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Zhang X, Li Y, Lu Q, Xiang X, Sun X, Tang C, Mahdi M, Conner C, Cook J, Xiong Y, Inman J, Jin W, Liu C, Cai P, Santos EJG, Phatak C, Zhang W, Gao N, Niu W, Bian G, Li P, Yu D, Long S. Epitaxial Growth of Large-Scale 2D CrTe 2 Films on Amorphous Silicon Wafers With Low Thermal Budget. Adv Mater 2024:e2311591. [PMID: 38426690 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
2D van der Waals (vdW) magnets open landmark horizons in the development of innovative spintronic device architectures. However, their fabrication with large scale poses challenges due to high synthesis temperatures (>500 °C) and difficulties in integrating them with standard complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology on amorphous substrates such as silicon oxide (SiO2 ) and silicon nitride (SiNx ). Here, a seeded growth technique for crystallizing CrTe2 films on amorphous SiNx /Si and SiO2 /Si substrates with a low thermal budget is presented. This fabrication process optimizes large-scale, granular atomic layers on amorphous substrates, yielding a substantial coercivity of 11.5 kilo-oersted, attributed to weak intergranular exchange coupling. Field-driven Néel-type stripe domain dynamics explain the amplified coercivity. Moreover, the granular CrTe2 devices on Si wafers display significantly enhanced magnetoresistance, more than doubling that of single-crystalline counterparts. Current-assisted magnetization switching, enabled by a substantial spin-orbit torque with a large spin Hall angle (85) and spin Hall conductivity (1.02 × 107 ℏ/2e Ω⁻¹ m⁻¹), is also demonstrated. These observations underscore the proficiency in manipulating crystallinity within integrated 2D magnetic films on Si wafers, paving the way for large-scale batch manufacturing of practical magnetoelectronic and spintronic devices, heralding a new era of technological innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Zhang
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, and Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Yue Li
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Qiangsheng Lu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Material Science & Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Xueqiang Xiang
- School of Microelectronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Xiaozhen Sun
- School of Microelectronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Chunli Tang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Muntasir Mahdi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Clayton Conner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Jacob Cook
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Yuzan Xiong
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Jerad Inman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, 48309, USA
| | - Wencan Jin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
- Department of Physics, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Chang Liu
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, and Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - PeiYu Cai
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics and Complex Systems, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, UK
| | - Elton J G Santos
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics and Complex Systems, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, UK
- Higgs Centre for Theoretical Physics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, UK
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Charudatta Phatak
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, 48309, USA
| | - Nan Gao
- School of Microelectronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Wei Niu
- School of Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Guang Bian
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Peng Li
- School of Microelectronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Dapeng Yu
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, and Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shibing Long
- School of Microelectronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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2
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Grebenchuk S, McKeever C, Grzeszczyk M, Chen Z, Šiškins M, McCray ARC, Li Y, Petford-Long AK, Phatak CM, Ruihuan D, Zheng L, Novoselov KS, Santos EJG, Koperski M. Topological Spin Textures in an Insulating van der Waals Ferromagnet. Adv Mater 2024:e2311949. [PMID: 38306214 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Generation and control of topological spin textures constitutes one of the most exciting challenges of modern spintronics given their potential applications in information storage technologies. Of particular interest are magnetic insulators, which due to low damping, absence of Joule heating and reduced dissipation can provide energy-efficient spin-textures platform. Here, it is demonstrated that the interplay between sample thickness, external magnetic fields, and optical excitations can generate a prolific paramount of spin textures, and their coexistence in insulating CrBr3 van der Waals (vdW) ferromagnets. Using high-resolution magnetic force microscopy and large-scale micromagnetic simulation methods, the existence of a large region in T-B phase diagram is demonstrated where different stripe domains, skyrmion crystals, and magnetic domains exist and can be intrinsically selected or transformed to each-other via a phase-switch mechanism. Lorentz transmission electron microscopy unveils the mixed chirality of the magnetic textures that are of Bloch-type at given conditions but can be further manipulated into Néel-type or hybrid-type via thickness-engineering. The topological phase transformation between the different magnetic objects can be further inspected by standard photoluminescence optical probes resolved by circular polarization indicative of an existence of exciton-skyrmion coupling mechanism. The findings identify vdW magnetic insulators as a promising framework of materials for the manipulation and generation of highly ordered skyrmion lattices relevant for device integration at the atomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Grebenchuk
- Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117544, Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Conor McKeever
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics and Complex Systems, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, UK
| | - Magdalena Grzeszczyk
- Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117544, Singapore
| | - Zhaolong Chen
- Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117544, Singapore
| | - Makars Šiškins
- Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117544, Singapore
| | - Arthur R C McCray
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- Applied Physics Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Yue Li
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Amanda K Petford-Long
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Charudatta M Phatak
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Duan Ruihuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- CINTRA CNRS/NTU/THALES, UMI 3288, Research Techno Plaza, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Liu Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Kostya S Novoselov
- Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117544, Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Elton J G Santos
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics and Complex Systems, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, UK
- Higgs Centre for Theoretical Physics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, UK
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Maciej Koperski
- Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117544, Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
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3
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Singh A, Ross H, Dobbie F, Gallagher A, Kinnunen T, Logo DD, Boateng OA, Gilmore A, Bauld L, Owusu-Dabo E. Extent of illicit cigarette market from single stick sales in Ghana: findings from a cross-sectional survey. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e062476. [PMID: 36948551 PMCID: PMC10040054 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to measure the extent of illicit cigarette consumption from single stick sales, to determine the nature and types of illicit cigarettes present in Ghana, and to identify the factors associated with illicit cigarette consumption in Ghana. DESIGN A cross-sectional study using empty cigarette packs generated by 1 day's single stick cigarette sales collected from cigarette vendors. SETTING Five large cities (Accra, Kumasi, Takoradi, Tamale and Bolgatanga) and three border towns (Aflao, Paga/Hamele and Elubo) in the northern, middle and coastal belt of Ghana. PROCEDURE AND PARTICIPANTS Ten areas were randomly selected in each city/town, and all shops selling cigarettes within 1 km of the central point were surveyed. OUTCOME MEASURES (1) Estimates of the share of illicit cigarette packs in the total cigarette sales from vendors selling single stick cigarettes in Ghana; (2) nature and types of illicit cigarette packs; (3) factors associated with illicit cigarette sales in Ghana. RESULTS Of a total of 4461 packs, about 20% (95% CI 18.3 to 20.7) were found to be illicit. Aflao (Ghana-Togo border) and Tamale (Ghana-Burkina Faso border) had the highest percentage of illicit cigarette sales at 99% and 46%, respectively (p<0.001). Over half of the illicit packs originated from Togo (51%), followed by Nigeria (15%) and then Cote d'Ivoire (10%). Adjusted and unadjusted logistic regression models indicated that convenience stores, border towns, pack price and the northern zone had higher odds of illicit cigarette sales. CONCLUSION To effectively tackle illicit cigarettes, market surveillance and strengthening supply chain control are required, particularly at the border towns and the northern region of the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arti Singh
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Hana Ross
- University of Cape Town Research Unit on the Economics of Excisable Products, Rondebosch, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Fiona Dobbie
- The University of Edinburgh College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
- Usher institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Tarja Kinnunen
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Divine Darlington Logo
- Research & Development Division-Ghana Health Service, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Greater Accra, Ghana
- Research Division, Ministry of Health/Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana
| | - Olivia A Boateng
- Tobacco Control and Substance Abuse, Food and Drug Authority, Accra, Ghana
| | - Anna Gilmore
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Linda Bauld
- Usher Institute and SPECTRUM Consortium, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ellis Owusu-Dabo
- Department of Global Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ashanti, Ghana
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Bauld L, Street A, Connelly R, Bevan I, Morlet Corti Y, Baxter MS, Stagg HR, Christison S, Mulherin T, Sinclair L, Aitman T. Students' and staffs' views and experiences of asymptomatic testing on a university campus during the COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland: a mixed methods study. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e065021. [PMID: 36940944 PMCID: PMC10030276 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-065021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the acceptability of regular asymptomatic testing for SARS-CoV-2 on a university campus using saliva sampling for PCR analysis and the barriers and facilitators to participation. DESIGN Cross-sectional surveys and qualitative semistructured interviews. SETTING Edinburgh, Scotland. PARTICIPANTS University staff and students who had registered for the testing programme (TestEd) and provided at least one sample. RESULTS 522 participants completed a pilot survey in April 2021 and 1750 completed the main survey (November 2021). 48 staff and students who consented to be contacted for interview took part in the qualitative research. Participants were positive about their experience with TestEd with 94% describing it as 'excellent' or 'good'. Facilitators to participation included multiple testing sites on campus, ease of providing saliva samples compared with nasopharyngeal swabs, perceived accuracy compared with lateral flow devices (LFDs) and reassurance of test availability while working or studying on campus. Barriers included concerns about privacy while testing, time to and methods of receiving results compared with LFDs and concerns about insufficient uptake in the university community. There was little evidence that the availability of testing on campus changed the behaviour of participants during a period when COVID-19 restrictions were in place. CONCLUSIONS The provision of free asymptomatic testing for COVID-19 on a university campus was welcomed by participants and the use of saliva-based PCR testing was regarded as more comfortable and accurate than LFDs. Convenience is a key facilitator of participation in regular asymptomatic testing programmes. Availability of testing did not appear to undermine engagement with public health guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Bauld
- Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alice Street
- School of Social and Political Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Roxanne Connelly
- School of Social and Political Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Imogen Bevan
- School of Social and Political Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Yazmin Morlet Corti
- School of Social and Political Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Helen R Stagg
- Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sarah Christison
- School of Social and Political Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | - Tim Aitman
- Institute of Genetics and Cancer, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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5
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Broadhurst E, Wilson CJG, Zissimou GA, Padrón Gómez MA, Vasconcelos DML, Constantinides CP, Koutentis PA, Ayala AP, Parsons S. The Effect of High Pressure on Polymorphs of a Derivative of Blatter's Radical: Identification of the Structural Signatures of Subtle Phase Transitions. Cryst Growth Des 2023; 23:1915-1924. [PMID: 36879770 PMCID: PMC9983015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.2c01422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The effect of pressure on the α and β polymorphs of a derivative of Blatter's radical, 3-phenyl-1-(pyrid-2-yl)-1,4-dihydrobenzo[e][1,2,4]triazin-4-yl, has been investigated using single-crystal X-ray diffraction to maximum pressures of 5.76 and 7.42 GPa, respectively. The most compressible crystallographic direction in both structures lies parallel to π-stacking interactions, which semiempirical Pixel calculations indicate are also the strongest interactions present. The mechanism of compression in perpendicular directions is determined by void distributions. Discontinuities in the vibrational frequencies observed in Raman spectra measured between ambient pressure and ∼5.5 GPa show that both polymorphs undergo phase transitions, the α phase at 0.8 GPa and the β phase at 2.1 GPa. The structural signatures of the transitions, which signal the onset of compression of initially more rigid intermolecular contacts, were identified from the trends in the occupied and unoccupied volumes of the unit cell with pressure and in the case of the β phase by deviations from an ideal model of compression defined by Birch-Murnaghan equations of state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward
T. Broadhurst
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, The University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, West Mains
Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, Scotland
| | - Cameron J. G. Wilson
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, The University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, West Mains
Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, Scotland
| | | | | | | | - Christos P. Constantinides
- Department
of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan-Dearborn, 4901 Evergreen Road, Dearborn, Michigan 48128-1491, United States
| | | | - Alejandro P. Ayala
- Federal
University of Ceará, Physics Department, 65455-900, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Simon Parsons
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, The University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, West Mains
Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, Scotland
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6
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Vedsted P, Weller D, Zalounina Falborg A, Jensen H, Kalsi J, Brewster D, Lin Y, Gavin A, Barisic A, Grunfeld E, Lambe M, Malmberg M, Turner D, Harland E, Hawryluk B, Law RJ, Neal RD, White V, Bergin R, Harrison S, Menon U. Diagnostic pathways for breast cancer in 10 International Cancer Benchmarking Partnership (ICBP) jurisdictions: an international comparative cohort study based on questionnaire and registry data. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e059669. [PMID: 36521881 PMCID: PMC9756230 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A growing body of evidence suggests longer time between symptom onset and start of treatment affects breast cancer prognosis. To explore this association, the International Cancer Benchmarking Partnership Module 4 examined differences in breast cancer diagnostic pathways in 10 jurisdictions across Australia, Canada, Denmark, Norway, Sweden and the UK. SETTING Primary care in 10 jurisdictions. PARTICIPANT Data were collated from 3471 women aged >40 diagnosed for the first time with breast cancer and surveyed between 2013 and 2015. Data were supplemented by feedback from their primary care physicians (PCPs), cancer treatment specialists and available registry data. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Patient, primary care, diagnostic and treatment intervals. RESULTS Overall, 56% of women reported symptoms to primary care, with 66% first noticing lumps or breast changes. PCPs reported 77% presented with symptoms, of whom 81% were urgently referred with suspicion of cancer (ranging from 62% to 92%; Norway and Victoria). Ranges for median patient, primary care and diagnostic intervals (days) for symptomatic patients were 3-29 (Denmark and Sweden), 0-20 (seven jurisdictions and Ontario) and 8-29 (Denmark and Wales). Ranges for median treatment and total intervals (days) for all patients were 15-39 (Norway, Victoria and Manitoba) and 4-78 days (Sweden, Victoria and Ontario). The 10% longest waits ranged between 101 and 209 days (Sweden and Ontario). CONCLUSIONS Large international differences in breast cancer diagnostic pathways exist, suggesting some jurisdictions develop more effective strategies to optimise pathways and reduce time intervals. Targeted awareness interventions could also facilitate more timely diagnosis of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Vedsted
- Department for Clinical Medicine, Aarhus Universitet, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Research Unit for General Practice, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - David Weller
- General Practice, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alina Zalounina Falborg
- Department of Public Health, Research Unit for General Practice, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Henry Jensen
- Department of Public Health, Research Unit for General Practice, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jatinderpal Kalsi
- Gynaecological Cancer Research Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - David Brewster
- Scottish Registry, Information Services Division, NHS National Services Scotland, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Yulan Lin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Anna Gavin
- N Ireland Cancer Registry, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | | | - Eva Grunfeld
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mats Lambe
- University Hospital, Regional Cancer Centre of Central Sweden, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Malmberg
- Department of Oncology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Donna Turner
- Population Oncology, Cancer Care Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Harland
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Registry, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Breann Hawryluk
- Patient Navigation, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Rebecca-Jane Law
- North Wales Centre for Primary Care Research, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | | | - Victoria White
- CBRC, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Deakin University Faculty of Health, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rebecca Bergin
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Usha Menon
- Women's Cancer, University College London, London, UK
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7
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Era Y, Dennis JA, Horsfall LE, Wallace S. Palladium Nanoparticles from Desulfovibrio alaskensis G20 Catalyze Biocompatible Sonogashira and Biohydrogenation Cascades. JACS Au 2022; 2:2446-2452. [PMID: 36465541 PMCID: PMC9709939 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Transition-metal nanoparticles produced by living bacteria are emerging as novel catalysts for sustainable synthesis. However, the scope of their catalytic activity and their ability to be integrated within metabolic pathways for the bioproduction of non-natural small molecules has been underexplored. Herein we report that Pd nanoparticles synthesized by the sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio alaskensis G20 (DaPdNPs) catalyze the Sonogashira coupling of phenyl acetylenes and aryl iodides, and the subsequent one-pot hydrogenation to bibenzyl derivatives using hydrogen gas generated from d-glucose by engineered Escherichia coli DD-2. The formal hydroarylation reaction is biocompatible, occurs in aqueous media at ambient temperature, and affords products in 70-99% overall yield. This is the first reported microbial nanoparticle to catalyze the Sonogashira reaction and the first demonstration that these biogenic catalysts can be interfaced with the products of engineered metabolism for small molecule synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Era
- Institute
of Quantitative Biology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of
Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Alexander
Crum Brown Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, U.K.
| | - Jonathan A. Dennis
- Institute
of Quantitative Biology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of
Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Alexander
Crum Brown Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, U.K.
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, David Brewster
Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K.
| | - Louise E. Horsfall
- Institute
of Quantitative Biology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of
Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Alexander
Crum Brown Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, U.K.
| | - Stephen Wallace
- Institute
of Quantitative Biology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of
Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Alexander
Crum Brown Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, U.K.
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8
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Geng Y, Xu J, Bin Che Mahzan MA, Lomax P, Saleem MM, Mastropaolo E, Cheung R. Mixed Dimensional ZnO/WSe 2 Piezo-gated Transistor with Active Millinewton Force Sensing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:49026-49034. [PMID: 36259783 PMCID: PMC9634694 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c15730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This work demonstrates a mixed-dimensional piezoelectric-gated transistor in the microscale that could be used as a millinewton force sensor. The force-sensing transistor consists of 1D piezoelectric zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods (NRs) as the gate control and multilayer tungsten diselenide (WSe2) as the transistor channel. The applied mechanical force on piezoelectric NRs can induce a drain-source current change (ΔIds) on the WSe2 channel. The different doping types of the WSe2 channel have been found to lead to different directions of ΔIds. The pressure from the calibration weight of 5 g has been observed to result in an ∼30% Ids change for ZnO NRs on the p-type doped WSe2 device and an ∼-10% Ids change for the device with an n-type doped WSe2. The outcome of this work would be useful for applications in future human-machine interfaces and smart biomedical tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Geng
- Institute
for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Scottish Microelectronics
Centre, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, United Kingdom
| | - Jing Xu
- Institute
for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Scottish Microelectronics
Centre, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, United Kingdom
| | - Muhammad Ammar Bin Che Mahzan
- Institute
for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Scottish Microelectronics
Centre, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Lomax
- Institute
for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Scottish Microelectronics
Centre, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, United Kingdom
| | - Muhammad Mubasher Saleem
- Department
of Mechatronics Engineering, National University
of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Enrico Mastropaolo
- Institute
for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Scottish Microelectronics
Centre, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Cheung
- Institute
for Integrated Micro and Nano Systems, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Scottish Microelectronics
Centre, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, United Kingdom
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9
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Sutton M, Lei B, Michaels H, Freitag M, Robertson N. Rapid and Facile Fabrication of Polyiodide Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Using Ambient Air Drying. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:43456-43462. [PMID: 36112836 PMCID: PMC9523705 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c14299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Dye-sensitized solar cells are promising candidates for low-cost indoor power generation applications. However, they currently suffer from complex fabrication and stability issues arising from the liquid electrolyte. Consequently, the so-called zombie cell was developed, in which the liquid electrolyte is dried out to yield a solid through a pinhole after cell assembly. We report a method for faster, simpler, and potentially more reliable production of zombie cells through direct and rapid drying of the electrolyte on the working electrode prior to cell assembly, using an iodide-triiodide redox couple electrolyte as a basis. These "rapid-zombie" cells were fabricated with power conversion efficiencies reaching 5.0%, which was larger than the 4.5% achieved for equivalent "slow" zombie cells. On a large-area cell of 15.68 cm2, over 2% efficiency was achieved at 0.2 suns. After 12 months of dark storage, the "rapid-zombie" cells were remarkably stable and actually showed a moderate increase in average efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Sutton
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K.
| | - Bingyu Lei
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K.
| | - Hannes Michaels
- Department
of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 523, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
- School
of Natural and Environmental Science, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K.
| | - Marina Freitag
- Department
of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 523, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
- School
of Natural and Environmental Science, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K.
| | - Neil Robertson
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K.
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10
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Bui AT, Hartley NA, Thom AJW, Forse AC. Trade-Off between Redox Potential and the Strength of Electrochemical CO 2 Capture in Quinones. J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces 2022; 126:14163-14172. [PMID: 36051254 PMCID: PMC9421892 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c03752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical carbon dioxide capture recently emerged as a promising alternative approach to conventional energy-intensive carbon-capture methods. A common electrochemical capture approach is to employ redox-active molecules such as quinones. Upon electrochemical reduction, quinones become activated for the capture of CO2 through a chemical reaction. A key disadvantage of this method is the possibility of side-reactions with oxygen, which is present in almost all gas mixtures of interest for carbon capture. This issue can potentially be mitigated by fine-tuning redox potentials through the introduction of electron-withdrawing groups on the quinone ring. In this article, we investigate the thermodynamics of the electron transfer and chemical steps of CO2 capture in different quinone derivatives with a range of substituents. By combining density functional theory calculations and cyclic voltammetry experiments, we support a previously described trade-off between the redox potential and the strength of CO2 capture. We show that redox potentials can readily be tuned to more positive values to impart stability to oxygen, but significant decreases in CO2 binding free energies are observed as a consequence. Our calculations support this effect for a large series of anthraquinones and benzoquinones. Different trade-off relationships were observed for the two classes of molecules. These trade-offs must be taken into consideration in the design of improved redox-active molecules for electrochemical CO2 capture.
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11
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Erazo D, Pedersen AB, Fenton A. The predicted impact of resource provisioning on the epidemiological responses of different parasites. J Anim Ecol 2022; 91:1719-1730. [PMID: 35643978 PMCID: PMC9546467 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities and natural events such as periodic tree masting can alter resource provisioning in the environment, directly affecting animals, and potentially impacting the spread of infectious diseases in wildlife. The impact of these additional resources on infectious diseases can manifest through different pathways, affecting host susceptibility, contact rate and host demography. To date however, empirical research has tended to examine these different pathways in isolation, for example by quantifying the effects of provisioning on host behaviour in the wild or changes in immune responses in controlled laboratory studies. Furthermore, while theory has investigated the interactions between these pathways, this work has focussed on a narrow subset of pathogen types, typically directly transmitted microparasites. Given the diverse ways that provisioning can affect host susceptibility, contact patterns or host demography, we may expect the epidemiological consequences of provisioning to vary among different parasite types, dependent on key aspects of parasite life history, such as the duration of infection and transmission mode. Focusing on an exemplar empirical system, the wood mouse Apodemus sylvaticus, and its diverse parasite community, we developed a suite of epidemiological models to compare how resource provisioning alters responses for a range of these parasites that vary in their biology (microparasite and macroparasite), transmission mode (direct, environmental and vector transmitted) and duration of infection (acute, latent and chronic) within the same host population. We show there are common epidemiological responses to host resource provisioning across all parasite types examined. In particular, the epidemiological impact of provisioning could be driven in opposite directions, depending on which host pathways (contact rate, susceptibility or host demography) are most altered by the addition of resources to the environment. Broadly, these responses were qualitatively consistent across all parasite types, emphasising the importance of identifying general trade-offs between provisioning-altered parameters. Despite the qualitative consistency in responses to provisioning across parasite types, we predicted notable quantitative differences between parasites, with directly transmitted parasites (those conforming to SIR and SIS frameworks) predicted to show the strongest responses to provisioning among those examined, whereas the vector-borne parasites showed negligible responses to provisioning. As such, these analyses suggest that different parasites may show different scales of response to the same provisioning scenario, even within the same host population. This highlights the importance of knowing key aspects of host-parasite biology, to understand and predict epidemiological responses to provisioning for any specific host-parasite system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Erazo
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL)Université Libre de BruxellesBruxellesBelgium
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Amy B. Pedersen
- Institute of Evolutionary BiologySchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Andy Fenton
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
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12
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Chen Y, Larraz J, Wong M, Kearns P, Brown F, Martin SJ, Connick P, MacDougall N, Weaver C, Dhillon B, Chandran S. Longitudinal retinal imaging study of newly diagnosed relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis in Scottish population: baseline and 12 months follow-up profile of FutureMS retinal imaging cohort. BMJ Open Ophthalmol 2022; 7:bmjophth-2022-001024. [PMID: 36161838 PMCID: PMC9315911 DOI: 10.1136/bmjophth-2022-001024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveMultiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory degenerative condition of central nervous system. The disease course and presentation of MS is highly heterogeneous. Advanced retinal imaging techniques such as optic coherence tomography (OCT) can capture abnormalities of anterior visual pathway with high resolution, which may contribute greater insights into the pathophysiology of MS.MethodsPeople with newly diagnosed relapsing-remitting MS were recruited for FutureMS retinal imaging study from two study centres in Scotland. The baseline visit was completed within 6 months of diagnosis with initial follow-up 12 months after the baseline visit. The assessments included in FutureMS retinal imaging study were visual acuity test, self-reported eye questionnaire and OCT scan.ResultsA total of 196 FutureMS participants completed the retinal imaging study of FutureMS with 185 participants at M0 and 155 at M12. A total of 144 participants completed both M0 and M12 visits. At the whole cohort level, the distribution of retinal measures is generally consistent between baseline and follow-up.ConclusionThe FutureMS retinal imaging study aims to demonstrate that patient with MS present with different extent of retinal abnormalities that can be captured by retinal imaging modalities such as OCT soon after diagnosis. These changes may sensitively mirror the brain atrophy or serve as predictors for disease activity. By developing sensitive, quantifiable and objective retinal biomarkers, FutureMS retinal imaging study will provide an opportunity to stratify patient with MS at an early stage and support future therapeutic strategies for a better outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingdi Chen
- The Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, The University of Edinburgh, EdinburghUK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Juan Larraz
- The Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, The University of Edinburgh, EdinburghUK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Michael Wong
- The Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, The University of Edinburgh, EdinburghUK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Patrick Kearns
- The Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, The University of Edinburgh, EdinburghUK
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Chromatin Lab, Genome Regulation Section, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Fraser Brown
- The Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, The University of Edinburgh, EdinburghUK
| | - Sarah-Jane Martin
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences,Queen Elizabeth University Hospital-, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Peter Connick
- The Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, The University of Edinburgh, EdinburghUK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, NHS Lothian, EdinburghUK
| | - Niall MacDougall
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences,Queen Elizabeth University Hospital-, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hairmyres, East Kilbride, UK
| | - Christine Weaver
- The Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, The University of Edinburgh, EdinburghUK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Baljean Dhillon
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Princess Alexandra Eye Pavilion, NHS Lothian, EdinburghUK
| | - Siddharthan Chandran
- The Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, The University of Edinburgh, EdinburghUK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, NHS Lothian, EdinburghUK
- UK Dementia Research Institue, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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13
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Wang QH, Bedoya-Pinto A, Blei M, Dismukes AH, Hamo A, Jenkins S, Koperski M, Liu Y, Sun QC, Telford EJ, Kim HH, Augustin M, Vool U, Yin JX, Li LH, Falin A, Dean CR, Casanova F, Evans RFL, Chshiev M, Mishchenko A, Petrovic C, He R, Zhao L, Tsen AW, Gerardot BD, Brotons-Gisbert M, Guguchia Z, Roy X, Tongay S, Wang Z, Hasan MZ, Wrachtrup J, Yacoby A, Fert A, Parkin S, Novoselov KS, Dai P, Balicas L, Santos EJG. The Magnetic Genome of Two-Dimensional van der Waals Materials. ACS Nano 2022; 16:6960-7079. [PMID: 35442017 PMCID: PMC9134533 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c09150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Magnetism in two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals (vdW) materials has recently emerged as one of the most promising areas in condensed matter research, with many exciting emerging properties and significant potential for applications ranging from topological magnonics to low-power spintronics, quantum computing, and optical communications. In the brief time after their discovery, 2D magnets have blossomed into a rich area for investigation, where fundamental concepts in magnetism are challenged by the behavior of spins that can develop at the single layer limit. However, much effort is still needed in multiple fronts before 2D magnets can be routinely used for practical implementations. In this comprehensive review, prominent authors with expertise in complementary fields of 2D magnetism (i.e., synthesis, device engineering, magneto-optics, imaging, transport, mechanics, spin excitations, and theory and simulations) have joined together to provide a genome of current knowledge and a guideline for future developments in 2D magnetic materials research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Hua Wang
- Materials
Science and Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport
and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Amilcar Bedoya-Pinto
- NISE
Department, Max Planck Institute of Microstructure
Physics, 06120 Halle, Germany
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat
de València, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Mark Blei
- Materials
Science and Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport
and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Avalon H. Dismukes
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Assaf Hamo
- Department
of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Sarah Jenkins
- Twist
Group,
Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Campus Duisburg, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Maciej Koperski
- Institute
for Functional Intelligent Materials, National
University of Singapore, 117544 Singapore
| | - Yu Liu
- Condensed
Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Qi-Chao Sun
- Physikalisches
Institut, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Evan J. Telford
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Department
of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Hyun Ho Kim
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Energy Engineering
Convergence, Kumoh National Institute of
Technology, Gumi 39177, Korea
| | - Mathias Augustin
- Institute
for Condensed Matter Physics and Complex Systems, School of Physics
and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Uri Vool
- Department
of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- John Harvard
Distinguished Science Fellows Program, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Jia-Xin Yin
- Laboratory
for Topological Quantum Matter and Spectroscopy, Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Lu Hua Li
- Institute
for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Alexey Falin
- Institute
for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Cory R. Dean
- Department
of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Fèlix Casanova
- CIC nanoGUNE
BRTA, 20018 Donostia - San Sebastián, Basque
Country, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Richard F. L. Evans
- Department
of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Mairbek Chshiev
- Université
Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Spintec, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Institut
Universitaire de France, 75231 Paris, France
| | - Artem Mishchenko
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- National
Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Cedomir Petrovic
- Condensed
Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Rui He
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, 910 Boston Avenue, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United
States
| | - Liuyan Zhao
- Department
of Physics, University of Michigan, 450 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Adam W. Tsen
- Institute
for Quantum Computing and Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Brian D. Gerardot
- SUPA, Institute
of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt
University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Mauro Brotons-Gisbert
- SUPA, Institute
of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt
University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Zurab Guguchia
- Laboratory
for Muon Spin Spectroscopy, Paul Scherrer
Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Xavier Roy
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Sefaattin Tongay
- Materials
Science and Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport
and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Ziwei Wang
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- National
Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - M. Zahid Hasan
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Princeton
Institute for Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- National
High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida
State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Joerg Wrachtrup
- Physikalisches
Institut, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck
Institute for Solid State Research, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Amir Yacoby
- Department
of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- John A.
Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Albert Fert
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain
- Unité
Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, 91767 Palaiseau, France
- Department
of Materials Physics UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia - San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Stuart Parkin
- NISE
Department, Max Planck Institute of Microstructure
Physics, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Kostya S. Novoselov
- Institute
for Functional Intelligent Materials, National
University of Singapore, 117544 Singapore
| | - Pengcheng Dai
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Luis Balicas
- National
High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida
State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
- Department
of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Elton J. G. Santos
- Institute
for Condensed Matter Physics and Complex Systems, School of Physics
and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain
- Higgs Centre
for Theoretical Physics, The University
of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
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14
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Buss W, Hilber I, Graham MC, Mašek O. Composition of PAHs in Biochar and Implications for Biochar Production. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2022; 10:6755-6765. [PMID: 35634266 PMCID: PMC9131514 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c00952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in biochar has been studied extensively; however, the links between biomass feedstock, production process parameters, and the speciation of PAHs in biochar are understudied. Such an understanding is crucial, as the health effects of individual PAHs vary greatly. Naphthalene (NAP) is the least toxic of the 16 US EPA PAHs but comprises the highest proportion of PAHs in biochar. Therefore, we investigate which parameters favor high levels of non-NAP PAHs (∑16 US EPA PAHs without NAP) in a set of 73 biochars. On average, the content of non-NAP PAHs was 9 ± 29 mg kg-1 (median 0.9 mg kg-1). Importantly, during the production of the biochars with the highest non-NAP PAH contents, the conditions in the post-pyrolysis area, where pyrolysis vapors and biochar are separated, favored condensation and deposition of PAHs on biochar. Under these conditions, NAP condensed to a lower degree because of its high vapor pressure. In biochars not contaminated through this process, the average non-NAP content was only 2 ± 3 mg kg-1 (median 0.5 mg kg-1). Uneven heat distribution and vapor trapping during pyrolysis and cool zones in the post-pyrolysis area need to be avoided. This demonstrates that the most important factor yielding high contents of toxic PAHs in biochar was neither a specific pyrolysis parameter nor the feedstock but the pyrolysis unit design, which can be modified to produce clean and safe biochar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram Buss
- Research
School of Biology, Australian National University, 134 Linnaeus Way, 2601 Canberra, Australia
- UK
Biochar Research Centre, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Crew Building, Alexander Crum Brown Road, EH9 3FF Edinburgh, U.K.
| | - Isabel Hilber
- Methods
Development and Analytics, Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Margaret C. Graham
- School
of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Crew Building, Alexander Crum Brown
Road, EH9 3FF Edinburgh, U.K.
| | - Ondřej Mašek
- UK
Biochar Research Centre, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Crew Building, Alexander Crum Brown Road, EH9 3FF Edinburgh, U.K.
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15
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Wilson CG, Cervenka T, Wood PA, Parsons S. Behavior of Occupied and Void Space in Molecular Crystal Structures at High Pressure. Cryst Growth Des 2022; 22:2328-2341. [PMID: 35431662 PMCID: PMC9007411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.1c01427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report a Monte Carlo algorithm for calculation of occupied ("network") and unoccupied ("void") space in crystal structures. The variation of the volumes of the voids and the network of intermolecular contacts with pressure sensitively reveals discontinuities associated with first- and second-order phase transitions, providing insights into the effect of compression (and, in principle, other external stimuli) at a level between those observed in individual contact distances and the overall unit cell dimensions. The method is shown to be especially useful for the correlation of high-pressure crystallographic and spectroscopic data, illustrated for naphthalene, where a phase transition previously detected by vibrational spectroscopy, and debated in the literature for over 80 years, has been revealed unambiguously in crystallographic data for the first time. Premonitory behavior before a phase transition and crystal collapse at the end of a compression series has also been detected. The network and void volumes for 129 high-pressure studies taken from the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) were fitted to equation of state to show that networks typically have bulk moduli between 40 and 150 GPa, while those of voids fall into a much smaller range, 2-5 GPa. These figures are shown to reproduce the narrow range of overall bulk moduli of molecular solids (ca. 5-20 GPa). The program, called CellVol, has been written in Python using the CSD Python API and can be run through the command line or through the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre's Mercury interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron
J. G. Wilson
- Centre
for Science at Extreme Conditions, School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, West Mains
Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K.
| | - Tomas Cervenka
- Centre
for Science at Extreme Conditions, School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, West Mains
Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K.
| | - Peter A. Wood
- The
Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, U.K.
| | - Simon Parsons
- Centre
for Science at Extreme Conditions, School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, West Mains
Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K.
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16
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Khan AZ, Alitt J, Germaney R, Hamada I, Wells PP, Dimitratos N, Catlow CRA, Villa A, Chutia A. A comparative study on the stability of the furfural molecule on the low index Ni, Pd and Pt surfaces. R Soc Open Sci 2022; 9:211516. [PMID: 35345429 PMCID: PMC8941400 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We present a comparative density functional theory investigation of the furfural (Ff) molecule on the low index Ni, Pd and Pt surfaces to understand its geometrical and electronic properties to gain mechanistic insights into the experimentally measured catalytic reactivities of these metal catalysts. We show that the number of metal d-states, which hybridize with the nearest C and O p-orbitals of the Ff molecule, can be used to explain the stability of the Ff molecule on these surfaces. We find that the hybridization between atoms with higher electronegativity and the metal d-states plays a crucial role in determining the stability of these systems. Furthermore, we also find electron transfer from metal to the Ff molecule on the Ni and Pd surfaces, with a reverse process occurring on the Pt surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alveena Z. Khan
- School of Chemistry, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK
| | - Jacob Alitt
- School of Chemistry, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK
| | - Rhiannon Germaney
- School of Chemistry, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK
| | - Ikutaro Hamada
- Department of Precision Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Peter P. Wells
- UK Catalysis Hub, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxon, Didcot OX11 OFA, UK
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, University Road Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Nikolaos Dimitratos
- Department of Industrial Chemistry ‘Toso Montanari’, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - C. Richard A. Catlow
- UK Catalysis Hub, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxon, Didcot OX11 OFA, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Alberto Villa
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Arunabhiram Chutia
- School of Chemistry, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK
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17
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Christopher E, Loan JJM, Samarasekera N, McDade K, Rose J, Barrington J, Hughes J, Smith C, Al-Shahi Salman R. Nrf2 activation in the human brain after stroke due to supratentorial intracerebral haemorrhage: a case–control study. BMJ Neurol Open 2022; 4:e000238. [PMID: 35265844 PMCID: PMC8860052 DOI: 10.1136/bmjno-2021-000238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Pharmacological activation of the antioxidative transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) improves outcomes in experimental models of intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH). However, the Nrf2 pathway has not been previously studied in humans after ICH. Our study aims to address this gap. Methods We selected cases with fatal ICH from a prospective community-based inception cohort study and age-matched and sex-matched controls who died suddenly of non-neurological disease. We used immunohistochemistry to quantify Nrf2 (% total area stained overall and % of nuclei stained) and CD68 expression in controls and perihaematomal, ipsilateral and contralateral brain tissue from cases. We measured downstream haem oxygenase-1 (HMOX1) and NAD(P)H dehydrogenase quinone 1 [NQO1] expression using RNA in situ hybridisation. Results 26 ICH cases (median age: 82 (IQR 76–86); 13 (50%) male) and eight controls (median age: 79 (IQR 77–80); 3 (37.5%) male) were included. We found no significant differences in overall % of Nrf2 staining between ICH cases and controls. However, the mean % of nuclei staining for Nrf2 seemed higher in perihaematomal compared with contralateral regions, although this was only statistically significant >60 days after ICH (25% (95% CI 17% to 33%) vs 14% (95% CI 11% to 17%), p=0.029). The percentage of perihaematomal tissue staining for CD68 was higher >60 days after ICH (6.75%, 95% CI 2.78% to 10.73%) compared with contralateral tissue (1.45%, 95% CI 0.93% to 1.96%, p=0.027) and controls (1.08%, 95% CI 0.20% to 1.97%, p=0.0008). RNA in situ hybridisation suggested increased abundance of HMOX1 and NQO1 transcripts in perihaematomal versus distant ipsilateral brain tissue obtained <7 days from onset of ICH. Conclusions We found evidence of Nrf2 activation in human brain tissue after ICH. Pharmacological augmentation of Nrf2 activation after ICH might be a promising therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Christopher
- The University of Edinburgh College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
| | - James J M Loan
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Neshika Samarasekera
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karina McDade
- Academic Neuropathology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jamie Rose
- Academic Neuropathology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jack Barrington
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jeremy Hughes
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Colin Smith
- Academic Neuropathology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rustam Al-Shahi Salman
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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18
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Cantos-Prieto F, Falin A, Alliati M, Qian D, Zhang R, Tao T, Barnett MR, Santos EJG, Li LH, Navarro-Moratalla E. Layer-Dependent Mechanical Properties and Enhanced Plasticity in the Van der Waals Chromium Trihalide Magnets. Nano Lett 2021; 21:3379-3385. [PMID: 33835813 PMCID: PMC8454994 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of magnetic materials are instrumental for the development of magnetoelastic theories and the optimization of strain-modulated magnetic devices. In particular, two-dimensional (2D) magnets hold promise to enlarge these concepts into the realm of low-dimensional physics and ultrathin devices. However, no experimental study on the intrinsic mechanical properties of the archetypal 2D magnet family of the chromium trihalides has thus far been performed. Here, we report the room temperature layer-dependent mechanical properties of atomically thin CrCl3 and CrI3, finding that the bilayers have Young's moduli of 62.1 and 43.4 GPa, highest sustained strains of 6.49% and 6.09% and breaking strengths of 3.6 and 2.2 GPa, respectively. This portrays the outstanding plasticity of these materials that is qualitatively demonstrated in the bulk crystals. The current study will contribute to the applications of the 2D magnets in magnetostrictive and flexible devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Cantos-Prieto
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular, Universitat de València, Calle Catedrático José
Beltrán Martínez 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Alexey Falin
- Guangdong
Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, School
of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University
of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Institute
for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Martin Alliati
- School
of Mathematics and Physics, Queen’s
University Belfast, BT7 1NN Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Dong Qian
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, The University
of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, The University
of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Tao Tao
- Guangdong
Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, School
of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University
of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Matthew R. Barnett
- Institute
for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Elton J. G. Santos
- Institute
for Condensed Matter Physics and Complex Systems, School of Physics
and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FD Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Higgs
Centre for Theoretical Physics, The University
of Edinburgh, EH9 3FD Edinburgh, U.K.
| | - Lu Hua Li
- Institute
for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Efrén Navarro-Moratalla
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular, Universitat de València, Calle Catedrático José
Beltrán Martínez 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain
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19
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Shore AJ, Wood RA, Butler IB, Zhuravlev AY, McMahon S, Curtis A, Bowyer FT. Ediacaran metazoan reveals lophotrochozoan affinity and deepens root of Cambrian Explosion. Sci Adv 2021; 7:7/1/eabf2933. [PMID: 33523867 PMCID: PMC7775780 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf2933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Through exceptional preservation, we establish a phylogenetic connection between Ediacaran and Cambrian metazoans. We describe the first three-dimensional, pyritized soft tissue in Namacalathus from the Ediacaran Nama Group, Namibia, which follows the underlying form of a stalked, cup-shaped, calcitic skeleton, with six radially arranged lobes projecting into an apical opening and lateral lumens. A thick body wall and probable J-shaped gut are present within the cup, and the middle layer of the often-spinose skeleton and skeletal pores are selectively pyritized, supporting an organic-rich composition and tripartite construction with possible sensory punctae. These features suggest a total group lophotrochozoan affinity. These morphological data support molecular phylogenies and demonstrates that the origin of modern lophotrochozoan phyla, and their ability to biomineralize, had deep roots in the Ediacaran.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Shore
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, James Hutton Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, UK.
| | - R A Wood
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, James Hutton Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, UK
| | - I B Butler
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, James Hutton Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, UK
| | - A Yu Zhuravlev
- Department of Biological Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - S McMahon
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, James Hutton Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, UK
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, James Clerk Maxwell Building, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK
| | - A Curtis
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, James Hutton Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, UK
| | - F T Bowyer
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, James Hutton Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, UK
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20
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Francioni V, Padamsey Z, Rochefort NL. High and asymmetric somato-dendritic coupling of V1 layer 5 neurons independent of visual stimulation and locomotion. eLife 2019; 8:e49145. [PMID: 31880536 PMCID: PMC6974354 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Active dendrites impact sensory processing and behaviour. However, it remains unclear how active dendritic integration relates to somatic output in vivo. We imaged semi-simultaneously GCaMP6s signals in the soma, trunk and distal tuft dendrites of layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the awake mouse primary visual cortex. We found that apical tuft signals were dominated by widespread, highly correlated calcium transients throughout the tuft. While these signals were highly coupled to trunk and somatic transients, the frequency of calcium transients was found to decrease in a distance-dependent manner from soma to tuft. Ex vivo recordings suggest that low-frequency back-propagating action potentials underlie the distance-dependent loss of signals, while coupled somato-dendritic signals can be triggered by high-frequency somatic bursts or strong apical tuft depolarization. Visual stimulation and locomotion increased neuronal activity without affecting somato-dendritic coupling. High, asymmetric somato-dendritic coupling is therefore a widespread feature of layer 5 neurons activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Francioni
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, Biomedical SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
- Simons Initiative for the Developing BrainUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Zahid Padamsey
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, Biomedical SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Nathalie L Rochefort
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, Biomedical SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
- Simons Initiative for the Developing BrainUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
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21
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Long JS, Idoko-Akoh A, Mistry B, Goldhill D, Staller E, Schreyer J, Ross C, Goodbourn S, Shelton H, Skinner MA, Sang H, McGrew MJ, Barclay W. Species specific differences in use of ANP32 proteins by influenza A virus. eLife 2019; 8:e45066. [PMID: 31159925 PMCID: PMC6548507 DOI: 10.7554/elife.45066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAV) are subject to species barriers that prevent frequent zoonotic transmission and pandemics. One of these barriers is the poor activity of avian IAV polymerases in human cells. Differences between avian and mammalian ANP32 proteins underlie this host range barrier. Human ANP32A and ANP32B homologues both support function of human-adapted influenza polymerase but do not support efficient activity of avian IAV polymerase which requires avian ANP32A. We show here that the gene currently designated as avian ANP32B is evolutionarily distinct from mammalian ANP32B, and that chicken ANP32B does not support IAV polymerase activity even of human-adapted viruses. Consequently, IAV relies solely on chicken ANP32A to support its replication in chicken cells. Amino acids 129I and 130N, accounted for the inactivity of chicken ANP32B. Transfer of these residues to chicken ANP32A abolished support of IAV polymerase. Understanding ANP32 function will help develop antiviral strategies and aid the design of influenza virus resilient genome edited chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Long
- Section of Molecular VirologyImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Alewo Idoko-Akoh
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghMidlothianUnited Kingdom
| | - Bhakti Mistry
- Section of Molecular VirologyImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Daniel Goldhill
- Section of Molecular VirologyImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Ecco Staller
- Section of Molecular VirologyImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Jocelyn Schreyer
- Section of Molecular VirologyImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Craig Ross
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt. George's, University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Steve Goodbourn
- Institute for Infection and ImmunitySt. George's, University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Holly Shelton
- Influenza VirusesThe Pirbright InstituteSurreyUnited Kingdom
| | - Michael A Skinner
- Section of Molecular VirologyImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Helen Sang
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghMidlothianUnited Kingdom
| | - Michael J McGrew
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghMidlothianUnited Kingdom
| | - Wendy Barclay
- Section of Molecular VirologyImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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22
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Weller D, Menon U, Zalounina Falborg A, Jensen H, Barisic A, Knudsen AK, Bergin RJ, Brewster DH, Cairnduff V, Gavin AT, Grunfeld E, Harland E, Lambe M, Law RJ, Lin Y, Malmberg M, Turner D, Neal RD, White V, Harrison S, Reguilon I, Vedsted P. Diagnostic routes and time intervals for patients with colorectal cancer in 10 international jurisdictions; findings from a cross-sectional study from the International Cancer Benchmarking Partnership (ICBP). BMJ Open 2018; 8:e023870. [PMID: 30482749 PMCID: PMC6278806 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE International differences in colorectal cancer (CRC) survival and stage at diagnosis have been reported previously. They may be linked to differences in time intervals and routes to diagnosis. The International Cancer Benchmarking Partnership Module 4 (ICBP M4) reports the first international comparison of routes to diagnosis for patients with CRC and the time intervals from symptom onset until the start of treatment. Data came from patients in 10 jurisdictions across six countries (Canada, the UK, Norway, Sweden, Denmark and Australia). DESIGN Patients with CRC were identified via cancer registries. Data on symptomatic and screened patients were collected; questionnaire data from patients' primary care physicians and specialists, as well as information from treatment records or databases, supplemented patient data from the questionnaires. Routes to diagnosis and the key time intervals were described, as were between-jurisdiction differences in time intervals, using quantile regression. PARTICIPANTS A total of 14 664 eligible patients with CRC diagnosed between 2013 and 2015 were identified, of which 2866 were included in the analyses. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Interval lengths in days (primary), reported patient symptoms (secondary). RESULTS The main route to diagnosis for patients was symptomatic presentation and the most commonly reported symptom was 'bleeding/blood in stool'. The median intervals between jurisdictions ranged from: 21 to 49 days (patient); 0 to 12 days (primary care); 27 to 76 days (diagnostic); and 77 to 168 days (total, from first symptom to treatment start). Including screen-detected cases did not significantly alter the overall results. CONCLUSION ICBP M4 demonstrates important differences in time intervals between 10 jurisdictions internationally. The differences may justify efforts to reduce intervals in some jurisdictions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Usha Menon
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit and Instittue of Clinical Trials and Methodology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Henry Jensen
- Research Unit for General Practice, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Andriana Barisic
- Prevention and Cancer Control, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne Kari Knudsen
- European Palliative Care Research Centre (PRC), Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rebecca J Bergin
- Centre for Behavioral Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of General Practice, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David H Brewster
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Scottish Cancer Registry, Information Services Division, NHS National Services Scotland, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Victoria Cairnduff
- Northern Ireland Cancer Registry, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Anna T Gavin
- Northern Ireland Cancer Registry, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Eva Grunfeld
- Health Services Research Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Harland
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Registry, Cancer Care Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Mats Lambe
- Regional Cancer Center Uppsala and Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rebecca-Jane Law
- North Wales Centre for Primary Care Research, Bangor Institute for Health and Medical Research, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Yulan Lin
- European Palliative Care Research Centre (PRC), Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Martin Malmberg
- Department of Oncology, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Donna Turner
- Population Oncology, Cancer Care Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Richard D Neal
- North Wales Centre for Primary Care Research, Bangor Institute for Health and Medical Research, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
- Academic Unit of Primary Care, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Victoria White
- Centre for Behavioral Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Psychology, Deakin University School of Psychology, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Peter Vedsted
- Research Unit for General Practice, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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23
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Altschul DM, Hopkins WD, Herrelko ES, Inoue-Murayama M, Matsuzawa T, King JE, Ross SR, Weiss A. Personality links with lifespan in chimpanzees. eLife 2018; 7:e33781. [PMID: 30296994 PMCID: PMC6177254 DOI: 10.7554/elife.33781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Life history strategies for optimizing individual fitness fall on a spectrum between maximizing reproductive efforts and maintaining physical health over time. Strategies across this spectrum are viable and different suites of personality traits evolved to support these strategies. Using data from 538 captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) we tested whether any of the dimensions of chimpanzee personality - agreeableness, conscientiousness, dominance, extraversion, neuroticism, and openness - were associated with longevity, an attribute of slow life history strategies that is especially important in primates given their relatively long lives. We found that higher agreeableness was related to longevity in males, with weaker evidence suggesting that higher openness is related to longer life in females. Our results link the literature on human and nonhuman primate survival and suggest that, for males, evolution has favored the protective effects of low aggression and high quality social bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew M Altschul
- Department of PsychologySchool of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
- Scottish Primate Research GroupUnited Kingdom
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive EpidemiologyEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - William D Hopkins
- Neuroscience InstituteGeorgia State UniversityAtlantaUnited States
- Division of Developmental and Cognitive NeurosciencesYerkes National Primate Research CenterAtlantaUnited States
| | - Elizabeth S Herrelko
- National Zoological Park, Smithsonian InstitutionWashingtonUnited States
- Psychology DivisionUniversity of StirlingStirlingUnited Kingdom
| | - Miho Inoue-Murayama
- Wildlife Research CenterKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
- Wildlife Genome Collaborative Research GroupNational Institute for Environmental StudiesTsukubaJapan
| | - Tetsuro Matsuzawa
- Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
- Primate Research InstituteKyoto UniversityInuyamaJapan
- Japan Monkey CentreInuyamaJapan
| | - James E King
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonUnited States
| | - Stephen R Ross
- Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of ApesLincoln Park ZooChicagoUnited States
| | - Alexander Weiss
- Department of PsychologySchool of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
- Scottish Primate Research GroupUnited Kingdom
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Jackson R, Arneborg J, Dugmore A, Madsen C, McGovern T, Smiarowski K, Streeter R. Disequilibrium, Adaptation, and the Norse Settlement of Greenland. Hum Ecol Interdiscip J 2018; 46:665-684. [PMID: 30363683 PMCID: PMC6182579 DOI: 10.1007/s10745-018-0020-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence to suggest that arctic cultures and ecosystems have followed non-linear responses to climate change. Norse Scandinavian farmers introduced agriculture to sub-arctic Greenland in the late tenth century, creating synanthropic landscapes and utilising seasonally abundant marine and terrestrial resources. Using a niche-construction framework and data from recent survey work, studies of diet, and regional-scale climate proxies we examine the potential mismatch between this imported agricultural niche and the constraints of the environment from the tenth to the fifteenth centuries. We argue that landscape modification conformed the Norse to a Scandinavian style of agriculture throughout settlement, structuring and limiting the efficacy of seasonal hunting strategies. Recent climate data provide evidence of sustained cooling from the mid thirteenth century and climate variation from the early fifteenth century. Archaeological evidence suggests that the Norse made incremental adjustments to the changing sub-arctic environment, but were limited by cultural adaptations made in past environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan Jackson
- Geography, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Drummond Street, Edinburgh, Scotland EH8 9XP UK
- Department of Archaeology, School of Culture and Society, University of Aarhus, Moesgård Allé 20, 8270 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jette Arneborg
- Geography, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Drummond Street, Edinburgh, Scotland EH8 9XP UK
- Middle Ages, Renaissance and Numismatics, National Museum of Denmark, DK-1220 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrew Dugmore
- Geography, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Drummond Street, Edinburgh, Scotland EH8 9XP UK
- Human Ecodynamics Research Centre & Doctoral Program in Anthropology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016-4309 USA
| | - Christian Madsen
- Middle Ages, Renaissance and Numismatics, National Museum of Denmark, DK-1220 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tom McGovern
- Human Ecodynamics Research Centre & Doctoral Program in Anthropology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016-4309 USA
- Hunter Zooarchaeology Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, Hunter College, City University of New York, 695 Park Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - Konrad Smiarowski
- Human Ecodynamics Research Centre & Doctoral Program in Anthropology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016-4309 USA
- Hunter Zooarchaeology Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, Hunter College, City University of New York, 695 Park Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - Richard Streeter
- School of Geography and Sustainable Development, Irvine Building, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9AL UK
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25
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Bennett KH, Hare HM, Waller RM, Alderson HL, Lawrie S. Characteristics of NPS use in patients admitted to acute psychiatric services in Southeast Scotland: a retrospective cross-sectional analysis following public health interventions. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e015716. [PMID: 29203502 PMCID: PMC5778313 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Assess the impact of selective prohibition and seizure of novel psychoactive substances (NPS) supply on NPS use prevalence within psychiatric admissions and evaluate demographic characteristics of current NPS users. DESIGN A 6-month retrospective cross-sectional analysis of discharge letters between 1 October 2015 and 31 March 2016. SETTING General psychiatry inpatients and intensive home treatment team (IHTT) community patients at a psychiatric hospital in a Scottish city. PARTICIPANTS All participants were between the ages of 18 and 65 years. After application of exclusion criteria, 473 discharge letters of general psychiatry patients were deemed suitable for analysis and 264 IHTT patient discharge letters were analysed. INTERVENTIONS A nationwide temporary class drug order (TCDO) was placed on 10 April 2015 reclassifying methylphenidate-related compounds as class B substances. On 15 October 2015, local forfeiture orders were granted to trading standards permitting the seizure of NPS supplies. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome measure was to determine the prevalence of NPS use in two cohorts. Second, demographic features of patients and details regarding their psychiatric presentation were analysed. RESULTS The prevalence of NPS use in general psychiatry and IHTT patients was 6.6% and 3.4%, respectively. Inpatients using NPS compared with non-users were more likely to be men (OR 2.92, 95% CI 1.28 to 6.66, P=0.009), have a forensic history (OR 5.03, CI 2.39 to 10.59, P<0.001) and be detained under an Emergency Detention Certificate (OR 3.50, CI 1.56 to 7.82, P=0.004). NPS users were also more likely to be diagnosed under International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Version 10, F10-19 (OR 9.97, CI 4.62 to 21.49, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Compared with previous work, psychiatric inpatient NPS use has fallen. NPS continue to be used by a demographic previously described resulting in presentations consistent with a drug-induced psychosis and at times requiring detention under the Mental Health Act. Further research is required to evaluate the effectiveness of the recent prohibition of all NPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle H Bennett
- School of Medicine, University of Edinburgh College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Helen M Hare
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Robert M Waller
- He Puna Waiora Adult Mental Health Inpatient Unit, Waitemata District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Helen L Alderson
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen Margaret Hospital, Dunfermline, Fife, UK
| | - Stephen Lawrie
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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26
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Namukwaya E, Murray SA, Downing J, Leng M, Grant L. 'I think my body has become addicted to those tablets'. Chronic heart failure patients' understanding of and beliefs about their illness and its treatment: A qualitative longitudinal study from Uganda. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182876. [PMID: 28957338 PMCID: PMC5619713 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with heart failure in Uganda present for health care with advanced structural heart disease, have repeated hospitalizations and poorly controlled disease symptoms. The reasons for these are unclear. Literature from other settings shows that patients' understanding of their illness and their beliefs influence their health related behaviour. The study aimed to explore the beliefs of patients with heart failure, their understanding of their illness and its treatment, and how this influenced their health related behaviour to inform future health education programs, information and palliative care services. METHODS Serial qualitative in-depth interviews were conducted with Heart Failure patients who were purposively sampled and recruited in Mulago National Referral Hospital until thematic saturation was reached. In-depth interviews were conducted at three time points over the course of their illness with intervals of 3 months between interviews. A grounded theory approach was used in data analysis. The University of Edinburgh ethics committee, Mulago Hospital Research Ethics committee and the Uganda National Council of Science and Technology (Reference numbers D/GC/178; MREC 33, SS 3083 respectively) approved the research. RESULTS A total of 40 face to face qualitative longitudinal interviews (36-patient alone, 4 paired-patient and family carer), were conducted with 21 patients. The findings revealed that heart failure patients were unaware of the symptoms of the illness and their definition of illness differed from that of health professionals. Patients understood their diagnosis, cause of illness, prognosis and the importance of the medicines differently from health professionals, and had insufficient information on self-care. Lay beliefs were used to explain many aspects of the illness and treatments. All these influenced where patients sought care and their adherence to treatment, self-care and follow up leading to uncontrolled disease. CONCLUSION There is a high level of health illiteracy among heart failure patients in Uganda. Patients rely on lay beliefs to make health decisions and medical information is often miscomprehended. There is an urgent need for health education using culturally appropriate information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Namukwaya
- Department of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
- * E-mail:
| | - Scott A. Murray
- Primary Palliative Care Research Group, The Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences & Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Medical School, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Downing
- Department of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mhoira Leng
- Department of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Liz Grant
- Global Health Academy, The Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences & Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Medical School, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Wu S, Chalder T, Anderson KE, Gillespie D, Macleod MR, Mead GE. Development of a psychological intervention for fatigue after stroke. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183286. [PMID: 28817725 PMCID: PMC5560529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Post-stroke fatigue (PSF) is common and distressing, but there is insufficient evidence to recommend any effective treatment for it. Psychological interventions are effective in treating fatigue in other conditions. This paper describes the development and evaluation of the feasibility of a psychological intervention for PSF. Methods Based on psychological correlates of PSF and evidence-based psychological interventions for fatigue in other medical conditions, we developed a manualised psychological intervention for PSF, with input from stroke clinicians, psychological therapists, and stroke survivors. The intervention was delivered by a clinical psychologist to 12 participants with PSF to test its acceptability and feasibility. According to the feedback from participants and therapists, the intervention was refined for future use. Results The intervention consisted of six individual, face-to-face treatment sessions, and one follow-up, telephone-delivered booster session. It included psycho-education and discussion of strategies to promote physical and social activities and to challenge unhelpful thoughts. Four participants dropped out and the remaining eight participants completed the intervention. These eight participants also completed all assessments and feedback and reported fatigue levels as lower at the end of the study than at the baseline. All participants reported favourable opinions on the intervention and suggested that the last two treatment sessions be combined and the booster session be delivered in person as opposed to telephone. Conclusions This psychological intervention was acceptable to stroke patients and was feasible in the local health service. These findings suggest that a randomised controlled trial to test efficacy is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simiao Wu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Trudie Chalder
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kirstin E. Anderson
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David Gillespie
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm R. Macleod
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian E. Mead
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Gupta V, Vale PF. Nonlinear disease tolerance curves reveal distinct components of host responses to viral infection. R Soc Open Sci 2017; 4:170342. [PMID: 28791163 PMCID: PMC5541558 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability to tolerate infection is a key component of host defence and offers potential novel therapeutic approaches for infectious diseases. To yield successful targets for therapeutic intervention, it is important that the analytical tools employed to measure disease tolerance are able to capture distinct host responses to infection. Here, we show that commonly used methods that estimate tolerance as a linear relationship should be complemented with more flexible, nonlinear estimates of this relationship which may reveal variation in distinct components such as host vigour, sensitivity to increases in pathogen loads, and the severity of the infection. To illustrate this, we measured the survival of Drosophila melanogaster carrying either a functional or non-functional regulator of the JAK-STAT immune pathway (G9a) when challenged with a range of concentrations of Drosophila C virus (DCV). While classical linear model analyses indicated that G9a affected tolerance only in females, a more powerful nonlinear logistic model showed that G9a mediates viral tolerance to different extents in both sexes. This analysis also revealed that G9a acts by changing the sensitivity to increasing pathogen burdens, but does not reduce the ultimate severity of disease. These results indicate that fitting nonlinear models to host health-pathogen burden relationships may offer better and more detailed estimates of disease tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanika Gupta
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FL Edinburgh, UK
| | - Pedro F. Vale
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FL Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FL Edinburgh, UK
- Author for correspondence: Pedro F. Vale e-mail:
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Gupta V, Vasanthakrishnan RB, Siva-Jothy J, Monteith KM, Brown SP, Vale PF. The route of infection determines Wolbachia antibacterial protection in Drosophila. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 284:20170809. [PMID: 28592678 PMCID: PMC5474083 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.0809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial symbionts are widespread among metazoans and provide a range of beneficial functions. Wolbachia-mediated protection against viral infection has been extensively demonstrated in Drosophila. In mosquitoes that are artificially transinfected with Drosophila melanogaster Wolbachia (wMel), protection from both viral and bacterial infections has been demonstrated. However, no evidence for Wolbachia-mediated antibacterial protection has been demonstrated in Drosophila to date. Here, we show that the route of infection is key for Wolbachia-mediated antibacterial protection. Drosophila melanogaster carrying Wolbachia showed reduced mortality during enteric-but not systemic-infection with the opportunist pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosaWolbachia-mediated protection was more pronounced in male flies and is associated with increased early expression of the antimicrobial peptide Attacin A, and also increased expression of a reactive oxygen species detoxification gene (Gst D8). These results highlight that the route of infection is important for symbiont-mediated protection from infection, that Wolbachia can protect hosts by eliciting a combination of resistance and disease tolerance mechanisms, and that these effects are sexually dimorphic. We discuss the importance of using ecologically relevant routes of infection to gain a better understanding of symbiont-mediated protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanika Gupta
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | | | - Jonathon Siva-Jothy
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Katy M Monteith
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Sam P Brown
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0230, USA
| | - Pedro F Vale
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
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Namukwaya E, Grant L, Downing J, Leng M, Murray SA. Improving care for people with heart failure in Uganda: serial in-depth interviews with patients' and their health care professionals. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:184. [PMID: 28545502 PMCID: PMC5445313 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-2505-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The short prognosis of patients with advanced heart failure (HF) and the associated multidimensional distress as illustrated in literature from high income countries necessitates the integration of palliative care into the care of advanced HF patients to address these needs and improve their quality of life. These needs, which are subjective, have not been described from the patients' and health care professionals'(HPs) view point in the Ugandan setting, a low income country with a different socio-cultural context. This study aimed at bridging this gap in knowledge by eliciting patients' and HPs' views of HF patients' needs over the course of their illness to enable generalists, cardiologists and palliative care clinicians to develop guidelines to provide patient-centred realistic care in Uganda. METHODS Serial qualitative in-depth interviews were conducted with HF patients who were purposively sampled and recruited in Mulago National Referral Hospital (MNRH) until thematic saturation. In-depth interviews were conducted at three time points with intervals of 3 month between interviews over the course of their illness in the hospital and their home context. One-off interviews were conducted with HPs that manage HF in MNRH. We used a grounded theory approach in data analysis. The Uganda National Council of science and technology approved the research. RESULTS Forty-eight interviews were conducted with 21 patients and their carers and eight interviews with their HPs. Multidimensional needs including physical, psychological, social, spiritual and information needs were identified. These highlighted the underpinning need to have normal functioning, control, to cope and adapt to a changed life and to find meaning. Spiritual needs were less recognised by HPs than the other multidimensional needs. Information needs were commonly unmet. Patients and HPs suggested improvements in care that were congruent with the recommendations in chronic disease care and the six pillars of the WHO health systems strengthening approach. CONCLUSION Management of HF in Uganda requires an approach that targets multidimensional needs, embraces multidisciplinary care and strengthens health systems which are all important tenets of palliative care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Namukwaya
- Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O BOX 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Liz Grant
- Global Health Academy, The Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG UK
| | - Julia Downing
- Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O BOX 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mhoira Leng
- Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P.O BOX 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Scott A. Murray
- Primary Palliative Care Research Group, The Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG UK
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Mendelson MM, Marioni RE, Joehanes R, Liu C, Hedman ÅK, Aslibekyan S, Demerath EW, Guan W, Zhi D, Yao C, Huan T, Willinger C, Chen B, Courchesne P, Multhaup M, Irvin MR, Cohain A, Schadt EE, Grove ML, Bressler J, North K, Sundström J, Gustafsson S, Shah S, McRae AF, Harris SE, Gibson J, Redmond P, Corley J, Murphy L, Starr JM, Kleinbrink E, Lipovich L, Visscher PM, Wray NR, Krauss RM, Fallin D, Feinberg A, Absher DM, Fornage M, Pankow JS, Lind L, Fox C, Ingelsson E, Arnett DK, Boerwinkle E, Liang L, Levy D, Deary IJ. Association of Body Mass Index with DNA Methylation and Gene Expression in Blood Cells and Relations to Cardiometabolic Disease: A Mendelian Randomization Approach. PLoS Med 2017; 14:e1002215. [PMID: 28095459 PMCID: PMC5240936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The link between DNA methylation, obesity, and adiposity-related diseases in the general population remains uncertain. METHODS AND FINDINGS We conducted an association study of body mass index (BMI) and differential methylation for over 400,000 CpGs assayed by microarray in whole-blood-derived DNA from 3,743 participants in the Framingham Heart Study and the Lothian Birth Cohorts, with independent replication in three external cohorts of 4,055 participants. We examined variations in whole blood gene expression and conducted Mendelian randomization analyses to investigate the functional and clinical relevance of the findings. We identified novel and previously reported BMI-related differential methylation at 83 CpGs that replicated across cohorts; BMI-related differential methylation was associated with concurrent changes in the expression of genes in lipid metabolism pathways. Genetic instrumental variable analysis of alterations in methylation at one of the 83 replicated CpGs, cg11024682 (intronic to sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 [SREBF1]), demonstrated links to BMI, adiposity-related traits, and coronary artery disease. Independent genetic instruments for expression of SREBF1 supported the findings linking methylation to adiposity and cardiometabolic disease. Methylation at a substantial proportion (16 of 83) of the identified loci was found to be secondary to differences in BMI. However, the cross-sectional nature of the data limits definitive causal determination. CONCLUSIONS We present robust associations of BMI with differential DNA methylation at numerous loci in blood cells. BMI-related DNA methylation and gene expression provide mechanistic insights into the relationship between DNA methylation, obesity, and adiposity-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M. Mendelson
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Riccardo E. Marioni
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Roby Joehanes
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Hebrew SeniorLife, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Åsa K. Hedman
- Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stella Aslibekyan
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Ellen W. Demerath
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Weihua Guan
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Degui Zhi
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Chen Yao
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tianxiao Huan
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christine Willinger
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Brian Chen
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Paul Courchesne
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael Multhaup
- Center for Epigenetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marguerite R. Irvin
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Ariella Cohain
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology and Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Eric E. Schadt
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology and Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Megan L. Grove
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jan Bressler
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kari North
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Johan Sundström
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefan Gustafsson
- Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sonia Shah
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Allan F. McRae
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sarah E. Harris
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jude Gibson
- Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Redmond
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Janie Corley
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lee Murphy
- Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - John M. Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Erica Kleinbrink
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics and Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Leonard Lipovich
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics and Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Peter M. Visscher
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Naomi R. Wray
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ronald M. Krauss
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, United States of America
| | - Daniele Fallin
- Center for Epigenetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Andrew Feinberg
- Center for Epigenetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Devin M. Absher
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - James S. Pankow
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Lars Lind
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Caroline Fox
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Donna K. Arnett
- College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Liming Liang
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniel Levy
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ian J. Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Jones RA, Reich CD, Dissanayake KN, Kristmundsdottir F, Findlater GS, Ribchester RR, Simmen MW, Gillingwater TH. NMJ-morph reveals principal components of synaptic morphology influencing structure-function relationships at the neuromuscular junction. Open Biol 2016; 6:160240. [PMID: 27927794 PMCID: PMC5204123 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.160240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to form synapses is one of the fundamental properties required by the mammalian nervous system to generate network connectivity. Structural and functional diversity among synaptic populations is a key hallmark of network diversity, and yet we know comparatively little about the morphological principles that govern variability in the size, shape and strength of synapses. Using the mouse neuromuscular junction (NMJ) as an experimentally accessible model synapse, we report on the development of a robust, standardized methodology to facilitate comparative morphometric analysis of synapses ('NMJ-morph'). We used NMJ-morph to generate baseline morphological reference data for 21 separate pre- and post-synaptic variables from 2160 individual NMJs belonging to nine anatomically distinct populations of synapses, revealing systematic differences in NMJ morphology between defined synaptic populations. Principal components analysis revealed that overall NMJ size and the degree of synaptic fragmentation, alongside pre-synaptic axon diameter, were the most critical parameters in defining synaptic morphology. 'Average' synaptic morphology was remarkably conserved between comparable synapses from the left and right sides of the body. Systematic differences in synaptic morphology predicted corresponding differences in synaptic function that were supported by physiological recordings, confirming the robust relationship between synaptic size and strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross A Jones
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Old Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Old Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
- Anatomy, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Old Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Caitlan D Reich
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Old Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Old Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
- Anatomy, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Old Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Kosala N Dissanayake
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Old Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Fanney Kristmundsdottir
- Anatomy, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Old Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Gordon S Findlater
- Anatomy, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Old Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Richard R Ribchester
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Old Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Old Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Martin W Simmen
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Old Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Thomas H Gillingwater
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Old Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Old Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
- Anatomy, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Old Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
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Pratt K, Lenaghan M, Mitchard ETA. Material flows accounting for Scotland shows the merits of a circular economy and the folly of territorial carbon reporting. Carbon Balance Manag 2016; 11:21. [PMID: 27656245 PMCID: PMC5016548 DOI: 10.1186/s13021-016-0063-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is essential that the human race limits the environmental damage created by our consumption. A realistic pathway to limiting consumption would be to transition to a system where materials are conserved and cycled through the economy as many times as possible and as slowly as possible, greatly reducing the greenhouse gas intensive processes of resource extraction, resource processing and waste management. Material flow analysis (MFA) is a method used to understand how materials are consumed within a nation. In this study, we attempt a MFA for Scotland which links carbon emissions to material consumption using data directly based on the mass of materials used in the Scottish economy. It is the first time such an analysis has been conducted for an economy in its entirety. RESEARCH AIMS This study aims to create a detailed material flow account (MFA) for Scotland, compare the environmental impacts and possible policy implications of different future material consumption scenarios and consider two materials, steel and neodymium, in detail. RESULTS The model estimated that 11.4 Mg per capita of materials are consumed per year in Scotland, emitting 10.7 Mg CO2e per capita in the process, of which, 6.7 Mg CO2e per capita falls under territorial carbon accounting. Only the circular economy scenario for 2050 allowed for increases in living standards without increases in carbon emissions and material consumption. This result was mirrored in the steel and neodymium case studies-environmental impacts can be minimised by a national strategy that first reduces use, and then locally reuses materials. CONCLUSIONS Material consumption accounts for a large proportion of the carbon emissions of Scotland. Strategic dematerialisation, particular of materials such as steel, could support future efforts to reduce environmental impact and meet climate change targets. However, policy makers should consider consumption carbon accounting boundaries, as well as territorial boundaries, if carbon savings are to be maximised. This is because imports and recyclate sent abroad can have significant effect on the carbon emissions from material consumption. We demonstrate that the more circular an economy is, the smaller the difference between global and territorial carbon emissions, and therefore that climate change targets based solely on territorial carbon emissions create perverse incentives. The study also found that there could be areas of economic development which are compatible with environmental aims, based around encouraging reprocessing activities in developed nations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley Pratt
- Zero Waste Scotland, Moray House, Forthside Way, Stirling, FK8 1QZ UK
| | - Michael Lenaghan
- Zero Waste Scotland, Moray House, Forthside Way, Stirling, FK8 1QZ UK
| | - Edward T. A. Mitchard
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Crew Building, The King’s Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF UK
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Prost S, Kishen REB, Kluth DC, Bellamy COC. Choice of Illumination System & Fluorophore for Multiplex Immunofluorescence on FFPE Tissue Sections. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162419. [PMID: 27632367 PMCID: PMC5025086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent availability of novel dyes and alternative light sources to facilitate complex tissue immunofluorescence studies such as multiplex labelling has not been matched by reports critically evaluating the considerations and relative benefits of these new tools, particularly in combination. Product information is often limited to wavelengths used for older fluorophores (FITC, TRITC & corresponding Alexa dyes family). Consequently, novel agents such as Quantum dots are not widely appreciated or used, despite highly favourable properties including extremely bright emission, stability and potentially reduced tissue autofluorescence at the excitation wavelength. Using spectral analysis, we report here a detailed critical appraisal and comparative evaluation of different light sources and fluorophores in multiplex immunofluorescence of clinical biopsy sections. The comparison includes mercury light, metal halide and 3 different LED-based systems, using 7 Qdots (525, 565, 585, 605, 625, 705), Cy3 and Cy5. We discuss the considerations relevant to achieving the best combination of light source and fluorophore for accurate multiplex fluorescence quantitation. We highlight practical limitations and confounders to quantitation with filter-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Prost
- Department of Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Deanery of Molecular Genetics and Public Health Sciences, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Ria E. B. Kishen
- Department of Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Deanery of Molecular Genetics and Public Health Sciences, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - David C. Kluth
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher O. C. Bellamy
- Department of Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Burns AR, Madec AGE, Low DW, Roy ID, Lam HW. Enantioselective synthesis of bicyclo[3.n.1]alkanes by chiral phosphoric acid-catalyzed desymmetrizing Michael cyclizations. Chem Sci 2015; 6:3550-3555. [PMID: 29511516 PMCID: PMC5659222 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc00753d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
2,2-Disubstituted cyclic 1,3-diketones containing a tethered electron-deficient alkene undergo chiral phosphoric acid-catalyzed desymmetrizing Michael cyclizations to give bridged bicyclic products in high enantioselectivities. Both bicyclo[3.2.1]octanes and bicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes are accessible using this methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Burns
- EaStCHEM , School of Chemistry , University of Edinburgh , Joseph Black Building, The King's Buildings, David Brewster Road , Edinburgh , EH9 3FJ , UK
- School of Chemistry , University of Nottingham , University Park , Nottingham , NG7 2RD , UK .
| | - Amaël G E Madec
- School of Chemistry , University of Nottingham , University Park , Nottingham , NG7 2RD , UK .
| | - Darryl W Low
- EaStCHEM , School of Chemistry , University of Edinburgh , Joseph Black Building, The King's Buildings, David Brewster Road , Edinburgh , EH9 3FJ , UK
| | - Iain D Roy
- EaStCHEM , School of Chemistry , University of Edinburgh , Joseph Black Building, The King's Buildings, David Brewster Road , Edinburgh , EH9 3FJ , UK
| | - Hon Wai Lam
- EaStCHEM , School of Chemistry , University of Edinburgh , Joseph Black Building, The King's Buildings, David Brewster Road , Edinburgh , EH9 3FJ , UK
- School of Chemistry , University of Nottingham , University Park , Nottingham , NG7 2RD , UK .
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