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Collier S, Pietsch E, Dans M, Ling D, Tavella TA, Lopaticki S, Marapana DS, Shibu MA, Andrew D, Tiash S, McMillan PJ, Gilson P, Tilley L, Dixon MWA. Plasmodium falciparum formins are essential for invasion and sexual stage development. Commun Biol 2023; 6:861. [PMID: 37596377 PMCID: PMC10439200 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05233-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The malaria parasite uses actin-based mechanisms throughout its lifecycle to control a range of biological processes including intracellular trafficking, gene regulation, parasite motility and invasion. In this work we assign functions to the Plasmodium falciparum formins 1 and 2 (FRM1 and FRM2) proteins in asexual and sexual blood stage development. We show that FRM1 is essential for merozoite invasion and FRM2 is required for efficient cell division. We also observed divergent functions for FRM1 and FRM2 in gametocyte development. Conditional deletion of FRM1 leads to a delay in gametocyte stage progression. We show that FRM2 controls the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons in developing gametocytes, with premature removal of the protein resulting in a loss of transmissible stage V gametocytes. Lastly, we show that targeting formin proteins with the small molecule inhibitor of formin homology domain 2 (SMIFH2) leads to a multistage block in asexual and sexual stage parasite development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Collier
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Emma Pietsch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Madeline Dans
- The Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Dawson Ling
- The Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Tatyana A Tavella
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Sash Lopaticki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Danushka S Marapana
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Mohini A Shibu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Dean Andrew
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Snigdha Tiash
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Paul J McMillan
- Biological Optical Microscopy Platform, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Paul Gilson
- The Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Leann Tilley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Matthew W A Dixon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
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2
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Lee PW, Marshall AC, Knott GJ, Kobelke S, Martelotto L, Cho E, McMillan PJ, Lee M, Bond CS, Fox AH. Paraspeckle subnuclear bodies depend on dynamic heterodimerisation of DBHS RNA-binding proteins via their structured domains. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102563. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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3
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Kompa AR, Greening DW, Kong AM, McMillan PJ, Fang H, Saxena R, Wong RCB, Lees JG, Sivakumaran P, Newcomb AE, Tannous BA, Kos C, Mariana L, Loudovaris T, Hausenloy DJ, Lim SY. Sustained subcutaneous delivery of secretome of human cardiac stem cells promotes cardiac repair following myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:918-929. [PMID: 32251516 PMCID: PMC7898942 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To establish pre-clinical proof of concept that sustained subcutaneous delivery of the secretome of human cardiac stem cells (CSCs) can be achieved in vivo to produce significant cardioreparative outcomes in the setting of myocardial infarction. METHODS AND RESULTS Rats were subjected to permanent ligation of left anterior descending coronary artery and randomized to receive subcutaneous implantation of TheraCyte devices containing either culture media as control or 1 × 106 human W8B2+ CSCs, immediately following myocardial ischaemia. At 4 weeks following myocardial infarction, rats treated with W8B2+ CSCs encapsulated within the TheraCyte device showed preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. The preservation of cardiac function was accompanied by reduced fibrotic scar tissue, interstitial fibrosis, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, as well as increased myocardial vascular density. Histological analysis of the TheraCyte devices harvested at 4 weeks post-implantation demonstrated survival of human W8B2+ CSCs within the devices, and the outer membrane was highly vascularized by host blood vessels. Using CSCs expressing plasma membrane reporters, extracellular vesicles of W8B2+ CSCs were found to be transferred to the heart and other organs at 4 weeks post-implantation. Furthermore, mass spectrometry-based proteomic profiling of extracellular vesicles of W8B2+ CSCs identified proteins implicated in inflammation, immunoregulation, cell survival, angiogenesis, as well as tissue remodelling and fibrosis that could mediate the cardioreparative effects of secretome of human W8B2+ CSCs. CONCLUSIONS Subcutaneous implantation of TheraCyte devices encapsulating human W8B2+ CSCs attenuated adverse cardiac remodelling and preserved cardiac function following myocardial infarction. The TheraCyte device can be employed to deliver stem cells in a minimally invasive manner for effective secretome-based cardiac therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Kompa
- Departments of Medicine and Surgery, University of Melbourne,
Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Centre of Cardiovascular
Research and Education in Therapeutics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC,
Australia
| | - David W Greening
- Molecular Proteomics, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute,
Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular
Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anne M Kong
- O’Brien Institute Department, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical
Research, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Paul J McMillan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biological Optical Microscopy
Platform, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Haoyun Fang
- Molecular Proteomics, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute,
Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ritika Saxena
- O’Brien Institute Department, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical
Research, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Deakin
University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Raymond C B Wong
- Departments of Medicine and Surgery, University of Melbourne,
Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Cellular Reprogramming Unit, Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian
Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen University School of Medicine,
Shenzhen, China
| | - Jarmon G Lees
- Departments of Medicine and Surgery, University of Melbourne,
Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- O’Brien Institute Department, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical
Research, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Priyadharshini Sivakumaran
- O’Brien Institute Department, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical
Research, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Andrew E Newcomb
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, St Vincent’s Hospital
Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bakhos A Tannous
- Department of Neurology and Pathology, Massachusetts General
Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,
USA
| | - Cameron Kos
- O'Brien Institute Department & Immunology & Diabetes Unit, St Vincent’s
Institute of Medical Research, VIC, Australia
| | - Lina Mariana
- O'Brien Institute Department & Immunology & Diabetes Unit, St Vincent’s
Institute of Medical Research, VIC, Australia
| | - Thomas Loudovaris
- O'Brien Institute Department & Immunology & Diabetes Unit, St Vincent’s
Institute of Medical Research, VIC, Australia
| | - Derek J Hausenloy
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of
Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart
Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London,
London, UK
- Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia
University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore,
Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shiang Y Lim
- Departments of Medicine and Surgery, University of Melbourne,
Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- O’Brien Institute Department, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical
Research, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
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Yang T, Yeoh LM, Tutor MV, Dixon MW, McMillan PJ, Xie SC, Bridgford JL, Gillett DL, Duffy MF, Ralph SA, McConville MJ, Tilley L, Cobbold SA. Decreased K13 Abundance Reduces Hemoglobin Catabolism and Proteotoxic Stress, Underpinning Artemisinin Resistance. Cell Rep 2020; 29:2917-2928.e5. [PMID: 31775055 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased tolerance of Plasmodium falciparum to front-line artemisinin antimalarials (ARTs) is associated with mutations in Kelch13 (K13), although the precise role of K13 remains unclear. Here, we show that K13 mutations result in decreased expression of this protein, while mislocalization of K13 mimics resistance-conferring mutations, pinpointing partial loss of function of K13 as the relevant molecular event. K13-GFP is associated with ∼170 nm diameter doughnut-shaped structures at the parasite periphery, consistent with the location and dimensions of cytostomes. Moreover, the hemoglobin-peptide profile of ring-stage parasites is reduced when K13 is mislocalized. We developed a pulse-SILAC approach to quantify protein turnover and observe less disruption to protein turnover following ART exposure when K13 is mislocalized. Our findings suggest that K13 regulates digestive vacuole biogenesis and the uptake/degradation of hemoglobin and that ART resistance is mediated by a decrease in heme-dependent drug activation, less proteotoxicity, and increased survival of parasite ring stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Lee M Yeoh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Madel V Tutor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Matthew W Dixon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Paul J McMillan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; Biological Optical Microscopy Platform, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Stanley C Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jessica L Bridgford
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - David L Gillett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Michael F Duffy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Stuart A Ralph
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Malcolm J McConville
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Leann Tilley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Simon A Cobbold
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
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5
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Looker O, Blanch AJ, Liu B, Nunez-Iglesias J, McMillan PJ, Tilley L, Dixon MWA. The knob protein KAHRP assembles into a ring-shaped structure that underpins virulence complex assembly. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007761. [PMID: 31071194 PMCID: PMC6529015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum mediates adhesion of infected red blood cells (RBCs) to blood vessel walls by assembling a multi-protein complex at the RBC surface. This virulence-mediating structure, called the knob, acts as a scaffold for the presentation of the major virulence antigen, P. falciparum Erythrocyte Membrane Protein-1 (PfEMP1). In this work we developed correlative STochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy–Scanning Electron Microscopy (STORM-SEM) to spatially and temporally map the delivery of the knob-associated histidine-rich protein (KAHRP) and PfEMP1 to the RBC membrane skeleton. We show that KAHRP is delivered as individual modules that assemble in situ, giving a ring-shaped fluorescence profile around a dimpled disk that can be visualized by SEM. Electron tomography of negatively-stained membranes reveals a previously observed spiral scaffold underpinning the assembled knobs. Truncation of the C-terminal region of KAHRP leads to loss of the ring structures, disruption of the raised disks and aberrant formation of the spiral scaffold, pointing to a critical role for KAHRP in assembling the physical knob structure. We show that host cell actin remodeling plays an important role in assembly of the virulence complex, with cytochalasin D blocking knob assembly. Additionally, PfEMP1 appears to be delivered to the RBC membrane, then inserted laterally into knob structures. The human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum causes severe disease, which is initiated by the adhesion of parasite-infected RBCs to receptors on the walls of the host’s capillaries. Adhesion is mediated by a structure called the knob, which acts as a scaffold for the presentation of the virulence protein, P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein-1 (PfEMP1). In this work we investigate the assembly of this complex at different stages of parasite development using a multimodal imaging approach that combines dSTORM localization microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (STORM-SEM). We show that the knob-associated histidine-rich protein (KAHRP) is delivered to the RBC membrane skeleton as individual protein modules that assemble into a ring-shaped complex. We provide evidence that host cell remodeling, driven by association of KAHRP with spectrin and the reorganization of actin, is required for assembly of the ring complex, which in turn supports a spiral scaffold that is required for correct knob morphology. Finally, we provide evidence that PfEMP1 is delivered to the RBC membrane before associating with knob complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Looker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Adam J. Blanch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Boyin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Juan Nunez-Iglesias
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Paul J. McMillan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Biological Optical Microscopy Platform, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Leann Tilley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Matthew W. A. Dixon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- * E-mail:
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6
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Rawlinson SM, Zhao T, Rozario AM, Rootes CL, McMillan PJ, Purcell AW, Woon A, Marsh GA, Lieu KG, Wang LF, Netter HJ, Bell TDM, Stewart CR, Moseley GW. Viral hijacking of the nucleolar DNA-damage response machinery: a novel mechanism to regulate host cell biology. Access Microbiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1099/acmi.ac2019.po0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hans J. Netter
- 5Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, Australia
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7
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Deligianni E, Silmon de Monerri NC, McMillan PJ, Bertuccini L, Superti F, Manola M, Spanos L, Louis C, Blackman MJ, Tilley L, Siden-Kiamos I. Correction: Essential role of Plasmodium perforin-like protein 4 in ookinete midgut passage. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204083. [PMID: 30208115 PMCID: PMC6135495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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8
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Deligianni E, Silmon de Monerri NC, McMillan PJ, Bertuccini L, Superti F, Manola M, Spanos L, Louis C, Blackman MJ, Tilley L, Siden-Kiamos I. Essential role of Plasmodium perforin-like protein 4 in ookinete midgut passage. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201651. [PMID: 30102727 PMCID: PMC6089593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Pore forming proteins such as those belonging to the membrane attack/perforin (MACPF) family have important functions in many organisms. Of the five MACPF proteins found in Plasmodium parasites, three have functions in cell passage and one in host cell egress. Here we report an analysis of the perforin-like protein 4, PPLP4, in the rodent parasite Plasmodium berghei. We found that the protein is expressed only in the ookinete, the invasive stage of the parasite formed in the mosquito midgut. Transcriptional analysis revealed that expression of the pplp4 gene commences during ookinete development. The protein was detected in retorts and mature ookinetes. Using two antibodies, the protein was found localized in a dotted pattern, and 3-D SIM super-resolution microcopy revealed the protein in the periphery of the cell. Analysis of a C-terminal mCherry fusion of the protein however showed mainly cytoplasmic label. A pplp4 null mutant formed motile ookinetes, but these were unable to invade and traverse the midgut epithelium resulting in severely impaired oocyst formation and no transmission to naïve mice. However, when in vitro cultured ookinetes were injected into the thorax of the mosquito, thus by-passing midgut passage, sporozoites were formed and the mutant parasites were able to infect naïve mice. Taken together, our data show that PPLP4 is required only for ookinete invasion of the mosquito midgut. Thus PPLP4 has a similar role to the previously studied PPLP3 and PPLP5, raising the question why three proteins with MACPF domains are needed for invasion by the ookinete of the mosquito midgut epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Deligianni
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Paul J. McMillan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-ray Science, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Biological Optical Microcopy Platform, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lucia Bertuccini
- National Centre for Innovative Technologies in Public Health, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiana Superti
- National Centre for Innovative Technologies in Public Health, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Manola
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Lefteris Spanos
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Christos Louis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Michael J. Blackman
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leann Tilley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-ray Science, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Inga Siden-Kiamos
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
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9
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Rawlinson SM, Zhao T, Rozario AM, Rootes CL, McMillan PJ, Purcell AW, Woon A, Marsh GA, Lieu KG, Wang LF, Netter HJ, Bell TDM, Stewart CR, Moseley GW. Viral regulation of host cell biology by hijacking of the nucleolar DNA-damage response. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3057. [PMID: 30076298 PMCID: PMC6076271 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05354-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that nucleoli play critical roles in the DNA-damage response (DDR) via interaction of DDR machinery including NBS1 with nucleolar Treacle protein, a key mediator of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcription and processing. Here, using proteomics, confocal and single molecule super-resolution imaging, and infection under biosafety level-4 containment, we show that this nucleolar DDR pathway is targeted by infectious pathogens. We find that the matrix proteins of Hendra virus and Nipah virus, highly pathogenic viruses of the Henipavirus genus in the order Mononegavirales, interact with Treacle and inhibit its function, thereby silencing rRNA biogenesis, consistent with mimicking NBS1–Treacle interaction during a DDR. Furthermore, inhibition of Treacle expression/function enhances henipavirus production. These data identify a mechanism for viral modulation of host cells by appropriating the nucleolar DDR and represent, to our knowledge, the first direct intranucleolar function for proteins of any mononegavirus. Many RNA viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm express proteins that localize to nucleoli, but the nucleolar functions remain largely unknown. Here, the authors show that the Henipavirus matrix protein mimics an endogenous Treacle partner of the DNA-damage response, resulting in suppression of rRNA biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Rawlinson
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Tianyue Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Ashley M Rozario
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Christina L Rootes
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - Paul J McMillan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Biological Optical Microscopy Platform, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Anthony W Purcell
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Amanda Woon
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Glenn A Marsh
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - Kim G Lieu
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Hans J Netter
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne Health, The Peter Doherty Institute, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Toby D M Bell
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Cameron R Stewart
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - Gregory W Moseley
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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10
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Gosavi P, Houghton FJ, McMillan PJ, Hanssen E, Gleeson PA. The Golgi ribbon in mammalian cells negatively regulates autophagy by modulating mTOR activity. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.211987. [PMID: 29361552 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.211987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, individual Golgi stacks are joined into a compact ribbon structure; however, the relevance of a ribbon structure has been elusive. Here, we exploit the finding that the membrane tether of the trans-Golgi network, GCC88 (encoded by GCC1), regulates the balance between Golgi mini-stacks and the Golgi ribbon. Loss of Golgi ribbons in stable cells overexpressing GCC88 resulted in compromised mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling and a dramatic increase in LC3-II-positive autophagosomes, whereas RNAi-mediated depletion of GCC88 restored the Golgi ribbon and reduced autophagy. mTOR was absent from dispersed Golgi mini-stacks whereas recruitment of mTOR to lysosomes was unaffected. We show that the Golgi ribbon is a site for localization and activation of mTOR, a process dependent on the ribbon structure. We demonstrate a strict temporal sequence of fragmentation of Golgi ribbon, loss of Golgi mTOR and subsequent increased autophagy. Golgi ribbon fragmentation has been reported in various neurodegenerative diseases and we demonstrate the potential relevance of our findings in neuronal cells using a model of neurodegeneration. Overall, this study highlights a role for the Golgi ribbon in pathways central to cellular homeostasis.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajakta Gosavi
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Fiona J Houghton
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Paul J McMillan
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.,Biological Optical Microscopy Platform, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Eric Hanssen
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.,Advanced Microscopy Facility, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Paul A Gleeson
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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11
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Curra C, McMillan PJ, Spanos L, Mollard V, Deligianni E, McFadden G, Tilley L, Siden-Kiamos I. Structured illumination microscopy reveals actin I localization in discreet foci in Plasmodium berghei gametocytes. Exp Parasitol 2017; 181:82-87. [PMID: 28803903 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Actin has important roles in Plasmodium parasites but its exact function in different life stages is not yet fully elucidated. Here we report the localization of ubiquitous actin I in gametocytes of the rodent model parasite P. berghei. Using an antibody specifically recognizing F-actin and deconvolution microscopy we detected actin I in a punctate pattern in gametocytes. 3D-Structured Illumination Microscopy which allows sub-diffraction limit imaging resolved the signal into structures of less than 130 nm length. A portion of actin I was soluble, but the protein was also found complexed in a stabilized form which could only be completely solubilized by treatment with SDS. An additional population of actin was pelleted at 100 000 × g, consistent with F-actin. Our results suggest that actin in this non-motile form of the parasite is present in short filaments cross-linked to other structures in a cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Curra
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Paul J McMillan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3051 VIC, Australia; Biological Optical Microscopy Platform, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3051 VIC, Australia
| | - Lefteris Spanos
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Vanessa Mollard
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3051 VIC, Australia
| | - Elena Deligianni
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Geoffrey McFadden
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3051 VIC, Australia
| | - Leann Tilley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3051 VIC, Australia
| | - Inga Siden-Kiamos
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion, Greece.
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12
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Schellens JP, Frederiks WM, Van Noorden CJ, Vreeling-Sindelárová H, Marx F, McMillan PJ. The use of unfixed cryostat sections for electron microscopic study of D-amino acid oxidase activity in rat liver. J Histochem Cytochem 2017; 40:1975-9. [PMID: 1360483 DOI: 10.1177/40.12.1360483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Unfixed cryostat sections of rat liver were incubated to demonstrate D-amino acid oxidase activity at the ultrastructural level. Incubation was performed by mounting the sections on a semipermeable membrane which was stretched over a gelled incubation medium containing D-proline as substrate and cerium ions as capture reagent for hydrogen peroxide. After an incubation period of 30 min, ultrastructural morphology was retained to such an extent that the final reaction product could be localized in peroxisomes, whereas the crystalline core remained unstained. Control incubations were performed in the absence of substrate; the lack of final reaction product in peroxisomes indicated the specificity of the reaction. We conclude that the semipermeable membrane technique opens new perspectives for localization of enzyme activities at the ultrastructural level without prior tissue fixation, thus enabling localization of the activity of soluble and/or labile enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Schellens
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Mintern JD, Macri C, Chin WJ, Panozza SE, Segura E, Patterson NL, Zeller P, Bourges D, Bedoui S, McMillan PJ, Idris A, Nowell CJ, Brown A, Radford KJ, Johnston AP, Villadangos JA. Differential use of autophagy by primary dendritic cells specialized in cross-presentation. Autophagy 2016; 11:906-17. [PMID: 25950899 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1045178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-presenting cells survey their environment and present captured antigens bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Formation of MHC-antigen complexes occurs in specialized compartments where multiple protein trafficking routes, still incompletely understood, converge. Autophagy is a route that enables the presentation of cytosolic antigen by MHC class II molecules. Some reports also implicate autophagy in the presentation of extracellular, endocytosed antigen by MHC class I molecules, a pathway termed "cross-presentation." The role of autophagy in cross-presentation is controversial. This may be due to studies using different types of antigen presenting cells for which the use of autophagy is not well defined. Here we report that active use of autophagy is evident only in DC subtypes specialized in cross-presentation. However, the contribution of autophagy to cross-presentation varied depending on the form of antigen: it was negligible in the case of cell-associated antigen or antigen delivered via receptor-mediated endocytosis, but more prominent when the antigen was a soluble protein. These findings highlight the differential use of autophagy and its machinery by primary cells equipped with specific immune function, and prompt careful reassessment of the participation of this endocytic pathway in antigen cross-presentation.
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Key Words
- 3-MA, 3-methyladenine
- Atg7-DC CKO, Atg7 DC conditional knockout
- BafA, bafilomycin A1
- CD, cluster of differentiation
- CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte
- DALIS, dendritic cell aggresome-like inducible structures
- DC, dendritic cell
- IFC imaging flow cytometry
- LAP, LC3 associated phagocytosis
- LC3B, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 β
- MHC I, major histocompatibility complex class I
- MHC II, major histocompatibility complex class II
- OT-I, OVA-specific CD8+ T cell
- OT-II, OVA-specific CD4+ T cell; SIM, structured illumination microscopy.
- OVA, ovalbumin
- antigen presentation
- autophagy
- dendritic cells
- green fluorescent protein, GFP
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14
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Huber BR, Meabon JS, Hoffer ZS, Zhang J, Hoekstra JG, Pagulayan KF, McMillan PJ, Mayer CL, Banks WA, Kraemer BC, Raskind MA, McGavern DB, Peskind ER, Cook DG. Blast exposure causes dynamic microglial/macrophage responses and microdomains of brain microvessel dysfunction. Neuroscience 2016; 319:206-20. [PMID: 26777891 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to blast overpressure (BOP) is associated with behavioral, cognitive, and neuroimaging abnormalities. We investigated the dynamic responses of cortical vasculature and its relation to microglia/macrophage activation in mice using intravital two-photon microscopy following mild blast exposure. We found that blast caused vascular dysfunction evidenced by microdomains of aberrant vascular permeability. Microglial/macrophage activation was specifically associated with these restricted microdomains, as evidenced by rapid microglial process retraction, increased ameboid morphology, and escape of blood-borne Q-dot tracers that were internalized in microglial/macrophage cell bodies and phagosome-like compartments. Microdomains of cortical vascular disruption and microglial/macrophage activation were also associated with aberrant tight junction morphology that was more prominent after repetitive (3×) blast exposure. Repetitive, but not single, BOPs also caused TNFα elevation two weeks post-blast. In addition, following a single BOP we found that aberrantly phosphorylated tau rapidly accumulated in perivascular domains, but cleared within four hours, suggesting it was removed from the perivascular area, degraded, and/or dephosphorylated. Taken together these findings argue that mild blast exposure causes an evolving CNS insult that is initiated by discrete disturbances of vascular function, thereby setting the stage for more protracted and more widespread neuroinflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Huber
- VA Jamaica Plain, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Jamaica Plain, MA, USA
| | - J S Meabon
- Northwest Network Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Puget Sound Healthcare Systems, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Z S Hoffer
- United States Army, Madigan Army Medical Center, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, WA, USA
| | - J Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - J G Hoekstra
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - K F Pagulayan
- Northwest Network Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Puget Sound Healthcare Systems, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - P J McMillan
- Northwest Network Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Puget Sound Healthcare Systems, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - C L Mayer
- Northwest Network Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Puget Sound Healthcare Systems, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - W A Banks
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - B C Kraemer
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M A Raskind
- Northwest Network Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Puget Sound Healthcare Systems, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - D B McGavern
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - E R Peskind
- Northwest Network Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Puget Sound Healthcare Systems, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - D G Cook
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
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15
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McHugh E, Batinovic S, Hanssen E, McMillan PJ, Kenny S, Griffin MD, Crawford S, Trenholme KR, Gardiner DL, Dixon MWA, Tilley L. A repeat sequence domain of the ring-exported protein-1 of Plasmodium falciparum controls export machinery architecture and virulence protein trafficking. Mol Microbiol 2015; 98:1101-14. [PMID: 26304012 PMCID: PMC4987487 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum dramatically remodels its host red blood cell to enhance its own survival, using a secretory membrane system that it establishes outside its own cell. Cisternal organelles, called Maurer's clefts, act as a staging point for the forward trafficking of virulence proteins to the red blood cell (RBC) membrane. The Ring-EXported Protein-1 (REX1) is a Maurer's cleft resident protein. We show that inducible knockdown of REX1 causes stacking of Maurer's cleft cisternae without disrupting the organization of the knob-associated histidine-rich protein at the RBC membrane. Genetic dissection of the REX1 sequence shows that loss of a repeat sequence domain results in the formation of giant Maurer's cleft stacks. The stacked Maurer's clefts are decorated with tether-like structures and retain the ability to dock onto the RBC membrane skeleton. The REX1 mutant parasites show deficient export of the major virulence protein, PfEMP1, to the red blood cell surface and markedly reduced binding to the endothelial cell receptor, CD36. REX1 is predicted to form a largely α-helical structure, with a repetitive charge pattern in the repeat sequence domain, providing potential insights into the role of REX1 in Maurer's cleft sculpting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma McHugh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Steven Batinovic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Eric Hanssen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Advanced Microscopy Facility, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Paul J. McMillan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Biological Optical Microscopy Platform, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Shannon Kenny
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Michael D.W. Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Simon Crawford
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Katharine R. Trenholme
- Infectious Diseases Division, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Donald L. Gardiner
- Infectious Diseases Division, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Matthew W. A. Dixon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Leann Tilley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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16
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Tran PN, Brown SHJ, Mitchell TW, Matuschewski K, McMillan PJ, Kirk K, Dixon MWA, Maier AG. A female gametocyte-specific ABC transporter plays a role in lipid metabolism in the malaria parasite. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4773. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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17
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Chu K, McMillan PJ, Smith ZJ, Yin J, Atkins J, Goodwin P, Wachsmann-Hogiu S, Lane S. Image reconstruction for structured-illumination microscopy with low signal level. Opt Express 2014; 22:8687-702. [PMID: 24718238 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.008687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We report a new image processing technique for the structured illumination microscopy designed to work with low signals, with the goal of reducing photobleaching and phototoxicity of the sample. Using a pre-filtering process to estimate experimental parameters and total variation as a constraint to reconstruct, we obtain two orders of magnitude of exposure reduction while maintaining the resolution improvement and image quality compared to a standard structured illumination microscopy. The algorithm is validated on both fixed and live cell data with results confirming that we can image more than 15x more time points compared to the standard technique.
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18
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McMillan PJ, Millet C, Batinovic S, Maiorca M, Hanssen E, Kenny S, Muhle RA, Melcher M, Fidock DA, Smith JD, Dixon MWA, Tilley L. Spatial and temporal mapping of the PfEMP1 export pathway in Plasmodium falciparum. Cell Microbiol 2013; 15:1401-18. [PMID: 23421990 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, modifies the red blood cells (RBCs) that it infects by exporting proteins to the host cell. One key virulence protein, P. falciparum Erythrocyte Membrane Protein-1 (PfEMP1), is trafficked to the surface of the infected RBC, where it mediates adhesion to the vascular endothelium. We have investigated the organization and development of the exomembrane system that is used for PfEMP1 trafficking. Maurer's cleft cisternae are formed early after invasion and proteins are delivered to these (initially mobile) structures in a temporally staggered and spatially segregated manner. Membrane-Associated Histidine-Rich Protein-2 (MAHRP2)-containing tether-like structures are generated as early as 4 h post invasion and become attached to Maurer's clefts. The tether/Maurer's cleft complex docks onto the RBC membrane at ~20 h post invasion via a process that is not affected by cytochalasin D treatment. We have examined the trafficking of a GFP chimera of PfEMP1 expressed in transfected parasites. PfEMP1B-GFP accumulates near the parasite surface, within membranous structures exhibiting a defined ultrastructure, before being transferred to pre-formed mobile Maurer's clefts. Endogenous PfEMP1 and PfEMP1B-GFP are associated with Electron-Dense Vesicles that may be responsible for trafficking PfEMP1 from the Maurer's clefts to the RBC membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J McMillan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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19
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Dixon MWA, Kenny S, McMillan PJ, Hanssen E, Trenholme KR, Gardiner DL, Tilley L. Genetic ablation of a Maurer's cleft protein prevents assembly of the Plasmodium falciparum virulence complex. Mol Microbiol 2011; 81:982-93. [PMID: 21696460 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07740.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum assembles knob structures underneath the erythrocyte membrane that help present the major virulence protein, P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein-1 (PfEMP1). Membranous structures called Maurer's clefts are established in the erythrocyte cytoplasm and function as sorting compartments for proteins en route to the RBC membrane, including the knob-associated histidine-rich protein (KAHRP), and PfEMP1. We have generated mutants in which the Maurer's cleft protein, the ring exported protein-1 (REX1) is truncated or deleted. Removal of the C-terminal domain of REX1 compromises Maurer's cleft architecture and PfEMP1-mediated cytoadherance but permits some trafficking of PfEMP1 to the erythrocyte surface. Deletion of the coiled-coil region of REX1 ablates PfEMP1 surface display, trapping PfEMP1 at the Maurer's clefts. Complementation of mutants with REX1 partly restores PfEMP1-mediated binding to the endothelial cell ligand, CD36. Deletion of the coiled-coil region or complete deletion of REX1 is tightly associated with the loss of a subtelomeric region of chromosome 2, encoding KAHRP and other proteins. A KAHRP-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion expressed in the REX1-deletion parasites shows defective trafficking. Thus, loss of functional REX1 directly or indirectly ablates the assembly of the P. falciparum virulence complex at the surface of host erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W A Dixon
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Department of Biochemistry and Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-ray Science, La Trobe University, Vic. 3086, Australia.
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20
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Smith PJ, Steinke D, McMillan PJ, Stewart AL, McVeagh SM, Diaz de Astarloa JM, Welsford D, Ward RD. DNA barcoding highlights a cryptic species of grenadier Macrourus in the Southern Ocean. J Fish Biol 2011; 78:355-365. [PMID: 21235567 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02846.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Although three species of the genus Macrourus are recognized in the Southern Ocean, DNA sequencing of the mitochondrial COI gene revealed four well-supported clades. These barcode data suggest the presence of an undescribed species, a conclusion supported by meristic and morphometric examination of specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Smith
- National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd, Private Bag 14 901, Wellington, New Zealand.
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21
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Hanssen E, McMillan PJ, Tilley L. Cellular architecture of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Int J Parasitol 2010; 40:1127-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2010.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2010] [Revised: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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22
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Akide-Ndunge OB, Tambini E, Giribaldi G, McMillan PJ, Müller S, Arese P, Turrini F. Co-ordinated stage-dependent enhancement of Plasmodium falciparum antioxidant enzymes and heat shock protein expression in parasites growing in oxidatively stressed or G6PD-deficient red blood cells. Malar J 2009; 8:113. [PMID: 19480682 PMCID: PMC2696464 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-8-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium falciparum-parasitized red blood cells (RBCs) are equipped with protective antioxidant enzymes and heat shock proteins (HSPs). The latter are only considered to protect against thermal stress. Important issues are poorly explored: first, it is insufficiently known how both systems are expressed in relation to the parasite developmental stage; secondly, it is unknown whether P. falciparum HSPs are redox-responsive, in view of redox sensitivity of HSP in eukaryotic cells; thirdly, it is poorly known how the antioxidant defense machinery would respond to increased oxidative stress or inhibited antioxidant defense. Those issues are interesting as several antimalarials increase the oxidative stress or block antioxidant defense in the parasitized RBC. In addition, numerous inhibitors of HSPs are currently developed for cancer therapy and might be tested as anti-malarials. Thus, the joint disruption of the parasite antioxidant enzymes/HSP system would interfere with parasite growth and open new perspectives for anti-malaria therapy. Methods Stage-dependent mRNA expression of ten representative P. falciparum antioxidant enzymes and hsp60/70–2/70–3/75/90 was studied by quantitative real-time RT-PCR in parasites growing in normal RBCs, in RBCs oxidatively-stressed by moderate H2O2 generation and in G6PD-deficient RBCs. Protein expression of antioxidant enzymes was assayed by Western blotting. The pentosephosphate-pathway flux was measured in isolated parasites after Sendai-virus lysis of RBC membrane. Results In parasites growing in normal RBCs, mRNA expression of antioxidant enzymes and HSPs displayed co-ordinated stage-dependent modulation, being low at ring, highest at early trophozoite and again very low at schizont stage. Additional exogenous oxidative stress or growth in antioxidant blunted G6PD-deficient RBCs indicated remarkable flexibility of both systems, manifested by enhanced, co-ordinated mRNA expression of antioxidant enzymes and HSPs. Protein expression of antioxidant enzymes was also increased in oxidatively-stressed trophozoites. Conclusion Results indicated that mRNA expression of parasite antioxidant enzymes and HSPs was co-ordinated and stage-dependent. Secondly, both systems were redox-responsive and showed remarkably increased and co-ordinated expression in oxidatively-stressed parasites and in parasites growing in antioxidant blunted G6PD-deficient RBCs. Lastly, as important anti-malarials either increase oxidant stress or impair antioxidant defense, results may encourage the inclusion of anti-HSP molecules in anti-malarial combined drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Bate Akide-Ndunge
- Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Torino Medical School, Torino, Italy.
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23
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Hanssen E, Hawthorne P, Dixon MWA, Trenholme KR, McMillan PJ, Spielmann T, Gardiner DL, Tilley L. Targeted mutagenesis of the ring-exported protein-1 ofPlasmodium falciparumdisrupts the architecture of Maurer's cleft organelles. Mol Microbiol 2008; 69:938-53. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06329.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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24
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Günther S, Wallace L, Patzewitz EM, McMillan PJ, Storm J, Wrenger C, Bissett R, Smith TK, Müller S. Apicoplast lipoic acid protein ligase B is not essential for Plasmodium falciparum. PLoS Pathog 2008; 3:e189. [PMID: 18069893 PMCID: PMC2134950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2007] [Accepted: 10/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoic acid (LA) is an essential cofactor of alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complexes (KADHs) and the glycine cleavage system. In Plasmodium, LA is attached to the KADHs by organelle-specific lipoylation pathways. Biosynthesis of LA exclusively occurs in the apicoplast, comprising octanoyl-[acyl carrier protein]: protein N-octanoyltransferase (LipB) and LA synthase. Salvage of LA is mitochondrial and scavenged LA is ligated to the KADHs by LA protein ligase 1 (LplA1). Both pathways are entirely independent, suggesting that both are likely to be essential for parasite survival. However, disruption of the LipB gene did not negatively affect parasite growth despite a drastic loss of LA (>90%). Surprisingly, the sole, apicoplast-located pyruvate dehydrogenase still showed lipoylation, suggesting that an alternative lipoylation pathway exists in this organelle. We provide evidence that this residual lipoylation is attributable to the dual targeted, functional lipoate protein ligase 2 (LplA2). Localisation studies show that LplA2 is present in both mitochondrion and apicoplast suggesting redundancy between the lipoic acid protein ligases in the erythrocytic stages of P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Günther
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Parasitology, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Lynsey Wallace
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Parasitology, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Eva-Maria Patzewitz
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Parasitology, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J McMillan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Parasitology, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Janet Storm
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Parasitology, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Carsten Wrenger
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ryan Bissett
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Parasitology, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Terry K Smith
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Sylke Müller
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Parasitology, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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25
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Boucher IW, McMillan PJ, Gabrielsen M, Akerman SE, Brannigan JA, Schnick C, Brzozowski AM, Wilkinson AJ, Müller S. Structural and biochemical characterization of a mitochondrial peroxiredoxin from Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Microbiol 2006; 61:948-59. [PMID: 16879648 PMCID: PMC1618809 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05303.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum possesses a single mitochondrion with a functional electron transport chain. During respiration, reactive oxygen species are generated that need to be removed to protect the organelle from oxidative damage. In the absence of catalase and glutathione peroxidase, the parasites rely primarily on peroxiredoxin-linked systems for protection. We have analysed the biochemical and structural features of the mitochondrial peroxiredoxin and thioredoxin of P. falciparum. The mitochondrial localization of both proteins was confirmed by expressing green fluorescent protein fusions in parasite erythrocytic stages. Recombinant protein was kinetically characterized using the cytosolic and the mitochondrial thioredoxin (PfTrx1 and PfTrx2 respectively). The peroxiredoxin clearly preferred PfTrx2 to PfTrx1 as a reducing partner, reflected by the KM values of 11.6 microM and 130.4 microM respectively. Substitution of the two dyads asparagine-62/tyrosine-63 and phenylalanine-139/alanine-140 residues by aspartate-phenylalaine and valine-serine, respectively, reduced the KM for Trx1 but had no effect on the KM of Trx2 suggesting some role for these residues in the discrimination between the two substrates. Solution studies suggest that the protein exists primarily in a homodecameric form. The crystal structure of the mitochondrial peroxiredoxin reveals a fold typical of the 2-Cys class peroxiredoxins and a dimeric form with an intermolecular disulphide bridge between Cys67 and Cys187. These results show that the mitochondrial peroxiredoxin of P. falciparum occurs in both dimeric and decameric forms when purified under non-reducing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian W Boucher
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of YorkYork YO10 5YW, UK
| | - Paul J McMillan
- Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Division of Infection and Immunity and Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of GlasgowGlasgow, UK
| | - Mads Gabrielsen
- Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Division of Infection and Immunity and Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of GlasgowGlasgow, UK
| | - Susan E Akerman
- Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Division of Infection and Immunity and Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of GlasgowGlasgow, UK
| | - James A Brannigan
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of YorkYork YO10 5YW, UK
| | - Claudia Schnick
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of YorkYork YO10 5YW, UK
| | - Andrzej M Brzozowski
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of YorkYork YO10 5YW, UK
| | - Anthony J Wilkinson
- Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of YorkYork YO10 5YW, UK
| | - Sylke Müller
- Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Division of Infection and Immunity and Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of GlasgowGlasgow, UK
- *For correspondence. E-mail ; Tel. (+44) 141 330 2383; Fax (+44) 141 330 4600
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26
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McMillan PJ, Arscott LD, Ballou DP, Becker K, Williams CH, Müller S. Identification of acid-base catalytic residues of high-Mr thioredoxin reductase from Plasmodium falciparum. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:32967-77. [PMID: 16950793 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m601141200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
High-M(r) thioredoxin reductase from the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum (PfTrxR) contains three redox active centers (FAD, Cys-88/Cys-93, and Cys-535/Cys-540) that are in redox communication. The catalytic mechanism of PfTrxR, which involves dithiol-disulfide interchanges requiring acid-base catalysis, was studied by steady-state kinetics, spectral analyses of anaerobic static titrations, and rapid kinetics analysis of wild-type enzyme and variants involving the His-509-Glu-514 dyad as the presumed acid-base catalyst. The dyad is conserved in all members of the enzyme family. Substitution of His-509 with glutamine and Glu-514 with alanine led to TrxR with only 0.5 and 7% of wild type activity, respectively, thus demonstrating the crucial roles of these residues for enzymatic activity. The H509Q variant had rate constants in both the reductive and oxidative half-reactions that were dramatically less than those of wild-type enzyme, and no thiolateflavin charge-transfer complex was observed. Glu-514 was shown to be involved in dithiol-disulfide interchange between the Cys-88/Cys-93 and Cys-535/Cys-540 pairs. In addition, Glu-514 appears to greatly enhance the role of His-509 in acid-base catalysis. It can be concluded that the His-509-Glu-514 dyad, in analogy to those in related oxidoreductases, acts as the acid-base catalyst in PfTrxR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J McMillan
- Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Infection and Immunity, Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, Scotland, UK
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27
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Günther S, McMillan PJ, Wallace LJM, Müller S. Plasmodium falciparum possesses organelle-specific α-keto acid dehydrogenase complexes and lipoylation pathways. Biochem Soc Trans 2005; 33:977-80. [PMID: 16246025 DOI: 10.1042/bst20050977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum possesses a single mitochondrion and a plastid-like organelle called the apicoplast. Both organelles contain members of the KADH (alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase) complexes--multienzyme complexes that are involved in intermediate metabolism. In the asexual blood stage forms of the parasites, the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and branched chain KADH complexes are both located in the mitochondrion, whereas the pyruvate dehydrogenase is exclusively found in the apicoplast. In agreement with this distribution, Plasmodium parasites have two separate and organelle-specific pathways that guarantee lipoylation of the KADH complexes in both organelles. A biosynthetic pathway comprised of lipoic acid synthase and lipoyl (octanoyl)-ACP:protein Nepsilon-lipoyltransferase B is present in the apicoplast, whereas the mitochondrion is supplied with exogenous lipoic acid, and ligation of the metabolite to the KADH complexes is accomplished by a lipoate protein ligase A similar to that of bacteria and plants. Both pathways are excellent potential targets for the design of new antimalarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Günther
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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28
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Grageda E, Lozada JL, Boyne PJ, Caplanis N, McMillan PJ. Bone formation in the maxillary sinus by using platelet-rich plasma: an experimental study in sheep. J ORAL IMPLANTOL 2005; 31:2-17. [PMID: 15751383 DOI: 10.1563/0-692.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently, platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been proven to be an effective regeneration adjunct when combined with autogenous bone in the reconstruction of mandibular defects. However, little is known about the effect of PRP when combined with a bone allograft in the maxillary sinus. The purpose of this study was to quantitatively evaluate the ability of PRP to enhance bone regeneration in the maxillary sinus of sheep when combined with demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft (DFDBA) and cortical cancellous freeze-dried bone allograft (CCFDBA). Ten sheep were selected for bilateral sinus augmentation DFDBA + CCFDBA + PRP (test) and DFDBA + CCFDBA (control). Five were sacrificed at 3 months and the other 5 at 6 months. Hematology tests were performed for platelet count, and histology slides were obtained for histomorphometric analysis taking 2 measures of interest: total area (square millimeters) and percentage of bone fill. Student t tests showed no significant difference between test and control groups for total area (P > .25) and percentage of bone fill (P > .80) at either 3 or 6 months. The control group showed no statistical difference for total area (P < .095) and percentage of bone fill (P <.60) between 3- and 6-month healing times. The test group, however, showed a significant increase in total area (P <.025) but not in percentage of bone fill (P <.40) for the 2 healing periods. When the treatments were compared for interactions within the animal model, no clear tendency was evident for the test group to perform in relation to the control group regarding total area (r = .766, P < .01). A moderate tendency existed between the percentages of bone filled (r = .824, P < .005). Platelet-rich plasma showed higher platelet count than did the whole blood (2 to 5 times). However, no correlation was found between the log ratio and the bone measures. Within the limitations of this study, PRP failed to enhance or accelerate bone regeneration in the maxillary sinus of sheep when combined with bone allograft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Grageda
- Advanced Education Program in Implant Dentistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA.
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29
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McMillan PJ, Stimmler LM, Foth BJ, McFadden GI, Müller S. The human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum possesses two distinct dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenases. Mol Microbiol 2004; 55:27-38. [PMID: 15612914 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04398.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The Plasmodium falciparum genome contains genes encoding three alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase multienzyme complexes (KADHs) that have central metabolic functions. The parasites possess two distinct genes encoding dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenases (LipDH), which are indispensable subunits of KADHs. This situation is reminiscent of that in plants, where two distinct LipDHs are found in mitochondria and chloroplasts, respectively, that are part of the organelle-specific KADHs. In this study, we show by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) that the genes encoding subunits of all three KADHs, including both LipDHs, are transcribed during the erythrocytic development of P. falciparum. Protein expression of mitochondrial LipDH and mitochondrial branched chain alpha-ketoacid dihydrolipoamide transacylase in these parasite stages was confirmed by Western blotting. The localization of the two LipDHs to the parasite's apicoplast and mitochondrion, respectively, was shown by expressing the LipDH N-terminal presequences fused to green fluorescent protein in erythrocytic stages of P. falciparum and by immunofluorescent colocalization with organelle-specific markers. Biochemical characterization of recombinantly expressed mitochondrial LipDH revealed that the protein has kinetic and physicochemical characteristics typical of these flavo disulphide oxidoreductases. We propose that the mitochondrial LipDH is part of the mitochondrial alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and branched chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complexes and that the apicoplast LipDH is an integral part of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex which occurs only in the apicoplast in P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J McMillan
- Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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30
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Proussaefs P, Lozada J, Kleinman A, Rohrer MD, McMillan PJ. The use of titanium mesh in conjunction with autogenous bone graft and inorganic bovine bone mineral (bio-oss) for localized alveolar ridge augmentation: a human study. INT J PERIODONT REST 2003; 23:185-95. [PMID: 12710822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of using a titanium mesh for localized alveolar ridge augmentation. Seven consecutively treated human subjects participated in the study. Clinical, radiographic, laboratory, and histologic/histomorphometric analysis revealed the efficacy of using the titanium mesh in conjunction with intraorally harvested autogenous bone graft and inorganic bovine bone mineral (Bio-Oss). Radiographic measurements detected that a 2.86-mm vertical and 3.71-mm buccolabial ridge augmentation was achieved, while histomorphometry demonstrated that 36.4% of the grafted area consisted of bone. Laboratory measurements revealed 15.08% resorption of the graft for the first 6 months, which appeared to consolidate after placement of the implants. Exposure of the mesh did not appear to compromise the result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Periklis Proussaefs
- Graduate Program in Implant Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Loma Linda University, California 92350, USA.
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31
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Peter A, Schöttler P, Werner M, Beinert N, Dowe G, Burkert P, Mourkioti F, Dentzer L, He Y, Deak P, Benos PV, Gatt MK, Murphy L, Harris D, Barrell B, Ferraz C, Vidal S, Brun C, Demaille J, Cadieu E, Dreano S, Gloux S, Lelaure V, Mottier S, Galibert F, Borkova D, Miñana B, Kafatos FC, Bolshakov S, Sidén-Kiamos I, Papagiannakis G, Spanos L, Louis C, Madueño E, de Pablos B, Modolell J, Bucheton A, Callister D, Campbell L, Henderson NS, McMillan PJ, Salles C, Tait E, Valenti P, Saunders RD, Billaud A, Pachter L, Klapper R, Janning W, Glover DM, Ashburner M, Bellen HJ, Jäckle H, Schäfer U. Mapping and identification of essential gene functions on the X chromosome of Drosophila. EMBO Rep 2002; 3:34-8. [PMID: 11751581 PMCID: PMC1083931 DOI: 10.1093/embo-reports/kvf012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila melanogaster genome consists of four chromosomes that contain 165 Mb of DNA, 120 Mb of which are euchromatic. The two Drosophila Genome Projects, in collaboration with Celera Genomics Systems, have sequenced the genome, complementing the previously established physical and genetic maps. In addition, the Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project has undertaken large-scale functional analysis based on mutagenesis by transposable P element insertions into autosomes. Here, we present a large-scale P element insertion screen for vital gene functions and a BAC tiling map for the X chromosome. A collection of 501 X-chromosomal P element insertion lines was used to map essential genes cytogenetically and to establish short sequence tags (STSs) linking the insertion sites to the genome. The distribution of the P element integration sites, the identified genes and transcription units as well as the expression patterns of the P-element-tagged enhancers is described and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuchun He
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Peter Deak
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Panayiotis V. Benos
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Melanie K. Gatt
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lee Murphy
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Harris
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Bart Barrell
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepcion Ferraz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sophie Vidal
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Christine Brun
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jacques Demaille
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Edouard Cadieu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Stephane Dreano
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Stéphanie Gloux
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Valerie Lelaure
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Stephanie Mottier
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francis Galibert
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Dana Borkova
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Belen Miñana
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fotis C. Kafatos
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Slava Bolshakov
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inga Sidén-Kiamos
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - George Papagiannakis
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lefteris Spanos
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Christos Louis
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Encarnación Madueño
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz de Pablos
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Modolell
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alain Bucheton
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Debbie Callister
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorna Campbell
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nadine S. Henderson
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paul J. McMillan
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cathy Salles
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Evelyn Tait
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Phillipe Valenti
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Robert D.C. Saunders
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alain Billaud
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lior Pachter
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Robert Klapper
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Wilfried Janning
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - David M. Glover
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael Ashburner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Hugo J. Bellen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Abt. Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Am Fassberg, 37077 Göttingen, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69012 Heidelberg,Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH,EMBL Outstation—The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD,Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN,Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK,Montpellier University Medical School, Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, 114 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5,UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculté de Médecine, 2 Avenue du Pr Leon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex,Fondation Jean Dausset—CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece andCentro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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32
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Abstract
Some professional schools have replaced microscopes for histology laboratory instruction with printed and electronic media. It is recognized that these media cannot replace experience with the microscope and that there is a cognitive dissonance of completely replacing microscope study. In addition, students believe that their time is not optimally used in the traditional histology laboratory. Therefore, at Loma Linda University, nine weekly microscope exhibits consisting of 10-15 slides each were prepared. For each exhibited slide, a one page "atlas" is provided, consisting of labeled low- and high-power color micrographs taken from that slide and an informative legend. By referring to the atlas, the student can easily identify the exact field and the labeled features with little help from an instructor. A live or taped video demonstration of the microscope exhibit is available on the first day of the exhibit. During the eighth week of the quarter, students were asked to evaluate the various learning resources available to them. No resource was valued significantly more than the microscope exhibits, but the video demonstrations were valued significantly more than the printed black and white atlas or the color atlas on CD. These exhibits have been used for 2 years to instruct a class of 90 dental students. Advantages are (1) students' time is used efficiently, (2) only one slide set and a fourth as many microscopes need be maintained compared with a traditional laboratory, and (3) one-of-a-kind slides derived from research activities provide for high impact learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J McMillan
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University, CA 92350, USA.
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33
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Manoonkitiwongsa PS, Jackson-Friedman C, McMillan PJ, Schultz RL, Lyden PD. Angiogenesis after stroke is correlated with increased numbers of macrophages: the clean-up hypothesis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2001; 21:1223-31. [PMID: 11598500 DOI: 10.1097/00004647-200110000-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Brain cells manufacture and secrete angiogenic peptides after focal cerebral ischemia, but the purpose of this angiogenic response is unknown. Because the maximum possible regional cerebral blood flow is determined by the quantity of microvessels in each unit volume, it is possible that angiogenic peptides are secreted to generate new collateral channels; other possibilities include neuroprotection, recovery/regeneration, and removal of necrotic debris. If the brain attempts to create new collaterals, microvessel density should increase significantly after ischemia. Conversely, if angiogenic-signaling molecules serve some other purpose, microvessel densities may increase slightly or not at all. To clarify, the authors measured microvessel densities with quantitative morphometry. Left middle cerebral arteries of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were occluded with intraluminal nylon suture for 4 hours followed by 7, 14, 19, or 30 days of reperfusion. Controls received no surgery or suture occlusion. Changes in microvessel density and macrophage numbers were measured by light microscopic morphometry using semiautomated stereologic methods. Microvessel density increased only in the ischemic margin adjacent to areas of pannecrosis and was always associated with increased numbers of macrophages. Ischemic brain areas without macrophages displayed no vascularity changes compared with normal animals. These data suggest that ischemia-induced microvessels are formed to facilitate macrophage infiltration and removal of necrotic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Manoonkitiwongsa
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, 92103-8466, USA
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34
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Manoonkitiwongsa PS, McMillan PJ, Schultz RL, Jackson-Friedman C, Lyden PD. A simple stereologic method for analysis of cerebral cortical microvessels using image analysis. Brain Res Brain Res Protoc 2001; 8:45-57. [PMID: 11522527 DOI: 10.1016/s1385-299x(01)00087-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous methods for determining morphological features of vascular networks in cerebral cortex were subject to arbitrary variation and bias. Unbiased estimates of vessel number, volume, surface area and length can be obtained using stereology but these techniques tend to be tedious and time-consuming. Stereologic protocols generally require micrographs that have to be analyzed manually for intersections of vessels on grid points or lines. In this report, we provide a simpler and more precise method for measuring morphological features of cerebral cortical microvessels. Images of microvessels in 1 microm toluidine blue stained sections were captured using a popular image analysis software package. Luminal surfaces of endothelial cells were automatically traced using commonly available features; the two-dimensional data of vessels (diameter, area, perimeter and number of vessels) were automatically computed and transferred to a spreadsheet. Three-dimensional features were then determined using basic stereologic equations. The method eliminates the need for manual measurements and is particularly time- and cost-effective for quantitative studies where numerous images have to be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Manoonkitiwongsa
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
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35
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Benos PV, Gatt MK, Murphy L, Harris D, Barrell B, Ferraz C, Vidal S, Brun C, Demaille J, Cadieu E, Dreano S, Gloux S, Lelaure V, Mottier S, Galibert F, Borkova D, Miñana B, Kafatos FC, Bolshakov S, Sidén-Kiamos I, Papagiannakis G, Spanos L, Louis C, Madueño E, de Pablos B, Modolell J, Peter A, Schöttler P, Werner M, Mourkioti F, Beinert N, Dowe G, Schäfer U, Jäckle H, Bucheton A, Callister D, Campbell L, Henderson NS, McMillan PJ, Salles C, Tait E, Valenti P, Saunders RD, Billaud A, Pachter L, Glover DM, Ashburner M. From first base: the sequence of the tip of the X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster, a comparison of two sequencing strategies. Genome Res 2001; 11:710-30. [PMID: 11337470 PMCID: PMC311117 DOI: 10.1101/gr.173801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We present the sequence of a contiguous 2.63 Mb of DNA extending from the tip of the X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. Within this sequence, we predict 277 protein coding genes, of which 94 had been sequenced already in the course of studying the biology of their gene products, and examples of 12 different transposable elements. We show that an interval between bands 3A2 and 3C2, believed in the 1970s to show a correlation between the number of bands on the polytene chromosomes and the 20 genes identified by conventional genetics, is predicted to contain 45 genes from its DNA sequence. We have determined the insertion sites of P-elements from 111 mutant lines, about half of which are in a position likely to affect the expression of novel predicted genes, thus representing a resource for subsequent functional genomic analysis. We compare the European Drosophila Genome Project sequence with the corresponding part of the independently assembled and annotated Joint Sequence determined through "shotgun" sequencing. Discounting differences in the distribution of known transposable elements between the strains sequenced in the two projects, we detected three major sequence differences, two of which are probably explained by errors in assembly; the origin of the third major difference is unclear. In addition there are eight sequence gaps within the Joint Sequence. At least six of these eight gaps are likely to be sites of transposable elements; the other two are complex. Of the 275 genes in common to both projects, 60% are identical within 1% of their predicted amino-acid sequence and 31% show minor differences such as in choice of translation initiation or termination codons; the remaining 9% show major differences in interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panayiotis V. Benos
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Melanie K. Gatt
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Lee Murphy
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - David Harris
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Bart Barrell
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Concepcion Ferraz
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Sophie Vidal
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Christine Brun
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Jacques Demaille
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Edouard Cadieu
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Stephane Dreano
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Stéphanie Gloux
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Valerie Lelaure
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Stephanie Mottier
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Francis Galibert
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Dana Borkova
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Belen Miñana
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Fotis C. Kafatos
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Slava Bolshakov
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Inga Sidén-Kiamos
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - George Papagiannakis
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Lefteris Spanos
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Christos Louis
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Encarnación Madueño
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Beatriz de Pablos
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Juan Modolell
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Annette Peter
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Petra Schöttler
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Meike Werner
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Fotini Mourkioti
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Nicole Beinert
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Gordon Dowe
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Ulrich Schäfer
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Herbert Jäckle
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Alain Bucheton
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Debbie Callister
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Lorna Campbell
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Nadine S. Henderson
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Paul J. McMillan
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Cathy Salles
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Evelyn Tait
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Phillipe Valenti
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Robert D.C. Saunders
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Alain Billaud
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Lior Pachter
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - David M. Glover
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
| | - Michael Ashburner
- EMBL Outstation, The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Sanger Centre, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK; Montpellier University Medical School, IGH-Institut de Génétique Humaine-CNRS, 34396 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; UPR 41, CNRS, Recombinaisons Génétiques, Faculte de Medecine, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, D-37070 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CRC Cell Cycle Genetics Group, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK; Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), 75010 Paris, France; Department of Mathematics, University of California at Berkeley, California 94720-3840, USA
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Manoonkitiwongsa PS, Jackson-Friedman C, McMillan PJ, Schultz RL, Lyden PD. INTRA-ARTERIAL INFUSION OF VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR IN NORMAL AND ISCHEMIC BRAINS HAS NO EFFECT ON ANGIOGENESIS. Stroke 2001. [DOI: 10.1161/str.32.suppl_1.356-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
P95
INTRODUCTION:
Stimulation of angiogenesis in ischemic brains may be of major value in stroke therapy. Administration of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is considered particularly effective as an angiogenic factor for hypoxia-related injuries. We therefore quantitatively compared the effect of VEGF on microvessels of normal and ischemic brain cortices. Vascular parameters of microvessels measured included changes in numerical (N
A
), volume (V
v
), surface (S
v
) and length (L
v
) densities along with diameter.
METHODS:
VEGF
165
protein at 1μg/ml was infused into the common carotid artery of normal and ischemic adult male Sprague-Dawley rats with a miniosmotic pump for 7 days at 1 μl/hr (VEGF infusion therefore 1 ηg/hr). Animals (n = 3 or 4 per group) were sacrificed at 7 days post-surgery. Ischemia was induced by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery for 4 hours. Vascular parameters were quantitated by light microscopic morphometry. Normal and ischemic brains not infused by VEGF served as controls.
RESULTS:
Mean and S.D. of the vascular parameters (N
A
[# of vessels/mm
2
]; V
v
[%]; S
v
[mm
2
/mm
3
]; L
v
[mm/mm
3
];
D [μm]) of the different groups are as follows: A) Normal brains (462 ± 63; 2.00
± 0.2; 13.9 ± 1.7; 925 ± 127; 5.48 ± 0.5) B) Normal brains (480 ± 38; 2.25
± 0.3; 14.9 ± 0.8; 961 ± 76; 4.98 ± 0.3) + VEGF C) Ischemic brains (471 ± 47; 2.06
± 0.2; 14.3 ± 1.4; 942 ± 94; 5.11 ± 0.8) D) Ischemic brains (579 ± 102; 2.04 ± 0.3; 16.2 ± 2.7; 1159 ± 205; 4.64 ± 0.4) + VEGF There are no significant differences between the groups.
CONCLUSIONS:
Intra-arterial infusion of VEGF
165
protein for 7 days at 1 ηg/hr has no effect on the vascular parameters of normal or ischemic cortices. Infusion of VEGF alone may not be sufficient for inducing neovascularization in intact brain. Further studies specifically testing the appropriate concentration, duration, VEGF isoform(s), manner of administration (protein, plasmids or viral vectors), use of combinational angiogenic factors along with permeability or other side effects are critical to ascertain the angiogenic merits of VEGF for stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul J McMillan
- Univ of CA, San Diego, CA; Loma Linda Univ, Loma Linda, CA; Univ of CA, San Diego, CA
| | - Robert L Schultz
- Univ of CA, San Diego, CA; Loma Linda Univ, Loma Linda, CA; Univ of CA, San Diego, CA
| | - Patrick D Lyden
- Univ of CA, San Diego, CA; Loma Linda Univ, Loma Linda, CA; Univ of CA, San Diego, CA
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37
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Manoonkitiwongsa PS, Whitter EF, Wareesangtip W, McMillan PJ, Schultz RL. Appropriate cytochemical controls for differentiating calcium-specific ATPase from ecto-ATPase. Histochem J 2000; 32:759-60. [PMID: 11254092 DOI: 10.1023/a:1017380412440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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38
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Archambeau JO, Mao XW, McMillan PJ, Gouloumet VL, Oeinck SC, Grove R, Yonemoto LT, Slater JD, Slater JM. Dose response of rat retinal microvessels to proton dose schedules used clinically: a pilot study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000; 48:1155-66. [PMID: 11072175 DOI: 10.1016/s0360-3016(00)00754-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This preclinical rat pilot study quantifies retinal microvessel, endothelial, and pericyte population changes produced by proton irradiation METHODS AND MATERIALS The left eyes of rats were irradiated with single doses of 8, 14, 20, and 28 Gy protons; right eyes, with two fractions. Animals were euthanized, and eyes were removed; elastase digests were prepared, and cell populations were counted in sample fields. Results were compared with unirradiated controls. RESULTS Progressive time- and dose-dependent endothelial cell loss occurred following all schedules. Cell loss was significantly different from control values (p < 0.001) following 28 Gy and following 20 Gy (p < 0.05) in a single dose. Endothelial cell loss was the same for single- and split-dose schedules. Progressive endothelial cell loss produced vessel collapse and acellular vessel strands. Endothelial cells were in the G(0) phase of the mitotic cycle. 28 Gy produced photoreceptor cell loss. CONCLUSION The retinal digest is an elegant bioassay to quantify the microvessel population response. Single- and split-dose schedules appear to yield similar outcomes, in terms of endothelial cell density.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O Archambeau
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
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39
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McMillan PJ, Riggs ML, Bogle GC, Crigger M. Variables that influence the relationship between osseointegration and bone adjacent to an implant. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2000; 15:654-61. [PMID: 11055132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
It is often assumed that there is a direct relationship between the bone density adjacent to an implant, as revealed by radiographs, and the percent histologic osseointegration. Moreover, the lack of standardized methods for evaluation of histologic preparations makes it difficult to compare published studies, especially as little is known about the variables that influence these measurements. In this animal study, computer-assisted lineal analysis was used to evaluate the effects of subject, tooth position, and implant surface site on measured bone density and osseointegration in a bone augmentation experiment. Three sites--coronal lingual, apical lingual, and apical facial--were analyzed around each of 6 (3.75 x 8 mm) threaded machined titanium implants, as well as the apical facial site of 21 other implants placed in the mandibular premolar area of 5 dogs. In all sites, a progressive decrease in bone density was observed from bone adjacent to the implant to that at the titanium implant surface. There was an animal effect on osseointegration, but there were no differences between the mandibular premolar locations (second, third, and fourth). Most importantly, there were significant measurable effects attributable to the surface site examined. The need for carefully standardized histologic evaluations is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J McMillan
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, California, USA
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Manoonkitiwongsa PS, Schultz RL, Wareesangtip W, Whitter EF, Nava PB, McMillan PJ. Luminal localization of blood-brain barrier sodium, potassium adenosine triphosphatase is dependent on fixation. J Histochem Cytochem 2000; 48:859-65. [PMID: 10820159 DOI: 10.1177/002215540004800614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochemical data in the literature reporting localization of sodium, potassium adenosine triphosphatase (Na(+), K(+)-ATPase) in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) have been contradictory. Whereas some studies showed the enzyme to be located exclusively on the abluminal endothelial plasma membrane, others demonstrated it on both the luminal and abluminal membranes. The influence of fixation on localization of the enzyme was not considered a critical factor, but our preliminary studies showed data to the contrary. We therefore quantitatively investigated the effect of commonly used fixatives on the localization pattern of the enzyme in adult rat cerebral microvessels. Fixation with 1%, 2%, and 4% formaldehyde allowed deposition of reaction product on both the luminal and abluminal plasma membranes. The luminal reaction was reduced with increasing concentration of formaldehyde. Glutaraldehyde at 0.1%, 0.25%, 0.5%, in combination with 2% formaldehyde, drastically inhibited the luminal reaction. The abluminal reaction was not significantly altered in all groups. These results show that luminal localization of BBB Na(+), K(+)-ATPase is strongly dependent on fixation. The lack of luminal localization, as reported in the literature, may have been the result of fixation. The currently accepted abluminal polarity of the enzyme should be viewed with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Manoonkitiwongsa
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Division of Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California 92350, USA
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McMillan PJ, Leverenz JB, Dorsa DM. Specific downregulation of presenilin 2 gene expression is prominent during early stages of sporadic late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 2000; 78:138-45. [PMID: 10891593 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(00)00086-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the presenilin genes PS1 and PS2 cause familial Alzheimer's disease (AD). In a previous study, we reported that PS2 mRNA levels are decreased in the hippocampus, frontal cortex and basal forebrain of subjects with late-onset sporadic AD. In this study, we examined whether this downregulation occurs as the disease progresses from mild to severe stages or whether downregulation of PS2 expression is an early event in AD. We used in situ hybridization histochemistry to quantify the level of expression of PS2 message in the hippocampus of normal subjects and subjects with mild, moderate or severe AD. Several regions of the hippocampus which are sequentially susceptible to AD neuropathology as the disease progresses in severity were analyzed. We demonstrate that specific downregulation of PS2 expression is as severe in subjects with mild AD as it is in subjects in late stages of the disease. In addition, we show that hippocampal regions that are relatively free of AD neuropathology during early stages of the disease exhibit severely compromised PS2 mRNA levels even in mild AD cases. In contrast, PS2 is expressed at normal levels in the cerebellum, a region which succumbs to significantly fewer AD-related insults even at very advanced stages of the disease. These results suggest that the specific downregulation of PS2 gene expression is an early event in sporadic late-onset AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J McMillan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Box 356560, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Manoonkitiwongsa PS, Whitter EF, Wareesangtip W, McMillan PJ, Nava PB, Schultz RL. Calcium-dependent ATPase unlike ecto-ATPase is located primarily on the luminal surface of brain endothelial cells. Histochem J 2000; 32:313-24. [PMID: 10939519 DOI: 10.1023/a:1004093113985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Numerous cytochemical studies have reported that calcium-activated adenosine triphosphatase (Ca2+-ATPase) is localized on the abluminal plasma membrane of mature brain endothelial cells. Since the effects of fixation and co-localization of ecto-ATPase have never been properly addressed, we investigated the influence of these parameters on Ca2+-ATPase localization in rat cerebral microvessel endothelium. Formaldehyde at 2% resulted in only abluminal staining while both luminal and abluminal surfaces were equally stained following 4% formaldehyde. Fixation with 2% formaldehyde plus 0.25% glutaraldehyde revealed more abluminal staining than luminal while 2% formaldehyde plus 0.5% glutaraldehyde produced vessels with staining similar to 4% and 2% formaldehyde plus 0.25% glutaraldehyde. The abluminal reaction appeared unaltered when ATP was replaced by GTP, CTP, UTP, ADP or when Ca2+ was replaced by Mg2+ or Mn2+ or p-chloromercuribenzoate included as inhibitor. But the luminal reaction was diminished. Contrary to previous reports, our results showed that Ca2+-specific ATPase is located more on the luminal surface while the abluminal reaction is primarily due to ecto-ATPase. The strong Ca2+-specific-ATPase luminal localization explains the stable Ca2+ gradient between blood and brain, and is not necessarily indicative of immature or pathological vessels as interpreted in the past.
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Mackler AM, Green LM, McMillan PJ, Yellon SM. Distribution and activation of uterine mononuclear phagocytes in peripartum endometrium and myometrium of the mouse. Biol Reprod 2000; 62:1193-200. [PMID: 10775166 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod62.5.1193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study tested the hypothesis that macrophage distribution and activation are enhanced in the uterus before term. Mid-uterine horn tissue strips from mice on Days 15 and 18 of pregnancy, the day of birth (= Day 19), and one day postpartum were paraffin-embedded and then sectioned, stained with a monoclonal pan-macrophage marker (BM8), and processed for visualization and quantification of resident macrophages per nuclear area. Macrophages were dispersed throughout the endometrium and subluminal epithelium; cell numbers declined on the day before term, then increased postpartum. Within myometrium, macrophages congregated in stroma surrounding muscle bundles, and staining was enhanced near term. Macrophage numbers were similar in pregnant and postpartum uteri, enhanced more than 2-fold over those in nonpregnant controls. Uterine sections were also analyzed by laser-scanning cytometry to enumerate activated macrophages (i.e., those that express the intercellular adhesion molecule marker CD54+) and to determine cell cycle (propidium iodide fluorescence). Activated macrophages were directly proportional to cell numbers and, by cell cycle analysis, were not terminally differentiated. Highest cell numbers occurred on Day 15: 4-fold greater than those in nonpregnant controls and 2-fold higher than those at Day 18 or in postpartum groups. These findings indicate a decline in endometrial macrophage numbers at least one day before the onset of parturition and raise the possibility that trafficking of this immune cell may contribute to onset of labor.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Mackler
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California 92350, USA
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Benos PV, Gatt MK, Ashburner M, Murphy L, Harris D, Barrell B, Ferraz C, Vidal S, Brun C, Demailles J, Cadieu E, Dreano S, Gloux S, Lelaure V, Mottier S, Galibert F, Borkova D, Minana B, Kafatos FC, Louis C, Sidén-Kiamos I, Bolshakov S, Papagiannakis G, Spanos L, Cox S, Madueño E, de Pablos B, Modolell J, Peter A, Schöttler P, Werner M, Mourkioti F, Beinert N, Dowe G, Schäfer U, Jäckle H, Bucheton A, Callister DM, Campbell LA, Darlamitsou A, Henderson NS, McMillan PJ, Salles C, Tait EA, Valenti P, Saunder RD, Glover DM. From sequence to chromosome: the tip of the X chromosome of D. melanogaster. Science 2000; 287:2220-2. [PMID: 10731137 DOI: 10.1126/science.287.5461.2220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
One of the rewards of having a Drosophila melanogaster whole-genome sequence will be the potential to understand the molecular bases for structural features of chromosomes that have been a long-standing puzzle. Analysis of 2.6 megabases of sequence from the tip of the X chromosome of Drosophila identifies 273 genes. Cloned DNAs from the characteristic bulbous structure at the tip of the X chromosome in the region of the broad complex display an unusual pattern of in situ hybridization. Sequence analysis revealed that this region comprises 154 kilobases of DNA flanked by 1.2-kilobases of inverted repeats, each composed of a 350-base pair satellite related element. Thus, some aspects of chromosome structure appear to be revealed directly within the DNA sequence itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Benos
- The European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton Hall, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
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Abstract
In order to determine the effects of chronic, high-altitude hypoxia on the ovine fetal heart, we exposed pregnant ewes to 3,820 m beginning at 30 days gestation. We previously showed that following approximately 110 days of hypoxia the fetal heart showed significant reduction in cardiac output (76% of control) and contractility, and elevated levels of citrate synthase and lactate dehydrogenase. To investigate ultrastructural influences on these observed physiologic changes at altitude, we hypothesized that the volume densities of myofibrils and mitochondria, and glycogen content would be reduced in the ovine fetal heart and that this may contribute to contraction and cardiac output deficits in hypoxia. Mitochondria and myofibril volume density were determined by standard point-counting techniques and glycogen content was determined by biochemical analysis. The glycogen content from the hypoxic right ventricle (4.8 +/- 0.3%) was significantly lower than in control right ventricle (6.8 +/- 0.5%) and both left ventricles (hypoxia, 7.2 +/- 0.5; control, 7.8 +/- 0. 4%). Total mitochondrial volume density was also significantly reduced following hypoxia (15.5 +/- 0.7%) compared to controls (16.9 +/- 0.4%). As is common in the ovine fetal heart, the myofibril volume density of the right ventricle from both groups was significantly higher than the left ventricle (RV, 58.6 +/- 1.6; LV 54.3 +/- 0.9%). However, it was not different between control and high altitude. In support of our hypothesis, we may speculate that deficits in the quantity of myocyte glycogen and mitochondria contribute to the observed reduction in cardiac output and contractility, despite the upregulation of citrate synthase and lactate dehydrogenase. In contrast, myofibril volume density was unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Lewis
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda Medical School, Loma Linda, California 92350, USA.
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McMillan PJ, Kim J, Garrett S, Crigger M. Evaluation of bone-implant integration: efficiency and precision of 3 methods. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 1999; 14:631-8. [PMID: 10531734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Computer-assisted planimetry, computer-assisted lineal analysis, and point-counting stereology have been compared with respect to their reproducibility and the time required to analyze bone-implant integration. Sections of 6 threaded dental implants selected from a bone augmentation experiment for their wide range of new bone formation were analyzed by each method 3 times. The bone density and percentage of osseous integration were evaluated at 4 sites around each implant section. It was found that computer-assisted planimetry demonstrated a modest but significantly greater variance (P < .05) in bone density estimates when compared to the computer-assisted lineal analysis and point-counting methods. Computer-assisted planimetry requires a different method of measuring each parameter and separate fields of view to evaluate fields distant from the implant. However, this can all be accomplished with line probes, as in computer-assisted lineal analysis, which extend from the implant surface into the surrounding alveolar bone. Whereas computer-assisted planimetry requires a separate identification of the perimeter of each field to be analyzed (next to and distant from the implant), computer-assisted lineal analysis allows expansion of the field to be evaluated without creating a new field of view. Also, following a limited learning curve, both point-counting and computer-assisted lineal analysis required less time to complete than did computer-assisted planimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J McMillan
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, California 92354, USA
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Lewis AM, Mathieu-Costello O, McMillan PJ, Gilbert RD. Effects of long-term, high-altitude hypoxia on the capillarity of the ovine fetal heart. Am J Physiol 1999; 277:H756-62. [PMID: 10444503 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.1999.277.2.h756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To determine the effect of chronic hypoxia on myocardial capillarity, we exposed pregnant ewes to an altitude of 3,820 m from day 30 to day 139 of gestation and compared the fetus to low-altitude (approximately 300 m) controls. We hypothesized that capillarity would increase in the hypoxic myocardium to optimize oxygen and metabolite flux to hypoxic tissues. Fetal hearts were fixed by retrograde aortic perfusion and processed for microscopy and stereological evaluation. Fiber cross-sectional area and capillary density were measured and standardized to sarcomere length. Capillary volume density and capillary diameter were measured, capillary-to-fiber ratio and capillary length density were calculated, and the capillary anisotropy coefficient was obtained from a table of known values. Capillary-to-fiber ratio, capillary volume density, and the capillary anisotropy coefficient were not different between hypoxia and control groups. Capillary diameter was significantly larger in the right compared with the left ventricle of hypoxic but not control hearts; fiber cross-sectional area tended to be larger in the right ventricle of both groups, but this was not significant. As a result of larger fiber size, capillary density and capillary length density were significantly smaller in the right ventricle of hypoxic but not control fetal hearts. Contrary to our hypothesis, the ovine fetus does not show morphological adaptation in the myocardium after approximately 109 days of high-altitude hypoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Lewis
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda 92350, California, USA.
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Waterman PA, Torabinejad M, McMillan PJ, Kettering JD. Development of periradicular lesions in immunosuppressed rats. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1998; 85:720-5. [PMID: 9638707 DOI: 10.1016/s1079-2104(98)90041-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PROBLEM The role of bacteria has been well established in pulpal and periapical diseases, but the contribution of the host defenses is less clear. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to compare periradicular lesion development in immunosuppressed rats with that in normal rats. STUDY DESIGN Fifteen rats were given weekly injections of Cytoxan (Bristol Laboratories) to suppress their immune systems. The pulps of mandibular first molars of these animals and another 15 rats that had received no medications were exposed and left open to their oral flora. The rats were killed at 2, 4, and 6 weeks. Radiographic analysis was performed by means of a computer linked to a digitizing board and stylus. In addition, specimens were decalcified, sectioned, stained, and examined under a microscope with a grid to quantify relative percentages of surface areas of bone, root, periodontal ligament, marrow spaces, soft tissue, and inflammatory infiltrate. RESULTS Statistical analysis showed a significantly greater radiographic bone loss in the immunosuppressed group only at 4 weeks. No significant histologic differences were found between the two groups. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that reduction of circulating leukocytes may not significantly affect the development of periradicular pathosis in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Waterman
- School of Dentistry, Loma Linda University, Santa Rosa, Calif., USA
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Singer CA, McMillan PJ, Dobie DJ, Dorsa DM. Effects of estrogen replacement on choline acetyltransferase and trkA mRNA expression in the basal forebrain of aged rats. Brain Res 1998; 789:343-6. [PMID: 9573399 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(98)00142-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The effects of one week of estrogen replacement on choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and trkA mRNA expression are examined in young and aged rodents to determine whether estrogen continues to affect cholinergic neurons in aging brain. Significant increases in ChAT and trkA are observed in the nucleus basalis of Meynert (nBM) of both age groups. ChAT expression is also increased in the HDB without changes in trkA expression. Results indicate modulation of ChAT expression by estrogen is retained in the aged rodent brain and suggests the possibility that changes in ChAT expression may be dissociated from concurrent alterations in trkA.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Singer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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McMillan PJ, Leverenz JB, Poorkaj P, Schellenberg GD, Dorsa DM. Neuronal expression of STM2 mRNA in human brain is reduced in Alzheimer's disease. J Histochem Cytochem 1996; 44:1215-22. [PMID: 8918895 DOI: 10.1177/44.11.8918895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the STM2 gene cause familial Alzheimer's disease (AD) in Volga Germans. To understand the function of this protein and how mutations lead to AD, it is important to determine which cell types in the brain express this gene. In situ hybridization histochemistry indicates that STM2 expression in the human brain is widespread and is primarily neuronal. In addition, STM2 mRNA is expressed in a cell line with neuronal origins. Quantification of the level of expression of the STM2 message in the basal forebrain, frontal cortex, and hippocampus reveals a significant decrease in AD-affected subjects compared to normal age-matched controls. These data suggest that downregulation of neuronal STM2 gene expression may be involved in the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J McMillan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA
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