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Yu A, Zhang W, Zhang Q, Yang K, Liu X, Liu H, Xie J, Feng Y, Li J, Jia C. A TICT-AIE activated dual-channel fluorescence-on probe to reveal the dynamics mechanosensing of lipid droplets during ferroptosis. Talanta 2024; 274:126028. [PMID: 38599126 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Mechanical forces play a crucial role in cellular processes, including ferroptosis, a form of regulated cell death associated with various diseases. However, the mechanical aspects of organelle lipid droplets (LDs) during ferroptosis are poorly understood. In this study, we designed and synthesized a fluorescent probe, TPE-V1, to enable real-time monitoring of LDs' viscosity using a dual-channel fluorescence-on model (red channel at 617 nm and NIR channel at 710 nm). The fluorescent imaging of using TPE-V1 was achieved due to the integrated mechanisms of the twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) and aggregation-induced emission (AIE). Through dual-emission channel fluorescence imaging, we observed the enhanced mechanical energy of LDs triggering cellular mechanosensing, including ferroptosis and cell deformation. Theoretical calculations confirmed the probe's behavior, showing that high-viscosity media prevented the rotation processes and restored fluorescence quenching in low viscosity. These findings suggest that our TICT-TPE design strategy provides a practical approach to study LDs' mechanical properties during ferroptosis. This development enhances our understanding of the interplay between mechanical forces and LDs, contributing to the knowledge of ferroptotic cell death and potential therapeutic interventions targeting dysregulated cell death processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Yu
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Fine Chem, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Hainan Trauma and Disaster Rescue, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China
| | - Qiangsheng Zhang
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Fine Chem, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Kunlong Yang
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Fine Chem, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Xiongbo Liu
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Fine Chem, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Hongtao Liu
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Fine Chem, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Jialin Xie
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Fine Chem, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Yan Feng
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Fine Chem, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
| | - Jianwei Li
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6, Turku, 20520, Finland.
| | - Chunman Jia
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Fine Chem, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China; Analytical & Testing Center, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
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2
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Baek J, Kumar S, Schaffer DV. Dynamic light-responsive RhoA activity regulates mechanosensitive stem cell fate decision in 3D matrices. Biomater Adv 2024; 160:213836. [PMID: 38599042 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.213836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The behavior of stem cells is regulated by mechanical cues in their niche that continuously vary due to extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, pulsated mechanical stress exerted by blood flow, and/or cell migration. However, it is still unclear how dynamics of mechanical cues influence stem cell lineage commitment, especially in a 3D microenvironment where mechanosensing differs from that in a 2D microenvironment. In the present study, we investigated how temporally varying mechanical signaling regulates expression of the early growth response 1 gene (Egr1), which we recently discovered to be a 3D matrix-specific mediator of mechanosensitive neural stem cell (NSC) lineage commitment. Specifically, we temporally controlled the activity of Ras homolog family member A (RhoA), which is known to have a central role in mechanotransduction, using our previously developed Arabidopsis thaliana cryptochrome-2-based optoactivation system. Interestingly, pulsed RhoA activation induced Egr1 upregulation in stiff 3D gels only, whereas static light stimulation induced an increase in Egr1 expression across a wide range of 3D gel stiffnesses. Actin assembly inhibition limited Egr1 upregulation upon RhoA activation, implying that RhoA signaling requires an actin-involved process to upregulate Egr1. Consistently, static-light RhoA activation rather than pulsed-light activation restricted neurogenesis in soft gels. Our findings indicate that the dynamics of RhoA activation influence Egr1-mediated stem cell fate within 3D matrices in a matrix stiffness-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieung Baek
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Division of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - David V Schaffer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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3
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Urano K, Tanaka Y, Tominari T, Takatoya M, Arai D, Miyata S, Matsumoto C, Miyaura C, Numabe Y, Itoh Y, Hirata M, Inada M. The stiffness and collagen control differentiation of osteoclasts with an altered expression of c-Src in podosome. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 704:149636. [PMID: 38402724 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Osteoclasts are hematopoietic cells attached to the bones containing type I collagen-deposited hydroxyapatite during bone resorption. Two major elements determine the stiffness of bones: regular calcified bone (bone that is resorbable by osteoclasts) and un-calcified osteoid bone (bone that is un-resorbable by osteoclasts). The osteolytic cytokine RANKL promotes osteoclast differentiation; however, the roles of the physical interactions of osteoclasts with calcified and un-calcified bone at the sealing zones and the subsequent cellular signaling remain unclear. In this study, we investigated podosomes, actin-rich adhesion structures (actin-ring) in the sealing zone that participates in sensing hard stiffness with collagen in the physical environment during osteoclast differentiation. RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation induction was promoted when Raw264.7 cells were cultured on collagen-coated plastic dishes but not on non-coated plastic dishes, which was associated with the increased expression of podosome-related genes and Src. In contrast, when cells were cultured on collagen gel, expression of podosome-related genes and Src were not upregulated. The induction of podosome-related genes and Src requires hard stiffness with RGD-containing substratum and integrin-mediated F-actin polymerization. These results indicate that osteoclasts sense both the RGD sequence and stiffness of calcified collagen through their podosome components regulating osteoclast differentiation via the c-Src pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Urano
- Cooperative Major of Advanced Health Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Yuki Tanaka
- Cooperative Major of Advanced Health Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Tominari
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Masaru Takatoya
- Cooperative Major of Advanced Health Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Daichi Arai
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Shinji Miyata
- Inada Research Unit, Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Chiho Matsumoto
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Chisato Miyaura
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Numabe
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, The Nippon Dental University, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0071, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Itoh
- Inada Research Unit, Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Michiko Hirata
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Masaki Inada
- Cooperative Major of Advanced Health Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; Inada Research Unit, Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
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Strom J, Bull M, Gohlke J, Saripalli C, Methawasin M, Gotthardt M, Granzier H. Titin's cardiac-specific N2B element is critical to mechanotransduction during volume overload of the heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2024; 191:40-49. [PMID: 38604403 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2024.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The heart has the ability to detect and respond to changes in mechanical load through a process called mechanotransduction. In this study, we focused on investigating the role of the cardiac-specific N2B element within the spring region of titin, which has been proposed to function as a mechanosensor. To assess its significance, we conducted experiments using N2B knockout (KO) mice and wildtype (WT) mice, subjecting them to three different conditions: 1) cardiac pressure overload induced by transverse aortic constriction (TAC), 2) volume overload caused by aortocaval fistula (ACF), and 3) exercise-induced hypertrophy through swimming. Under conditions of pressure overload (TAC), both genotypes exhibited similar hypertrophic responses. In contrast, WT mice displayed robust left ventricular hypertrophy after one week of volume overload (ACF), while the KO mice failed to undergo hypertrophy and experienced a high mortality rate. Similarly, swim exercise-induced hypertrophy was significantly reduced in the KO mice. RNA-Seq analysis revealed an abnormal β-adrenergic response to volume overload in the KO mice, as well as a diminished response to isoproterenol-induced hypertrophy. Because it is known that the N2B element interacts with the four-and-a-half LIM domains 1 and 2 (FHL1 and FHL2) proteins, both of which have been associated with mechanotransduction, we evaluated these proteins. Interestingly, while volume-overload resulted in FHL1 protein expression levels that were comparable between KO and WT mice, FHL2 protein levels were reduced by over 90% in the KO mice compared to WT. This suggests that in response to volume overload, FHL2 might act as a signaling mediator between the N2B element and downstream signaling pathways. Overall, our study highlights the importance of the N2B element in mechanosensing during volume overload, both in physiological and pathological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Strom
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States of America; Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States of America
| | - Mathew Bull
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States of America; Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States of America
| | - Jochen Gohlke
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States of America; Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States of America
| | - Chandra Saripalli
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States of America; Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States of America
| | - Mei Methawasin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States of America; Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States of America
| | - Michael Gotthardt
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany; Department of Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henk Granzier
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States of America.
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Tytti K, Sanna K, Carla G, Jonatan P, Kaisa R, Sari T. Mechanosensitive TRPV4 channel guides maturation and organization of the bilayered mammary epithelium. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6774. [PMID: 38514727 PMCID: PMC10957991 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57346-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Biophysical cues from the cell microenvironment are detected by mechanosensitive components at the cell surface. Such machineries convert physical information into biochemical signaling cascades within cells, subsequently leading to various cellular responses in a stimulus-dependent manner. At the surface of extracellular environment and cell cytoplasm exist several ion channel families that are activated by mechanical signals to direct intracellular events. One of such channel is formed by transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member, TRPV4 that is known to act as a mechanosensor in wide variaty of tissues and control ion-influx in a spatio-temporal way. Here we report that TRPV4 is prominently expressed in the stem/progenitor cell populations of the mammary epithelium and seems important for the lineage-specific differentiation, consequently affecting mechanical features of the mature mammary epithelium. This was evident by the lack of several markers for mature myoepithelial and luminal epithelial cells in TRPV4-depleted cell lines. Interestingly, TRPV4 expression is controlled in a tension-dependent manner and it also impacts differentation process dependently on the stiffness of the microenvironment. Furthermore, such cells in a 3D compartment were disabled to maintain normal mammosphere structures and displayed abnormal lumen formation, size of the structures and disrupted cellular junctions. Mechanosensitive TRPV4 channel therefore act as critical player in the homeostasis of normal mammary epithelium through sensing the physical environment and guiding accordingly differentiation and structural organization of the bilayered mammary epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kärki Tytti
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Koskimäki Sanna
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Guenther Carla
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Pirhonen Jonatan
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Rajakylä Kaisa
- School of Social Services and Health Care, Tampere University of Applied Sciences, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tojkander Sari
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
- Tampere Institute for Advanced Study, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
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6
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Yanamandra AK, Zhang J, Montalvo G, Zhou X, Biedenweg D, Zhao R, Sharma S, Hoth M, Lautenschläger F, Otto O, Del Campo A, Qu B. PIEZO1-mediated mechanosensing governs NK-cell killing efficiency and infiltration in three-dimensional matrices. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2350693. [PMID: 38279603 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play a vital role in eliminating tumorigenic cells. Efficient locating and killing of target cells in complex three-dimensional (3D) environments are critical for their functions under physiological conditions. However, the role of mechanosensing in regulating NK-cell killing efficiency in physiologically relevant scenarios is poorly understood. Here, we report that the responsiveness of NK cells is regulated by tumor cell stiffness. NK-cell killing efficiency in 3D is impaired against softened tumor cells, whereas it is enhanced against stiffened tumor cells. Notably, the durations required for NK-cell killing and detachment are significantly shortened for stiffened tumor cells. Furthermore, we have identified PIEZO1 as the predominantly expressed mechanosensitive ion channel among the examined candidates in NK cells. Perturbation of PIEZO1 abolishes stiffness-dependent NK-cell responsiveness, significantly impairs the killing efficiency of NK cells in 3D, and substantially reduces NK-cell infiltration into 3D collagen matrices. Conversely, PIEZO1 activation enhances NK killing efficiency as well as infiltration. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that PIEZO1-mediated mechanosensing is crucial for NK killing functions, highlighting the role of mechanosensing in NK-cell killing efficiency under 3D physiological conditions and the influence of environmental physical cues on NK-cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana K Yanamandra
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jingnan Zhang
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Galia Montalvo
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
- Department of Experimental Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Xiangda Zhou
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Doreen Biedenweg
- Institute of Physics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Renping Zhao
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Shulagna Sharma
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Markus Hoth
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Lautenschläger
- Department of Experimental Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Oliver Otto
- Institute of Physics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Aránzazu Del Campo
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Chemistry Department, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Bin Qu
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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Shelud'ko A, Volokhina I, Mokeev D, Telesheva E, Yevstigneeva S, Burov A, Tugarova A, Shirokov A, Burigin G, Matora L, Petrova L. Chromosomal gene of hybrid multisensor histidine kinase is involved in motility regulation in the rhizobacterium Azospirillum baldaniorum Sp245 under mechanical and water stress. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:336. [PMID: 37814195 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03785-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Azospirillum alphaproteobacteria, which live in the rhizosphere of many crops, are used widely as biofertilizers. Two-component signal transduction systems (TCSs) mediate the bacterial perception of signals and the corresponding adjustment of behavior facilitating the adaptation of bacteria to their habitats. In this study, we obtained the A. baldaniorum Sp245 mutant for the AZOBR_150176 gene, which encodes the TCS of the hybrid histidine kinase/response sensory regulator (HSHK-RR). Inactivation of this gene affected bacterial morphology and motility. In mutant Sp245-HSHKΔRR-Km, the cells were still able to synthesize a functioning polar flagellum (Fla), were shorter than those of strain Sp245, and were impaired in aerotaxis, elaboration of inducible lateral flagella (Laf), and motility in semiliquid media. The mutant showed decreased transcription of the genes encoding the proteins of the secretion apparatus, which ensures the assembly of Laf, Laf flagellin, and the repressor protein of translation of the Laf flagellin's mRNA. The study examined the effects of polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000), an agent used to simulate osmotic stress and drought conditions. Under osmotic stress, the mutant was no longer able to use collective motility in semiliquid media but formed more biofilm biomass than did strain Sp245. Introduction into mutant cells of the AZOBR_150176 gene as part of an expression vector led to recovery of the lost traits, including those mediating bacterial motility under mechanical stress induced by increased medium density. The results suggest that the HSHK-RR under study modulates the response of A. baldaniorum Sp245 to mechanical and osmotic/water stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Shelud'ko
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Saratov Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IBPPM RAS), 13 Prospekt Entuziastov, Saratov, 410049, Russia.
| | - Irina Volokhina
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Saratov Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IBPPM RAS), 13 Prospekt Entuziastov, Saratov, 410049, Russia
| | - Dmitry Mokeev
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Saratov Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IBPPM RAS), 13 Prospekt Entuziastov, Saratov, 410049, Russia
| | - Elizaveta Telesheva
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Saratov Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IBPPM RAS), 13 Prospekt Entuziastov, Saratov, 410049, Russia
| | - Stella Yevstigneeva
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Saratov Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IBPPM RAS), 13 Prospekt Entuziastov, Saratov, 410049, Russia
| | - Andrei Burov
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Saratov Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IBPPM RAS), 13 Prospekt Entuziastov, Saratov, 410049, Russia
| | - Anna Tugarova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Saratov Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IBPPM RAS), 13 Prospekt Entuziastov, Saratov, 410049, Russia
| | - Alexander Shirokov
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Saratov Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IBPPM RAS), 13 Prospekt Entuziastov, Saratov, 410049, Russia
| | - Gennady Burigin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Saratov Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IBPPM RAS), 13 Prospekt Entuziastov, Saratov, 410049, Russia
| | - Larisa Matora
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Saratov Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IBPPM RAS), 13 Prospekt Entuziastov, Saratov, 410049, Russia
| | - Lilia Petrova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Saratov Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IBPPM RAS), 13 Prospekt Entuziastov, Saratov, 410049, Russia
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8
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Mandal S, Melo M, Gordiichuk P, Acharya S, Poh YC, Li N, Aung A, Dane EL, Irvine DJ, Kumari S. WASP facilitates tumor mechanosensitivity in T lymphocytes. bioRxiv 2023:2023.10.02.560434. [PMID: 37873483 PMCID: PMC10592916 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.02.560434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) carry out immunosurveillance by scanning target cells of diverse physical properties for the presence of antigens. While the recognition of cognate antigen by the T cell receptor is the primary signal for CTL activation, it has become increasingly clear that the mechanical stiffness of target cells plays an important role in antigen-triggered T cell responses. However, the molecular machinery within CTLs that transduces the mechanical information of tumor cells remains unclear. We find that CTL's mechanosensitive ability requires the activity of the actin-organizing protein Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein (WASP). WASP activation is modulated by the mechanical properties of antigen-presenting contexts across a wide range of target cell stiffnesses and activated WASP then mediates mechanosensitive activation of early TCR signaling markers in the CTL. Our results provide a molecular link between antigen mechanosensing and CTL immune response and suggest that CTL-intrinsic cytoskeletal organizing principles enable the processing of mechanical information from diverse target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariane Melo
- Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, USA
| | | | | | - Yeh-Chuin Poh
- Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, USA
| | - Na Li
- Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, USA
| | - Aereas Aung
- Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, USA
| | - Eric L. Dane
- Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, USA
| | - Darrell J. Irvine
- Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, USA
| | - Sudha Kumari
- Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
- Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, USA
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Abstract
The endothelium, the monolayer of endothelial cells that line blood vessels, is exposed to a number of mechanical forces, including frictional shear flow, pulsatile stretching and changes in stiffness influenced by extracellular matrix composition. These forces are sensed by mechanosensors that facilitate their transduction to drive appropriate adaptation of the endothelium to maintain vascular homeostasis. In the aorta, the unique architecture of the vessel gives rise to changes in the fluid dynamics, which, in turn, shape cellular morphology, nuclear architecture, chromatin dynamics and gene regulation. In this Review, we discuss recent work focusing on how differential mechanical forces exerted on endothelial cells are sensed and transduced to influence their form and function in giving rise to spatial variation to the endothelium of the aorta. We will also discuss recent developments in understanding how nuclear mechanosensing is implicated in diseases of the aorta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarren J. Mannion
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 64, Sweden
| | - Lars Holmgren
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 64, Sweden
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10
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Rahaman SG, Mahanty M, Mukherjee P, Dutta B, Rahaman SO. Mechanosensing and Mechanosignal Transduction in Atherosclerosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2023; 25:711-721. [PMID: 37615786 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-023-01139-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to summarize the latest findings on mechanosensing in atherosclerosis, elucidating the molecular mechanisms, cellular players, and potential therapeutic targets. RECENT FINDINGS Atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the buildup of lipid-laden plaque within arterial walls, is a major contributor to cardiovascular disease-related mortality and morbidity. Interestingly, atherosclerosis predominantly occurs in arterial areas with curves and branches. In these regions, endothelial cells encounter irregular blood flow with distinctive low-intensity fluctuating shear stress. On the other hand, straight sections of arteries, subjected to a consistent flow and related high-intensity, one-way shear stress, are relatively safeguarded against atherosclerosis due to shear-dependent, disease-preventing endothelial cell reactions. In recent years, researchers have been investigating the role of mechanosensing in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. At the core of mechanosensing is the ability of various cells to sense and respond to biomechanical forces in their environment. In the context of atherosclerosis, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and immune cells are subjected to various mechanical or physical stimuli, including shear stress, cyclic strain, and matrix stiffness. These mechanical cues play a crucial role in regulating cellular behavior and contribute to the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. Accumulating evidence suggests that various mechanical or physical cues play a critical role in the development and promotion of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suneha G Rahaman
- University of Maryland, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Manisha Mahanty
- University of Maryland, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Pritha Mukherjee
- University of Maryland, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Bidisha Dutta
- University of Maryland, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Shaik O Rahaman
- University of Maryland, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
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11
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Hirashima T, Hino N, Aoki K, Matsuda M. Stretching the limits of extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) signaling - Cell mechanosensing to ERK activation. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2023; 84:102217. [PMID: 37574635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) has been recognized as a critical regulator in various physiological and pathological processes. Extensive research has elucidated the signaling mechanisms governing ERK activation via biochemical regulations with upstream molecules, particularly receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). However, recent advances have highlighted the role of mechanical forces in activating the RTK-ERK signaling pathways, thereby opening new avenues of research into mechanochemical interplay in multicellular tissues. Here, we review the force-induced ERK activation in cells and propose possible mechanosensing mechanisms underlying the mechanoresponsive ERK activation. We conclude that mechanical forces are not merely passive factors shaping cells and tissues but also active regulators of cellular signaling pathways controlling collective cell behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Hirashima
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Naoya Hino
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria. https://twitter.com/NaoyaHino
| | - Kazuhiro Aoki
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan; National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Japan.
| | - Michiyuki Matsuda
- Center for Living Systems Information Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Japan; Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan; Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Japan. https://twitter.com/Phogemon
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12
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Nivoit P, Mathivet T, Wu J, Salemkour Y, Sankar DS, Baudrie V, Bourreau J, Guihot AL, Vessieres E, Lemitre M, Bocca C, Teillon J, Le Gall M, Chipont A, Robidel E, Dhaun N, Camerer E, Reynier P, Roux E, Couffinhal T, Hadoke PWF, Silvestre JS, Guillonneau X, Bonnin P, Henrion D, Dengjel J, Tharaux PL, Lenoir O. Autophagy protein 5 controls flow-dependent endothelial functions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:210. [PMID: 37460898 PMCID: PMC10352428 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04859-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulated autophagy is associated with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, where impaired flow-mediated endothelial cell responses promote cardiovascular risk. The mechanism by which the autophagy machinery regulates endothelial functions is complex. We applied multi-omics approaches and in vitro and in vivo functional assays to decipher the diverse roles of autophagy in endothelial cells. We demonstrate that autophagy regulates VEGF-dependent VEGFR signaling and VEGFR-mediated and flow-mediated eNOS activation. Endothelial ATG5 deficiency in vivo results in selective loss of flow-induced vasodilation in mesenteric arteries and kidneys and increased cerebral and renal vascular resistance in vivo. We found a crucial pathophysiological role for autophagy in endothelial cells in flow-mediated outward arterial remodeling, prevention of neointima formation following wire injury, and recovery after myocardial infarction. Together, these findings unravel a fundamental role of autophagy in endothelial function, linking cell proteostasis to mechanosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Nivoit
- Inserm, Université Paris Cité, PARCC, 56 Rue Leblanc, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Mathivet
- Inserm, Université Paris Cité, PARCC, 56 Rue Leblanc, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Junxi Wu
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 ONW, UK
| | - Yann Salemkour
- Inserm, Université Paris Cité, PARCC, 56 Rue Leblanc, 75015, Paris, France
| | | | - Véronique Baudrie
- Inserm, Université Paris Cité, PARCC, 56 Rue Leblanc, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Jennifer Bourreau
- MITOVASC, CNRS UMR 6015, Inserm U1083, Université d'Angers, 49500, Angers, France
| | - Anne-Laure Guihot
- MITOVASC, CNRS UMR 6015, Inserm U1083, Université d'Angers, 49500, Angers, France
| | - Emilie Vessieres
- MITOVASC, CNRS UMR 6015, Inserm U1083, Université d'Angers, 49500, Angers, France
| | - Mathilde Lemitre
- Inserm, Université Paris Cité, PARCC, 56 Rue Leblanc, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Cinzia Bocca
- MITOVASC, CNRS UMR 6015, Inserm U1083, Université d'Angers, 49500, Angers, France
- Département de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, 49500, Angers, France
| | - Jérémie Teillon
- CNRS, Inserm, Bordeaux Imaging Center, BIC, UMS 3420, US 4, Université de Bordeaux, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Morgane Le Gall
- Plateforme Protéomique 3P5-Proteom'IC, Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Cité, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Anna Chipont
- Inserm, Université Paris Cité, PARCC, 56 Rue Leblanc, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Estelle Robidel
- Inserm, Université Paris Cité, PARCC, 56 Rue Leblanc, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Neeraj Dhaun
- Inserm, Université Paris Cité, PARCC, 56 Rue Leblanc, 75015, Paris, France
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Eric Camerer
- Inserm, Université Paris Cité, PARCC, 56 Rue Leblanc, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Reynier
- MITOVASC, CNRS UMR 6015, Inserm U1083, Université d'Angers, 49500, Angers, France
- Département de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, 49500, Angers, France
| | - Etienne Roux
- Inserm, Biologie Des Maladies Cardiovasculaires, U1034, Université de Bordeaux, 33600, Pessac, France
| | - Thierry Couffinhal
- Inserm, Biologie Des Maladies Cardiovasculaires, U1034, Université de Bordeaux, 33600, Pessac, France
| | - Patrick W F Hadoke
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | | | - Xavier Guillonneau
- Institut de La Vision, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Bonnin
- AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, Physiologie Clinique - Explorations Fonctionnelles, Hypertension Unit, Université Paris Cité, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Henrion
- MITOVASC, CNRS UMR 6015, Inserm U1083, Université d'Angers, 49500, Angers, France
| | - Joern Dengjel
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Olivia Lenoir
- Inserm, Université Paris Cité, PARCC, 56 Rue Leblanc, 75015, Paris, France.
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13
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Colombi A, Preziosi L, Scianna M. Modelling Cell Orientation Under Stretch: The Effect of Substrate Elasticity. Bull Math Biol 2023; 85:79. [PMID: 37460873 PMCID: PMC10352433 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-023-01180-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
When cells are seeded on a cyclically deformed substrate like silicon, they tend to reorient their major axis in two ways: either perpendicular to the main stretching direction, or forming an oblique angle with it. However, when the substrate is very soft such as a collagen gel, the oblique orientation is no longer observed, and the cells align either along the stretching direction, or perpendicularly to it. To explain this switch, we propose a simplified model of the cell, consisting of two elastic elements representing the stress fiber/focal adhesion complexes in the main and transverse directions. These elements are connected by a torsional spring that mimics the effect of crosslinking molecules among the stress fibers, which resist shear forces. Our model, consistent with experimental observations, predicts that there is a switch in the asymptotic behaviour of the orientation of the cell determined by the stiffness of the substratum, related to a change from a supercritical bifurcation scenario, whereby the oblique configuration is stable for a sufficiently large stiffness, to a subcritical bifurcation scenario at a lower stiffness. Furthermore, we investigate the effect of cell elongation and find that the region of the parameter space leading to an oblique orientation decreases as the cell becomes more elongated. This implies that elongated cells, such as fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells, are more likely to maintain an oblique orientation with respect to the main stretching direction. Conversely, rounder cells, such as those of epithelial or endothelial origin, are more likely to switch to a perpendicular or parallel orientation on soft substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annachiara Colombi
- Department of Mathematical Sciences "G.L. Lagrange", Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Luigi Preziosi
- Department of Mathematical Sciences "G.L. Lagrange", Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy.
| | - Marco Scianna
- Department of Mathematical Sciences "G.L. Lagrange", Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
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14
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Lichtenberg JY, Tran S, Hwang PY. Mechanical factors driving cancer progression. Adv Cancer Res 2023; 160:61-81. [PMID: 37704291 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental step of tumor metastasis is tumor cell migration away from the primary tumor site. One mode of migration that is essential but still understudied is collective invasion, the process by which clusters of cells move in a coordinated fashion. In recent years, there has been growing interest to understand factors regulating collective invasion, with increasing number of studies investigating the biomechanical regulation of collective invasion. In this review we discuss the dynamic relationship between tumor microenvironment cues and cell response by first covering mechanical factors in the microenvironment and second, discussing the mechanosensing pathways utilized by cells in collective clusters to dynamically respond to mechanical matrix cues. Finally, we discuss model systems that have been developed which have increased our understanding of the mechanical factors contributing to tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessanne Y Lichtenberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Sydnie Tran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Priscilla Y Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States.
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15
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Hsia CR, Melters DP, Dalal Y. The Force is Strong with This Epigenome: Chromatin Structure and Mechanobiology. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:168019. [PMID: 37330288 PMCID: PMC10567996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
All life forms sense and respond to mechanical stimuli. Throughout evolution, organisms develop diverse mechanosensing and mechanotransduction pathways, leading to fast and sustained mechanoresponses. Memory and plasticity characteristics of mechanoresponses are thought to be stored in the form of epigenetic modifications, including chromatin structure alterations. These mechanoresponses in the chromatin context share conserved principles across species, such as lateral inhibition during organogenesis and development. However, it remains unclear how mechanotransduction mechanisms alter chromatin structure for specific cellular functions, and if altered chromatin structure can mechanically affect the environment. In this review, we discuss how chromatin structure is altered by environmental forces via an outside-in pathway for cellular functions, and the emerging concept of how chromatin structure alterations can mechanically affect nuclear, cellular, and extracellular environments. This bidirectional mechanical feedback between chromatin of the cell and the environment can potentially have important physiological implications, such as in centromeric chromatin regulation of mechanobiology in mitosis, or in tumor-stroma interactions. Finally, we highlight the current challenges and open questions in the field and provide perspectives for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Ren Hsia
- Chromatin Structure and Epigenetic Mechanisms, Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States. https://twitter.com/JeremiahHsia
| | - Daniël P Melters
- Chromatin Structure and Epigenetic Mechanisms, Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States. https://twitter.com/dpmelters
| | - Yamini Dalal
- Chromatin Structure and Epigenetic Mechanisms, Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States. https://twitter.com/NCIYaminiDalal
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16
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Cartwright JHE. Quantum noise may limit the mechanosensory sensitivity of cilia in the left-right organizer of the vertebrate bodyplan. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 2023; 180-181:83-86. [PMID: 37137357 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2023.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Could nature be harnessing quantum mechanics in cilia to optimize the sensitivity of the mechanism of left-right symmetry breaking during development in vertebrates? I evaluate whether mechanosensing - i.e., the detection of a left-right asymmetric signal through mechanical stimulation of sensory cilia, as opposed to biochemical signalling - might be functioning in the embryonic left-right organizer of the vertebrate bodyplan through quantum mechanics. I conclude that there is a possible role for quantum biology in mechanosensing in cilia. The system may not be limited by classical thermal noise, but instead by quantum noise, with an amplification process providing active cooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julyan H E Cartwright
- Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, CSIC-Universidad de Granada, 18100, Armilla, Granada, Spain; Instituto Carlos I de Física Teórica y Computacional, Universidad de Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain.
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17
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Sathuvan M, Thangam R, Cheong KL, Kang H, Liu Y. κ-Carrageenan-essential oil loaded composite biomaterial film facilitates mechanosensing and tissue regenerative wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 241:124490. [PMID: 37076080 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Polysaccharides κ-carrageenan (κ-Car) have become a predominant source in developing bioactive materials. We aimed to develop biopolymer composite materials of κ-Car with coriander essential oil (CEO) (κ-Car-CEO) films for fibroblast-associated wound healing. Initially, we loaded the CEO in to κ-Car and CEO through homogenization and ultrasonication to fabricate composite film bioactive materials. After performing morphological and chemical characterizations, we validated the developed material functionalities in both in vitro and in vivo models. The chemical and morphological analysis with physical structure, swelling ratio, encapsulation efficiency, CEO release, and water barrier properties of films examined and showed the structural interaction of κ-Car and CEO-loaded into the polymer network. Furthermore, the bioactive applications of CEO release showed initial burst release followed by controlled release from the κ-Car composite film with fibroblast (L929) cell adhesive capabilities and mechanosensing. Our results proved that the CEO-loaded into the κ-Car film impacts cell adhesion, F-actin organization, and collagen synthesis, followed by in vitro mechanosensing activation, further promoting wound healing in vivo. Our innovative perspectives of active polysaccharide (κ-Car)-based CEO functional film materials could potentially accomplish regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malairaj Sathuvan
- Department of Biology & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Sciences, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, PR China
| | - Ramar Thangam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; Institute for High Technology Materials and Devices, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kit-Leong Cheong
- Department of Biology & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Sciences, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, PR China
| | - Heemin Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Biology & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Sciences, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, PR China.
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18
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di Pietro F, Osswald M, De Las Heras JM, Cristo I, López-Gay J, Wang Z, Pelletier S, Gaugué I, Leroy A, Martin C, Morais-de-Sá E, Bellaïche Y. Systematic analysis of RhoGEF/GAP localizations uncovers regulators of mechanosensing and junction formation during epithelial cell division. Curr Biol 2023; 33:858-874.e7. [PMID: 36917931 PMCID: PMC10017266 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Cell proliferation is central to epithelial tissue development, repair, and homeostasis. During cell division, small RhoGTPases control both actomyosin dynamics and cell-cell junction remodeling to faithfully segregate the genome while maintaining tissue polarity and integrity. To decipher the mechanisms of RhoGTPase spatiotemporal regulation during epithelial cell division, we generated a transgenic fluorescently tagged library for the 48 Drosophila Rho guanine exchange factors (RhoGEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), and we systematically characterized their endogenous distributions by time-lapse microscopy. Therefore, we unveiled candidate regulators of the interplay between actomyosin and junctional dynamics during epithelial cell division. Building on these findings, we established that the conserved RhoGEF Cysts and RhoGEF4 play sequential and distinct roles to couple cytokinesis with de novo junction formation. During ring contraction, Cysts via Rho1 participates in the neighbor mechanosensing response, promoting daughter-daughter cell membrane juxtaposition in preparation to de novo junction formation. Subsequently and upon midbody formation, RhoGEF4 via Rac acts in the dividing cell to ensure the withdrawal of the neighboring cell membranes, thus controlling de novo junction length and cell-cell arrangements upon cytokinesis. Altogether, our findings delineate how the RhoGTPases Rho and Rac are locally and temporally activated during epithelial cytokinesis, highlighting the RhoGEF/GAP library as a key resource to understand the broad range of biological processes regulated by RhoGTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia di Pietro
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mariana Osswald
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular; i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - José M De Las Heras
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Inês Cristo
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jesús López-Gay
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Zhimin Wang
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Pelletier
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Gaugué
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Adrien Leroy
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Martin
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Eurico Morais-de-Sá
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular; i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Yohanns Bellaïche
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France.
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19
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Pang KT, Ghim M, Sarathchandra P, Warboys CM, Yacoub MH, Chester AH, Weinberg PD. Shear-mediated ALK5 expression regulates endothelial activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 642:90-96. [PMID: 36566567 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease affects the aortic side of the valve, exposed to low magnitude multidirectional ("disturbed) blood flow, more than it affects the ventricular side, exposed to high magnitude uniaxial flow. Overt disease is preceded by endothelial dysfunction and inflammation. Here we investigate the potential role of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) receptor ALK5 in this process. Although ECs are always subject to shear stress due to blood flow, and their responses to shear stress are important in healthy valve development and homeostasis, low magnitude multidirectional flow can induce pathophysiological changes. Previous work has shown ALK5 to be an important mechanosensor. ALK5 transduces mechanically sensed signals via the activation of the SMAD2/3 transcriptional modulators. However, it is currently unclear precisely how ALK5-mediated shear stress responses translate into pathological changes under conditions of chronically disturbed flow. Here, we demonstrate that ALK5 mechanosensory signalling influences flow-induced endothelial leukocyte adhesion and paracellular permeability. Low magnitude multidirectional flow resulted in downregulation of the receptor, accompanied by increased SMAD2 phosphorylation, in human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) monolayers. These changes correlated with elevated monocyte adhesion and significantly increased transendothelial transport of an albumin-sized tracer. These effects were abolished by inhibition of ALK5 kinase activity. Analysis of ALK5 expression patterns in porcine aortic valve tissue corroborated the findings from cell-based experiments. Together, these results suggest that ALK5 has a role in shear stress-associated cardiovascular disease pathology, emphasising the importance of further mechanistic investigations and supporting it as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuin Tian Pang
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Mean Ghim
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Padmini Sarathchandra
- Harefield Heart Science Centre, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Christina M Warboys
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, United Kingdom
| | - Magdi H Yacoub
- Harefield Heart Science Centre, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian H Chester
- Harefield Heart Science Centre, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter D Weinberg
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, United Kingdom.
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20
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Kretschmer M, Mamistvalov R, Sprinzak D, Vollmar AM, Zahler S. Matrix stiffness regulates Notch signaling activity in endothelial cells. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:286810. [PMID: 36718783 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling is critical for many developmental and disease-related processes. It is widely accepted that Notch has a mechanotransduction module that regulates receptor cleavage. However, the role of biomechanical properties of the cellular environment in Notch signaling in general is still poorly understood. During angiogenesis, differentiation of endothelial cells into tip and stalk cells is regulated by Notch signaling, and remodeling of the extracellular matrix occurs. We investigated the influence of substrate stiffness on the Notch signaling pathway in endothelial cells. Using stiffness-tuned polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates, we show that activity of the Notch signaling pathway inversely correlates with a physiologically relevant range of substrate stiffness (i.e. increased Notch signaling activity on softer substrates). Trans-endocytosis of the Notch extracellular domain, but not the overall endocytosis, is regulated by substrate stiffness, and integrin cell-matrix connections are both stiffness dependent and influenced by Notch signaling. We conclude that mechanotransduction of Notch activation is modulated by substrate stiffness, highlighting the role of substrate rigidity as an important cue for signaling. This might have implications in pathological situations associated with stiffening of the extracellular matrix, such as tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maibritt Kretschmer
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Rose Mamistvalov
- The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - David Sprinzak
- The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Angelika M Vollmar
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Zahler
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
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21
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Pereira D, Alline T, Singh G, Chabouté ME, Asnacios A. A Microfluidic-Like System (MLS) to Grow, Image, and Quantitatively Characterize Rigidity Sensing by Plant's Roots and Root Hair Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2600:121-131. [PMID: 36587094 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2851-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant's roots grow in soils of different rigidities. Understanding how the stiffness of the surrounding environment impacts growth and cell fate of roots and root hair cells is an important and open question. Here, we describe a simple method to setup a microfluidic-like system (MLS) to tackle this question. This system enables to grow plantlets during weeks in microfluidic chips filled with gels of controlled stiffness and to image them under a microscope from a few minutes up to a few days. Furthermore, MLS keeps the numerous benefits of microfluidic chips, such as high-resolution imaging, precise control of the geometry of growth, and standardization of the measurements. In sum, MLS enables one to quantitatively test, even on long time scales, the effect of the rigidity and the geometry of the environment on the growth of roots and root hair cells, including mechanotransduction to the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pereira
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057, Paris, France.
| | - Thomas Alline
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057, Paris, France
| | - Gaurav Singh
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, UPR2357 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marie-Edith Chabouté
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, UPR2357 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Atef Asnacios
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057, Paris, France.
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22
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Abstract
The visualization of mechanical stress distribution in specific molecular networks within a living and physiologically active cell or animal remains a formidable challenge in mechanobiology. The advent of fluorescence-resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based molecular tension sensors overcame a significant hurdle that now enables us to address previously technically limited questions. Here, we describe a method that uses genetically encoded FRET tension sensors to visualize the mechanics of cytoskeletal networks in neurons of living animals with sensitized emission FRET and confocal scanning light microscopy. This method uses noninvasive immobilization of living animals to image neuronal β-spectrin cytoskeleton at the diffraction limit, and leverages multiple imaging controls to verify and underline the quality of the measurements. In combination with a semiautomated machine-vision algorithm to identify and trace individual neurites, our analysis performs simultaneous calculation of FRET efficiencies and visualizes statistical uncertainty on a pixel by pixel basis. Our approach is not limited to genetically encoded spectrin tension sensors, but can also be used for any kind of ratiometric imaging in neuronal cells both in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Sanfeliu-Cerdán
- Neurophotonics and Mechanical Systems Biology, ICFO, Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, ICFO, Castelldefels, Spain
| | - Li-Chun Lin
- Neurophotonics and Mechanical Systems Biology, ICFO, Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, ICFO, Castelldefels, Spain
| | - Alexander R Dunn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Miriam B Goodman
- Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael Krieg
- Neurophotonics and Mechanical Systems Biology, ICFO, Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, ICFO, Castelldefels, Spain.
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23
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Püllen R, Konrad J, Hoffmann B, Merkel R. Cell Stretcher Assay to Analyze Mechanoresponses to Cyclic Stretching. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2600:91-105. [PMID: 36587092 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2851-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In their natural environment, most cells and tissues are continuously exposed to cyclic mechanical strain. Sensing these stimuli by mechanosensory proteins and subsequent conversion into a variety of biological responses (referred to as mechanotransduction) are key processes for tissue homeostasis, survival, and differentiation. Perturbations of underlying signaling pathways lead to severe diseases in vivo (Urciuoli E, Peruzzi B, Int J Mol Sci 21(24). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21249426, (2020)). In addition, cellular mechanoresponses to cyclic stretching of an isolated single cell differ from those of a cell monolayer, network, or even three-dimensional tissue. Since these processes depend on various physical and biological parameters, the development of a precise, well-characterized, and highly reproducible but also easily tunable stretcher assay is indispensable. Here, we describe the fabrication of defined elastic substrates and their application in cyclic stretching of cultured cells in a custom-made cell stretcher device. We focus on the detailed description of the system and provide a possibility for mechanoresponse characterization, using the analysis of actin stress fiber orientation as exemplary mechanoresponse to cyclic stretching of adherent cells.
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24
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Seetharaman S, Sala S, Gardel ML, Oakes PW. Quantifying Strain-Sensing Protein Recruitment During Stress Fiber Repair. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2600:169-82. [PMID: 36587097 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2851-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A family of proteins have been identified that recognize damaged, strained actin filaments in stress fibers. These proteins are often referred to as strain- or force-sensing and trigger downstream signaling mechanisms that can facilitate repair at these strain sites. Here we describe a method using high-resolution microscopy to screen and quantify the mechanosensitive recruitment of proteins to these stress fiber strain sites. Strain sites are induced using spatially controlled illumination of UV light to locally damage actin stress fibers. Recruitment of potential strain-sensing proteins can then either be compared to (Blanchoin, Physiol Rev 94, 235-263, 2014) a known control (e.g., zyxin-GFP) or (Hoffman, Mol Biol Cell 23, 1846-1859, 2012) the pre-damaged stress fiber protein distribution. With this method, strain-sensing proteins and their dynamic association with stress fiber strain sites can be reproducibly measured and compared.
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25
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Shi L, Lim JY, Kam LC. Substrate stiffness enhances human regulatory T cell induction and metabolism. Biomaterials 2023; 292:121928. [PMID: 36455488 PMCID: PMC9772289 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) provide an essential tolerance mechanism to suppress the immune response. Induced Tregs hold the potential to treat autoimmune diseases in adoptive therapy and can be produced with stimulating signals to CD3 and CD28 in presence of the cytokine TGF-β and IL-2. This report examines the modulation of human Treg induction by leveraging the ability of T cells to sense the mechanical stiffness of an activating substrate. Treg induction on polyacrylamide gels (PA-gels) was sensitive to the substrate's elastic modulus, increasing with greater material stiffness. Single-cell RNA-Seq analysis revealed that Treg induction on stiffer substrates involved greater use of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Inhibition of ATP synthase significantly reduced the rate of Treg induction and abrogated the difference among gels while activation of AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) increased Treg induction on the softer sample but not on the harder sample. Treg induction is thus mechanosensitive and OXPHOS-dependent, providing new strategies for improving the production of these cells for cellular immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingting Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 1210 Amsterdam Ave, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Jee Yoon Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, 1212 Amsterdam Ave, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Lance C Kam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 1210 Amsterdam Ave, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
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26
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Sano T, Nakajima T, Senda KA, Nakano S, Yamato M, Ikeda Y, Zeng H, Kawabe JI, Matsunaga YT. Image-based crosstalk analysis of cell-cell interactions during sprouting angiogenesis using blood-vessel-on-a-chip. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:532. [PMID: 36575469 PMCID: PMC9795717 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-03223-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sprouting angiogenesis is an important mechanism for morphogenetic phenomena, including organ development, wound healing, and tissue regeneration. In regenerative medicine, therapeutic angiogenesis is a clinical solution for recovery from ischemic diseases. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been clinically used given their pro-angiogenic effects. MSCs are reported to promote angiogenesis by differentiating into pericytes or other vascular cells or through cell-cell communication using multiple protein-protein interactions. However, how MSCs physically contact and move around ECs to keep the sprouting angiogenesis active remains unknown. METHODS We proposed a novel framework of EC-MSC crosstalk analysis using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and MSCs obtained from mice subcutaneous adipose tissue on a 3D in vitro model, microvessel-on-a-chip, which allows cell-to-tissue level study. The microvessels were fabricated and cultured for 10 days in a collagen matrix where MSCs were embedded. RESULTS Immunofluorescence imaging using a confocal laser microscope showed that MSCs smoothed the surface of the microvessel and elongated the angiogenic sprouts by binding to the microvessel's specific microstructures. Additionally, three-dimensional modeling of HUVEC-MSC intersections revealed that MSCs were selectively located around protrusions or roots of angiogenic sprouts, whose surface curvature was excessively low or high, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The combination of our microvessel-on-a-chip system for 3D co-culture and image-based crosstalk analysis demonstrated that MSCs are selectively localized to concave-convex surfaces on scaffold structures and that they are responsible for the activation and stabilization of capillary vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Sano
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XInstitute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505 Japan
| | - Tadaaki Nakajima
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XInstitute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505 Japan ,grid.268441.d0000 0001 1033 6139Department of Science, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0027 Japan
| | - Koharu Alicia Senda
- Hiroo Gakuen Junior and Senior High School, 5-1-14 Minami Azabu, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 106-0047 Japan
| | - Shizuka Nakano
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XInstitute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505 Japan
| | - Mizuho Yamato
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XInstitute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505 Japan
| | - Yukinori Ikeda
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XInstitute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505 Japan
| | - Hedele Zeng
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XInstitute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505 Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Kawabe
- grid.252427.40000 0000 8638 2724Department of Biochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1 Midorigaoka-higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510 Japan
| | - Yukiko T. Matsunaga
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XInstitute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505 Japan
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27
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Papalazarou V, Drew J, Juin A, Spence HJ, Whitelaw J, Nixon C, Salmeron-Sanchez M, Machesky LM. Collagen VI expression is negatively mechanosensitive in pancreatic cancer cells and supports the metastatic niche. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:jcs259978. [PMID: 36546396 PMCID: PMC9845737 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a deadly and highly metastatic disease, although how metastatic lesions establish is not fully understood. A key feature of pancreatic tumours is extensive fibrosis and deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM). While pancreatic cancer cells are programmed by stimuli derived from a stiff ECM, metastasis requires loss of attachment and adaptation to a softer microenvironment at distant sites. Growing evidence suggests that stiff ECM influences pancreatic cancer cell behaviour. Here, we argue that this influence is reversible and that pancreatic cancer cells can be reprogrammed upon sensing soft substrates. Using engineered polyacrylamide hydrogels with tuneable mechanical properties, we show that collagen VI is specifically upregulated in pancreatic cancer cells on soft substrates, due to a lack of integrin engagement. Furthermore, the expression of collagen VI is inversely correlated with mechanosensing and activity of YAP (also known as YAP1), which might be due to a direct or indirect effect on transcription of genes encoding collagen VI. Collagen VI supports migration in vitro and metastasis formation in vivo. Metastatic nodules formed by pancreatic cancer cells lacking Col6a1 display stromal cell-derived collagen VI deposition, suggesting that collagen VI derived from either cancer cells or the stroma is an essential component of the metastatic niche. This article has an associated First Person interview with Vasileios Papalazarou, joint first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Papalazarou
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, University of Glasgow,Glasgow G11 6EW, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - James Drew
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Amelie Juin
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Heather J. Spence
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Jamie Whitelaw
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Colin Nixon
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | | | - Laura M. Machesky
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
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28
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Goult BT, von Essen M, Hytönen VP. The mechanical cell - the role of force dependencies in synchronising protein interaction networks. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:283155. [PMID: 36398718 PMCID: PMC9845749 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of mechanical signals in the proper functioning of organisms is increasingly recognised, and every cell senses physical forces and responds to them. These forces are generated both from outside the cell or via the sophisticated force-generation machinery of the cell, the cytoskeleton. All regions of the cell are connected via mechanical linkages, enabling the whole cell to function as a mechanical system. In this Review, we define some of the key concepts of how this machinery functions, highlighting the critical requirement for mechanosensory proteins, and conceptualise the coupling of mechanical linkages to mechanochemical switches that enables forces to be converted into biological signals. These mechanical couplings provide a mechanism for how mechanical crosstalk might coordinate the entire cell, its neighbours, extending into whole collections of cells, in tissues and in organs, and ultimately in the coordination and operation of entire organisms. Consequently, many diseases manifest through defects in this machinery, which we map onto schematics of the mechanical linkages within a cell. This mapping approach paves the way for the identification of additional linkages between mechanosignalling pathways and so might identify treatments for diseases, where mechanical connections are affected by mutations or where individual force-regulated components are defective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T. Goult
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, Kent, UK,Authors for correspondence (; )
| | - Magdaléna von Essen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33100 Tampere, Finland
| | - Vesa P. Hytönen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33100 Tampere, Finland,Fimlab Laboratories, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland,Authors for correspondence (; )
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29
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Guichard M, Thomine S, Frachisse JM. Mechanotransduction in the spotlight of mechano-sensitive channels. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2022; 68:102252. [PMID: 35772372 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The study of mechanosensitive channels (MS) in living organisms has progressed considerably over the past two decades. The understanding of their roles in mechanosensation and mechanotransduction was consecrated by the awarding of the Nobel Prize in 2021 to A. Patapoutian for his discoveries on the role of MS channels in mechanoperception in humans. In this review, we first summarize the fundamental properties of MS channels and their mode of operation. Then in a second step, we provide an update on the knowledge on the families of MS channels identified in plants and the roles and functions that have been attributed to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Guichard
- Institute of Cell and Interaction Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sébastien Thomine
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jean-Marie Frachisse
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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30
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Santore MM. Interplay of physico-chemical and mechanical bacteria-surface interactions with transport processes controls early biofilm growth: A review. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 304:102665. [PMID: 35468355 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Biofilms initiate when bacteria encounter and are retained on surfaces. The surface orchestrates biofilm growth through direct physico-chemical and mechanical interactions with different structures on bacterial cells and, in turn, through its influence on cell-cell interactions. Individual cells respond directly to a surface through mechanical or chemical means, initiating "surface sensing" pathways that regulate gene expression, for instance producing extra cellular matrix or altering phenotypes. The surface can also physically direct the evolving colony morphology as cells divide and grow. In either case, the physico-chemistry of the surface influences cells and cell communities through mechanisms that involve additional factors. For instance the numbers of cells arriving on a surface from solution relative to the generation of new cells by division depends on adhesion and transport kinetics, affecting early colony density and composition. Separately, the forces experienced by adhering cells depend on hydrodynamics, gravity, and the relative stiffnesses and viscoelasticity of the cells and substrate materials, affecting mechanosensing pathways. Physical chemistry and surface functionality, along with interfacial mechanics also influence cell-surface friction and control colony morphology, in particular 2D and 3D shape. This review focuses on the current understanding of the mechanisms in which physico-chemical interactions, deriving from surface functionality, impact individual cells and cell community behavior through their coupling with other interfacial processes.
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31
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Vanmunster M, Rojo Garcia AV, Pacolet A, Dalle S, Koppo K, Jonkers I, Lories R, Suhr F. Mechanosensors control skeletal muscle mass, molecular clocks, and metabolism. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:321. [PMID: 35622133 PMCID: PMC11072145 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04346-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscles (SkM) are mechanosensitive, with mechanical unloading resulting in muscle-devastating conditions and altered metabolic properties. However, it remains unexplored whether these atrophic conditions affect SkM mechanosensors and molecular clocks, both crucial for their homeostasis and consequent physiological metabolism. METHODS We induced SkM atrophy through 14 days of hindlimb suspension (HS) in 10 male C57BL/6J mice and 10 controls (CTR). SkM histology, gene expressions and protein levels of mechanosensors, molecular clocks and metabolism-related players were examined in the m. Gastrocnemius and m. Soleus. Furthermore, we genetically reduced the expression of mechanosensors integrin-linked kinase (Ilk1) and kindlin-2 (Fermt2) in myogenic C2C12 cells and analyzed the gene expression of mechanosensors, clock components and metabolism-controlling genes. RESULTS Upon hindlimb suspension, gene expression levels of both core molecular clocks and mechanosensors were moderately upregulated in m. Gastrocnemius but strongly downregulated in m. Soleus. Upon unloading, metabolism- and protein biosynthesis-related genes were moderately upregulated in m. Gastrocnemius but downregulated in m. Soleus. Furthermore, we identified very strong correlations between mechanosensors, metabolism- and circadian clock-regulating genes. Finally, genetically induced downregulations of mechanosensors Ilk1 and Fermt2 caused a downregulated mechanosensor, molecular clock and metabolism-related gene expression in the C2C12 model. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data shed new lights on mechanisms that control muscle loss. Mechanosensors are identified to crucially control these processes, specifically through commanding molecular clock components and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Vanmunster
- Department of Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU Leuven, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ana Victoria Rojo Garcia
- Department of Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU Leuven, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexander Pacolet
- Department of Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU Leuven, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Dalle
- Department of Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU Leuven, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrien Koppo
- Department of Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU Leuven, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ilse Jonkers
- Department of Movement Sciences, Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, KU Leuven, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rik Lories
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank Suhr
- Department of Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU Leuven, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
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32
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Peng Y, Du J, Günther S, Guo X, Wang S, Schneider A, Zhu L, Braun T. Mechano-signaling via Piezo1 prevents activation and p53-mediated senescence of muscle stem cells. Redox Biol 2022; 52:102309. [PMID: 35395625 PMCID: PMC9005960 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle stem cells (MuSCs), also called satellite cells, are instrumental for postnatal muscle growth and skeletal muscle regeneration. Numerous signaling cascades regulate the fate of MuSCs during muscle regeneration but the molecular mechanism by which MuSCs sense mechanical stimuli remain unclear. Here, we describe that Piezo1, a mechanosensitive ion channel, keeps MuSCs in a quiescent state and prevents senescence. Absence of Piezo1 induces precocious activation of MuSCs, attenuates proliferation, and impairs differentiation, essentially abolishing efficient skeletal muscle regeneration and replenishment of the MuSC pool. Furthermore, we discovered that inactivation of Piezo1 results in compensatory up-regulation of T-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, leading to increased Ca2+ influx, which strongly induces NOX4 expression via cPKC. Elevated NOX4 expression in Piezo1-deficient MuSCs increases ROS levels and DNA damage, causing P53-dependent cellular senescence and cell death. The importance of the P53/P21-axis for mediating Piezo1-dependent cellular defects was confirmed by pharmacological inhibition of P53 in Piezo1-deficient mice, which abrogates increased senescence of muscle cells and normalizes muscle regeneration. Our findings uncover an essential role of Piezo1-mediated mechano-signaling in MuSCs for maintaining quiescence and preventing senescence. Reduced mechano-signaling due to decreased physical activity during aging may contribute to the increase of senescent cells and the decline of MuSC numbers in geriatric mice and humans. Piezo1 is highly expressed in skeletal MuSCs and prevents their precocious activation. Loss of Piezo1 increases Ca2+ influx into MuSCs, which induces NOX4 expression via PKC, leading to enhanced ROS generation. Inactivation of Piezo1 depletes the MuSC pool and causes P53-dependent senescence of MuSCs. ROS scavenging in Piezo1-deficient MuSCs prevents P53 accumulation. Inhibition of P53 mitigates skeletal muscle regeneration defects in mice with Piezo1-deficient MuSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yundong Peng
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Jingjing Du
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany; College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Stefan Günther
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Xinyue Guo
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Shengpeng Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, No.76 West Yanta Road, Yanta District, Xi'an, China
| | - Andre Schneider
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Li Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Thomas Braun
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Efremov AK, Yao M, Sun Y, Tee YH, Sheetz MP, Bershadsky AD, Martinac B, Yan J. Application of piconewton forces to individual filopodia reveals mechanosensory role of L-type Ca 2+ channels. Biomaterials 2022; 284:121477. [PMID: 35395455 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Filopodia are ubiquitous membrane projections that play crucial role in guiding cell migration on rigid substrates and through extracellular matrix by utilizing yet unknown mechanosensing molecular pathways. As recent studies show that Ca2+ channels localized to filopodia play an important role in regulation of their formation and since some Ca2+ channels are known to be mechanosensitive, force-dependent activity of filopodial Ca2+ channels might be linked to filopodia's mechanosensing function. We tested this hypothesis by monitoring changes in the intra-filopodial Ca2+ level in response to application of stretching force to individual filopodia of several cell types using optical tweezers. Results show that stretching forces of tens of pN strongly promote Ca2+ influx into filopodia, causing persistent Ca2+ oscillations that last for minutes even after the force is released. Several known mechanosensitive Ca2+ channels, such as Piezo 1, Piezo 2 and TRPV4, were found to be dispensable for the observed force-dependent Ca2+ influx, while L-type Ca2+ channels appear to be a key player in the discovered phenomenon. As previous studies have shown that intra-filopodial transient Ca2+ signals play an important role in guidance of cell migration, our results suggest that the force-dependent activation of L-type Ca2+ channels may contribute to this process. Overall, our study reveals an intricate interplay between mechanical forces and Ca2+ signaling in filopodia, providing novel mechanistic insights for the force-dependent filopodia functions in guidance of cell migration.
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Muntz I, Fenu M, van Osch GJVM, Koenderink G. The role of cell-matrix interactions in connective tissue mechanics. Phys Biol 2021; 19. [PMID: 34902848 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/ac42b8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Living tissue is able to withstand large stresses in everyday life, yet it also actively adapts to dynamic loads. This remarkable mechanical behaviour emerges from the interplay between living cells and their non-living extracellular environment. Here we review recent insights into the biophysical mechanisms involved in the reciprocal interplay between cells and the extracellular matrix and how this interplay determines tissue mechanics, with a focus on connective tissues. We first describe the roles of the main macromolecular components of the extracellular matrix in regards to tissue mechanics. We then proceed to highlight the main routes via which cells sense and respond to their biochemical and mechanical extracellular environment. Next we introduce the three main routes via which cells can modify their extracellular environment: exertion of contractile forces, secretion and deposition of matrix components, and matrix degradation. Finally we discuss how recent insights in the mechanobiology of cell-matrix interactions are furthering our understanding of the pathophysiology of connective tissue diseases and cancer, and facilitating the design of novel strategies for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain Muntz
- Bionanoscience, TU Delft, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft, Zuid-Holland, 2629 HC, NETHERLANDS
| | - Michele Fenu
- Otorhinolaryngology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland, 3000 CA, NETHERLANDS
| | - Gerjo J V M van Osch
- Orthopaedics; Otorhinolaryngology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland, 3000 CA, NETHERLANDS
| | - Gijsje Koenderink
- Bionanoscience, TU Delft, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft, Zuid-Holland, 2629 HZ, NETHERLANDS
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Kameo Y, Ozasa M, Adachi T. Computational framework for analyzing flow-induced strain on osteocyte as modulated by microenvironment. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 126:105027. [PMID: 34920322 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.105027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Osteocytes buried in bone matrix are major mechanosensory cells that regulate bone remodeling in response to interstitial fluid flow in a lacuno-canalicular porosity. To gain an understanding of the mechanism of osteocyte mechanosensing, it is important to be able to evaluate the local strain on the osteocyte process membrane induced by the interstitial fluid flow. The microenvironment of the osteocytes, including the pericellular matrix (PCM) and canalicular ultrastructure, is a key modulator of the flow-induced strain on the osteocyte process membrane because it produces heterogeneous flow patterns in the pericellular space. To investigate the effect of changes in the microenvironment of osteocytes on the flow-induced strain, we developed a novel computational framework for analyzing the fluid-structure interaction. Computer simulations based on the proposed framework enabled evaluation of the spatial distribution of flow-induced strain on the osteocyte process membrane according to changes in the PCM density and canalicular curvature. The simulation results reveal that a decrease in PCM density and an increase in canalicular curvature, each of which is associated with aging and bone disease, have the notable effect of enhancing local flow-induced strain on the osteocyte process membrane. We believe that the proposed computational framework is a promising framework for investigating cell-specific mechanical stimuli and that it has the potential to accelerate the mechanobiological study of osteocytes by providing a deeper understanding of their mechanical environment in living bone tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Kameo
- Department of Biosystems Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan; Department of Micro Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan; Department of Mammalian Regulatory Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Ozasa
- Department of Micro Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Taiji Adachi
- Department of Biosystems Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan; Department of Micro Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan; Department of Mammalian Regulatory Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
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36
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Canales Coutiño B, Mayor R. The mechanosensitive channel Piezo1 cooperates with semaphorins to control neural crest migration. Development 2021; 148:273523. [PMID: 34822717 PMCID: PMC8714065 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cells are permanently exposed to a multitude of different kinds of signals: however, how cells respond to simultaneous extracellular signals within a complex in vivo environment is poorly understood. Here, we studied the role of the mechanosensitive ion channel Piezo1 on the migration of the neural crest, a multipotent embryonic cell population. We identify that Piezo1 is required for the migration of Xenopus cephalic neural crest. We show that loss of Piezo1 promotes focal adhesion turnover and cytoskeletal dynamics by controlling Rac1 activity, leading to increased speed of migration. Moreover, overactivation of Rac1, due to Piezo1 inhibition, counteracts cell migration inhibitory signals by Semaphorin 3A and Semaphorin 3F, generating aberrant neural crest invasion in vivo. Thus, we find that, for directional migration in vivo, neural crest cells require a tight regulation of Rac1, by semaphorins and Piezo1. We reveal here that a balance between a myriad of signals through Rac1 dictates cell migration in vivo, a mechanism that is likely to be conserved in other cell migration processes. Summary: Neural crest directional and normal migration in vivo requires both chemical and mechanical regulation of Rac1 by Semaphorin 3A and Piezo1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Canales Coutiño
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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37
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Matera DL, Lee AT, Hiraki HL, Baker BM. The Role of Rho GTPases During Fibroblast Spreading, Migration, and Myofibroblast Differentiation in 3D Synthetic Fibrous Matrices. Cell Mol Bioeng 2021; 14:381-396. [PMID: 34777599 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-021-00698-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Connective tissue repair and mechanosensing are tightly entwined in vivo and occur within a complex three-dimensional (3D), fibrous extracellular matrix (ECM). Typically driven by activated fibroblasts, wound repair involves well-defined steps of cell spreading, migration, proliferation, and fibrous ECM deposition. While the role of Rho GTPases in regulating these processes has been explored extensively in two-dimensional cell culture models, much less is known about their role in more physiologic, 3D environments. Methods We employed a 3D, fibrous and protease-sensitive hydrogel model of interstitial ECM to study the interplay between Rho GTPases and fibrous matrix cues in fibroblasts during wound healing. Results Modulating fiber density within protease-sensitive hydrogels, we confirmed previous findings that heightened fiber density promotes fibroblast spreading and proliferation. The presence of matrix fibers furthermore corresponded to increased cell migration speeds and macroscopic hydrogel contraction arising from fibroblast generated forces. During fibroblast spreading, Rac1 and RhoA GTPase activity proved crucial for fiber-mediated cell spreading and contact guidance along matrix fibers, while Cdc42 was dispensable. In contrast, interplay between RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42 contributed to fiber-mediated myofibroblast differentiation and matrix contraction over longer time scales. Conclusion These observations may provide insights into tissue repair processes in vivo and motivate the incorporation of cell-adhesive fibers within synthetic hydrogels for material-guided wound repair strategies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12195-021-00698-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Matera
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Alexander T Lee
- Department of Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Harrison L Hiraki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2174 Lurie BME Building, 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Brendon M Baker
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2174 Lurie BME Building, 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
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Lewis KJ, Cabahug-Zuckerman P, Boorman-Padgett JF, Basta-Pljakic J, Louie J, Stephen S, Spray DC, Thi MM, Seref-Ferlengez Z, Majeska RJ, Weinbaum S, Schaffler MB. Estrogen depletion on In vivo osteocyte calcium signaling responses to mechanical loading. Bone 2021; 152:116072. [PMID: 34171514 PMCID: PMC8316427 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Microstructural adaptation of bone in response to mechanical stimuli is diminished with estrogen deprivation. Here we tested in vivo whether ovariectomy (OVX) alters the acute response of osteocytes, the principal mechanosensory cells of bone, to mechanical loading in mice. We also used super resolution microscopy (Structured Illumination microscopy or SIM) in conjunction with immunohistochemistry to assess changes in the number and organization of "osteocyte mechanosomes" - complexes of Panx1 channels, P2X7 receptors and CaV3 voltage-gated Ca2+ channels clustered around αvβ3 integrin foci on osteocyte processes. Third metatarsals bones of mice expressing an osteocyte-targeted genetically encoded Ca2+ indicator (DMP1-GCaMP3) were cyclically loaded in vivo to strains from 250 to 3000 με and osteocyte intracellular Ca2+ signaling responses were assessed in mid-diaphyses using multiphoton microscopy. The number of Ca2+ signaling osteocytes in control mice increase monotonically with applied strain magnitude for the physiological range of strains. The relationship between the number of Ca2+ signaling osteocytes and loading was unchanged at 2 days post-OVX. However, it was altered markedly at 28 days post-OVX. At loads up to 1000 με, there was a dramatic reduction in number of responding (i.e. Ca2+ signaling) osteocytes; however, at higher strains the numbers of Ca2+ signaling osteocytes were similar to control mice. OVX significantly altered the abundance, make-up and organization of osteocyte mechanosome complexes on dendritic processes. Numbers of αvβ3 foci also staining with either Panx 1, P2X7R or CaV3 declined by nearly half after OVX, pointing to a loss of osteocyte mechanosomes on the dendritic processes with estrogen depletion. At the same time, the areas of the remaining foci that stained for αvβ3 and channel proteins increased significantly, a redistribution of mechanosome components suggesting a potential compensatory response. These results demonstrate that the deleterious effects of estrogen depletion on skeletal mechanical adaptation appear at the level of mechanosensation; osteocytes lose the ability to sense small (physiological) mechanical stimuli. This decline may result at least partly from changes in the structure and organization of osteocyte mechanosomes, which contribute to the distinctive sensitivity of osteocytes (particularly their dendritic processes) to mechanical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J Lewis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Pamela Cabahug-Zuckerman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - James F Boorman-Padgett
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Jelena Basta-Pljakic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Joyce Louie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Samuel Stephen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - David C Spray
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Mia M Thi
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America; Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Zeynep Seref-Ferlengez
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Robert J Majeska
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Sheldon Weinbaum
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Mitchell B Schaffler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY, United States of America.
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Eichinger JF, Paukner D, Aydin RC, Wall WA, Humphrey JD, Cyron CJ. What do cells regulate in soft tissues on short time scales? Acta Biomater 2021; 134:348-356. [PMID: 34332102 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cells within living soft biological tissues seem to promote the maintenance of a mechanical state within a defined range near a so-called set-point. This mechanobiological process is often referred to as mechanical homeostasis. During this process, cells interact with the fibers of the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). It remains poorly understood, however, what individual cells actually regulate during these interactions, and how these micromechanical regulations are translated to the tissue-level to lead to what we observe as biomaterial properties. Herein, we examine this question by a combination of experiments, theoretical analysis, and computational modeling. We demonstrate that on short time scales (hours) - during which deposition and degradation of ECM fibers can largely be neglected - cells appear to not regulate the stress / strain in the ECM or their own shape, but rather only the contractile forces that they exert on the surrounding ECM. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Cells in soft biological tissues sense and regulate the mechanical state of the extracellular matrix to ensure structural integrity and functionality. This so-called mechanical homeostasis plays an important role in the natural history of various diseases such as aneurysms in the cardiovascular system or cancer. Yet, it remains poorly understood to date which target quantity cells regulate on the mircroscale and how it translates to the macroscale. In this paper, we combine experiments, computer simulations, and theoretical analysis to compare different hypotheses about this target quantity. This allows us to identify a likely candidate for it at least on short time scales and in the simplified environment of tissue equivalents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas F Eichinger
- Institute for Computational Mechanics, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstrasse 15, 85748, Garching, Germany; Institute for Continuum and Material Mechanics, Hamburg University of Technology, Eissendorfer Str. 42, 21073, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Daniel Paukner
- Institute for Continuum and Material Mechanics, Hamburg University of Technology, Eissendorfer Str. 42, 21073, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Material Systems Modeling, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany.
| | - Roland C Aydin
- Institute of Material Systems Modeling, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang A Wall
- Institute for Computational Mechanics, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstrasse 15, 85748, Garching, Germany.
| | - Jay D Humphrey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 55 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Christian J Cyron
- Institute for Continuum and Material Mechanics, Hamburg University of Technology, Eissendorfer Str. 42, 21073, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Material Systems Modeling, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany.
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Lai X, Chung R, Li Y, Liu XS, Wang L. Lactation alters fluid flow and solute transport in maternal skeleton: A multiscale modeling study on the effects of microstructural changes and loading frequency. Bone 2021; 151:116033. [PMID: 34102350 PMCID: PMC8276854 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The female skeleton undergoes significant material and ultrastructural changes to meet high calcium demands during reproduction and lactation. Through the peri-lacunar/canalicular remodeling (PLR), osteocytes actively resorb surrounding matrix and enlarge their lacunae and canaliculi during lactation, which are quickly reversed after weaning. How these changes alter the physicochemical environment of osteocytes, the most abundant and primary mechanosensing cells in bone, are not well understood. In this study, we developed a multiscale poroelastic modeling technique to investigate lactation-induced changes in stress, fluid pressurization, fluid flow, and solute transport across multiple length scales (whole bone, porous midshaft cortex, lacunar-canalicular pore system (LCS), and pericellular matrix (PCM) around osteocytes) in murine tibiae subjected to axial compression at 3 N peak load (~320 με) at 0.5, 2, or 4 Hz. Based on previously reported skeletal anatomical measurements from lactating and nulliparous mice, our models demonstrated that loading frequency, LCS porosity, and PCM density were major determinants of fluid and solute flows responsible for osteocyte mechanosensing, cell-cell signaling, and metabolism. When loaded at 0.5 Hz, lactation-induced LCS expansion and potential PCM reduction promoted solute transport and osteocyte mechanosensing via primary cilia, but suppressed mechanosensing via fluid shear and/or drag force on the cell membrane. Interestingly, loading at 2 or 4 Hz was found to overcome the mechanosensing deficits observed at 0.5 Hz and these counter effects became more pronounced at 4 Hz and with sparser PCM in the lactating bone. Synergistically, higher loading frequency (2, 4 Hz) and sparser PCM enhanced flow-mediated mechanosensing and diffusion/convection of nutrients and signaling molecules for osteocytes. In summary, lactation-induced structural changes alter the local environment of osteocytes in ways that favor metabolism, mechanosensing, and post-weaning recovery of maternal bone. Thus, osteocytes play a role in balancing the metabolic and mechanical functions of female skeleton during reproduction and lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Lai
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Rebecca Chung
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Yihan Li
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xiaowei Sherry Liu
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Liyun Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, United States.
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Guimarães LHS, Rossi NMM, Bitencourt TA. Expression of F-actin and β-tubulin genes in free mycelia and robust biofilms of the filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:2357-62. [PMID: 34549373 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00611-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphology and growth of the filamentous fungi are influenced by different factors as the culture conditions and the type of fermentative process. The production and secretion of metabolites by these organisms present a direct relationship with their morphology. The organization of the microtubules and actin in the cytoskeleton is determinant for both the fungal growth and morphology. In this context, this study aimed to analyze the expression of the β-tubulin, F-actin, and glucan synthase in the A. niger mycelia obtained from submerged fermentation and biofilm fermentation through qPCR, as well as the analysis of the nucleus distribution in the hypha. Herein, we showed that β-tubulin and the F-actin gene were more expressed in the biofilm condition, while the glucan synthase was in the submerged condition. No significant difference was observed in the nucleus distribution between the mycelia obtained from both the fermentative processes. In conclusion, the different morphologies observed for the mycelia from submerged fermentation and biofilm fermentation might be influenced by the differential modulation of genes that codify cytoskeleton proteins, which seems to be potentially regulated by mechanosensing during fungal contact with solid supports.
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Abstract
Physical constraints, such as compression, shear stress, stretching and tension, play major roles during development, tissue homeostasis, immune responses and pathologies. Cells and organelles also face mechanical forces during migration and extravasation, and investigations into how mechanical forces are translated into a wide panel of biological responses, including changes in cell morphology, membrane transport, metabolism, energy production and gene expression, is a flourishing field. Recent studies demonstrate the role of macroautophagy in the integration of physical constraints. The aim of this Review is to summarize and discuss our knowledge of the role of macroautophagy in controlling a large panel of cell responses, from morphological and metabolic changes, to inflammation and senescence, for the integration of mechanical forces. Moreover, wherever possible, we also discuss the cell surface molecules and structures that sense mechanical forces upstream of macroautophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Claude-Taupin
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Université de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Patrice Codogno
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Université de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Dupont
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Université de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
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43
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Yokoyama Y, Kameo Y, Kamioka H, Adachi T. High-resolution image-based simulation reveals membrane strain concentration on osteocyte processes caused by tethering elements. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2021; 20:2353-2360. [PMID: 34471950 PMCID: PMC8595188 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-021-01511-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Osteocytes are vital for regulating bone remodeling by sensing the flow-induced mechanical stimuli applied to their cell processes. In this mechanosensing mechanism, tethering elements (TEs) connecting the osteocyte process with the canalicular wall potentially amplify the strain on the osteocyte processes. The ultrastructure of the osteocyte processes and canaliculi can be visualized at a nanometer scale using high-resolution imaging via ultra-high voltage electron microscopy (UHVEM). Moreover, the irregular shapes of the osteocyte processes and the canaliculi, including the TEs in the canalicular space, should considerably influence the mechanical stimuli applied to the osteocytes. This study aims to characterize the roles of the ultrastructure of osteocyte processes and canaliculi in the mechanism of osteocyte mechanosensing. Thus, we constructed a high-resolution image-based model of an osteocyte process and a canaliculus using UHVEM tomography and investigated the distribution and magnitude of flow-induced local strain on the osteocyte process by performing fluid–structure interaction simulation. The analysis results reveal that local strain concentration in the osteocyte process was induced by a small number of TEs with high tension, which were inclined depending on the irregular shapes of osteocyte processes and canaliculi. Therefore, this study could provide meaningful insights into the effect of ultrastructure of osteocyte processes and canaliculi on the osteocyte mechanosensing mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Yokoyama
- Department of Micro Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Kameo
- Department of Micro Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.,Department of Biosystems Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.,Department of Mammalian Regulatory Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kamioka
- Department of Orthodontics, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Taiji Adachi
- Department of Micro Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan. .,Department of Biosystems Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan. .,Department of Mammalian Regulatory Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
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Pogoda K, Charrier EE, Janmey PA. A Novel Method to Make Polyacrylamide Gels with Mechanical Properties Resembling those of Biological Tissues. Bio Protoc 2021; 11:e4131. [PMID: 34541049 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies characterizing how cells respond to the mechanical properties of their environment have been enabled by the use of soft elastomers and hydrogels as substrates for cell culture. A limitation of most such substrates is that, although their elastic properties can be accurately controlled, their viscous properties cannot, and cells respond to both elasticity and viscosity in the extracellular material to which they bind. Some approaches to endow soft substrates with viscosity as well as elasticity are based on coupling static and dynamic crosslinks in series within polymer networks or forming gels with a combination of sparse chemical crosslinks and steric entanglements. These materials form viscoelastic fluids that have revealed significant effects of viscous dissipation on cell function; however, they do not completely capture the mechanical features of soft solid tissues. In this report, we describe a method to make viscoelastic solids that more closely mimic some soft tissues using a combination of crosslinked networks and entrapped linear polymers. Both the elastic and viscous moduli of these substrates can be altered separately, and methods to attach cells to either the elastic or the viscous part of the network are described. Graphic abstract: Polyacrylamide gels with independently controlled elasticity and viscosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Pogoda
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342, Krakow, Poland
| | - Elisabeth E Charrier
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paul A Janmey
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Inman A, Smutny M. Feeling the force: Multiscale force sensing and transduction at the cell-cell interface. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 120:53-65. [PMID: 34238674 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A universal principle of all living cells is the ability to sense and respond to mechanical stimuli which is essential for many biological processes. Recent efforts have identified critical mechanosensitive molecules and response pathways involved in mechanotransduction during development and tissue homeostasis. Tissue-wide force transmission and local force sensing need to be spatiotemporally coordinated to precisely regulate essential processes during development such as tissue morphogenesis, patterning, cell migration and organogenesis. Understanding how cells identify and interpret extrinsic forces and integrate a specific response on cell and tissue level remains a major challenge. In this review we consider important cellular and physical factors in control of cell-cell mechanotransduction and discuss their significance for cell and developmental processes. We further highlight mechanosensitive macromolecules that are known to respond to external forces and present examples of how force responses can be integrated into cell and developmental programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Inman
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV47AL, UK
| | - Michael Smutny
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV47AL, UK.
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46
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Madl CM, Flaig IA, Holbrook CA, Wang YX, Blau HM. Biophysical matrix cues from the regenerating niche direct muscle stem cell fate in engineered microenvironments. Biomaterials 2021; 275:120973. [PMID: 34224984 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle stem cells (MuSCs) are essential for efficacious muscle repair, making MuSCs promising therapeutic targets for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. MuSCs are presented with a diverse and temporally defined set of cues from their microenvironment during regeneration that direct stem cell expansion, differentiation, and return to quiescence. Understanding the complex interplay among these biophysical and biochemical cues is necessary to develop therapies targeting or employing MuSCs. To probe the role of mechanical cues presented by the extracellular matrix, we leverage chemically defined hydrogel substrates with controllable stiffness and adhesive ligand composition to characterize the MuSC response to matrix cues presented during early and late phases of regeneration. We demonstrate that relatively soft hydrogels recapitulating healthy muscle stiffness promote MuSC activation and expansion, while relatively stiff hydrogels impair MuSC proliferation and arrest myogenic progression. These effects are seen on soft and stiff hydrogels presenting laminin-111 and exacerbated on hydrogels presenting RGD adhesive peptides. Soluble factors present in the MuSC niche during different phases of regeneration, prostaglandin E2 and oncostatin M, synergize with matrix-presented cues to enhance stem cell expansion on soft substrates and block myogenic progression on stiff substrates. To determine if temporally varied matrix stiffness reminiscent of the regenerating microenvironment alters MuSC fate, we developed a photoresponsive hydrogel system with accelerated reaction kinetics that can be rapidly softened on demand. MuSCs cultured on these materials revealed that the cellular response to a stiff microenvironment is fixed within the first three days of culture, as subsequent softening back to a healthy stiffness did not rescue MuSC proliferation or myogenic progression. These results highlight the importance of temporally controlled biophysical and biochemical cues in regulating MuSC fate that can be harnessed to improve regenerative medicine approaches to restore skeletal muscle tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Madl
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Iris A Flaig
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Colin A Holbrook
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Yu Xin Wang
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Helen M Blau
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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Tortorella I, Argentati C, Emiliani C, Martino S, Morena F. The role of physical cues in the development of stem cell-derived organoids. Eur Biophys J 2021. [PMID: 34120215 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-021-01551-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Organoids are a novel three-dimensional stem cells’ culture system that allows the in vitro recapitulation of organs/tissues structure complexity. Pluripotent and adult stem cells are included in a peculiar microenvironment consisting of a supporting structure (an extracellular matrix (ECM)-like component) and a cocktail of soluble bioactive molecules that, together, mimic the stem cell niche organization. It is noteworthy that the balance of all microenvironmental components is the most critical step for obtaining the successful development of an accurate organoid instead of an organoid with heterogeneous morphology, size, and cellular composition. Within this system, mechanical forces exerted on stem cells are collected by cellular proteins and transduced via mechanosensing—mechanotransduction mechanisms in biochemical signaling that dictate the stem cell specification process toward the formation of organoids. This review discusses the role of the environment in organoids formation and focuses on the effect of physical components on the developmental system. The work starts with a biological description of organoids and continues with the relevance of physical forces in the organoid environment formation. In this context, the methods used to generate organoids and some relevant published reports are discussed as examples showing the key role of mechanosensing–mechanotransduction mechanisms in stem cell-derived organoids.
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Le V, Mei L, Voyvodic PL, Zhao C, Busch DJ, Stachowiak JC, Baker AB. Molecular tension in syndecan-1 is regulated by extracellular mechanical cues and fluidic shear stress. Biomaterials 2021; 275:120947. [PMID: 34139507 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The endothelium plays a central role in regulating vascular homeostasis and is key in determining the response to materials implanted in the vascular system. Endothelial cells are uniquely sensitive to biophysical cues from applied forces and their local cellular microenvironment. The glycocalyx is a layer of proteoglycans, glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans that lines the luminal surface of the vascular endothelium, interacting directly with the components of the blood and the forces of blood flow. In this work, we examined the changes in mechanical tension of syndecan-1, a cell surface proteoglycan that is an integral part of the glycocalyx, in response to substrate stiffness and fluidic shear stress. Our studies demonstrate that syndecan-1 has higher mechanical tension in regions of cell adhesion, on and in response to nanotopographical cues. In addition, we found that substrate stiffness also regulated the mechanical tension of syndecan-1 and altered its binding to actin, myosin iiB and signaling intermediates including Src, PKA and FAK. Application of fluidic shear stress created a gradient in tension in syndecan-1 and led to enhanced association with actin, Src, myosin IIb and other cytoskeleton related molecules. Overall, our studies support that syndecan-1 is responsive to the mechanical environment of the cells and alters its association with actin and signaling intermediates in response to mechanical stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Le
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Lei Mei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Peter L Voyvodic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Chi Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - David J Busch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jeanne C Stachowiak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery and Regenerative Medicine, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Aaron B Baker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery and Regenerative Medicine, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; The Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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Abstract
Fractures have a great impact on health all around the world and with fracture healing optimization; this problem could be resolved partially. To make a practical contribution to this issue, the knowledge of bone tissue, cellularity, and metabolism is essential, especially cytoskeletal architecture and its transformations according to external pressures. Special physical and chemical characteristics of the extracellular matrix (ECM) allow the transmission of mechanical stimuli from outside the cell to the plasmatic membrane. The osteocyte cytoskeleton is conformed by a complex network of actin and microtubules combined with crosslinker proteins like vinculin and fimbrin, connecting and transmitting outside stimuli through EMC to cytoplasm. Herein, critical signaling pathways like Cx43-depending ones, MAPK/ERK, Wnt, YAP/TAZ, Rho-ROCK, and others are activated due to mechanical stimuli, resulting in osteocyte cytoskeletal changes and ECM remodeling, altering the tissue and, therefore, the bone. In recent years, the osteocyte has gained more interest and value in relation to bone homeostasis as a great coordinator of other cell populations, thanks to its unique functions. By integrating the latest advances in relation to intracellular signaling pathways, mechanotransmission system of the osteocyte and bone tissue engineering, there are promising experimental strategies, while some are ready for clinical trials. This work aims to show clearly and precisely the integration between cytoskeleton and main molecular pathways in relation to mechanotransmission mechanism in osteocytes, and the use of this theoretical knowledge in therapeutic tools for bone fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Nadir Camal Ruggieri
- School of Medicine, LABOATEM (Osteoarticular Biology, Tissue Engineering and Emerging Therapies Laboratory), Biological Chemistry Cat, School of Medicine, Rosario National University, Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Andrés Mauricio Cícero
- School of Medicine, LABOATEM (Osteoarticular Biology, Tissue Engineering and Emerging Therapies Laboratory), Biological Chemistry Cat, School of Medicine, Rosario National University, Rosario, Argentina
| | | | - Sara Feldman
- School of Medicine, LABOATEM (Osteoarticular Biology, Tissue Engineering and Emerging Therapies Laboratory), Biological Chemistry Cat, School of Medicine, Rosario National University, Rosario, Argentina
- Research Council of the Rosario National University (CIUNR) and CONICET, Rosario, Argentina
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50
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Yuan DJ, Shi L, Kam LC. Biphasic response of T cell activation to substrate stiffness. Biomaterials 2021; 273:120797. [PMID: 33878536 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
T cell activation is sensitive to the mechanical properties of an activating substrate. However, there are also contrasting results on how substrate stiffness affects T cell activation, including differences between T cells of mouse and human origin. Towards reconciling these differences, this report examines the response of primary human T cells to polyacrylamide gels with stiffness between 5 and 110 kPa presenting activating antibodies to CD3 and CD28. T cell proliferation and IL-2 secretion exhibited a biphasic functional response to substrate stiffness, which can be shifted by changing density of activating antibodies and abrogated by inhibition of cellular contractility. T cell morphology was modulated by stiffness at early time points. RNA-seq indicates that T cells show differing monotonic trends in upregulated genes and pathways towards both ends of the stiffness spectrum. These studies provide a framework of T cell mechanosensing and suggest an effect of ligand density that may reconcile different, contrasting patterns of stiffness sensing seen in previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Lingting Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Lance C Kam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
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