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Fraz HM, Ali K, Nadeem MF. Computational analysis of antiviral drugs using topological descriptors. Comput Biol Med 2024; 175:108529. [PMID: 38718667 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/15/2024]
Abstract
Many health challenges are attributed to viral infections, which represent significant concerns in public health. Among these infections, diseases such as herpes simplex virus (HSV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infections have garnered attention due to their prevalence and impact on human health. There are specific antiviral medications available for the treatment of these viral infections. Drugs like Cidofovir, Valacyclovir, and Acyclovir are commonly prescribed. These antiviral drugs are known for their efficacy against herpesviruses and related viral infections, leveraging their ability to inhibit viral DNA polymerase. A molecular descriptor is a numerical value that correlates with specific physicochemical properties of a molecular graph. This article explores the calculation of distance-based topological descriptors, including the Trinajstic, Mostar, Szeged, and PI descriptors for the aforementioned antiviral drugs. These descriptors provide insights into these drugs' structural and physicochemical characteristics, aiding in understanding their mechanism of action and the development of new therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Muhammad Fraz
- Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Kashif Ali
- Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Faisal Nadeem
- Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan.
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Maltsev D, Solonko I, Sydorenko O. The assessment of microbial infection in children with autism spectrum disorders and genetic folate cycle deficiency. BMC Pediatr 2024; 24:200. [PMID: 38515059 PMCID: PMC10956213 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-024-04687-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The results of disparate clinical studies indicate abnormally frequent cases of certain microorganisms in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). However, these data require clarification and systematization. The study aims to study the structure of the microbial profile in children with ASD and genetic folate cycle deficiency (GFCD) and consider differences in diagnostic approaches for identifying microorganisms of different types. METHODS The study analyzed medical data from 240 children (187 boys and 63 girls) with GFCD aged 2 to 9 years. The children had clinical manifestations of ASD (the study group, SG). The control group (CG) included 53 clinically healthy children (37 boys and 16 girls) of the same age but without GFCD. Both groups of children were tested on active herpetic infections (HSV-1/2, VZV, EBV, CMV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8), ТТV, Streptococcus pyogenes, Candida albicans, Borrelia burgdorferi, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Yersinia enterocolitica, Toxoplasma gondii, congenital CMV neuroinfection and postnatal HSV-1/2 encephalitis. The testing used diagnostic methods specified in PubMed-indexed studies. RESULTS In the SG, TTV was found in 196 children (82%), HHV-7 - in 172 (72%), HHV-6 - in 162 (68%), EBV - in 153 (64%), Streptococcus pyogenes - in 127 (53%), Candida albicans - in 116 (48%), Borrelia - in 107 (45%), Mycoplasma pneumoniae - in 94 (39%), Chlamydia pneumoniae - in 85 (35%), Yersinia entеrocolitica - in 71 (30%), Toxoplasma gondii - in 54 (23%), congenital CMV neuroinfection - in 26 (11%), and postnatal HSV-1/2 encephalitis - in 11 children (5% of cases) (p < p0.05; Z < Z0.05). In the SG, there was a higher microbial load in older children (p < p0.05; Z < Z0.05). No gender differences were found. CONCLUSIONS The study described and characterized a specific abnormal microbial spectrum with a predominance of viral opportunistic agents in children with ASD associated with GFCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Maltsev
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, O'Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine.
| | - Iryna Solonko
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, O'Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Olena Sydorenko
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, O'Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
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Yadavalli T, Singh SK, Date AA, Shukla D. Tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and anti-herpetic activity of orally administered BX795. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115056. [PMID: 37406507 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses type-1 (HSV-1) and type-2 (HSV-2) are ubiquitous human pathogens causing serious pathologies in the ocular, orofacial and anogenital regions. While current treatments such as nucleoside analogs are effective in most cases, the emergence of drug resistance necessitates the development of newer antivirals with different mechanisms of action. In this regard, BX795, a small molecule inhibitor has shown significant benefit in the treatment of herpesvirus infections previously when dosed topically. However, the efficacy of BX795's systemic dosage remains to be tested. In this study, we evaluated acute and short-term toxicity of orally administered BX795 at a concentration of 400 and 100 mg/kg respectively in mice. This was followed by an evaluation of pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of BX795 on intravenous and oral administration. Based on these studies, we performed an in vivo antiviral study using murine models of ocular HSV-1 and genital HSV-2 infection. Our results indicate that orally administered BX795 is very well tolerated, had oral bioavailability of 56%, and reached ocular and genital tissues within the first 15 min of dosing. Our studies indicate that BX795 administered orally can significantly reduce herpesvirus replication in the ocular and genital tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejabhiram Yadavalli
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Sudhanshu Kumar Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Abhijit A Date
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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MA F, FA C, AJ N, AA S, IA PF, LJ C, PA G. Contribution of carbohydrate-related metabolism in Herpesvirus infections. Curr Res Microb Sci 2023; 4:100192. [PMID: 37273578 PMCID: PMC10238445 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2023.100192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human herpesviruses are enveloped viruses with double-stranded linear DNA genomes highly prevalent in the human population. These viruses are subdivided into three subfamilies, namely alphaherpesvirinae (herpes simplex virus type 1, HSV-1; herpes simplex virus type 2, HSV-2; and varicella-zoster virus, VZV), betaherpesvirinae (human cytomegalovirus, HCMV; human herpesvirus 6, HHV-6; and human herpesvirus 7, HHV-7) and gammaherpesvirinae (Epstein-Barr virus, EBV; and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, KSHV). Besides encoding numerous molecular determinants to evade the host antiviral responses, these viruses also modulate cellular metabolic processes to promote their replication. Here, we review and discuss existing studies describing an interplay between carbohydrate metabolism and the replication cycle of herpesviruses, altogether highlighting potentially new molecular targets based on these interactions that could be used to block herpesvirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farías MA
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Cancino FA
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Navarro AJ
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Soto AA
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Pastén-Ferrada IA
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Carreño LJ
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - González PA
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
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Hernaez B, Alcamí A. Detection of Chemokine Binding Proteins Association to Cell Surface Glycosaminoglycans by Flow Cell Cytometry and Indirect Immunofluorescence. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2597:121-129. [PMID: 36374418 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2835-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Viruses encode secreted proteins that bind chemokines to modulate their activity. Viral proteins may simultaneously interact with glycosaminoglycans allowing these proteins to be anchored at the cell surface to increase their anti-chemokine activity in the proximity of infection. Here we describe methodology to evaluate the interaction of viral secreted proteins with cell-surface glycosaminoglycans by immunofluorescence and detection by flow cytometry or microscopy. These methods could be equally applied to other chemokine binding proteins that do not have viral origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Hernaez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Antonio Alcamí
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
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Lawson CA, Titus DJ, Koehler HS. Approaches to Evaluating Necroptosis in Virus-Infected Cells. Subcell Biochem 2023; 106:37-75. [PMID: 38159223 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-40086-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The immune system functions to protect the host from pathogens. To counter host defense mechanisms, pathogens have developed unique strategies to evade detection or restrict host immune responses. Programmed cell death is a major contributor to the multiple host responses that help to eliminate infected cells for obligate intracellular pathogens like viruses. Initiation of programmed cell death pathways during the early stages of viral infections is critical for organismal survival as it restricts the virus from replicating and serves to drive antiviral inflammation immune recruitment through the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) from the dying cell. Necroptosis has been implicated as a critical programmed cell death pathway in a diverse set of diseases and pathological conditions including acute viral infections. This cell death pathway occurs when certain host sensors are triggered leading to the downstream induction of mixed-lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL). MLKL induction leads to cytoplasmic membrane disruption and subsequent cellular destruction with the release of DAMPs. As the role of this cell death pathway in human disease becomes apparent, methods identifying necroptosis patterns and outcomes will need to be further developed. Here, we discuss advances in our understanding of how viruses counteract necroptosis, methods to quantify the pathway, its effects on viral pathogenesis, and its impact on cellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal A Lawson
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Derek J Titus
- Providence Sacred Heart, Spokane Teaching Health Center, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Heather S Koehler
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
- Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
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Dohme A, Knoblauch M, Egorova A, Makarov V, Bogner E. Broad-spectrum antiviral diazadispiroalkane core molecules block attachment and cell-to-cell spread of herpesviruses. Antiviral Res 2022; 206:105402. [PMID: 36007600 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Regarding the problems with the current available drugs many research studies deal with the class of the dispirotripiperazine (DSTP)-based compounds. These are small molecules consisting of polycyclic saturated ring systems with positively charged nitrogen atoms. These compounds can interact with negatively charged HSPGs and thus block viral attachment. In a previous paper by Adfeldt et al. (2021), we have shown that the diazadispiroalkane derivatives 11826091 and 11826236 exhibit dose-dependent antiviral activity against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and pseudorabies virus (PrV). In the present study, these two small molecules are evaluated against two other herpesvirus species, murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), as well as a HCMV clinical isolate. They exhibit potent antiherpetic activity against these herpesviruses with a high selectivity index. The low cytotoxicity was underlined by the LD50 determination in mice. We have shown that inhibition occurs at an early stage of infection. Interestingly, 11826091 and 11826236 reduced immediate early gene expression in HCMV and HSV-1 infected cells in a dose-dependent manner. Both small molecules probably interact electrostatically with sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) of proteoglycans on target cells resulting in blockage of adsorption sites for herpesvirus glycoprotein. Moreover, both compounds showed significant effects against the cell-associated viral spread of HSV-1 and HCMV. Overall, this study shows that 11826091 and 11826236 represent two promising candidates for a new approach of a broad antiviral therapy.
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Alharshawi K, Cox B, Ariza ME. Examination of control asymptomatic cohorts reveals heightened anti-EBV and HHV-6 A/B dUTPase antibodies in the aging populations. J Med Virol 2022; 94:3464-3468. [PMID: 35315111 PMCID: PMC9117428 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Members of the human Herpesviridae are found in high prevalence in the human virome. While these viruses are known to cause numerous disease pathologies in symptomatic individuals little is known concerning the role that these viruses may have in modulating the host immune system in asymptomatic “healthy” individuals, especially during the aging process. Examination of three cohorts of “healthy asymptomatic” individuals (n = 255) for the presence of antibodies against the herpesviruses deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase (dUTPase) as a marker for lytic/abortive‐lytic replication demonstrated that all cohorts exhibited differential anti‐herpesvirus dUTPase antibodies positivity frequencies ranging from 40.4% to 84% with some individuals in these cohorts expressing antibodies to the dUTPases of multiple herpesviruses (17.2%–56%). Furthermore, our results demonstrate that there was a statistically significant difference in anti‐human herpesvirus 6 A and 6B (HHV‐6 A/B) dUTPase antibodies in Cohort 3 (age = 66.2 ± 15.02 years) versus Cohort 1 (age 46.88 ± 8.61 years), suggesting that reactivation of HHV‐6 A/B is not attenuated by aging. It is well established/documented that herpesvirus dUTPases induce immune dysfunction, as such it is of critical importance that additional studies be performed to determine how these viral proteins alter immune responses in asymptomatic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Alharshawi
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Brandon Cox
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Maria E Ariza
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Autio A, Kettunen J, Nevalainen T, Kimura B, Hurme M. Herpesviruses and their genetic diversity in the blood virome of healthy individuals: effect of aging. Immun Ageing 2022; 19:15. [PMID: 35279192 PMCID: PMC8917371 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-022-00268-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As we age, the functioning of the human immune system declines. The results of this are increases in morbidity and mortality associated with infectious diseases, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disease in elderly individuals, as well as a weakened vaccination response. The aging of the immune system is thought to affect and be affected by the human virome, the collection of all viruses present in an individual. Persistent viral infections, such as those caused by certain herpesviruses, can be present in an individual for long periods of time without any overt pathology, yet are associated with disease in states of compromised immune function. To better understand the effects on human health of such persistent viral infections, we must first understand how the human virome changes with age. We have now analyzed the composition of the whole blood virome of 317 individuals, 21-70 years old, using a metatranscriptomic approach. Use of RNA sequencing data allows for the unbiased detection of RNA viruses and active DNA viruses. RESULTS The data obtained showed that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was the most frequently expressed virus, with other detected viruses being herpes simplex virus 1, human cytomegalovirus, torque teno viruses, and papillomaviruses. Of the 317 studied blood samples, 68 (21%) had EBV expression, whereas the other detected viruses were only detected in at most 6 samples (2%). We therefore focused on EBV in our further analyses. Frequency of EBV detection, relative EBV RNA abundance and the genetic diversity of EBV was not significantly different between age groups (21-59 and 60-70 years old). No significant correlation was seen between EBV RNA abundance and age. Deconvolution analysis revealed a significant difference in proportions of activated dendritic cells, macrophages M1, and activated mast cells between EBV expression positive and negative individuals. CONCLUSIONS As it is likely that the EBV RNA quantified in this work is derived from reactivation of the latent EBV virus, these data suggest that age does not affect the rate of reactivation nor the genetic landscape of EBV. These findings offer new insight on the genetic diversity of a persistent EBV infection in the long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arttu Autio
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Gerontology Research Center (GEREC), Tampere, Finland
| | - Jalmari Kettunen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Tapio Nevalainen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Gerontology Research Center (GEREC), Tampere, Finland
- Science Centre, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Bryn Kimura
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Mikko Hurme
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Gerontology Research Center (GEREC), Tampere, Finland
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Ivana T, Robert P, Pavel S, Lenka T, Irena K. Cytomegalovirus and other herpesviruses after hematopoietic cell and solid organ transplantation: From antiviral drugs to virus-specific T cells. Transpl Immunol 2022;:101539. [PMID: 35051589 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2022.101539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Herpesviruses can either cause primary infection or may get reactivated after both hematopoietic cell and solid organ transplantations. In general, viral infections increase post-transplant morbidity and mortality. Prophylactic, preemptive, or therapeutically administered antiviral drugs may be associated with serious side effects and may induce viral resistance. Virus-specific T cells represent a valuable addition to antiviral treatment, with high rates of response and minimal side effects. Even low numbers of virus-specific T cells manufactured by direct selection methods can reconstitute virus-specific immunity after transplantation and control viral replication. Virus-specific T cells belong to the advanced therapy medicinal products, and their production is regulated by appropriate legislation; also, strict safety regulations are required to minimize their side effects.
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Abstract
Herpesviruses comprise a family of DNA viruses that cause a variety of human and veterinary diseases. During productive infection, mammalian, avian, and reptilian herpesviruses replicate their genomes using a set of conserved viral proteins that include a two subunit DNA polymerase. This enzyme is both a model system for family B DNA polymerases and a target for inhibition by antiviral drugs. This chapter reviews the structure, function, and mechanisms of the polymerase of herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV), with only occasional mention of polymerases of other herpesviruses such as human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). Antiviral polymerase inhibitors have had the most success against HSV and HCMV. Detailed structural information regarding HSV DNA polymerase is available, as is much functional information regarding the activities of the catalytic subunit (Pol), which include a DNA polymerization activity that can utilize both DNA and RNA primers, a 3'-5' exonuclease activity, and other activities in DNA synthesis and repair and in pathogenesis, including some remaining to be biochemically defined. Similarly, much is known regarding the accessory subunit, which both resembles and differs from sliding clamp processivity factors such as PCNA, and the interactions of this subunit with Pol and DNA. Both subunits contribute to replication fidelity (or lack thereof). The availability of both pharmacologic and genetic tools not only enabled the initial identification of Pol and the pol gene, but has also helped dissect their functions. Nevertheless, important questions remain for this long-studied enzyme, which is still an attractive target for new drug discovery.
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Abstract
Human herpesviruses are large double-stranded DNA viruses belonging to the Herpesviridae family. The main characteristics of these viruses are their ability to establish a lifelong latency into the host with a potential to reactivate periodically. Primary infections and reactivations with herpesviruses are responsible for a large spectrum of diseases and may result in severe complications in immunocompromised patients. The viral DNA polymerase is a key enzyme in the replicative cycle of herpesviruses, and the target of most antiviral agents (i.e., nucleoside, nucleotide and pyrophosphate analogs). However, long-term prophylaxis and treatment with these antivirals may lead to the emergence of drug-resistant isolates harboring mutations in genes encoding viral enzymes that phosphorylate drugs (nucleoside analogs) and/or DNA polymerases, with potential cross-resistance between the different analogs. Drug resistance mutations mainly arise in conserved regions of the polymerase and exonuclease functional domains of these enzymes. In the polymerase domain, mutations associated with resistance to nucleoside/nucleotide analogs may directly or indirectly affect drug binding or incorporation into the primer strand, or increase the rate of extension of DNA to overcome chain termination. In the exonuclease domain, mutations conferring resistance to nucleoside/nucleotide analogs may reduce the rate of excision of incorporated drug, or continue DNA elongation after drug incorporation without excision. Mutations associated with resistance to pyrophosphate analogs may alter drug binding or the conformational changes of the polymerase domain required for an efficient activity of the enzyme. Novel herpesvirus inhibitors with a potent antiviral activity against drug-resistant isolates are thus needed urgently.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guy Boivin
- CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
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Ernst LM, Bockoven C, Freedman A, Wang V, Pellerite M, Wylie TN, Wylie KM. Chronic villitis of unknown etiology: Investigations into viral pathogenesis. Placenta 2021; 107:24-30. [PMID: 33730616 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2021.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic villitis of unknown etiology (VUE) is a chronic inflammatory lesion of third trimester placenta, which contributes to major adverse obstetric outcomes. However, the inciting factors and mechanisms by which VUE contributes to adverse outcomes are poorly understood. This limits our ability to develop preventions or interventions. Our goals were to determine whether viruses can be detected in placental tissues with VUE and to determine whether gene expression profiles support an antiviral response. METHODS We extracted RNA and DNA from 20 placentas with high-grade chronic villitis and 20 control placentas without inflammation. Viruses were assessed using ViroCap viral nucleic acid enrichment coupled with metagenomic sequencing. RNA sequencing was used to evaluate the inflammatory gene expression profiles in each placenta. RESULTS We detected at least 1 virus in 50% of the samples tested. We found that herpesviruses, were found more frequently in cases compared with controls (P = 0.01). Antiviral pathways, including defense response to virus, interferon gamma response, and IFN alpha/beta response, were upregulated in cases. We observed two clusters of gene expression profiles in the VUE cases, suggesting multiple inflammatory profiles are associated with VUE. DISCUSSION These data support a viral etiology for some cases of VUE. Furthermore, gene expression profiles suggest the possibility of more than one cause or manifestation of VUE. Viral mechanisms should be explored as potential targets for prevention or intervention in VUE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Ernst
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA; University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Crystal Bockoven
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA; University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alexa Freedman
- Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Vivien Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Matthew Pellerite
- Department of Pediatrics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Todd N Wylie
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kristine M Wylie
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Kara M, Tibbetts SA. Empirical Validation of Overlapping Virus lncRNAs and Coding Transcripts by Northern Blot. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2348:243-253. [PMID: 34160812 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1581-2_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Viruses, like their metazoan hosts, have evolved to utilize intricate transcriptional mechanisms to generate a vast array of both coding and noncoding RNA transcripts. The resolution of specific noncoding RNA transcripts produced by viruses, particularly herpesviruses, presents a particularly difficult challenge due to their highly dense dsDNA genomes and their complex, overlapping, and context-dependent network of transcripts. While new long read sequencing platforms have facilitated the resolution of some noncoding transcripts from virus genomes, empirical molecular validation of transcripts from individual regions is essential. Herein, we demonstrate that the use of strand specific northern blots is essential for true validation of specific viral noncoding RNAs, and provide here a detailed molecular method for such an approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Kara
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, College of Arts and Sciences, Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Scott A Tibbetts
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, College of Medicine, UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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15
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Abstract
The discovery of the nucleoside analogue, acyclovir, represented a milestone in the management of infections caused by herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus. Ganciclovir, another nucleoside analogue, was then used for the management of systemic and organ-specific human cytomegalovirus diseases. The pyrophosphate analogue, foscarnet, and the nucleotide analogue, cidofovir, have been approved subsequently and constitute the second-line antiviral drugs. However, the viral DNA polymerase is the ultimate target of all these antiviral agents with a possible emergence of cross-resistance between these drugs. Recently, letermovir that targets the viral terminase complex was approved for the prophylaxis of human cytomegalovirus infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Other viral targets such as the protein kinase and the helicase-primase complex are also evaluated for the development of novel potent inhibitors against herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guy Boivin
- CHU de Québec-Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
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16
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Deb B, Uddin A, Chakraborty S. Genome-wide analysis of codon usage pattern in herpesviruses and its relation to evolution. Virus Res 2020; 292:198248. [PMID: 33253719 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The preferential use of a specific codon, out of a group of synonymous codons encoding the same amino acid, in a gene transcript results from the bias in codon choice. Various evolutionary forces namely mutation pressure and natural selection influence the pattern of codon usage i.e. distinct for each gene/genome. We investigated the pattern of codon usage of eight human herpesvirus genomes and compared them with two other herpesvirus genomes namely murine herpesvirus 68 and bovine herpesvirus type 1.1 to elucidate its compositional features, pattern of codon usage across the genomes and report the differences of codon usage pattern of human herpesviruses from that of other two other viruses. We also identified the similarity of the codon usage of human herpesviruses with its host (human). The genes were found to be CG rich in HHV2, HHV3, HHV4, HHV6, HHV7 and BH genomes while TA rich in HHV1, HHV5, HHV8 and MH genomes. The codon usage bias (CUB) of genes was low. A highly significant correlation was found among compositional contents depicting the role of mutational pressure along with natural selection in framing CUB. Several more frequently used codons as well as less frequently used codons were identified to be similar between each human virus and its host (human), while murine herpesvirus 68 and bovine herpesvirus type 1.1 genomes did not possess similar adaptation strategy as human herpesviruses to human (host), thus we could conclude that viral CUB might have been shaped as per their host's nature for better surveillance. Neutrality plot revealed mutational pressure mostly influenced the CUB of HHV1, HHV8 and MH viruses, while natural selection had a major impact in the CUB of HHV2, HHV3, HHV4, HHV5, HHV6, HHV7 and BH genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bornali Deb
- Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, Assam, India
| | - Arif Uddin
- Department of Zoology, Moinul Hoque Choudhury Memorial Science College, Algapur, Hailakandi, 788150, Assam, India
| | - Supriyo Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, Assam, India.
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17
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Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is a label-free molecular imaging technique allowing an untargeted detection of a broad range of biomolecules and xenobiotics. MSI enables imaging of the spatial distribution of proteins, peptides, lipids and metabolites from a wide range of samples. To date, this technique is commonly applied to tissue sections in cancer diagnostics and biomarker development, but also molecular histology in general. Advances in the methodology and bioinformatics improved the resolution of MS images below the single cell level and increased the flexibility of the workflow. However, MSI-based research in virology is just starting to gain momentum and its full potential has not been exploited yet. In this review, we discuss the main applications of MSI in virology. We review important aspects of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) MSI, the most widely used MSI technique in virology. In addition, we summarize relevant literature on MSI studies that aim to unravel virus-host interactions and virus pathogenesis, to elucidate antiviral drug kinetics and to improve current viral disease diagnostics. Collectively, these studies strongly improve our general understanding of virus-induced changes in the proteome, metabolome and metabolite distribution in host tissues of humans, animals and plants upon infection. Furthermore, latest MSI research provided important insights into the drug distribution and distribution kinetics, especially in antiretroviral research. Finally, MSI-based investigations of oncogenic viruses greatly increased our knowledge on tumor mass signatures and facilitated the identification of cancer biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca D Bertzbach
- Institute of Virology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Axel Karger
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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18
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Vassia V, Croce A, Ravanini P, Leutner M, Saglietti C, Fangazio S, Quaglia M, Smirne C. Unusual presentation of fatal disseminated varicella zoster virus infection in a patient with lupus nephritis: a case report. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:538. [PMID: 32703300 PMCID: PMC7376941 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05254-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The risk of life-threatening complications, such as visceral disseminated varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection, is greater in immunosuppressed individuals, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. Case presentation Here, a case is reported of a Caucasian woman diagnosed with lupus nephritis and anti-phospholipid syndrome, who was subjected to mycophenolate mofetil and high-dose steroid remission-induction therapy. Two months later she developed abdominal pain followed by a fatal rapid multi-organ failure. As no typical skin rashes were evident, death was initially attributed to catastrophic anti-phospholipid syndrome. However, autopsy and virological examinations on archival material revealed a disseminated VZV infection. Conclusions Overall, this case highlights the importance of having a high clinical suspicion of fatal VZV infections in heavily immunosuppressed SLE patients even when typical signs and symptoms are lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Vassia
- Department of Translational Medicine, DiMet, Università del Piemonte Orientale, via Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Croce
- Department of Translational Medicine, DiMet, Università del Piemonte Orientale, via Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Paolo Ravanini
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, AOU Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy
| | - Monica Leutner
- Histopathology Unit, AOU Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Fangazio
- Department of Translational Medicine, DiMet, Università del Piemonte Orientale, via Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Marco Quaglia
- Department of Translational Medicine, DiMet, Università del Piemonte Orientale, via Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Carlo Smirne
- Department of Translational Medicine, DiMet, Università del Piemonte Orientale, via Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy.
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19
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Raposo JV, Sarmento DJDS, Pinto RBDS, Lopes AO, Gallottini M, Tozetto-Mendoza TR, Braz-Silva PH, de Paula VS. Longitudinal study on oral shedding of human beta herpesviruses 6 and 7 in renal transplant recipients reveals active replication. J Oral Microbiol 2020; 12:1785801. [PMID: 32944150 PMCID: PMC7482732 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2020.1785801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNG Roseolovirus latency and persistence in salivary glands that are frequently reactivated after renal transplantation to cause infection have been reported. However, limited information is available on the persistence and excretion of HHV-6 and HHV-7 during and after transplant. METHODS 32 renal transplant recipients were followed up before (T1) and after transplant (T2 and T3) and viral replication (via assessment of mRNA) in oral fluid samples investigated. Roseolovirus DNA was detected and quantified via multiplex qPCR. For evaluation of mRNA replication, positive samples were subjected to nested RT-PCR. RESULTS Viral replication of HHV-7 was significantly increased during T3 (72.9%), compared to the pre-transplant period T1 (25%; McNemar Test, p= 0.001). Analysis of the viral replicative to quantitative ratio disclosed ahigher number of DNA copies (>106) in positive cases of replication (p < 0.001). Astrong positive correlation (Spearman correlation coefficient = 0.781; p< 0.001) was evident between viral quantities of Roseoloviruses. CONCLUSION Our findings consistently suggest that the salivary gland is an important site of active and persistent infection by roseoloviruses. In view of the increasing problem of Roseoloviruses, pre- and post-transplantation, viral surveillance and monitoring of active replication are pivotal steps for effective screening and treatment of renal transplant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Amanda Oliveira Lopes
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz – IOC/FIOCRUZ – Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio De Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Marina Gallottini
- Departamento de Estomatologia, Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo – FOUSP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Tânia Regina Tozetto-Mendoza
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo – IMTSP – Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Paulo Henrique Braz-Silva
- Departamento de Estomatologia, Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo – FOUSP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo – IMTSP – Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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20
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Handous I, Achour B, Marzouk M, Rouis S, Hazgui O, Brini I, Khelif A, Hannachi N, Boukadida J. Co-infections of human herpesviruses (CMV, HHV-6, HHV-7 and EBV) in non-transplant acute leukemia patients undergoing chemotherapy. Virol J 2020; 17:37. [PMID: 32183884 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01302-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human herpesviruses (HHVs) remain latent after primary infection and can be reactivated in response to immunosuppression and chemotherapy. Little is known about their incidence, potential relationships, risk factors and clinical impact in non-transplant leukemia patients. This study investigated prospectively incidence, risk factors, clinical impact and possible association of HHVs-(1–7) infections in patients with newly diagnosed acute leukemia. Methods Study design involved longitudinal sampling before chemotherapy and in different phases of chemotherapy: post-induction, post-remission, and post-salvage during 2016–2018. A total of 734 plasma samples from 95 patients were analyzed by a qualitative, multiplex PCR for HHVs detection and a quantitative real-time PCR was used for cytomegalovirus (CMV) quantification. HHVs-(1–6) IgG and IgM antibodies were tested using immunoassays. Risk factors were analyzed by binary logistic regression and relationships between viruses were analyzed using the Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test as appropriate. Results The overall seroprevalences of HHV-(1–6) IgG were high (> 80%). At least one herpes viral agent was detected in 60 patients (63.3%). CMV was the most commonly detected virus in the different phases of chemotherapy (19.4%), followed by HHV-6 (9.7%), HHV-7 (5.2%) and EBV (2.7%). HSV-1/2 and VZV DNA were not detected. Twenty-seven patients (28.4%) had more than one virus detected in the follow-up, with 23 who were co-infected. CMV/HHV-6 was the most frequent co-infection (69.5%, 16/23). HHV-6 infection (p = 0.008) was identified as a risk factor for CMV infection while salvage treatment (p = 0.04) and CMV infection (p = 0.007) were found to be independent risk factors for HHV-6 infection. CMV co-infection was associated with severe lymphopenia with an absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) (< 500/μL) (p = 0.009), rash (p = 0.011), pneumonia (p = 0.016) and opportunistic infections [bacteremia, p < 0.001 and invasive fungal infection, (p = 0.024)] more frequently than CMV mono-viral infections. Conclusions Our data suggest that co-infection with HHVs, especially CMV and HHV-6, may contribute to the development of serious clinical manifestations with profound lymphopenia, pneumonia rash and increased risk for bacterial and fungal co-infections. These findings may suggest the synergistic effect of HHVs associated infection.
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21
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Whitley R. Mark Prichard: Scholar, family man and friend. Antiviral Res 2020; 176:104715. [PMID: 32061428 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mark Prichard, professor of pediatrics at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, an expert in antiviral therapy and an editor for Antiviral Research, died in June, 2019 after a long battle with cancer. He was widely known and respected in the research community for his work on the development of new treatments for DNA virus infections. This article pays tribute to Mark as a scholar, family man and friend.
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22
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Kang SY, Kim J, Ham J, Cho SH, Kang HR, Kim HY. Altered T cell and monocyte subsets in prolonged immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome related with DRESS (drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms). Asia Pac Allergy 2020; 10:e2. [PMID: 32099824 PMCID: PMC7016323 DOI: 10.5415/apallergy.2020.10.e2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome is a severe cutaneous adverse reaction involving various internal organs. Flare-ups after recovery from the initial presentation of DRESS are caused by relapse of drug-induced T-cell-mediated reactions. However, the specific underlying mechanism is unclear. Here, we report a case of a 60-year-old man with allopurinol-induced DRESS who suffered recurrent episodes of generalized rash with eosinophilia, which mimicked immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Analysis of immunological profiles revealed that the percentages of T lymphocytes and regulatory T cells in the patient with DRESS were higher than those in healthy controls. In addition, there was a notable change in the subtype of monocytes in the patient with DRESS; the percentage of nonclassical monocytes increased, whereas that of classical monocytes decreased. Upon viral infection, nonclassical monocytes exhibited strong pro-inflammatory properties that skewed the immune response toward a Th2 profile, which was associated with persistent flare-ups of DRESS. Taken together, the results increase our understanding of the pathogenesis of DRESS as they suggest that expansion of nonclassical monocytes and Th2 cells drives disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Yoon Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jihyun Kim
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology in Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jongho Ham
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology in Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Heon Cho
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye-Ryun Kang
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Young Kim
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology in Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
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23
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Wofford AS, McCusker I, Green JC, Vensko TA, Pellett PE. Betaherpesvirus assembly and egress: Recent advances illuminate the path. Adv Virus Res 2020; 108:337-92. [PMID: 33837722 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The human betaherpesviruses, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV; species Human betaherpesvirus 5) and human herpesviruses 6A, 6B, and 7 (HHV-6A, -6B, and -7; species Human betaherpesviruses 6A, 6B, and 7) are highly prevalent and can cause severe disease in immune-compromised and immune-naive populations in well- and under-developed communities. Herpesvirus virion assembly is an intricate process that requires viral orchestration of host systems. In this review, we describe recent advances in some of the many cellular events relevant to assembly and egress of betaherpesvirus virions. These include modifications of host metabolic, immune, and autophagic/recycling systems. In addition, we discuss unique aspects of betaherpesvirus virion structure, virion assembly, and the cellular pathways employed during virion egress.
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24
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Stebbins RC, Noppert GA, Aiello AE, Cordoba E, Ward JB, Feinstein L. Persistent socioeconomic and racial and ethnic disparities in pathogen burden in the United States, 1999-2014. Epidemiol Infect 2019; 147:e301. [PMID: 31709963 DOI: 10.1017/S0950268819001894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The disproportionate burden of prevalent, persistent pathogens among disadvantaged groups may contribute to socioeconomic and racial/ethnic disparities in long-term health. We assessed if the social patterning of pathogen burden changed over 16 years in a U.S.-representative sample. Data came from 17 660 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey participants. Pathogen burden was quantified by summing the number of positive serologies for cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus-1, HSV-2, human papillomavirus and Toxoplasma gondii and dividing by the number of pathogens tested, giving a percent-seropositive for each participant. We examined sex- and age-adjusted mean pathogen burdens from 1999–2014, stratified by race/ethnicity and SES (poverty-to-income ratio (PIR); educational attainment). Those with a PIR < 1.3 had a mean pathogen burden 1.4–1.8 times those with a PIR > 3.5, with no change over time. Educational disparities were even greater and showed some evidence of increasing over time, with the mean pathogen burden among those with less than a high school education approximately twice that of those who completed more than high school. Non-Hispanic Black, Mexican American and other Hispanic participants had a mean pathogen burden 1.3–1.9 times non-Hispanic Whites. We demonstrate that socioeconomic and racial/ethnic disparities in pathogen burden have persisted across 16 years, with little evidence that the gap is closing.
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25
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Abstract
Herpesviruses are important pathogens that can cause significant morbidity and mortality in the human population. Herpesviruses have a double-stranded DNA genome, and viral genome replication takes place inside the nucleus. Upon entering the nucleus, herpesviruses have to overcome the obstacle of cellular proteins in order to enable viral gene expression and genome replication. In this review, we want to highlight cellular proteins that sense incoming viral genomes of the DNA-damage repair (DDR) pathway and of PML-nuclear bodies (PML-NBs) that all can act as antiviral restriction factors within the first hours after the viral genome is released into the nucleus. We show the function and significance of both nuclear DNA sensors, the DDR and PML-NBs, and demonstrate for three human herpesviruses of the alpha-, beta- and gamma-subfamilies, HSV-1, HCMV and KSHV respectively, how viral tegument proteins antagonize these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Full
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Armin Ensser
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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26
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Kamel M, El-Sayed A. Utilization of herpesviridae as recombinant viral vectors in vaccine development against animal pathogens. Virus Res 2019; 270:197648. [PMID: 31279828 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Throughout the past few decades, numerous viral species have been generated as vaccine vectors. Every viral vector has its own distinct characteristics. For example, the family herpesviridae encompasses several viruses that have medical and veterinary importance. Attenuated herpesviruses are developed as vectors to convey heterologous immunogens targeting several serious and crucial pathogens. Some of these vectors have already been licensed for use in the veterinary field. One of their prominent features is their capability to accommodate large amount of foreign DNA, and to stimulate both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses. A better understanding of vector-host interaction builds up a robust foundation for the future development of herpesviruses-based vectors. At the time, many molecular tools are applied to enable the generation of herpesvirus-based recombinant vaccine vectors such as BAC technology, homologous and two-step en passant mutagenesis, codon optimization, and the CRISPR/Cas9 system. This review article highlights the most important techniques applied in constructing recombinant herpesviruses vectors, advantages and disadvantages of each recombinant herpesvirus vector, and the most recent research regarding their use to control major animal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Kamel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Amr El-Sayed
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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27
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Shiohara T, Mizukawa Y. Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DiHS)/drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS): An update in 2019. Allergol Int 2019; 68:301-308. [PMID: 31000444 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review was to provide an updated overview of drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DiHS)/drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS). Several new insights have been made, particularly with regards to the diagnosis, pathogenesis and care of some important complications and sequelae. The indication of herpesvirus reactivations in diagnosis in the assessment of disease severity is now better specified. Nevertheless, because fatal complications and autoimmune sequelae have been under-recognized, there is a clear need to identify effective parameters for assessing disease severity and predicting prognosis of the disease in the early phase. In this regard, we have established a scoring system that can be used to monitor severity, predict prognosis and stratify the risk of developing severe complications including fatal cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease. Regulatory T cells are likely to be central to the mechanism and would represent potential targets for therapeutic approaches that can ameliorate inflammatory responses occurring at the acute phase while preventing the subsequent development of harmful outcomes, such as CMV disease and autoimmune diseases.
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28
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Dall Agnol AM, Beuttemmuller EA, Pilz D, Leme RA, Saporiti V, Headley SA, Alfieri AF, Alfieri AA. Detection of Equid gammaherpesvirus 2 and 5 DNA in the upper respiratory tract of asymptomatic horses from Southern Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2019; 50:875-878. [PMID: 31187445 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00100-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Equid gammaherpesvirus 2 (EHV-2) and 5 (EHV-5) are members of the Herpesviridae family and have been reported in horse populations worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the presence of herpesvirus DNA in the upper respiratory tract of horses. Twenty-six nasal swabs were collected from asymptomatic adult horses of two different horse farms (A, n = 18; B, n = 8), both located in Southern Brazil. The EHV-1, EHV-2, EHV-4, and EHV-5 DNA analyses were performed using nested PCR assays targeting the glycoprotein B gene. Four (15.3%) and 12 (46.1%) of the 26 nasal swab samples were positive for the EHV-2 and EHV-5, respectively. Four (15.3%) horses were detected with both viruses simultaneously. DNA of EHV-2 and EHV-5 in both single and mixed infections was identified in horses from both herds. All swab samples were negative for EHV-1 and EHV-4. This study reports the first detection of EHV-2 and EHV-5 in the upper respiratory tracts of horses in Brazil. The high detection rate of EHV-2 and EHV-5 in asymptomatic adult horses demonstrates that these gammaherpesviruses are circulating in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alais Maria Dall Agnol
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid - Campus Universitário, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PO Box 10011, Londrina, PR, CEP 86057-970, Brazil.,Center for Agroveterinary Sciences, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Edsel Alves Beuttemmuller
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid - Campus Universitário, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PO Box 10011, Londrina, PR, CEP 86057-970, Brazil.,Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid - Campus Universitário, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PO Box 10011, Londrina, PR, CEP 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Daniela Pilz
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid - Campus Universitário, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PO Box 10011, Londrina, PR, CEP 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Raquel Arruda Leme
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid - Campus Universitário, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PO Box 10011, Londrina, PR, CEP 86057-970, Brazil.,Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid - Campus Universitário, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PO Box 10011, Londrina, PR, CEP 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Viviane Saporiti
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid - Campus Universitário, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PO Box 10011, Londrina, PR, CEP 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Selwyn Arlington Headley
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil.,Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Tissue Processing Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Alice Fernandes Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid - Campus Universitário, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PO Box 10011, Londrina, PR, CEP 86057-970, Brazil.,Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid - Campus Universitário, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PO Box 10011, Londrina, PR, CEP 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Amauri Alcindo Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid - Campus Universitário, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PO Box 10011, Londrina, PR, CEP 86057-970, Brazil. .,Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid - Campus Universitário, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PO Box 10011, Londrina, PR, CEP 86057-970, Brazil.
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Speranskaya EV, Brusnigina NF, Efimov EI, Samokhina LP. [Experience of application of the PCR for identification of the causative agent of community acquired pneumonia in the military.]. Klin Lab Diagn 2019; 63:641-645. [PMID: 30768887 DOI: 10.18821/0869-2084-2018-63-10-641-645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Samples of sputum, blood, bronchoalveolar lavage, swabs from the oropharynx from 255 military personnel undergoing in-patient treatment with an x-ray confirmed diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) were examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The comparison group was included 270 healthy recruits. The detection of S. pneumoniae, H. influenzaе, M. pneumoniae, C. pneumoniae, C. psittaci, L. pneumophila, Adenovirus, Herpes symplex I/II, Cytomegalovirus was carried out by PCR using AmpliSens commercial test systems (CRIE) and GenPak DNA PCR test (Isogen LLC, Moscow). The etiologic factor of CAP for military personnel is set in 94.1% of cases. S. pneumoniae was the dominant pathogen of CAP. A high level of S. pneumoniae carriage (86.3%) among military personnel was shown. The incidence of M. pneumoniae was 14.5±2.2%, and C. pneumoniae was 13.7±2.2%. The highest detection rates of C. pneumoniae and M. pneumoniae were obtained in patients with not severe CAP - 16.2±2.6% и 16.7±2.7% of cases, respectively. The frequency of detection of these pathogens in patients with severe CAP was significantly lower - 5.3±3.0% and 7.0±3.4%, respectively (p<0.05). The role of L. pneumophila and C. psittaci was negligible. The frequency of detection of adenoviruses was 14,1±2,2% of cases, in particular, in patients with severe CAP - in 36.8±6.4% of cases. A high frequency of bacterial-bacterial and bacterial-viral associations has been established. In etiological CAP diagnostic in military personnel PCR is a highly effective method, especially during periods of high morbidity The high level of S. pneumoniae carriage among military personnel and its dominant role in the etiologic structure of the CAP indicate the need for specific immunization of new recruits. The significant contribution of M. pneumoniae and C. pneumoniae to the incidence of CAP confirm the advisability of their inclusion in the algorithm for the examination of patients with CAP. The high frequency of association of microorganisms indicates the need to take this fact into account when prescribing antibiotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Speranskaya
- Nizhny Novgorod Scientific and Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology name acad. I.N. Blokhina of the Rospotrebnadzor, 603950, Nizhniy Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - N F Brusnigina
- Nizhny Novgorod Scientific and Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology name acad. I.N. Blokhina of the Rospotrebnadzor, 603950, Nizhniy Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - E I Efimov
- Nizhny Novgorod Scientific and Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology name acad. I.N. Blokhina of the Rospotrebnadzor, 603950, Nizhniy Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - L P Samokhina
- «1586 Military Clinical Hospital» of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, 603105, Nizhniy Novgorod, Russian Federation
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Morse D, Vangipuram R, Tyring SK. Painful lesions on the arms of a teenage wrestler. Eur J Intern Med 2019; 60:e1-e2. [PMID: 29754936 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Morse
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Department of Dermatology, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
| | - Ramya Vangipuram
- Center for Clinical Studies, Webster, TX 77598, United States; University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Department of Dermatology, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Stephen K Tyring
- Center for Clinical Studies, Webster, TX 77598, United States; University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Department of Dermatology, Houston, TX 77030, United States
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Abstract
Background Xenotransplantation using pig cells, tissues and organs may help to overcome the shortage of human tissues and organs for the treatment of tissue and organ failure. Progress in the prevention of immunological rejection using genetically modified pigs and new, more effective, immunosuppression regimens will allow clinical application of xenotransplantation in near future. However, xenotransplantation may be associated with the transmission of potentially zoonotic porcine microorganisms. Until now the only xenotransplantation-associated transmission was the transmission of the porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV) into non-human primates. PCMV caused a significant reduction of the survival time of the pig transplant. Main body of the abstract Here the available publications were analysed in order to establish the mechanism how PCMV shortened the survival time of xenotransplants. PCMV is a herpesvirus related to the human cytomegalovirus and the human herpesviruses 6 and 7. These three human herpesviruses can cause serious disease among immunocompromised human individuals, including transplant recipients. It was shown that PCMV predominantly contributes to the reduction of transplant survival in non-human primates by disruption of the coagulation system and by suppression and exhaustion of the immune system. Conclusion Although it is still unknown whether PCMV infects primate cells including human cells, indirect mechanism of the virus infection may cause reduction of the xenotransplant survival in future clinical trials and therefore PCMV has to be eliminated from donor pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Denner
- Robert Koch Fellow, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
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32
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Through this activity, they are implicated in almost every cellular process investigated to date. Hence, it is not surprising that miRNAs play diverse roles in regulation of viral infections and antiviral responses. Diverse families of DNA and RNA viruses have been shown to take advantage of cellular miRNAs or produce virally encoded miRNAs that alter host or viral gene expression. MiRNA-mediated changes in gene expression have been demonstrated to modulate viral replication, antiviral immune responses, viral latency, and pathogenesis. Interestingly, viruses mediate both canonical and non-canonical interactions with miRNAs to downregulate specific targets or to promote viral genome stability, translation, and/or RNA accumulation. In this review, we focus on recent findings elucidating several key mechanisms employed by diverse virus families, with a focus on miRNAs at the host–virus interface during herpesvirus, polyomavirus, retroviruses, pestivirus, and hepacivirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Bernier
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada.
| | - Selena M Sagan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada.
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Abstract
Herpesviruses thymidine kinase (TK) and protein kinase (PK) allow the activation of nucleoside analogues used in anti-herpesvirus treatments. Mutations emerging in these two genes often lead to emergence of drug-resistant strains responsible for life-threatening diseases in immunocompromised populations. In this review, we analyze the binding of different nucleoside analogues to the TK active site of the three α-herpesviruses [Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) and Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV)] and present the impact of known mutations on the structure of the viral TKs. Furthermore, models of β-herpesviruses [Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6)] PKs allow to link amino acid changes with resistance to ganciclovir and/or maribavir, an investigational chemotherapeutic used in patients with multidrug-resistant HCMV. Finally, we set the basis for the understanding of drug-resistance in γ-herpesviruses [Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV)] TK and PK through the use of animal surrogate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Topalis
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49-box 1043, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Sarah Gillemot
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49-box 1043, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Robert Snoeck
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49-box 1043, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Graciela Andrei
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49-box 1043, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Käser T, Renois F, Wilson HL, Cnudde T, Gerdts V, Dillon JAR, Jungersen G, Agerholm JS, Meurens F. Contribution of the swine model in the study of human sexually transmitted infections. Infect Genet Evol 2017; 66:346-360. [PMID: 29175001 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The pig has garnered more and more interest as a model animal to study various conditions in humans. The growing success of the pig as an experimental animal model is explained by its similarities with humans in terms of anatomy, genetics, immunology, and physiology, by their manageable behavior and size, and by the general public acceptance of using pigs for experimental purposes. In addition, the immunological toolbox of pigs has grown substantially in the last decade. This development led to a boost in the use of pigs as a preclinical model for various human infections including sexually transmitted diseases (STIs) like Chlamydia trachomatis. In the current review, we discuss the use of animal models for biomedical research on the major human STIs. We summarize results obtained in the most common animal models and focus on the contributions of the pig model towards the understanding of pathogenesis and the host immune response. In addition, we present the main features of the porcine model that are particularly relevant for the study of pathogens affecting human female and male genital tracts. We also inform on the technological advancements in the porcine toolbox to facilitate new discoveries in this biologically important animal model. There is a continued need for improvements in animal modeling for biomedical research inclusive STI research. With all its advantages and the highly improved toolbox, the porcine model can play a crucial role in STI research and open the door to new exciting discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Käser
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, 27607 Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Fanny Renois
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, Laboratoire d'Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), UMR INRA 1329, 44307 Nantes, France
| | - Heather L Wilson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Thomas Cnudde
- BIOMAP, Laboratoire Biomédicaments Anti-Parasitaires, ISP, UMR INRA 1282, Université Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Volker Gerdts
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Jo-Anne R Dillon
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Gregers Jungersen
- Section for Immunology and Vaccinology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen S Agerholm
- Section for Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Forbes HJ, Benjamin L, Breuer J, Brown MM, Langan SM, Minassian C, Smeeth L, Thomas SL, Warren-Gash C. The association between human herpesvirus infections and stroke: a systematic review protocol. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e016427. [PMID: 28554940 PMCID: PMC5726106 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION After primary infection, human herpesviruses establish latency and persist lifelong. Periodic virus reactivation can lead to serious inflammatory complications. Recent research suggests that herpesvirus reactivation may also be linked to acute stroke. An improved understanding of this relationship is vital to inform public health prevention strategies. We will review the evidence regarding the role of human herpesviruses in triggering stroke. METHODS AND ANALYSIS A systematic literature review of published and grey literature studies with a human herpesvirus (infection or reactivation) as an exposure and stroke as an outcome will be carried out. Randomised controlled trials, cohort, case-control, case crossover and self-controlled case series designs will be eligible; no restrictions will be placed on publication status, language and geographical or healthcare setting. The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, Global Health, Medline, Scopus and Web of Science will be searched from dates of inception to January 2017. A prespecified search strategy of medical subject headings and free text terms (in the title and abstract) for human herpesviruses AND stroke will be used. Two reviewers will independently screen titles and abstracts for eligible studies, followed by full-text screening. The reviewers will then extract data from the eligible studies using standardised, pilot-tested tables and assess risk of bias in individual studies, in line with the Cochrane Collaboration approach. The data will be synthesised in a narrative format, and meta-analyses considered where there are sufficient data. Quality of evidence will be assessed in line with theGrading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION As this is a systematic review, ethical approval is not required. The results will be submitted for peer-review publication and presented at national conferences. A lay and short summary will be disseminated on appropriate webpages. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42017054502.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet J Forbes
- Faculty of Epidemiology & Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Laura Benjamin
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Judy Breuer
- UCL Division of Infection & Immunity, UCL, London, UK
| | - Martin M Brown
- Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Stroke Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sinéad M Langan
- Faculty of Epidemiology & Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Caroline Minassian
- Faculty of Epidemiology & Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Liam Smeeth
- Faculty of Epidemiology & Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sara L Thomas
- Faculty of Epidemiology & Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Charlotte Warren-Gash
- Faculty of Epidemiology & Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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36
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Zarrouk K, Piret J, Boivin G. Herpesvirus DNA polymerases: Structures, functions and inhibitors. Virus Res 2017; 234:177-192. [PMID: 28153606 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Human herpesviruses are large double-stranded DNA viruses belonging to the Herpesviridae family. These viruses have the ability to establish lifelong latency into the host and to periodically reactivate. Primary infections and reactivations of herpesviruses cause a large spectrum of diseases and may lead to severe complications in immunocompromised patients. The viral DNA polymerase is a key enzyme in the lytic phase of the infection by herpesviruses. This review focuses on the structures and functions of viral DNA polymerases of herpes simplex virus (HSV) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). DNA polymerases of HSV (UL30) and HCMV (UL54) belong to B family DNA polymerases with which they share seven regions of homology numbered I to VII as well as a δ-region C which is homologous to DNA polymerases δ. These DNA polymerases are multi-functional enzymes exhibiting polymerase, 3'-5' exonuclease proofreading and ribonuclease H activities. Furthermore, UL30 and UL54 DNA polymerases form a complex with UL42 and UL44 processivity factors, respectively. The mechanisms involved in their polymerisation activity have been elucidated based on structural analyses of the DNA polymerase of bacteriophage RB69 crystallized under different conformations, i.e. the enzyme alone or in complex with DNA and with both DNA and incoming nucleotide. All antiviral agents currently used for the prevention or treatment of HSV and HCMV infections target the viral DNA polymerases. However, long-term administration of these antivirals may lead to the emergence of drug-resistant isolates harboring mutations in genes encoding viral enzymes that phosphorylate drugs (i.e., nucleoside analogues) and/or DNA polymerases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karima Zarrouk
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases, CHU de Québec and Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jocelyne Piret
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases, CHU de Québec and Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guy Boivin
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases, CHU de Québec and Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.
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37
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Abstract
Background G-quadruplexes are increasingly recognized as regulatory elements in human, animal, bacterial and plant genomes. The presence and function of G-quadruplexes are not well studied among herpesviruses; in particular, there are no systematic genome-wide analysis of these important secondary structures in herpesvirus genomes. Results We performed genome-wide analysis of putative quadruplex sequences (PQS) in human herpesviruses. We found unusually high PQS densities among human herpesviruses. PQS are enriched in the repeat regions and regulatory regions of human herpesviruses. Interestingly, PQS densities are higher in regulatory regions of immediate early genes compared to early and late genes in most herpesviruses. In addition, the majority of genes functionally conserved across human herpesviruses contain one or more PQS within the regulatory regions. We also describe the existence of unique intramolecular PQS repeats or repetitive G-quadruplex motifs in herpesviruses. Functional studies confirm a role for G-quadruplexes in regulating the gene expression of human herpesviruses. Conclusion The pervasiveness of PQS, their enrichment and conservation at specific genomic locations suggest that these structural entities may represent a novel class of functional elements in herpesviruses. Our findings provide the necessary framework for studies on the biological role of G-quadruplexes in herpesviruses. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3282-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banhi Biswas
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Manish Kandpal
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Utkarsh Kumar Jauhari
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Perumal Vivekanandan
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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38
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Abstract
Herpesviruses are unusual among enveloped viruses because they bud twice yet acquire a single envelope. Furthermore, unlike other DNA viruses that replicate in the nucleus, herpesviruses do not exit it by passing through the nuclear pores or by rupturing the nuclear envelope. Instead, herpesviruses have a complex mechanism of nuclear escape whereby nascent capsids bud at the inner nuclear membrane to form perinuclear virions that subsequently fuse with the outer nuclear membrane, releasing capsids into the cytosol. This makes them some of the very few known viruses that bud into the nuclear envelope. The envelope acquired during nuclear budding does not end up in the mature viral particle but instead allows the capsid to translocate from the nucleus into the cytosol. The viral nuclear egress complex (NEC) is a critical player in the nuclear egress, yet its function and mechanism have remained enigmatic. Recent studies have demonstrated that the NEC buds membranes without the help of other proteins by forming a honeycomb coat, which established the NEC as the first virally encoded budding machine that operates at the nuclear, as opposed to cytoplasmic, membrane. This review discusses our current understanding of the NEC budding mechanism, with the emphasis on studies that illuminated the structure of the NEC coat and its role in capsid budding during herpesvirus nuclear escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Bigalke
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - E E Heldwein
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.
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Le Goaster J, Bouree P, El Sissy FN, Phuong Bui F, Pokossy Epee J, Rollin P, Tangy F, Haenni AL. HSV-1/HSV-2 Infection-Related Cancers in Bantu Populations Driving HIV-1 Prevalence in Africa: Tracking the Origin of AIDS at the Onset of the 20th Century. Case Rep Oncol 2016; 9:815-825. [PMID: 28413399 PMCID: PMC5385453 DOI: 10.1159/000450939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION At the onset of the 20th century, ancient clinical observations of cancer epidemics in Bantu populations of Sub-Saharan Africa were discovered. They were reported from 1914 to 1960, but remained unexplained. In 1983, in San Francisco, Calif., USA, cancer epidemics were related to infections by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) known as AIDS disease. Yet since 1996, it is known that HIV-1 strains are not the only ones involved. In Sub-Saharan Africa, recurrent orobuccal herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and genital recurrent herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) appeared many times prior to infection by HIV-1. CASE REPORTS Data on these ancient medical observations regarding African cancer epidemics can today be referred to as the relationship between the unfortunate immune deficiency of herpes in Bantu populations and HIV-1 viral strains. For centuries, the Bantu populations dispersed in forests were living in close proximity to chimpanzees infected by simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and were exposed to SIV contamination which became HIV-1 in human beings. Presently, these unexplained Bantu cancer epidemics can be linked to the viral partnership of HSV-1/HSV-2 to HIV-1 strains. CONCLUSION The key issue is now to prevent HSV-1/HSV-2 diseases related to HIV-1. An anti-herpes treatment administered early during childhood to Bantu populations will offer a mean of preventing herpes diseases related to HIV-1 infection and hence avoid cancer epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Le Goaster
- Department of Tropical Diseases, Hôpital Cochin C.H.U., University Paris V, Paris, France
| | - Patrice Bouree
- Department of Tropical Diseases, Hôpital Cochin C.H.U., University Paris V, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Frédéric Tangy
- Viral Genomics and Vaccinations, CNRS, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Lise Haenni
- Jacques Monod Institute, CNRS, University of Paris VII, Paris, France
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Plotzki E, Keller M, Ivanusic D, Denner J. A new Western blot assay for the detection of porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV). J Immunol Methods 2016; 437:37-42. [PMID: 27498035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV) may be harmful for human recipients if xenotransplantation using pig cell, tissue or organ will be performed transmitting the virus from donor pigs to human recipients. PCMV is widespread in pigs and closely related to human pathogenic herpesviruses, however there are no data concerning infection of humans. In contrast, recently it had been shown that transplantation of organs from pigs infected with PCMV into non-human primate recipients resulted in a significant reduction of the survival time compared with the transplantation of organs from uninfected pigs. To prevent transmission of PCMV in future pig to human xenotransplantations, sensitive and specific detection methods should be used. Here a new Western blot assay using recombinant proteins corresponding to two domains of the glycoprotein gB of PCMV is described. With this assay, the presence of PCMV-specific antibodies in different pig breeds was analysed. Antibodies were detected in a high percentage of animals, in one breed up to 85%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Plotzki
- HIV and Other Retroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Martina Keller
- HIV and Other Retroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Daniel Ivanusic
- HIV and Other Retroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Joachim Denner
- HIV and Other Retroviruses, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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41
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Gentile G, Micozzi A. Speculations on the clinical significance of asymptomatic viral infections. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016; 22:585-8. [PMID: 27450587 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A detailed understanding of asymptomatic chronic viral infections is critical to analyse their pathogenesis, assess the severity and burden of disease and, where required, optimize public health control measures. Recent studies on herpesviruses showed that the host-virus interactions are modulated by co-infections, emphasizing the relevance of co-infections in determining the clinical expression (from asymptomatic to symptomatic infections) and the severity of herpesvirus-associated diseases (either neoplastic or infectious diseases). To demonstrate causality between viruses (virome) and diseases, Koch's postulates should be adapted adding new knowledge on host-microbe relationship and microbial interactions. In the present review we aim to provide an update on asymptomatic chronic infections and criteria for causality and on the virological, immunological and host-virus interactions in asymptomatic chronic infections in human hosts, focusing on herpetic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gentile
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Haematology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
| | - A Micozzi
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Haematology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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42
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Lee J, Ojha S, Hughes J, Weir J. Isolated herpes simplex in the adult larynx as a rare complication of methotrexate-induced immunosuppression. J Laryngol Otol 2015; 129:718-20. [PMID: 26153840 DOI: 10.1017/S002221511500136X] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This report describes the clinical presentation and management of a rare case of herpes simplex virus infection in the larynx of a patient treated with methotrexate. CASE REPORT We report a case of a clinically suspicious laryngeal lesion in an 82-year-old woman who started methotrexate treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. Shortly afterwards she developed dysphonia, which worsened over four months. On microlaryngoscopy, there was bilateral erythema and ulceration of the vocal folds. No other mucocutaneous lesions or systemic features were present. Biopsies revealed herpes simplex virus infection of the vocal folds; there was complete resolution with oral aciclovir. A brief literature review for this rare entity is presented and the diagnostic challenges arising from under-recognition of atypical presentations are discussed. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first report of a rare complication of herpes simplex virus infection in the context of methotrexate-induced immunosuppression. It may present therapeutic challenges for conditions which rely on immunosuppressive treatments.
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43
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Abstract
Autophagy is an important cellular catabolic process conserved from yeast to man. Double-membrane vesicles deliver their cargo to the lysosome for degradation. Hence, autophagy is one of the key mechanisms mammalian cells deploy to rid themselves of intracellular pathogens including viruses. However, autophagy serves many more functions during viral infection. First, it regulates the immune response through selective degradation of immune components, thus preventing possibly harmful overactivation and inflammation. Additionally, it delivers virus-derived antigens to antigen-loading compartments for presentation to T lymphocytes. Second, it might take an active part in the viral life cycle by, eg, facilitating its release from cells. Lastly, in the constant arms race between host and virus, autophagy is often hijacked by viruses and manipulated to their own advantage. In this review, we will highlight key steps during viral infection in which autophagy plays a role. We have selected some exemplary viruses and will describe the molecular mechanisms behind their intricate relationship with the autophagic machinery, a result of host-pathogen coevolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Paul
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C Münz
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Pusterla N, Mapes S, Akana N, Barnett C, MacKenzie C, Gaughan E, Craig B, Chappell D, Vaala W. Prevalence factors associated with equine herpesvirus type 1 infection in equids with upper respiratory tract infection and/or acute onset of neurological signs from 2008 to 2014. Vet Rec 2015; 178:70. [PMID: 26607427 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present case-control study was to determine prevalence factors associated with the detection of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) by quantitative PCR (qPCR) in horses presented to veterinarians with clinical signs related to an upper respiratory tract infection and/or acute onset of neurological disease from March 2008 to December 2014. Nasal secretions and whole blood from 4228 equids with acute onset of fever, respiratory signs and/or neurological deficits were tested by qPCR for EHV-1. Categorical analyses were performed to determine the association between observations and EHV-1. A total of 117/4228 (2.7 per cent) equids tested qPCR-positive for EHV-1, with most of the isolates belonging to the non-neuropathogenic genotype (N752). EHV-1 PCR-positive equids were over-represented in racing horses. Depression, anorexia, nasal discharge and coughing were significantly less frequently reported in the EHV-1 qPCR-positive equids compared with the EHV-1 qPCR-negative cases. Neurological deficits were more frequently reported in the EHV-1 qPCR-positive cases. This study provides contemporary information on the frequency of EHV-1 detection by qPCR in blood and nasal secretions from horses with fever, respiratory signs and neurological deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Pusterla
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - S Mapes
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - N Akana
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - C Barnett
- Merck Animal Health, Summit, NJ, USA
| | | | - E Gaughan
- Merck Animal Health, Summit, NJ, USA
| | - B Craig
- Merck Animal Health, Summit, NJ, USA
| | | | - W Vaala
- Merck Animal Health, Summit, NJ, USA
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Zheng XY, Qiu M, Chen SW, Xiao JP, Ma LZ, Liu S, Zhou JH, Zhang QH, Li X, Chen Z, Wu Y, Chen HF, Jiang LN, Xiong YQ, Ma SJ, Zhong XS, Huo ST, Ge J, Cen SW, Chen Q. High prevalence and diversity of viruses of the subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae, family Herpesviridae, in fecal specimens from bats of different species in southern China. Arch Virol 2015; 161:135-40. [PMID: 26446885 PMCID: PMC7086982 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2614-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have reported the detection of herpesviruses (HVs) in bats. However, the prevalence and phylogenetic characteristics of HVs in bats are still poorly understood. To elucidate the epidemiological characteristics of bat HVs in southern China, 520 fecal samples from eight bat species were collected in four geographic regions of southern China. Of these samples, 73 (14.0 %) tested positive for HVs using nested polymerase chain reaction assay. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a high degree of molecular diversity of HVs in bats of different species from different geographic regions. Our study provides evidence for co-evolution of bats and HVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-yan Zheng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Min Qiu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shao-wei Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian-peng Xiao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Li-zhen Ma
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun-hua Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiong-hua Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xing Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- College of Life Science, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, China
| | - Yi Wu
- College of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hui-fang Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Li-na Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi-quan Xiong
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shu-juan Ma
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xue-shan Zhong
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shu-ting Huo
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Ge
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shu-wen Cen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Bennett L, Dunham S, Yon L, Chapman S, Kenaghan M, Purdie L, Tarlinton R. Longitudinal study of Asian elephants, Elephas maximus, indicates intermittent shedding of elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus 1 during pregnancy. Vet Rec Open 2015; 2:e000088. [PMID: 26392899 PMCID: PMC4567181 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2014-000088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction EEHV-1 is a viral infection of elephants that has been associated with a fatal haemorrhagic syndrome in Asian elephants. Previous studies have suggested that pregnant animals may shed more virus than non-pregnant animals. Methods This study examined whether pregnancy affected the frequency or magnitude of shedding of elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus 1 (EEHV1) using Taq man real-time PCR on trunk washes from four female elephants from a UK collection over three time periods between 2011 and 2014. These periods included pregnancies in two animals (period 1 and period 3). Behavioural observations made by keepers were also assessed. Results During period 1 there was a high degree of social hierarchical instability which led to a hierarchy change, and was associated with aggressive behaviour. Also during period 1 EEHV-1 shedding was of a higher magnitude and frequency than in the latter two time periods. Conclusions These results suggest that there is no clear relationship between shedding and pregnancy, and that behavioural stressors may be related to an increase in EEHV-1 shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bennett
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham , Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough , LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Stephen Dunham
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham , Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough , LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Lisa Yon
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham , Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough , LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Sarah Chapman
- Twycross Zoo , Burton Road, Atherstone, Warwickshire , CV9 3PX, UK
| | - Megan Kenaghan
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham , Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough , LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Laura Purdie
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham , Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough , LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Rachael Tarlinton
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham , Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough , LE12 5RD, UK
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Denesvre C, Dumarest M, Rémy S, Gourichon D, Eloit M. Chicken skin virome analyzed by high-throughput sequencing shows a composition highly different from human skin. Virus Genes 2015. [PMID: 26223320 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-015-1231-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies show that human skin at homeostasis is a complex ecosystem whose virome include circular DNA viruses, especially papillomaviruses and polyomaviruses. To determine the chicken skin virome in comparison with human skin virome, a chicken swabs pool sample from fifteen indoor healthy chickens of five genetic backgrounds was examined for the presence of DNA viruses by high-throughput sequencing (HTS). The results indicate a predominance of herpesviruses from the Mardivirus genus, coming from either vaccinal origin or presumably asymptomatic infection. Despite the high sensitivity of the HTS method used herein to detect small circular DNA viruses, we did not detect any papillomaviruses, polyomaviruses, or circoviruses, indicating that these viruses may not be resident of the chicken skin. The results suggest that the turkey herpesvirus is a resident of chicken skin in vaccinated chickens. This study indicates major differences between the skin viromes of chickens and humans. The origin of this difference remains to be further studied in relation with skin physiology, environment, or virus population dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Denesvre
- INRA, UMR1282, Infectious Diseases and Public Health, ISP, BIOlogy of Avian Viruses Team, 37380, Nouzilly, France.
| | - Marine Dumarest
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, Inserm U1117, Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Rémy
- INRA, UMR1282, Infectious Diseases and Public Health, ISP, BIOlogy of Avian Viruses Team, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - David Gourichon
- INRA, Pôle d'expérimentation avicole de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Marc Eloit
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, Inserm U1117, Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, 75015, Paris, France. .,PathoQuest, Paris, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France.
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Abstract
Chemokines are chemoattractant cytokines that mediate the migration of immune cells to sites of infection which play an important role in innate and adaptive immunity. As an immune evasion strategy, large DNA viruses (herpesviruses and poxviruses) encode soluble chemokine binding proteins that bind chemokines with high affinity, even though they do not show sequence similarity to cellular chemokine receptors. This review summarizes the different secreted viral chemokine binding proteins described to date, with special emphasis on the diverse mechanisms of action they exhibit to interfere with chemokine function and their specific contribution to virus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleh Heidarieh
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bruno Hernáez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Alcamí
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain.
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Alibek K, Irving S, Sautbayeva Z, Kakpenova A, Bekmurzayeva A, Baiken Y, Imangali N, Shaimerdenova M, Mektepbayeva D, Balabiyev A, Chinybayeva A. Disruption of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL by viral proteins as a possible cause of cancer. Infect Agent Cancer 2014; 9:44. [PMID: 25699089 PMCID: PMC4333878 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-9-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Bcl proteins play a critical role in apoptosis, as mutations in family members interfere with normal programmed cell death. Such events can cause cell transformation, potentially leading to cancer. Recent discoveries indicate that some viral proteins interfere with Bcl proteins either directly or indirectly; however, these data have not been systematically described. Some viruses encode proteins that reprogramme host cellular signalling pathways controlling cell differentiation, proliferation, genomic integrity, cell death, and immune system recognition. This review analyses and summarises the existing data and discusses how viral proteins interfere with normal pro- and anti-apoptotic functions of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. Particularly, this article focuses on how viral proteins, such as Herpesviruses, HTLV-1, HPV and HCV, block apoptosis and how accumulation of such interference predisposes cancer development. Finally, we discuss possible ways to prevent and treat cancers using a combination of traditional therapies and antiviral preparations that are effective against these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Alibek
- Nazarbayev University Research and Innovation System (NURIS), Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana, 010000 Kazakhstan ; National Medical Holding, 2 Syganak Street, Astana, 010000 Kazakhstan
| | - Stephanie Irving
- Nazarbayev University Research and Innovation System (NURIS), Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana, 010000 Kazakhstan
| | - Zarina Sautbayeva
- Nazarbayev University Research and Innovation System (NURIS), Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana, 010000 Kazakhstan
| | - Ainur Kakpenova
- Nazarbayev University Research and Innovation System (NURIS), Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana, 010000 Kazakhstan
| | - Aliya Bekmurzayeva
- Nazarbayev University Research and Innovation System (NURIS), Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana, 010000 Kazakhstan
| | - Yeldar Baiken
- Nazarbayev University Research and Innovation System (NURIS), Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana, 010000 Kazakhstan
| | - Nurgul Imangali
- School of Science and Technology, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana, 010000 Kazakhstan
| | - Madina Shaimerdenova
- School of Science and Technology, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana, 010000 Kazakhstan
| | - Damel Mektepbayeva
- Nazarbayev University Research and Innovation System (NURIS), Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana, 010000 Kazakhstan
| | - Arnat Balabiyev
- Nazarbayev University Research and Innovation System (NURIS), Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana, 010000 Kazakhstan
| | - Aizada Chinybayeva
- Nazarbayev University Research and Innovation System (NURIS), Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana, 010000 Kazakhstan
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50
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Broccolo F, Ciccarese G, Oggioni M, Rebora A, Parodi A, Drago F. The saliva quantitative PCR assay is inadequate to detect and monitor human herpesvirus-7 and -6 reactivation in patients with Pityriasis rosea. J Clin Virol 2014; 61:615-6. [PMID: 25453575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Broccolo
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Giulia Ciccarese
- DISSAL, Department of Dermatology, IRCCS A.O.U. San Martino-IST, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Massimo Oggioni
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Alfredo Rebora
- DISSAL, Department of Dermatology, IRCCS A.O.U. San Martino-IST, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Aurora Parodi
- DISSAL, Department of Dermatology, IRCCS A.O.U. San Martino-IST, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesco Drago
- DISSAL, Department of Dermatology, IRCCS A.O.U. San Martino-IST, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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