (99.0% for model S and 88.5% for model W); this could be higher with 50% coverage screening that year (99.1% for model S and 94.0% for model W). Conclusions We demonstrate how routine surveillance data coupled with mechanistic modeling can estimate the likelihood that EOT has already been achieved. Such quantitative assessment will become increasingly important for measuring local achievement of EOT as 2030 approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher N Davis
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom.,Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research (SBIDER), University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - María Soledad Castaño
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maryam Aliee
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom.,Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research (SBIDER), University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Swati Patel
- Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research (SBIDER), University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom.,Department of Statistics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Erick Mwamba Miaka
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine, Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Matt J Keeling
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom.,Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research (SBIDER), University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom.,School of Life Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Simon E F Spencer
- Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research (SBIDER), University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom.,Department of Statistics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Nakul Chitnis
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kat S Rock
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom.,Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research (SBIDER), University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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23
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Aliee M, Castaño S, Davis CN, Patel S, Miaka EM, Spencer SEF, Keeling MJ, Chitnis N, Rock KS. Predicting the impact of COVID-19 interruptions on transmission of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis in two health zones of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 115:245-252. [PMID: 33611586 PMCID: PMC7928583 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trab019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Many control programmes against neglected tropical diseases have been interrupted due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, including those that rely on active case finding. In this study we focus on gambiense human African trypanosomiasis (gHAT), where active screening was suspended in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) due to the pandemic. We use two independent mathematical models to predict the impact of COVID-19 interruptions on transmission and reporting and achievement of the 2030 elimination of transmission (EOT) goal for gHAT in two moderate-risk regions of the DRC. We consider different interruption scenarios, including reduced passive surveillance in fixed health facilities, and whether this suspension lasts until the end of 2020 or 2021. Our models predict an increase in the number of new infections in the interruption period only if both active screening and passive surveillance were suspended, and with a slowed reduction—but no increase—if passive surveillance remains fully functional. In all scenarios, the EOT may be slightly pushed back if no mitigation, such as increased screening coverage, is put in place. However, we emphasise that the biggest challenge will remain in the higher-prevalence regions where EOT is already predicted to be behind schedule without interruptions unless interventions are bolstered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Aliee
- Zeeman Institute (SBIDER), University of Warwick, Mathematical Sciences Building, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Soledad Castaño
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Postfach, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christopher N Davis
- Zeeman Institute (SBIDER), University of Warwick, Mathematical Sciences Building, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Swati Patel
- Department of Statistics, University of Warwick, Mathematical Sciences Building, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Erick Mwamba Miaka
- Programme National de lutte contre la THA (PNLTHA), Kinshasa 2, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Simon E F Spencer
- Department of Statistics, University of Warwick, Mathematical Sciences Building, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Matt J Keeling
- Zeeman Institute (SBIDER), University of Warwick, Mathematical Sciences Building, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Nakul Chitnis
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Postfach, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kat S Rock
- Zeeman Institute (SBIDER), University of Warwick, Mathematical Sciences Building, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
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24
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Simakova AV, Chitnis N, Babkina IB, Fedorova OS, Fedotova MM, Babkin AM, Khodkevich NE. Abundance of Opisthorchis felineus Metacercariae in cyprinid fish in the middle Ob River basin (Tomsk region, Russia). Food Waterborne Parasitol 2021; 22:e00113. [PMID: 33681491 PMCID: PMC7930129 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2021.e00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with the liver fluke, Opisthorchis felineus, caused by the consumption of infected raw or undercooked cyprinid fish is common in humans and carnivores in the middle Ob River basin (Tomsk region, Russia) and can lead to diseases in humans. The goal of this study was the status of fish infection with O. felineus metacercariae in order to assess the role of fish in the infection of the human population in the middle Ob River basin. Of the 14 Cyprinidae species recorded in the middle Ob River basin, we examined 6 cyprinid species for prevalence and intensity of infection with O. felineus metacercariae. Five of these species (Leuciscus idus, Leuciscus leuciscus, Rutilus rutilus, Abramis brama, and Carassius gibelio) are of commercial value, while the common bleak is an object of amateur fishing. In addition, we conducted a survey of the fish consumption habits as part of a community-based cross-sectional study in the rural Shegarsky district, Tomsk region, Russian Federation. O. felineus metacercariae were observed in muscles of all examined species except for the Prussian carp. The ide is the main infection source in the Ob River (prevalence of infection, 100%, and intensity, 50.5 metacercariae per fish) and the common dace in the Tom River (91.1% and 12.7 metacercariae). Although the two alien species (bream and common bleak) are susceptible to infection with O. felineus metacercariae, the prevalence of infection in these fish and in the roach did not exceed 3%. The prevalence and intensity of infection in fish increased with age and size. The infection characteristics of fish in different water flows were different. The cyprinid species account on average for 69.8% of the commercial fish harvested in the Tomsk region. According to epidemiological survey, among 600 participants, 87.5% (n = 525) of respondents consumed river fish, with the most popular fish being cyprinids including Prussian carp, dace, ide and bream, followed by pike and perch. Thus, the epizootological state of the water flows in the middle Ob River basin is adverse with respect to opisthorchiasis, as indicated by high infection rates of liver fluke metacercariae in ide and common dace, which are abundant species of high commercial value. An extremely high prevalence of infection suggests a strong transmission cycle with a high rate of infection from infected humans and/or animal reservoir hosts to snails and fish. In addition to treating humans, there should be a strong focus on identifying these potential reservoir hosts to reduce subsequent infection in humans. Furthermore, since the intensity of infection in humans is determined by the presence of fish species such as ide and dace in the diet, they should be included in a dietary change campaign by eliminating the consumption of raw fish. Commercial cyprinid species play the key role in maintaining opisthorchiasis foci. The ide and common dace are the main source of human and animal infection. Measures to control Opisthorchis felineus should target these two species of fish. The invasion of fish increases with their age and size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia V Simakova
- Biological Institute, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation.,Department of Integrated Environmental Projects, Tomsk Oil and Gas Research and Design Institute, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Nakul Chitnis
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Irina B Babkina
- Biological Institute, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Olga S Fedorova
- Department of Faculty Pediatrics, Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education, Siberian State Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Marina M Fedotova
- Department of Faculty Pediatrics, Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education, Siberian State Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Alexandr M Babkin
- Biological Institute, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation
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25
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Denz A, Njoroge MM, Tambwe MM, Champagne C, Okumu F, van Loon JJA, Hiscox A, Saddler A, Fillinger U, Moore SJ, Chitnis N. Predicting the impact of outdoor vector control interventions on malaria transmission intensity from semi-field studies. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:64. [PMID: 33472661 PMCID: PMC7819244 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04560-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Semi-field experiments with human landing catch (HLC) measure as the outcome are an important step in the development of novel vector control interventions against outdoor transmission of malaria since they provide good estimates of personal protection. However, it is often infeasible to determine whether the reduction in HLC counts is due to mosquito mortality or repellency, especially considering that spatial repellents based on volatile pyrethroids might induce both. Due to the vastly different impact of repellency and mortality on transmission, the community-level impact of spatial repellents can not be estimated from such semi-field experiments. METHODS We present a new stochastic model that is able to estimate for any product inhibiting outdoor biting, its repelling effect versus its killing and disarming (preventing host-seeking until the next night) effects, based only on time-stratified HLC data from controlled semi-field experiments. For parameter inference, a Bayesian hierarchical model is used to account for nightly variation of semi-field experimental conditions. We estimate the impact of the products on the vectorial capacity of the given Anopheles species using an existing mathematical model. With this methodology, we analysed data from recent semi-field studies in Kenya and Tanzania on the impact of transfluthrin-treated eave ribbons, the odour-baited Suna trap and their combination (push-pull system) on HLC of Anopheles arabiensis in the peridomestic area. RESULTS Complementing previous analyses of personal protection, we found that the transfluthrin-treated eave ribbons act mainly by killing or disarming mosquitoes. Depending on the actual ratio of disarming versus killing, the vectorial capacity of An. arabiensis is reduced by 41 to 96% at 70% coverage with the transfluthrin-treated eave ribbons and by 38 to 82% at the same coverage with the push-pull system, under the assumption of a similar impact on biting indoors compared to outdoors. CONCLUSIONS The results of this analysis of semi-field data suggest that transfluthrin-treated eave ribbons are a promising tool against malaria transmission by An. arabiensis in the peridomestic area, since they provide both personal and community protection. Our modelling framework can estimate the community-level impact of any tool intervening during the mosquito host-seeking state using data from only semi-field experiments with time-stratified HLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Denz
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Margaret M Njoroge
- Human Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mgeni M Tambwe
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Clara Champagne
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fredros Okumu
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Joop J A van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandra Hiscox
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- ARCTEC, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, WC1E 7HT, London, UK
| | - Adam Saddler
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Ulrike Fillinger
- Human Health Theme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sarah J Moore
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, P.O. Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Nakul Chitnis
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland
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26
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Toor J, Adams ER, Aliee M, Amoah B, Anderson RM, Ayabina D, Bailey R, Basáñez MG, Blok DJ, Blumberg S, Borlase A, Rivera RC, Castaño MS, Chitnis N, Coffeng LE, Crump RE, Das A, Davis CN, Davis EL, Deiner MS, Diggle PJ, Fronterre C, Giardina F, Giorgi E, Graham M, Hamley JID, Huang CI, Kura K, Lietman TM, Lucas TCD, Malizia V, Medley GF, Meeyai A, Michael E, Porco TC, Prada JM, Rock KS, Le Rutte EA, Smith ME, Spencer SEF, Stolk WA, Touloupou P, Vasconcelos A, Vegvari C, de Vlas SJ, Walker M, Hollingsworth TD. Predicted Impact of COVID-19 on Neglected Tropical Disease Programs and the Opportunity for Innovation. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 72:1463-1466. [PMID: 32984870 PMCID: PMC7543306 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, many key neglected tropical disease (NTD) activities have been postponed. This hindrance comes at a time when the NTDs are progressing towards their ambitious goals for 2030. Mathematical modelling on several NTDs, namely gambiense sleeping sickness, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis, soil-transmitted helminthiases (STH), trachoma, and visceral leishmaniasis, shows that the impact of this disruption will vary across the diseases. Programs face a risk of resurgence, which will be fastest in high-transmission areas. Furthermore, of the mass drug administration diseases, schistosomiasis, STH, and trachoma are likely to encounter faster resurgence. The case-finding diseases (gambiense sleeping sickness and visceral leishmaniasis) are likely to have fewer cases being detected but may face an increasing underlying rate of new infections. However, once programs are able to resume, there are ways to mitigate the impact and accelerate progress towards the 2030 goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet Toor
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Emily R Adams
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Maryam Aliee
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom,Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Amoah
- Centre for Health Informatics, Computing and Statistics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Roy M Anderson
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom,Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom,The DeWorm3 Project, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Diepreye Ayabina
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Robin Bailey
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria-Gloria Basáñez
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom,Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David J Blok
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Seth Blumberg
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Anna Borlase
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rocio Caja Rivera
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - María Soledad Castaño
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nakul Chitnis
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Luc E Coffeng
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald E Crump
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom,Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom,The School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Aatreyee Das
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christopher N Davis
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom,Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Emma L Davis
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S Deiner
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Peter J Diggle
- Centre for Health Informatics, Computing and Statistics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Claudio Fronterre
- Centre for Health Informatics, Computing and Statistics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Federica Giardina
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emanuele Giorgi
- Centre for Health Informatics, Computing and Statistics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Graham
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Oxford, United Kingdom,Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Disease, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan I D Hamley
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom,Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ching-I Huang
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom,Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Klodeta Kura
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom,Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas M Lietman
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America,Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Tim C D Lucas
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Veronica Malizia
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Graham F Medley
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Disease, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aronrag Meeyai
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Disease, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edwin Michael
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Travis C Porco
- Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America,Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Joaquin M Prada
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Kat S Rock
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom,Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Epke A Le Rutte
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Morgan E Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Simon E F Spencer
- Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom,Department of Statistics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Wilma A Stolk
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Andreia Vasconcelos
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Carolin Vegvari
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom,Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sake J de Vlas
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Walker
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom,London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - T Déirdre Hollingsworth
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Oxford, United Kingdom,Correspondence: T. D. Hollingsworth, Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK ()
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27
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Penny MA, Camponovo F, Chitnis N, Smith TA, Tanner M. Future use-cases of vaccines in malaria control and elimination. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2020; 10:e00145. [PMID: 32435704 PMCID: PMC7229487 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2020.e00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria burden has significantly changed or decreased over the last 20 years, however, it remains an important health problem requiring the rigorous application of existing tools and approaches, as well as the development and use of new interventions. A malaria vaccine has long been considered a possible new intervention to aid malaria burden reduction. However, after decades of development, only one vaccine to protect children has completed phase 3 studies. Before being widely recommended for use, it must further demonstrate safety, impact and feasibility in ongoing pilot implementation studies. Now is an appropriate time to consider the use-cases and health targets of future malaria vaccines. These must be considered in the context of likely innovations in other malaria tools such as vector control, as well as the significant knowledge gaps on the appropriate target antigens, and the immunology of vaccine-induced protection. Here we discuss the history of malaria vaccines and suggest some future use-cases for future malaria vaccines that will support achieving malaria health goals in different settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Flavia Camponovo
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nakul Chitnis
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas A. Smith
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Tanner
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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28
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Gambiense human African trypanosomiasis ([gHAT] sleeping sickness) is a vector-borne disease that is typically fatal without treatment. Intensified, mainly medical-based, interventions in endemic areas have reduced the occurrence of gHAT to historically low levels. However, persistent regions, primarily in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), remain a challenge to achieving the World Health Organization's goal of global elimination of transmission (EOT). METHODS We used stochastic models of gHAT transmission fitted to DRC case data and explored patterns of regional reporting and extinction. The time to EOT at a health zone scale (~100 000 people) and how an absence of reported cases informs about EOT was quantified. RESULTS Regional epidemiology and level of active screening (AS) both influenced the predicted time to EOT. Different AS cessation criteria had similar expected infection dynamics, and recrudescence of infection was unlikely. However, whether EOT has been achieved when AS ends is critically dependent on the stopping criteria. Two or three consecutive years of no detected cases provided greater confidence of EOT compared with a single year (~66%-75% and ~82%-84% probability of EOT, respectively, compared with 31%-51%). CONCLUSIONS Multiple years of AS without case detections is a valuable measure to assess the likelihood that the EOT target has been met locally.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Soledad Castaño
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maryam Aliee
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research (SBIDER), University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Erick Mwamba Miaka
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine, Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Matt J Keeling
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research (SBIDER), University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- School of Life Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Nakul Chitnis
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kat S Rock
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research (SBIDER), University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel W Hetzel
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Nakul Chitnis
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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30
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Castaño MS, Ndeffo-Mbah ML, Rock KS, Palmer C, Knock E, Mwamba Miaka E, Ndung’u JM, Torr S, Verlé P, Spencer SEF, Galvani A, Bever C, Keeling MJ, Chitnis N. Assessing the impact of aggregating disease stage data in model predictions of human African trypanosomiasis transmission and control activities in Bandundu province (DRC). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0007976. [PMID: 31961872 PMCID: PMC6994134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the turn of the century, the global community has made great progress towards the elimination of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis (HAT). Elimination programs, primarily relying on screening and treatment campaigns, have also created a rich database of HAT epidemiology. Mathematical models calibrated with these data can help to fill remaining gaps in our understanding of HAT transmission dynamics, including key operational research questions such as whether integrating vector control with current intervention strategies is needed to achieve HAT elimination. Here we explore, via an ensemble of models and simulation studies, how including or not disease stage data, or using more updated data sets affect model predictions of future control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Soledad Castaño
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Martial L. Ndeffo-Mbah
- School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kat S. Rock
- Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Cody Palmer
- Institute of Disease Modeling, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Edward Knock
- Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Department of Statistics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Erick Mwamba Miaka
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine, Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Steve Torr
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Verlé
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Simon E. F. Spencer
- Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Department of Statistics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Galvani
- School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Caitlin Bever
- Institute of Disease Modeling, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Matt J. Keeling
- Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Nakul Chitnis
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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31
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Saddler A, Kreppel KS, Chitnis N, Smith TA, Denz A, Moore JD, Tambwe MM, Moore SJ. The development and evaluation of a self-marking unit to estimate malaria vector survival and dispersal distance. Malar J 2019; 18:441. [PMID: 31870365 PMCID: PMC6929409 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-3077-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A clear understanding of mosquito biology is fundamental to the control efforts of mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria. Mosquito mark-release-recapture (MMRR) experiments are a popular method of measuring the survival and dispersal of disease vectors; however, examples with African malaria vectors are limited. Ethical and technical difficulties involved in carrying out MMRR studies may have held back research in this area and, therefore, a device that marks mosquitoes as they emerge from breeding sites was developed and evaluated to overcome the problems of MMRR. METHODS A modified self-marking unit that marks mosquitoes with fluorescent pigment as they emerge from their breeding site was developed based on a previous design for Culex mosquitoes. The self-marking unit was first evaluated under semi-field conditions with laboratory-reared Anopheles arabiensis to determine the marking success and impact on mosquito survival. Subsequently, a field evaluation of MMRR was conducted in Yombo village, Tanzania, to examine the feasibility of the system. RESULTS During the semi-field evaluation the self-marking units successfully marked 86% of emerging mosquitoes and there was no effect of fluorescent marker on mosquito survival. The unit successfully marked wild male and female Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) in sufficiently large numbers to justify its use in MMRR studies. The estimated daily survival probability of An. gambiae s.l. was 0.87 (95% CI 0.69-1.10) and mean dispersal distance was 579 m (95% CI 521-636 m). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the successful use of a self-marking device in an MMRR study with African malaria vectors. This method may be useful in investigating population structure and dispersal of mosquitoes for deployment and evaluation of future vector control tools, such as gene drive, and to better parameterize mathematical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Saddler
- Ifakara Health Institute, Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania.
- Swiss Tropical & Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Katharina S Kreppel
- Ifakara Health Institute, Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 447, Tengeru, Tanzania
| | - Nakul Chitnis
- Swiss Tropical & Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas A Smith
- Swiss Tropical & Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Denz
- Swiss Tropical & Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jason D Moore
- Ifakara Health Institute, Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- Swiss Tropical & Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mgeni M Tambwe
- Ifakara Health Institute, Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- Swiss Tropical & Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sarah J Moore
- Ifakara Health Institute, Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
- Swiss Tropical & Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
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Smith TA, Pemberton-Ross P, Penny MA, Chitnis N. Resurgence of malaria infection after mass treatment: a simulation study. Malar J 2019; 18:409. [PMID: 31805947 PMCID: PMC6896478 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-3019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Field studies are evaluating if mass drug administration (MDA) might shorten the time to elimination of Plasmodium falciparum malaria, when vector control measures and reactive surveillance strategies are scaled-up. A concern with this strategy is that there may be resurgence of transmission following MDA. METHODS A conceptual model was developed to classify possible outcomes of an initial period of MDA, followed by continuously implementing other interventions. The classification considered whether elimination or a new endemic stable state is achieved, and whether changes are rapid, transient, or gradual. These categories were informed by stability analyses of simple models of vector control, case management, and test-and-treat interventions. Individual-based stochastic models of malaria transmission (OpenMalaria) were then used to estimate the probability and likely rates of resurgence in realistic settings. Effects of concurrent interventions, including routine case management and test-and-treat strategies were investigated. RESULTS Analysis of the conceptual models suggest resurgence will occur after MDA unless transmission potential is very low, or the post-MDA prevalence falls below a threshold, which depends on both transmission potential and on the induction of bistability. Importation rates are important only when this threshold is very low. In most OpenMalaria simulations the approximately stable state achieved at the end of the simulations was independent of inclusion of MDA and the final state was unaffected by importation of infections at plausible rates. Elimination occurred only with high effective coverage of case management, low initial prevalence, and high intensity test-and-treat. High coverage of case management but not by test-and-treat induced bistability. Where resurgence occurred, its rate depended mainly on transmission potential (not treatment rates). CONCLUSIONS A short burst of high impact MDA is likely to be followed by resurgence. To avert resurgence, concomitant interventions need either to substantially reduce average transmission potential or to be differentially effective in averting or clearing infections at low prevalence. Case management at high effective coverage has this differential effect, and should suffice to avert resurgence caused by imported cases at plausible rates of importation. Once resurgence occurs, its rate depends mainly on transmission potential, not on treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Smith
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4051, Basel, Switzerland. .,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Peter Pemberton-Ross
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4051, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland.,Amgen Europe GmbH: Rotkreuz, Zug, Switzerland
| | - Melissa A Penny
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4051, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nakul Chitnis
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4051, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland
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Rock KS, Ndeffo-Mbah ML, Castaño S, Palmer C, Pandey A, Atkins KE, Ndung'u JM, Hollingsworth TD, Galvani A, Bever C, Chitnis N, Keeling MJ. Assessing Strategies Against Gambiense Sleeping Sickness Through Mathematical Modeling. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 66:S286-S292. [PMID: 29860287 PMCID: PMC5982708 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Control of gambiense sleeping sickness relies predominantly on passive and active screening of people, followed by treatment. Methods Mathematical modeling explores the potential of 3 complementary interventions in high- and low-transmission settings. Results Intervention strategies that included vector control are predicted to halt transmission most quickly. Targeted active screening, with better and more focused coverage, and enhanced passive surveillance, with improved access to diagnosis and treatment, are both estimated to avert many new infections but, when used alone, are unlikely to halt transmission before 2030 in high-risk settings. Conclusions There was general model consensus in the ranking of the 3 complementary interventions studied, although with discrepancies between the quantitative predictions due to differing epidemiological assumptions within the models. While these predictions provide generic insights into improving control, the most effective strategy in any situation depends on the specific epidemiology in the region and the associated costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kat S Rock
- Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, Coventry, United Kingdom.,School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | | | - Soledad Castaño
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cody Palmer
- Institute of Disease Modeling, Bellevue, Washington
| | - Abhishek Pandey
- Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Katherine E Atkins
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, United Kingdom.,Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | | | - T Déirdre Hollingsworth
- Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, Coventry, United Kingdom.,School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom.,Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Galvani
- Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Nakul Chitnis
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matt J Keeling
- Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, Coventry, United Kingdom.,School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom.,Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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Chitnis N, Pemberton-Ross P, Yukich J, Hamainza B, Miller J, Reiker T, Eisele TP, Smith TA. Theory of reactive interventions in the elimination and control of malaria. Malar J 2019; 18:266. [PMID: 31375094 PMCID: PMC6679501 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2882-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reactive case detection (RCD) is an integral part of many malaria control and elimination programmes and can be conceived of as a way of gradually decreasing transmission. However, it is unclear under what circumstances RCD may have a substantial impact on prevalence, how likely it is to lead to local elimination, or how effective it needs to be to prevent reintroduction after transmission has been interrupted. Methods Analyses and simulations of a discrete time compartmental susceptible-infectious-susceptible (SIS) model were used to understand the mechanisms of how RCD changes transmission dynamics and estimate the impact of RCD programmes in a range of settings with varying patterns of transmission potential and programme characteristics. Prevalence survey data from recent studies in Zambia were used to capture the effects of spatial clustering of patent infections. Results RCD proved most effective at low prevalence. Increasing the number of index cases followed was more important than increasing the number of neighbours tested per index case. Elimination was achieved only in simulations of situations with very low transmission intensity and following many index cases. However, RCD appears to be helpful in maintaining the disease-free state after achieving malaria elimination (through other interventions). Conclusion RCD alone can eliminate malaria in only a very limited range of settings, where transmission potential is very low, and improving the coverage of RCD has little effect on this range. In other settings, it is likely to reduce disease burden. RCD may also help maintain the disease-free state in the face of imported infections. Prevalence survey data can be used to estimate a targeting ratio (the ratio of prevalence found through RCD to that in the general population) which is an important determinant of the effect of RCD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-019-2882-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakul Chitnis
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4051, Basel, Switzerland. .,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Peter Pemberton-Ross
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4051, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland.,Amgen Europe GmbH: Rotkreuz, Zug, Switzerland
| | - Josh Yukich
- Center for Applied Malaria Research and Evaluation, Tulane University, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Busiku Hamainza
- National Malaria Control Centre, Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - John Miller
- PATH Malaria Control and Evaluation Partnership in Africa (MACEPA), Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Theresa Reiker
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4051, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas P Eisele
- Center for Applied Malaria Research and Evaluation, Tulane University, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Thomas A Smith
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4051, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland
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Briët OJT, Impoinvil DE, Chitnis N, Pothin E, Lemoine JF, Frederic J, Smith TA. Models of effectiveness of interventions against malaria transmitted by Anopheles albimanus. Malar J 2019; 18:263. [PMID: 31370901 PMCID: PMC6670173 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2899-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most impact prediction of malaria vector control interventions has been based on African vectors. Anopheles albimanus, the main vector in Central America and the Caribbean, has higher intrinsic mortality, is more zoophilic and less likely to rest indoors. Therefore, relative impact among interventions may be different. Prioritizing interventions, in particular for eliminating Plasmodium falciparum from Haiti, should consider local vector characteristics. METHODS Field bionomics data of An. albimanus from Hispaniola and intervention effect data from southern Mexico were used to parameterize mathematical malaria models. Indoor residual spraying (IRS), insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), and house-screening were analysed by inferring their impact on the vectorial capacity in a difference-equation model. Impact of larval source management (LSM) was assumed linear with coverage. Case management, mass drug administration and vaccination were evaluated by estimating their effects on transmission in a susceptible-infected-susceptible model. Analogous analyses were done for Anopheles gambiae parameterized with data from Tanzania, Benin and Nigeria. RESULTS While LSM was equally effective against both vectors, impact of ITNs on transmission by An. albimanus was much lower than for An. gambiae. Assuming that people are outside until bedtime, this was similar for the impact of IRS with dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) or bendiocarb, and impact of IRS was less than that of ITNs. However, assuming people go inside when biting starts, IRS had more impact on An. albimanus than ITNs. While house-screening had less impact than ITNs or IRS on An. gambiae, it had more impact on An. albimanus than ITNs or IRS. The impacts of chemoprevention and chemotherapy were comparable in magnitude to those of strategies against An. albimanus. Chemo-prevention impact increased steeply as coverage approached 100%, whilst clinical-case management impact saturated because of remaining asymptomatic infections. CONCLUSIONS House-screening and repellent IRS are potentially highly effective against An. albimanus if people are indoors during the evening. This is consistent with historical impacts of IRS with DDT, which can be largely attributed to excito-repellency. It also supports the idea that housing improvements have played a critical role in malaria control in North America. For elimination planning, impact estimates need to be combined with feasibility and cost-analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier J T Briët
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4051, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel E Impoinvil
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria/Entomology Branch, 1600 Clifton Road, Mail Stop-G49, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Nakul Chitnis
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4051, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Emilie Pothin
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4051, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Joseph Frederic
- Programme National de Contrôle de la Malaria, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Thomas A Smith
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4051, Basel, Switzerland. .,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland.
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Reiker T, Chitnis N, Smith T. Modelling reactive case detection strategies for interrupting transmission of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Malar J 2019; 18:259. [PMID: 31362768 PMCID: PMC6668148 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2893-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As areas move closer to malaria elimination, a combination of limited resources and increasing heterogeneity in case distribution and transmission favour a shift to targeted reactive interventions. Reactive case detection (RCD), the following up of additional individuals surrounding an index case, has the potential to target transmission pockets and identify asymptomatic cases in them. Current RCD implementation strategies vary, and it is unclear which are most effective in achieving elimination. METHODS OpenMalaria, an established individual-based stochastic model, was used to simulate RCD in a Zambia-like setting. The capacity to follow up index cases, the search radius, the initial transmission and the case management coverage were varied. Suitable settings were identified and probabilities of elimination and time to elimination estimated. The value of routinely collected prevalence and incidence data for predicting the success of RCD was assessed. RESULTS The results indicate that RCD with the aim of transmission interruption is only appropriate in settings where initial transmission is very low (annual entomological inoculation rate (EIR) 1-2 or prevalence approx. < 7-19% depending on case management levels). Every index case needs to be followed up, up to a maximum case-incidence threshold which defines the suitability threshold of settings for elimination using RCD. Increasing the search radius around index cases is always beneficial. CONCLUSIONS RCD is highly resource intensive, requiring testing and treating of 400-500 people every week for 5-10 years for a reasonable chance of elimination in a Zambia-like setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Reiker
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nakul Chitnis
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Smith
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4051, Basel, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland.
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Multerer L, Smith T, Chitnis N. Modeling the impact of sterile males on an Aedes aegypti population with optimal control. Math Biosci 2019; 311:91-102. [PMID: 30857942 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We use partial differential equations to describe the dynamics of an Aedes aegypti mosquito population on an island, and the effects of a sterile male release. The model includes mosquito movement and an Allee effect to capture extinction events. We apply optimal control theory to identify the release strategy that eliminates the mosquitoes most rapidly, conditional on a limited availability of sterile males. The optimal solution for a single location is to initially release a substantial number of mosquitoes and to subsequently release fewer sterile males proportionally to the decreasing female population. The optimal solution for the whole island is intractable given a constraint on the total daily release of sterile males. The best approximation to the spatial optimal control strategy is to focus on the high mosquito density areas first and then move outwards (in both directions along the periphery of the island), until all areas have been covered, retaining throughout sufficient release intensity to prevent reintroduction in the already cleared areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Multerer
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Thomas Smith
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Nakul Chitnis
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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Hampson K, Ventura F, Steenson R, Mancy R, Trotter C, Cooper L, Abela-Ridder B, Knopf L, Ringenier M, Tenzin T, Ly S, Tarantola A, Moyengar R, Oussiguéré A, Bonfoh B, Narayana DHA, Sudarshan MK, Muturi M, Mwatondo A, Wambura G, Andriamandimby SF, Baril L, Edosoa GT, Traoré A, Jayme S, Kotzé J, Gunesekera A, Chitnis N, Hattendorf J, Laager M, Lechenne M, Zinsstag J, Changalucha J, Mtema Z, Lugelo A, Lushasi K, Yurachai O, Metcalf CJE, Rajeev M, Blanton J, Costa GB, Sreenivasan N, Wallace R, Briggs D, Taylor L, Thumbi SM, Huong NTT. The potential effect of improved provision of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis in Gavi-eligible countries: a modelling study. Lancet Infect Dis 2019; 19:102-111. [PMID: 30472178 PMCID: PMC6300480 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30512-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tens of thousands of people die from dog-mediated rabies annually. Deaths can be prevented through post-exposure prophylaxis for people who have been bitten, and the disease eliminated through dog vaccination. Current post-exposure prophylaxis use saves many lives, but availability remains poor in many rabies-endemic countries due to high costs, poor access, and supply. METHODS We developed epidemiological and economic models to investigate the effect of an investment in post-exposure prophylaxis by Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance. We modelled post-exposure prophylaxis use according to the status quo, with improved access using WHO-recommended intradermal vaccination, with and without rabies immunoglobulin, and with and without dog vaccination. We took the health provider perspective, including only direct costs. FINDINGS We predict more than 1 million deaths will occur in the 67 rabies-endemic countries considered from 2020 to 2035, under the status quo. Current post-exposure prophylaxis use prevents approximately 56 000 deaths annually. Expanded access to, and free provision of, post-exposure prophylaxis would prevent an additional 489 000 deaths between 2020 and 2035. Under this switch to efficient intradermal post-exposure prophylaxis regimens, total projected vaccine needs remain similar (about 73 million vials) yet 17·4 million more people are vaccinated, making this an extremely cost-effective method, with costs of US$635 per death averted and $33 per disability-adjusted life-years averted. Scaling up dog vaccination programmes could eliminate dog-mediated rabies over this time period; improved post-exposure prophylaxis access remains cost-effective under this scenario, especially in combination with patient risk assessments to reduce unnecessary post-exposure prophylaxis use. INTERPRETATION Investing in post-exposure vaccines would be an extremely cost-effective intervention that could substantially reduce disease burden and catalyse dog vaccination efforts to eliminate dog-mediated rabies. FUNDING World Health Organization.
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Laager M, Léchenne M, Naissengar K, Mindekem R, Oussiguere A, Zinsstag J, Chitnis N. A metapopulation model of dog rabies transmission in N'Djamena, Chad. J Theor Biol 2018; 462:408-417. [PMID: 30500602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Rabies transmission was interrupted for several months in N'Djamena, the capital city of Chad, after two mass vaccination campaigns of dogs. However, there was a resurgence in cases, which was not predicted by previous models of rabies transmission. We developed a deterministic metapopulation model with importation of latent dogs, calibrated to four years of weekly incidence data from passive surveillance, to investigate possible causes for the early resurgence. Our results indicate that importation of latently infective dogs better explains the data than heterogeneity or underreporting. Stochastic implementations of the model suggest that the two vaccination campaigns averted approximately 67 cases of dog rabies (out of an estimated 74 cases without vaccination) and 124 human exposures (out of an estimated 148 human exposures without vaccination) over two years. Dog rabies vaccination is therefore an effective way of preventing rabies in the dog population and to subsequently reduce human exposure. However, vaccination campaigns have to be repeated to maintain the effect or reintroduction through importation has to be prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Laager
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institue, Socinstrasse 57, Basel 4051, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel 4001, Switzerland.
| | - Monique Léchenne
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institue, Socinstrasse 57, Basel 4051, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel 4001, Switzerland
| | - Kemdongarti Naissengar
- Institut de Recherches en Elevage pour le Développement, BP 433, Farcha, N'Djamena, Chad
| | - Rolande Mindekem
- Centre de Support en Santé Internationale, BP 972, Moursal, N'Djamena, Chad
| | - Assandi Oussiguere
- Institut de Recherches en Elevage pour le Développement, BP 433, Farcha, N'Djamena, Chad
| | - Jakob Zinsstag
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institue, Socinstrasse 57, Basel 4051, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel 4001, Switzerland
| | - Nakul Chitnis
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institue, Socinstrasse 57, Basel 4051, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel 4001, Switzerland
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Chitnis N, Schapira A, Schindler C, Penny MA, Smith TA. Mathematical analysis to prioritise strategies for malaria elimination. J Theor Biol 2018; 455:118-130. [PMID: 30006002 PMCID: PMC6117457 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Malaria and some other tropical diseases are currently targeted for elimination and eventually eradication. Since resources are limited, prioritisation of countries or areas for elimination is often necessary. However, this prioritisation is frequently conducted in an ad hoc manner. Lower transmission areas are usually targeted for elimination first, but for some areas this necessitates long and potentially expensive surveillance programs while transmission is eliminated from neighbouring higher transmission areas. We use a mathematical model to compare the implications of prioritisation choices in reducing overall burden and costs. We show that when the duration of the elimination program is independent of the transmission potential, burden is always reduced most by targeting high transmission areas first, but to reduce costs the optimal ordering depends on the actual transmission levels. In general, when overall transmission potential is low and the surveillance cost per secondary case compared to the cost per imported case is low, targeting the higher transmission area for elimination first is favoured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakul Chitnis
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel 4002, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel 4003, Switzerland.
| | - Allan Schapira
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel 4002, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel 4003, Switzerland
| | - Christian Schindler
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel 4002, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel 4003, Switzerland
| | - Melissa A Penny
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel 4002, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel 4003, Switzerland
| | - Thomas A Smith
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel 4002, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel 4003, Switzerland
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Bürli C, Harbrecht H, Odermatt P, Sayasone S, Chitnis N. Analysis of interventions against the liver fluke, opisthorchis viverrini. Math Biosci 2018; 303:115-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Barbosa S, Kay K, Chitnis N, Hastings IM. Modelling the impact of insecticide-based control interventions on the evolution of insecticide resistance and disease transmission. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:482. [PMID: 30153869 PMCID: PMC6114906 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3025-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current strategies to control mosquito-transmitted infections use insecticides targeted at various stages of the mosquito life-cycle. Control is increasingly compromised by the evolution of insecticide resistance but there is little quantitative understanding of its impact on control effectiveness. We developed a computational approach that incorporates the stage-structured mosquito life-cycle and allows tracking of insecticide resistant genotypes. This approach makes it possible to simultaneously investigate: (i) the population dynamics of mosquitoes throughout their whole life-cycle; (ii) the impact of common vector control interventions on disease transmission; (iii) how these interventions drive the spread of insecticide resistance; and (iv) the impact of resistance once it has arisen and, in particular, whether it is sufficient for malaria transmission to resume. The model consists of a system of difference equations that tracks the immature (eggs, larvae and pupae) and adult stages, for males and females separately, and incorporates density-dependent regulation of mosquito larvae in breeding sites. RESULTS We determined a threshold level of mosquitoes below which transmission of malaria is interrupted. It is based on a classic Ross-Macdonald derivation of the malaria basic reproductive number (R0) and may be used to assess the effectiveness of different control strategies in terms of whether they are likely to interrupt disease transmission. We simulated different scenarios of insecticide deployment by changing key parameters in the model to explore the comparative impact of insecticide treated nets, indoor residual spraying and larvicides. CONCLUSIONS Our simulated results suggest that relatively low degrees of resistance (in terms of reduced mortality following insecticide contact) can induce failure of interventions, and the rate of spread of resistance is faster when insecticides target the larval stages. The optimal disease control strategy depends on vector species demography and local environmental conditions but, in our illustrative parametrisation, targeting larval stages achieved the greatest reduction of the adult population, followed by targeting of non-host-seeking females, as provided by indoor residual spraying. Our approach is designed to be flexible and easily generalizable to many scenarios using different calibrations and to diseases other than malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Barbosa
- Parasitology Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, L3 5QA, Liverpool, UK
- Present address: Université Côte d’Azur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - Katherine Kay
- Parasitology Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, L3 5QA, Liverpool, UK
- Present address: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214 USA
| | - Nakul Chitnis
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ian M. Hastings
- Parasitology Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, L3 5QA, Liverpool, UK
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Laager M, Mbilo C, Madaye EA, Naminou A, Léchenne M, Tschopp A, Naïssengar SK, Smieszek T, Zinsstag J, Chitnis N. The importance of dog population contact network structures in rabies transmission. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006680. [PMID: 30067733 PMCID: PMC6089439 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine rabies transmission was interrupted in N'Djaména, Chad, following two mass vaccination campaigns. However, after nine months cases resurged with re-establishment of endemic rabies transmission to pre-intervention levels. Previous analyses investigated district level spatial heterogeneity of vaccination coverage, and dog density; and importation, identifying the latter as the primary factor for rabies resurgence. Here we assess the impact of individual level heterogeneity on outbreak probability, effectiveness of vaccination campaigns and likely time to resurgence after a campaign. Geo-located contact sensors recorded the location and contacts of 237 domestic dogs in N'Djaména over a period of 3.5 days. The contact network data showed that urban dogs are socially related to larger communities and constrained by the urban architecture. We developed a network generation algorithm that extrapolates this empirical contact network to networks of large dog populations and applied it to simulate rabies transmission in N'Djaména. The model predictions aligned well with the rabies incidence data. Using the model we demonstrated, that major outbreaks are prevented when at least 70% of dogs are vaccinated. The probability of a minor outbreak also decreased with increasing vaccination coverage, but reached zero only when coverage was near total. Our results suggest that endemic rabies in N'Djaména may be explained by a series of importations with subsequent minor outbreaks. We show that highly connected dogs hold a critical role in transmission and that targeted vaccination of such dogs would lead to more efficient vaccination campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Laager
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Céline Mbilo
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Abakar Naminou
- Institut de Recherches en Elevage pour le Développement, Farcha, N’Djaména, Chad
| | - Monique Léchenne
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Aurélie Tschopp
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Liebefeld, Switzerland
| | | | - Timo Smieszek
- Modelling and Economics Unit, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College School of Public Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jakob Zinsstag
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nakul Chitnis
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Zinsstag J, Lechenne M, Laager M, Mindekem R, Naïssengar S, Oussiguéré A, Bidjeh K, Rives G, Tessier J, Madjaninan S, Ouagal M, Moto DD, Alfaroukh IO, Muthiani Y, Traoré A, Hattendorf J, Lepelletier A, Kergoat L, Bourhy H, Dacheux L, Stadler T, Chitnis N. Vaccination of dogs in an African city interrupts rabies transmission and reduces human exposure. Sci Transl Med 2018; 9:9/421/eaaf6984. [PMID: 29263230 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf6984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite the existence of effective rabies vaccines for dogs, dog-transmitted human rabies persists and has reemerged in Africa. Two consecutive dog vaccination campaigns took place in Chad in 2012 and 2013 (coverage of 71% in both years) in the capital city of N'Djaména, as previously published. We developed a deterministic model of dog-human rabies transmission fitted to weekly incidence data of rabid dogs and exposed human cases in N'Djaména. Our analysis showed that the effective reproductive number, that is, the number of new dogs infected by a rabid dog, fell to below one through November 2014. The modeled incidence of human rabies exposure fell to less than one person per million people per year. A phylodynamic estimation of the effective reproductive number from 29 canine rabies virus genetic sequences of the viral N-protein confirmed the results of the deterministic transmission model, implying that rabies transmission between dogs was interrupted for 9 months. However, new dog rabies cases appeared earlier than the transmission and phylodynamic models predicted. This may have been due to the continuous movement of rabies-exposed dogs into N'Djaména from outside the city. Our results show that canine rabies transmission to humans can be interrupted in an African city with currently available dog rabies vaccines, provided that the vaccination area includes larger adjacent regions, and local communities are informed and engaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Zinsstag
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland. .,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Monique Lechenne
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mirjam Laager
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rolande Mindekem
- Centre de Support en Santé Internationale, BP 972, N'Djaména, Chad
| | - Service Naïssengar
- Institut de Recherche en Elevage pour le Développement, BP 433, N'Djaména, Chad
| | - Assandi Oussiguéré
- Institut de Recherche en Elevage pour le Développement, BP 433, N'Djaména, Chad
| | - Kebkiba Bidjeh
- Institut de Recherche en Elevage pour le Développement, BP 433, N'Djaména, Chad
| | - Germain Rives
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julie Tessier
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Mahamat Ouagal
- Institut de Recherche en Elevage pour le Développement, BP 433, N'Djaména, Chad
| | - Daugla D Moto
- Centre de Support en Santé Internationale, BP 972, N'Djaména, Chad
| | - Idriss O Alfaroukh
- Institut de Recherche en Elevage pour le Développement, BP 433, N'Djaména, Chad
| | - Yvonne Muthiani
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Jan Hattendorf
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Lepelletier
- Institut Pasteur, Unit Lyssavirus Dynamics and Host Adaptation, WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, 28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Lauriane Kergoat
- Institut Pasteur, Unit Lyssavirus Dynamics and Host Adaptation, WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, 28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Hervé Bourhy
- Institut Pasteur, Unit Lyssavirus Dynamics and Host Adaptation, WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, 28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Laurent Dacheux
- Institut Pasteur, Unit Lyssavirus Dynamics and Host Adaptation, WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, 28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Tanja Stadler
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nakul Chitnis
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
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45
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Clark PM, Chitnis N, Shieh M, Kamoun M, Johnson FB, Monos D. Novel and Haplotype Specific MicroRNAs Encoded by the Major Histocompatibility Complex. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3832. [PMID: 29497078 PMCID: PMC5832780 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19427-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The MHC is recognized for its importance in human health and disease. However, many disease-associated variants throughout the region remain of unknown significance, residing predominantly within non-coding regions of the MHC. The characterization of non-coding RNA transcripts throughout the MHC is thus central to understanding the genetic contribution of these variants. Therefore, we characterize novel miRNA transcripts throughout the MHC by performing deep RNA sequencing of two B lymphoblastoid cell lines with completely characterized MHC haplotypes. Our analysis identifies 89 novel miRNA transcripts, 48 of which undergo Dicer-dependent biogenesis and are loaded onto the Argonaute silencing complex. Several of the identified mature miRNA and pre-miRNA transcripts are unique to specific MHC haplotypes and overlap common SNPs. Furthermore, 43 of the 89 identified novel miRNA transcripts lie within linkage disequilibrium blocks that contain a disease-associated SNP. These disease associated SNPs are associated with 65 unique disease phenotypes, suggesting that these transcripts may play a role in the etiology of numerous diseases associated with the MHC. Additional in silico analysis reveals the potential for thousands of putative pre-miRNA encoding loci within the MHC that may be expressed by different cell types and at different developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Clark
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - N Chitnis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - M Shieh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - M Kamoun
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - F B Johnson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - D Monos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Büscher P, Bart JM, Boelaert M, Bucheton B, Cecchi G, Chitnis N, Courtin D, Figueiredo LM, Franco JR, Grébaut P, Hasker E, Ilboudo H, Jamonneau V, Koffi M, Lejon V, MacLeod A, Masumu J, Matovu E, Mattioli R, Noyes H, Picado A, Rock KS, Rotureau B, Simo G, Thévenon S, Trindade S, Truc P, Van Reet N. Do Cryptic Reservoirs Threaten Gambiense-Sleeping Sickness Elimination? Trends Parasitol 2018; 34:197-207. [PMID: 29396200 PMCID: PMC5840517 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense causes human African trypanosomiasis (HAT). Between 1990 and 2015, almost 440000 cases were reported. Large-scale screening of populations at risk, drug donations, and efforts by national and international stakeholders have brought the epidemic under control with <2200 cases in 2016. The World Health Organization (WHO) has set the goals of gambiense-HAT elimination as a public health problem for 2020, and of interruption of transmission to humans for 2030. Latent human infections and possible animal reservoirs may challenge these goals. It remains largely unknown whether, and to what extend, they have an impact on gambiense-HAT transmission. We argue that a better understanding of the contribution of human and putative animal reservoirs to gambiense-HAT epidemiology is mandatory to inform elimination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Büscher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Jean-Mathieu Bart
- INTERTRYP, IRD, CIRAD, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Centro Nacional de Medicina Tropical, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Calle Sinesio Delgado 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marleen Boelaert
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bruno Bucheton
- INTERTRYP, IRD, CIRAD, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Giuliano Cecchi
- Sub-regional Office for Eastern Africa, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, CMC Road, Bole Sub City, Kebele 12/13, P O Box 5536, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Nakul Chitnis
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Postfach, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Courtin
- Université Paris Descartes, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité MERIT, Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Luisa M Figueiredo
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Prof Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José-Ramon Franco
- Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, Innovative and Intensified Disease Management, World Health Organization, Via Appia 20, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Grébaut
- INTERTRYP, IRD, CIRAD, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Epco Hasker
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hamidou Ilboudo
- Institut de Recherche sur les Bases Biologiques de la Lutte Intégrée, Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Élevage en zone Subhumide, 01 BP 454 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Mathurin Koffi
- Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, BP 150 Daloa, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Veerle Lejon
- INTERTRYP, IRD, CIRAD, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Annette MacLeod
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Henry Wellcome Building, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, UK
| | - Justin Masumu
- Département de Parasitologie, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Avenue de la Démocratie, BP 1197 Kinshasa 1, République Démocratique du Congo
| | - Enock Matovu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P O Box 7062 Kampala, Uganda
| | - Raffaele Mattioli
- Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Harry Noyes
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Albert Picado
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, 9 Chemin des Mines, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kat S Rock
- Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology & Infectious Disease Research, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Brice Rotureau
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1201 and Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Gustave Simo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P O Box 67 Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Sophie Thévenon
- INTERTRYP, IRD, CIRAD, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France; CIRAD, INTERTRYP, Montpellier, France
| | - Sandra Trindade
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Prof Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Philippe Truc
- INTERTRYP, IRD, CIRAD, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Nick Van Reet
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
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Bürli C, Harbrecht H, Odermatt P, Sayasone S, Chitnis N. Mathematical analysis of the transmission dynamics of the liver fluke, Opisthorchis viverrini. J Theor Biol 2018; 439:181-194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Kiware SS, Chitnis N, Tatarsky A, Wu S, Castellanos HMS, Gosling R, Smith D, Marshall JM. Attacking the mosquito on multiple fronts: Insights from the Vector Control Optimization Model (VCOM) for malaria elimination. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187680. [PMID: 29194440 PMCID: PMC5711017 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite great achievements by insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) in reducing malaria transmission, it is unlikely these tools will be sufficient to eliminate malaria transmission on their own in many settings today. Fortunately, field experiments indicate that there are many promising vector control interventions that can be used to complement ITNs and/or IRS by targeting a wide range of biological and environmental mosquito resources. The majority of these experiments were performed to test a single vector control intervention in isolation; however, there is growing evidence and consensus that effective vector control with the goal of malaria elimination will require a combination of interventions. METHOD AND FINDINGS We have developed a model of mosquito population dynamic to describe the mosquito life and feeding cycles and to optimize the impact of vector control intervention combinations at suppressing mosquito populations. The model simulations were performed for the main three malaria vectors in sub-Saharan Africa, Anopheles gambiae s.s, An. arabiensis and An. funestus. We considered areas having low, moderate and high malaria transmission, corresponding to entomological inoculation rates of 10, 50 and 100 infective bites per person per year, respectively. In all settings, we considered baseline ITN coverage of 50% or 80% in addition to a range of other vector control tools to interrupt malaria transmission. The model was used to sweep through parameters space to select the best optimal intervention packages. Sample model simulations indicate that, starting with ITNs at a coverage of 50% (An. gambiae s.s. and An. funestus) or 80% (An. arabiensis) and adding interventions that do not require human participation (e.g. larviciding at 80% coverage, endectocide treated cattle at 50% coverage and attractive toxic sugar baits at 50% coverage) may be sufficient to suppress all the three species to an extent required to achieve local malaria elimination. CONCLUSION The Vector Control Optimization Model (VCOM) is a computational tool to predict the impact of combined vector control interventions at the mosquito population level in a range of eco-epidemiological settings. The model predicts specific combinations of vector control tools to achieve local malaria elimination in a range of eco-epidemiological settings and can assist researchers and program decision-makers on the design of experimental or operational research to test vector control interventions. A corresponding graphical user interface is available for national malaria control programs and other end users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson S. Kiware
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania
- Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science Department, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Nakul Chitnis
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Allison Tatarsky
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Global Health Group, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sean Wu
- Divisions of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Héctor Manuel Sánchez Castellanos
- Divisions of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- School of Medicine, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Atizapan de Zaragoza, Estado de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Roly Gosling
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Global Health Group, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - David Smith
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
| | - John M. Marshall
- Divisions of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing coverage of malaria vector control interventions globally has led to significant reductions in disease burden. However due to its high recurrent cost, there is a need to determine if and when vector control can be safely scaled back after transmission has been reduced. METHODS AND FINDINGS A mathematical model of Plasmodium falciparum malaria epidemiology was simulated to determine the impact of scaling back vector control on transmission and disease. A regression analysis of simulation results was conducted to derive predicted probabilities of resurgence, severity of resurgence and time to resurgence under various settings. Results indicate that, in the absence of secular changes in transmission, there are few scenarios where vector control can be removed without high expectation of resurgence. These, potentially safe, scenarios are characterized by low historic entomological inoculation rates, successful vector control programmes that achieve elimination or near elimination, and effective surveillance systems with high coverage and effective treatment of malaria cases. CONCLUSIONS Programmes and funding agencies considering scaling back or withdrawing vector control from previously malaria endemic areas need to first carefully consider current receptivity and other available interventions in a risk assessment. Surveillance for resurgence needs to be continuously conducted over a long period of time in order to ensure a rapid response should vector control be withdrawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua O. Yukich
- Center for Applied Malaria Research and Evaluation, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1440 Canal St. 8317, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA
| | - Nakul Chitnis
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Pemberton-Ross P, Chitnis N, Pothin E, Smith TA. A stochastic model for the probability of malaria extinction by mass drug administration. Malar J 2017; 16:376. [PMID: 28923063 PMCID: PMC5604301 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-2010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mass drug administration (MDA) has been proposed as an intervention to achieve local extinction of malaria. Although its effect on the reproduction number is short lived, extinction may subsequently occur in a small population due to stochastic fluctuations. This paper examines how the probability of stochastic extinction depends on population size, MDA coverage and the reproduction number under control, Rc. A simple compartmental model is developed which is used to compute the probability of extinction using probability generating functions. The expected time to extinction in small populations after MDA for various scenarios in this model is calculated analytically. Results The results indicate that mass drug administration (Firstly, Rc must be sustained at Rc < 1.2 to avoid the rapid re-establishment of infections in the population. Secondly, the MDA must produce effective cure rates of >95% to have a non-negligible probability of successful elimination. Stochastic fluctuations only significantly affect the probability of extinction in populations of about 1000 individuals or less. The expected time to extinction via stochastic fluctuation is less than 10 years only in populations less than about 150 individuals. Clustering of secondary infections and of MDA distribution both contribute positively to the potential probability of success, indicating that MDA would most effectively be administered at the household level. Conclusions There are very limited circumstances in which MDA will lead to local malaria elimination with a substantial probability. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-017-2010-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Pemberton-Ross
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4051, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nakul Chitnis
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4051, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Emilie Pothin
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4051, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas A Smith
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4051, Basel, Switzerland. .,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland.
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