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Connolly LM, McFalls CM, McMahon IG, Bhat AM, Artlett CM. Caspase 1 Enhances Transport and Golgi Organization Protein 1 Expression to Promote Procollagen Export From the Endoplasmic Reticulum in Systemic Scl erosis Contributing to Fibrosis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2023; 75:1831-1841. [PMID: 37067501 PMCID: PMC10543382 DOI: 10.1002/art.42535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Transport and Golgi Organization protein 1 (TANGO1) is a protein that regulates the export of procollagen from the endoplasmic reticulum and has a role in the organization of exit sites for general protein export. What regulates the expression of TANGO1 and the role of TANGO1 in fibrosis is poorly understood and has never been studied in the setting of systemic sclerosis (SSc). We undertook this study to determine the role of TANGO1 in SSc fibrosis. METHODS SSc (n = 15) and healthy (n = 12) primary fibroblast lung cell lines were investigated for the expression of TANGO1. Histologic analyses for TANGO1 were performed on lung biopsy samples (n = 12 SSc patient samples and n = 8 healthy control samples). RESULTS SSc fibroblasts showed increased expression of TANGO1 protein in cultured fibroblasts. TANGO1 colocalizes with α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)-positive cells in SSc lung tissue and is highly up-regulated in the neointima of SSc vessels. TANGO1 expression was dependent on the inflammasome activation of caspase 1. It was also dependent on signaling from the interleukin-1 (IL-1) and transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) receptors. The decrease in TANGO1 down-regulated export of larger cargos including collagen and laminin. Reduced TANGO1 protein had no effect on smaller molecular weight cargoes; however, the secretion of elastin was significantly reduced. CONCLUSION TANGO1 is markedly increased in SSc fibroblasts and was found to be elevated in lung tissue in association with α-SMA-positive cells. TANGO1 expression is driven by inflammasome-dependent caspase 1 activation and is mediated by IL-1 and TGFβ downstream signaling. These observations suggest that during fibrosis, caspase 1 promotes the up-regulation of TANGO1 and the organization of endoplasmic reticulum exits sites, ultimately contributing to procollagen export and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianne M Connolly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Caya M McFalls
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Isabelle G McMahon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Akash M Bhat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Carol M Artlett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Bhargava R, Dabbs DJ. The Story of the Magee Equations: The Ultimate in Applied Immunohistochemistry. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2023; 31:490-499. [PMID: 36165933 PMCID: PMC10396078 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000001065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Magee equations (MEs) are a set of multivariable models that were developed to estimate the actual Onco type DX (ODX) recurrence score in invasive breast cancer. The equations were derived from standard histopathologic factors and semiquantitative immunohistochemical scores of routinely used biomarkers. The 3 equations use slightly different parameters but provide similar results. ME1 uses Nottingham score, tumor size, and semiquantitative results for estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor, HER2, and Ki-67. ME2 is similar to ME1 but does not require Ki-67. ME3 includes only semiquantitative immunohistochemical expression levels for ER, progesterone receptor, HER2, and Ki-67. Several studies have validated the clinical usefulness of MEs in routine clinical practice. The new cut-off for ODX recurrence score, as reported in the Trial Assigning IndividuaLized Options for Treatment trial, necessitated the development of Magee Decision Algorithm (MDA). MEs, along with mitotic activity score can now be used algorithmically to safely forgo ODX testing. MDA can be used to triage cases for molecular testing and has the potential to save an estimated $300,000 per 100 clinical requests. Another potential use of MEs is in the neoadjuvant setting to appropriately select patients for chemotherapy. Both single and multi-institutional studies have shown that the rate of pathologic complete response (pCR) to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in ER+/HER2-negative patients can be predicted by ME3 scores. The estimated pCR rates are 0%, <5%, 14%, and 35 to 40% for ME3 score <18, 18 to 25, >25 to <31, and 31 or higher, respectively. This information is similar to or better than currently available molecular tests. MEs and MDA provide valuable information in a time-efficient manner and are available free of cost for anyone to use. The latter is certainly important for institutions in resource-poor settings but is also valuable for large institutions and integrated health systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Bhargava
- Department of Pathology, UPMC Magee-Womens Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA
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3
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Jiang T, Gong Q, Liu Y, Zhang PP, Zhang L. Effect of erbium family laser etching on shear bond strength of enamel surfaces: A meta-analysis-PRISMA. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e30990. [PMID: 36221405 PMCID: PMC9542907 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000030990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, laser etching has appealed to people's attention. It is meaningful to compare the effect of erbium-doped yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Er:YAG) and erbium-chromium; yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet (Er,Cr:YSSG) laser etching parameters with acid etching on bond strength of enamel surfaces. As far as we know, there still remains no related meta-analysis. To evaluate the efficacy of Er:YAG and Er,Cr:YSSG lasers etching on shear bond strength (SBS) of brackets bonded to enamel. The meta-analysis was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, conducted with literature search. METHODS Twelve relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included. RESULTS The pooled analysis of SBS showed that there were no significant differences between erbium family lasers and acid etching. In the mass, we noticed they did not achieve statistical significance in the lasers etching and acid etching. However, pooled analysis of 5 studies showed the SBS bonding to enamel was lower in Er,Cr:YAG laser group compared with acid group. As a whole, there were statistical significance between erbium lasers groups and acid etching group in adhesive remnant index (ARI) aspects, which less adhesives remained can reduce damage to enamel. With regard to the rate of teeth with ARI score ≤2, the results in Er:YAG laser etching group were obviously higher than acid etching group. CONCLUSION Our data indicated that erbium lasers may be considered bonding of brackets to enamel instead of acid etching bonding to enamel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jiang
- Department of General Dentistry II, Jinan Stomatological Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Qi Gong
- Department of General Dentistry II, Jinan Stomatological Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of General Dentistry II, Jinan Stomatological Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Pan-Pan Zhang
- Department of General Dentistry II, Jinan Stomatological Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of General Dentistry II, Jinan Stomatological Hospital, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Li Zhang, Department of General Dentistry II, Jinan Stomatological Hospital, No.101 Jingliu Rd, Jinan, Shandong, 250001, P.R. China (e-mail: )
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Kemal S, Richardson HS, Dyne ED, Fu MM. ER and Golgi trafficking in axons, dendrites, and glial processes. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2022; 78:102119. [PMID: 35964523 PMCID: PMC9590103 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2022.102119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Both neurons and glia in mammalian brains are highly ramified. Neurons form complex neural networks using axons and dendrites. Axons are long with few branches and form pre-synaptic boutons that connect to target neurons and effector tissues. Dendrites are shorter, highly branched, and form post-synaptic boutons. Astrocyte processes contact synapses and blood vessels in order to regulate neuronal activity and blood flow, respectively. Oligodendrocyte processes extend toward axons to make myelin sheaths. Microglia processes dynamically survey their environments. Here, we describe the local secretory system (ER and Golgi) in neuronal and glial processes. We focus on Golgi outpost functions in acentrosomal microtubule nucleation, cargo trafficking, and protein glycosylation. Thus, satellite ER and Golgi are critical for local structure and function in neurons and glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrnaz Kemal
- NINDS (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20893, USA
| | - Hunter S Richardson
- NINDS (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20893, USA
| | - Eric D Dyne
- NINDS (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20893, USA
| | - Meng-Meng Fu
- NINDS (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20893, USA.
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Liu Q, Chan AKN, Chang WH, Yang L, Pokharel SP, Miyashita K, Mattson N, Xu X, Li M, Lu W, Lin RJ, Wang SY, Chen CW. 3-Ketodihydrosphingosine reductase maintains ER homeostasis and unfolded protein response in leukemia. Leukemia 2022; 36:100-10. [PMID: 34373586 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-021-01378-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids and their metabolic pathways have been implicated in disease development and therapeutic response; however, the detailed mechanisms remain unclear. Using a sphingolipid network focused CRISPR/Cas9 library screen, we identified an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) enzyme, 3-Ketodihydrosphingosine reductase (KDSR), to be essential for leukemia cell maintenance. Loss of KDSR led to apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and aberrant ER structure. Transcriptomic analysis revealed the indispensable role of KDSR in maintaining the unfolded protein response (UPR) in ER. High-density CRISPR tiling scan and sphingolipid mass spectrometry pinpointed the critical role of KDSR's catalytic function in leukemia. Mechanistically, depletion of KDSR resulted in accumulated 3-ketodihydrosphingosine (KDS) and dysregulated UPR checkpoint proteins PERK, ATF6, and ATF4. Finally, our study revealed the synergism between KDSR suppression and pharmacologically induced ER-stress, underscoring a therapeutic potential of combinatorial targeting sphingolipid metabolism and ER homeostasis in leukemia treatment.
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Salama AM, Hanna MG, Giri D, Kezlarian B, Jean MH, Lin O, Vallejo C, Brogi E, Edelweiss M. Digital validation of breast biomark ers (ER, PR, AR, and HER2) in cytology specimens using three different scanners. Mod Pathol 2022; 35:52-59. [PMID: 34518629 PMCID: PMC8702445 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-021-00908-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Progression in digital pathology has yielded new opportunities for a remote work environment. We evaluated the utility of digital review of breast cancer immunohistochemical prognostic markers (IHC) using whole slide images (WSI) from formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) cytology cell block specimens (CB) using three different scanners.CB from 20 patients with breast cancer diagnosis and available IHC were included. Glass slides including 20 Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), 20 Estrogen Receptor (ER), 20 Progesterone Receptor (PR), 16 Androgen Receptor (AR), and 20 Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) were scanned on 3 different scanners. Four breast pathologists reviewed the WSI and recorded their semi-quantitative scoring for each marker. Kappa concordance was defined as complete agreement between glass/digital pairs. Discordances between microscopic and digital reads were classified as a major when a clinically relevant change was seen. Minor discordances were defined as differences in scoring percentages/staining pattern that would not have resulted in a clinical implication. Scanner precision was tabulated according to the success rate of each scan on all three scanners.In total, we had 228 paired glass/digital IHC reads on all 3 scanners. There was strong concordance kappa ≥0.85 for all pathologists when comparing paired microscopic/digital reads. Strong concordance (kappa ≥0.86) was also seen when comparing reads between scanners.Twenty-three percent of the WSI required rescanning due to barcode detection failures, 14% due to tissue detection failures, and 2% due to focus issues. Scanner 1 had the best average precision of 92%. HER2 IHC had the lowest intra-scanner precision (64%) among all stains.This study is the first to address the utility of WSI in breast cancer IHC in CB and to validate its reporting using 3 different scanners. Digital images are reliable for breast IHC assessment in CB and offer similar reproducibility to microscope reads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer M Salama
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Matthew G Hanna
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Dilip Giri
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Brie Kezlarian
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Marc-Henri Jean
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Oscar Lin
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Christina Vallejo
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Edi Brogi
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Marcia Edelweiss
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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Abstract
Background Topoisomerase II alpha (Top 2 A) protein has been shown to be a proliferation marker associated with tumour grade. The current study evaluated the prognostic impact of Top 2 A protein on luminal breast cancer and its utility as an independent prognostic marker. Immunohistochemical expression of Top 2 A in breast cancer and its correlation with the tumour type, size, lymph node metastases, grade and ER/PR positivity. Methodology Ethics committee approval was taken and 65 cases of Invasive breast carcinoma presenting to the Department of Pathology at a tertiary care centre in South India were studied. Patient details including age, tumour type, tumour size, tumour grading, estrogen receptor (ER)/progesterone receptor (PR)/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/neu) status and pathologic stage was studied. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) work-up for Top 2 A expression was done and evaluated. Results Of the 65 histological sections of breast cancers, 29/65 showed nuclear positivity for Top 2 A. Node positive tumours 17/65 stained positive for Top 2 A. Stage I tumours 2/65, stage II tumours 12/65 and stage III 14/65 stained positive for Top 2 A. Among the HER2/neu-positive tumours, 22/65 stained for Top 2 A and among ER/PR-positive 9/65 cases were positive for Top 2 A. Triple-negative tumours 5/65 stained for Top 2 A. Conclusion Higher Top 2 A expression was seen in higher stage tumours. HER2/neu-positive tumours significantly showed a correlation with Top 2 A positivity. Therefore, Top 2 A expression can be considered an individual prognostic factor in breast carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Arthi
- Pathology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, IND
| | - K Arun Kumar
- General Surgery, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, IND
| | - Lawrence D'Cruze
- Pathology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, IND
| | - Rajendiran S
- Pathology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, IND
| | - Leena D Joseph
- Pathology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, IND
| | - Bhawna Dev
- Radiology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, IND
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Thorat MA, Levey PM, Jones JL, Pinder SE, Bundred NJ, Fentiman IS, Cuzick J. Prognostic Value of ER and PgR Expression and the Impact of Multi-clonal Expression for Recurrence in Ductal Carcinoma in situ: Results from the UK/ANZ DCIS Trial. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:2861-2867. [PMID: 33727261 PMCID: PMC7611296 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-4635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The prognostic value of estrogen receptor (ER)/progesterone receptor (PgR) expression in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is unclear. We observed multi-clonality when evaluating ER/PgR expression in the UK/ANZ DCIS trial, therefore, we investigated the prognostic role of both uni-clonal and multi-clonal ER/PgR expression in DCIS. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissues were collected from UK/ANZ DCIS trial participants (n = 755), and ER/PgR expression was evaluated by IHC in 181 cases (with recurrence) matched to 362 controls by treatment arm and age. Assays were scored by the Allred method and by a newly devised clonal method-analyses categorizing multi-clonal DCIS as ER/PgR-positive as per current practice (Standard) and as ER/PgR-negative (clonal) were performed. RESULTS ER expression was multi-clonal in 11% (39/356) of ER-positive (70.6%, 356/504) patients. Ipsilateral breast event (IBE) risk was similarly higher in ER-multi-clonal and ER-negative DCIS as compared with DCIS with uni-clonal ER expression. ER-negative DCIS (clonal) had a higher risk of in situ IBE [OR 4.99; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.66-9.36; P < 0.0001], but the risk of invasive IBE was not significantly higher (OR 1.72; 95% CI, 0.84-3.53; P = 0.14), P heterogeneity = 0.03. ER was an independent predictor in multivariate analyses (OR 2.66; 95% CI, 1.53-4.61). PgR status did not add to the prognostic information provided by ER. CONCLUSIONS ER expression is a strong predictor of ipsilateral recurrence risk in DCIS. ER-positive DCIS with distinct ER-negative clones has a recurrence risk similar to ER-negative DCIS. ER should be routinely assessed in DCIS, and ER scoring should take clonality of expression into account.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Biomarkers, Tumor
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/genetics
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Grading
- Neoplasm Staging
- Prognosis
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Receptors, Progesterone/genetics
- Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
- Recurrence
- United Kingdom
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Affiliation(s)
- Mangesh A Thorat
- Centre for Cancer Prevention, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Breast Services, Guy's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Great Maze Pond, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pauline M Levey
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - J Louise Jones
- Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E Pinder
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Pathology, Guy's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Great Maze Pond, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel J Bundred
- Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jack Cuzick
- Centre for Cancer Prevention, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Siddiqui M, Abuelroos D, Qu L, Jackson RE, Berger DA. Emergency Department Urosepsis and Abdominal Imaging. Cureus 2021; 13:e14752. [PMID: 34084678 PMCID: PMC8164387 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.14752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Insufficient attention has been directed towards urosepsis. Notably, no protocols or clinical decision rules currently exist outlining the appropriate use of imaging in uroseptic patients. The primary objective of our study was to retrospectively evaluate uroseptic emergency department (ED) patients who underwent abdominal imaging, to report the proportion of patients with imaging findings necessitating emergent surgical consultation. Methods We retrospectively identified 1142 patients ≥ 18 years of age that presented to the ED from January 2009 to December 2012 with ICD9 code indicative of urosepsis. All included patients underwent ED-ordered abdominal computerized tomography (CT) or retroperitoneal ultrasound (US). Imaging and urinalysis (UA) results were categorized. We report proportions with odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Results Of 1142 patients, we excluded 80 for neg UA, 167 for < 2 SIRS (systemic inflammatory response syndrome), 320 for positive blood cultures, and 37 for incomplete data. This yielded 538 patients which the authors reviewed the results of the CT or US to determine the proportion who required emergent surgical consultation and who underwent surgical or interventional procedure. There were 243 (45%) that had CT or US results that necessitated emergency surgical consultation, of those 180 (33%) underwent surgical or interventional procedure. Similar rates of emergency surgical consultation occurred when sub-divided by positive versus equivocal UA, with 43% and 47%, respectively. Conclusions Forty-five percent of our abdominally imaged urosepsis cohort had imaging findings that necessitated emergent surgical consultation, with a similar proportion in the subset with positive versus equivocal UA. The utility of abdominal imaging in this population should be studied prospectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lihua Qu
- Research, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, USA
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10
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Evcimik T, Degerli MS, Bilgic T. The Effect of Prognostic Factors on Long-Term Protection in Breast Cancer. Cureus 2020; 12:e8878. [PMID: 32754412 PMCID: PMC7387074 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.8878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectıves Axillary lymph node involvement is considered to be one of the most important factors in the staging and survival of breast cancer. Recurrences in women with a negative axillary condition detected as a result of long patient follow-up have revealed the importance of other prognostic factors and many studies have begun. The aim of this study is to evaluate breast cancer patients and to investigate other factors affecting breast cancer. Materials and methods Patients with breast cancer who were operated in our clinic between January 2005 and June 2007 were included in the study. Demographic characteristics, tumor size, lymph node involvement, grade, histological type, the status of estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER and PR), type of surgery performed, and cerb-B2 receptor status were recorded retrospectively. Results The mortality rate of the ER (+) PR (+) group was significantly lower than that of the ER (-) PR (-) group (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the ER (+) PR (+) cases and the mortality rates of any positive cases (p>0.05). There was a statistically significant difference between survival rates according to cerb-B2 status (p<0.01); cerb-B2 was positive in all patients who died. In cerb-B2 positive cases, there was a statistically significant difference between survival rates according to the tumor stages (p <0.05). Conclusion As a result; preoperative and postoperative staging of all breast cancer patients who applied to surgery clinics should be performed. Prognostic factors should be determined and patients should be directed to post-surgical treatment according to this information. Axillary lymph involvement, number, tumor size, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and cerb-B2 status are safe markers that can be used to determine prognosis in our series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taner Evcimik
- General Surgery, Acibadem Fulya Hospital, Istanbul, TUR
| | | | - Tayfun Bilgic
- Medical Service and Techniques, Nisantasi University Vocational High School, Istanbul, TUR
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11
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Khan MH, Patel A, Patel P, Patel P, Guevara E. Myelophthisic Anemia in a Patient with Lobular Breast Carcinoma Metastasized to the Bone Marrow. Cureus 2018; 10:e3541. [PMID: 30648074 PMCID: PMC6324862 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.3541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast tumors have a predilection for metastasizing to the bone leading to cells being displaced by the cancer cells subsequently producing immature leukocytes and erythrocytes in the peripheral blood. We present a case of a 57-year-old female who was found to have myelophthisic anemia secondary to stage four lobular breast carcinoma metastasized to the bone marrow after being misdiagnosed as having thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura. Diagnosis of myelophthisic anemia requires a thorough workup and treatment is based upon secondary management of the malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad H Khan
- Internal Medicine, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, Brooklyn, USA
| | | | - Purav Patel
- Internal Medicine, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, Brooklyn, USA
| | - Poras Patel
- Hematology / Oncology, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, Brooklyn, USA
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12
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Gupta P, Rai NN, Agarwal L, Namdev S. Comparison of Molecular Subtypes of Carcinoma of the Breast in Two Diff erent Age Groups: A Single Institution Experience. Cureus 2018; 10:e2834. [PMID: 30131927 PMCID: PMC6101449 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.2834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hormonal analysis and molecular subtyping are used as an important predictive and prognostic factors in women with carcinoma of the breast. The aim of this study was to analyze and compare the hormonal (estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR)) and human epidermal growth factor (HER2) status among women with carcinoma breast belonging to two different age groups and classify them in molecular subtypes (luminal A, luminal B, triple negative, and HER2). Materials and Methods This was an analytical cross-sectional study performed at a tertiary care center in Northern India. Breast carcinoma cases treated over a period of two years were stratified into two groups (≤ 40 years: younger group, n = 27 and > 40 years: older group, n = 33). Their hormonal (ER, PR) and HER2 status were studied using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and classified according to the molecular classification of the breast carcinoma. Results A total of 60 cases of breast carcinoma were treated for hormonal and HER2 status during our study period and were classified into four subtypes. In the younger group (n = 27), luminal A (n = 16, 59.2%) was the most common molecular subtype, followed by triple negative (n = 6, 22.2%), HER2 (n = 4, 14.8%), and luminal B (n = 1, 3.7%). Similarly, in the older group luminal A (n = 20, 60.6%) ranked first, followed by triple negative (n = 10, 30.3%), HER2 (n = 2, 6.0%), and luminal B (n = 1, 3.0%). Conclusion Carcinoma of the breast in young women shows variation in the prevalence of molecular subtypes in different regions of the world. The results of our study are in accordance with the Asian literature, showing no significant difference in molecular subtyping of carcinoma breast in younger versus older women. More molecular research is needed to clearly understand the pathophysiology associated with carcinoma of the breast in young women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Gupta
- Pathology, National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, IND
| | - Naresh N Rai
- Pathology, Government Medical College, Kota, IND
| | | | - Swati Namdev
- Pathology, Government Medical College, Kota, IND
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Sha H, Sun S, Francisco AB, Ehrhardt N, Xue Z, Liu L, Lawrence P, Mattijssen F, Guber RD, Panhwar MS, Brenna JT, Shi H, Xue B, Kersten S, Bensadoun A, Péterfy M, Long Q, Qi L. The ER-associated degradation adaptor protein Sel1L regulates LPL secretion and lipid metabolism. Cell Metab 2014; 20:458-70. [PMID: 25066055 PMCID: PMC4156539 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Sel1L is an essential adaptor protein for the E3 ligase Hrd1 in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD), a universal quality-control system in the cell; but its physiological role remains unclear. Here we show that mice with adipocyte-specific Sel1L deficiency are resistant to diet-induced obesity and exhibit postprandial hypertriglyceridemia. Further analyses reveal that Sel1L is indispensable for the secretion of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), independent of its role in Hrd1-mediated ERAD and ER homeostasis. Sel1L physically interacts with and stabilizes the LPL maturation complex consisting of LPL and lipase maturation factor 1 (LMF1). In the absence of Sel1L, LPL is retained in the ER and forms protein aggregates, which are degraded primarily by autophagy. The Sel1L-mediated control of LPL secretion is also seen in other LPL-expressing cell types including cardiac myocytes and macrophages. Thus, our study reports a role of Sel1L in LPL secretion and systemic lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Sha
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Shengyi Sun
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Adam B Francisco
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Nicole Ehrhardt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical Genetics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Zhen Xue
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Lei Liu
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Peter Lawrence
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Frits Mattijssen
- Nutrition Metabolism and Genomics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6703HD, the Netherlands
| | - Robert D Guber
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Muhammad S Panhwar
- Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, P.O. Box 24144, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - J Thomas Brenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Hang Shi
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Bingzhong Xue
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Sander Kersten
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Nutrition Metabolism and Genomics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6703HD, the Netherlands
| | - André Bensadoun
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Miklós Péterfy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical Genetics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Qiaoming Long
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Ling Qi
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Hashmi AA, Edhi MM, Naqvi H, Faridi N, Khurshid A, Khan M. Clinicopathologic features of triple negative breast canc ers: an experience from Pakistan. Diagn Pathol 2014; 9:43. [PMID: 24581278 PMCID: PMC3996046 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-9-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young age breast cancers are quite prevalent in our setup, a significant number of which exhibit triple negative phenotype. These cancers behave in an aggressive fashion and unresponsive to targeted adjuvant therapy. We aimed to evaluate clinical and histopathologic features of triple negative cancers in our population. METHODS We retrospectively evaluated 1104 cases of primary breast cancers. Immunohistochemical studies for ER, PR and Her2neu followed by Her2neu gene amplification by FISH testing were done to identify 205 (18.6%) cases of triple negative breast cancers. RESULTS Mean age for triple negative breast cancer patients was 48.4 years (±12.3) and 60% of patients were diagnosed at less than 50 years of age. Although ductal carcinoma was the most frequent histologic type, a meaningful number of cases exhibited metaplastic and medullary like features (10.7% and 5.9% respectively). Similarly geographic necrosis involving more than 40% of tumor and extensive lymphocytic infiltration was a considerable finding. Mean Ki67 index was 45.2% (±25.2) and as a reflection of tumor grade, a significantly higher proportion of cases (66.3%) were under high risk Ki67 category (>30%). CONCLUSION Triple negative breast cancers typify high grade breast cancers with a higher frequency of atypical medullary and metaplastic histologies. Their prevailing occurrence at a younger age raises question of under lying BRCA mutations in our population. Therefore, we suggest that risk factors including BRCA 1 mutations should be uncovered in reproductive age group breast cancers especially those disclosing basal like phenotype. VIRTUAL SLIDES The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/9042440621102239.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif Ali Hashmi
- Department of Histopathology, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Hanna Naqvi
- Department of Histopathology, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Naveen Faridi
- Department of Histopathology, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Amna Khurshid
- Department of Histopathology, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan
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15
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Ye T, Kang M, Huang Q, Fang C, Chen Y, Shen H, Dong S. Exposure to DEHP and MEHP from hatching to adulthood causes reproductive dysfunction and endocrine disruption in marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma). Aquat Toxicol 2014; 146:115-26. [PMID: 24292025 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Concern has increased regarding the adverse effects of di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP) on reproduction. However, limited information is available on the effects of DEHP in marine organisms. The aim of the present study was to examine whether long-term exposure to DEHP and its active metabolite mono-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (MEHP) disrupts endocrine function in marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma). Marine medaka larvae were exposed to either DEHP (0.1 and 0.5mg/L) or MEHP (0.1 and 0.5mg/L) for 6 months, and the effects on reproduction, sex steroid hormones, liver vitellogenin (VTG), gonad histology and the expression of genes involved in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis were investigated. Exposure to DEHP, but not MEHP, from hatching to adulthood accelerated the start of spawning and decreased the egg production of exposed females. Moreover, exposure to both DEHP and MEHP resulted in a reduction in the fertilization rate of oocytes spawned by untreated females paired with treated males. A significant increase in plasma 17β-estradiol (E2) along with a significant decrease in testosterone (T)/E2 ratios was observed in males, which was accompanied by the upregulation of ldlr, star, cyp17a1, 17βhsd, and cyp19a transcription in the testis. Increased concentrations of T and E2 were observed in females, which was consistent with the upregulation of ldlr. The expression of brain gnrhr2, fshβ, cyp19b and steroid hormone receptor genes also corresponded well with hormonal and reproductive changes. The liver VTG level was significantly increased after DEHP and MEHP exposure in males. DEHP induced histological changes in the testes and ovaries: the testes displayed a reduced number of spermatozoa, and the ovaries displayed an increased number of atretic follicles. In addition, the tissue concentrations of MEHP, MEHHP and MEOHP in DEHP-exposed groups were much higher than those in MEHP-exposed groups, and there were no dose- or sex-specific effects. Thus, DEHP exerts more obvious toxic effects compared with MEHP. There were some commonalities in the toxic effects and molecular mechanisms of DEHP and MEHP, suggesting that some of the toxic effects of DEHP may be induced by both DEHP itself and DEHP metabolites (including MEHP). Taken together, these results indicate that exposure to DEHP and MEHP from hatching to adulthood causes endocrine disruption with sex-specific effects in marine medaka, with males being more sensitive than females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ye
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Mei Kang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Qiansheng Huang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Chao Fang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Yajie Chen
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Heqing Shen
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Sijun Dong
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China.
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Markowska A, Pawałowska M, Filas V, Korski K, Gryboś M, Sajdak S, Olejek A, Bednarek W, Śpiewankiewicz B, Lubin J, Markowska J. Does Metformin affect ER, PR, IGF-1R, β-catenin and PAX-2 expression in women with diabetes mellitus and endometrial cancer? Diabetol Metab Syndr 2013; 5:76. [PMID: 24308813 PMCID: PMC4029605 DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-5-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diabetes mellitus, as a risk factor for endometrial cancer (EC), causes an increase in insulin and IGF-1 concentrations in the blood serum. The increase in insulin and IGF-1 are considered mitogenic factors contributory to cancer development. Studies suggest that metformin has preventive activity, decreasing mortality and the risk of neoplasms. Since estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR) and IGF-1 (IGF-1R) receptor expression and β-catenin and PAX-2 mutations are significant in the development of endometrial cancer, it was decided to study these factors in patients with endometrial cancer and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), and to establish the effects of metformin on their expression. METHODS The expression of ER, PR, IGF-1R, β-catenin and PAX-2 have been immunohistochemically investigated in 86 type I endometrial cancer specimens. Patients were grouped according to the presence of DM2 and the type of hypoglycemic treatment administered. RESULTS Comparing EC patients with DM2 and normal glycemic status, we found increased IGF-1R expression in women with DM2. A decrease in ER expression was noted in women with EC and DM2 receiving metformin as compared to women treated with insulin (p = 0.004). There was no statistically significant difference in PR, IGF-1R, β-catenin and PAX-2 expression among women receiving metformin and other hypoglycemic treatment. CONCLUSION Although epidemiological studies suggest the beneficial role of metformin in many human cancers, there are still few studies confirming its favorable effect on endometrial cancer. Decreased ER expression in patients receiving metformin needs further research to allow evaluation of its clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Markowska
- Perinatology and Gynecology Department, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Monika Pawałowska
- Gynecological Oncology Department, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Szamarzewskiego 82/84, 60-569 Poznań, Poland
| | - Violetta Filas
- Department of Pathology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Konstanty Korski
- Department of Pathology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marian Gryboś
- Wrocław University of Medical Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Stefan Sajdak
- Clinic of Gynecological Surgery, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Anita Olejek
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecological Oncology, Silesian Medical University, Bytom, Poland
| | - Wiesława Bednarek
- I Chair and Department of Oncological Gynecology and Gynecology, Lublin University of Medical Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Beata Śpiewankiewicz
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Jolanta Lubin
- Gynecological Oncology Department, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Szamarzewskiego 82/84, 60-569 Poznań, Poland
| | - Janina Markowska
- Gynecological Oncology Department, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Szamarzewskiego 82/84, 60-569 Poznań, Poland
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Abstract
Visualization of calcium dynamics is important to understand the role of calcium in cell physiology. To examine calcium dynamics, synthetic fluorescent Ca(2+) indictors have become popular. Here we demonstrate TED (= targeted-esterase induced dye loading), a method to improve the release of Ca(2+) indicator dyes in the ER lumen of different cell types. To date, TED was used in cell lines, glial cells, and neurons in vitro. TED bases on efficient, recombinant targeting of a high carboxylesterase activity to the ER lumen using vector-constructs that express Carboxylesterases (CES). The latest TED vectors contain a core element of CES2 fused to a red fluorescent protein, thus enabling simultaneous two-color imaging. The dynamics of free calcium in the ER are imaged in one color, while the corresponding ER structure appears in red. At the beginning of the procedure, cells are transduced with a lentivirus. Subsequently, the infected cells are seeded on coverslips to finally enable live cell imaging. Then, living cells are incubated with the acetoxymethyl ester (AM-ester) form of low-affinity Ca(2+) indicators, for instance Fluo5N-AM, Mag-Fluo4-AM, or Mag-Fura2-AM. The esterase activity in the ER cleaves off hydrophobic side chains from the AM form of the Ca(2+) indicator and a hydrophilic fluorescent dye/Ca(2+) complex is formed and trapped in the ER lumen. After dye loading, the cells are analyzed at an inverted confocal laser scanning microscope. Cells are continuously perfused with Ringer-like solutions and the ER calcium dynamics are directly visualized by time-lapse imaging. Calcium release from the ER is identified by a decrease in fluorescence intensity in regions of interest, whereas the refilling of the ER calcium store produces an increase in fluorescence intensity. Finally, the change in fluorescent intensity over time is determined by calculation of ΔF/F0.
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18
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Chae YC, Caino MC, Lisanti S, Ghosh JC, Dohi T, Danial NN, Villanueva J, Ferrero S, Vaira V, Santambrogio L, Bosari S, Languino LR, Herlyn M, Altieri DC. Control of tumor bioenergetics and survival stress signaling by mitochondrial HSP90s. Cancer Cell 2012; 22:331-44. [PMID: 22975376 PMCID: PMC3615709 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tumors successfully adapt to constantly changing intra- and extracellular environments, but the wirings of this process are still largely elusive. Here, we show that heat-shock-protein-90-directed protein folding in mitochondria, but not cytosol, maintains energy production in tumor cells. Interference with this process activates a signaling network that involves phosphorylation of nutrient-sensing AMP-activated kinase, inhibition of rapamycin-sensitive mTOR complex 1, induction of autophagy, and expression of an endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response. This signaling network confers a survival and proliferative advantage to genetically disparate tumors, and correlates with worse outcome in lung cancer patients. Therefore, mitochondrial heat shock protein 90s are adaptive regulators of tumor bioenergetics and tractable targets for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Chan Chae
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - M. Cecilia Caino
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Sofia Lisanti
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Jagadish C. Ghosh
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Takehiko Dohi
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Nika N. Danial
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Jessie Villanueva
- Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Stefano Ferrero
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan Medical School and Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, 20122, Italy
| | - Valentina Vaira
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, 20135, Italy
| | - Luigi Santambrogio
- Department of Clinical/Surgical Pathophysiology and Organ Transplant, University of Milan Medical School and Division of Thoracic Surgery and Lung Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, 20122, Italy
| | - Silvano Bosari
- Department of Clinical/Surgical Pathophysiology and Organ Transplant, University of Milan Medical School and Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, 20122, Italy
| | - Lucia R. Languino
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program
- Department of Cancer Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Meenhard Herlyn
- Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Dario C. Altieri
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
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Rubio N, Coupienne I, Di Valentin E, Heirman I, Grooten J, Piette J, Agostinis P. Spatiotemporal autophagic degradation of oxidatively damaged organelles aft er photodynamic stress is amplified by mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. Autophagy 2012; 8:1312-24. [PMID: 22889744 PMCID: PMC3442878 DOI: 10.4161/auto.20763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been reported to evoke different autophagic pathways, how ROS or their secondary products modulate the selective clearance of oxidatively damaged organelles is less explored. To investigate the signaling role of ROS and the impact of their compartmentalization in autophagy pathways, we used murine fibrosarcoma L929 cells overexpressing different antioxidant enzymes targeted to the cytosol or mitochondria and subjected them to photodynamic (PD) stress with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated photosensitizer hypericin. We show that following apical ROS-mediated damage to the ER, predominantly cells overexpressing mitochondria-associated glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2) displayed attenuated kinetics of autophagosome formation and overall cell death, as detected by computerized time-lapse microscopy. Consistent with a primary ER photodamage, kinetics and colocalization studies revealed that photogenerated ROS induced an initial reticulophagy, followed by morphological changes in the mitochondrial network that preceded clearance of mitochondria by mitophagy. Overexpression of cytosolic and mitochondria-associated GPX4 retained the tubular mitochondrial network in response to PD stress and concomitantly blocked the progression toward mitophagy. Preventing the formation of phospholipid hydroperoxides and H(2)O(2) in the cytosol as well as in the mitochondria significantly reduced cardiolipin peroxidation and apoptosis. All together, these results show that in response to apical ER photodamage ROS propagate to mitochondria, which in turn amplify ROS production, thereby contributing to two antagonizing processes, mitophagy and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Rubio
- Virology and Immunology Unit; GIGA-R, GIGA B34; University of Liège; Liège, Belgium
- Cell Death Research & Therapy Laboratory; Cellular and Molecular Medicine Department; KU Leuven; Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Coupienne
- Virology and Immunology Unit; GIGA-R, GIGA B34; University of Liège; Liège, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Di Valentin
- Virology and Immunology Unit; GIGA-R, GIGA B34; University of Liège; Liège, Belgium
| | - Ingeborg Heirman
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory; Ghent University; Ghent, Belgium
| | - Johan Grooten
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory; Ghent University; Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jacques Piette
- Virology and Immunology Unit; GIGA-R, GIGA B34; University of Liège; Liège, Belgium
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Cell Death Research & Therapy Laboratory; Cellular and Molecular Medicine Department; KU Leuven; Leuven, Belgium
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Lee O, Takesono A, Tada M, Tyler CR, Kudoh T. Biosensor zebrafish provide new insights into potential health effects of environmental estrogens. Environ Health Perspect 2012; 120:990-6. [PMID: 22510978 PMCID: PMC3404660 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1104433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental estrogens alter hormone signaling in the body that can induce reproductive abnormalities in both humans and wildlife. Available testing systems for estrogens are focused on specific systems such as reproduction. Crucially, however, the potential for significant health impacts of environmental estrogen exposures on a variety of body systems may have been overlooked. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to develop and apply a sensitive transgenic zebrafish model to assess real-time effects of environmental estrogens on signaling mechanisms in a whole body system for use in integrated health assessments. METHODS We created a novel transgenic biosensor zebrafish containing an estrogen-inducible promoter derived with multiple tandem estrogen responsive elements (EREs) and a Gal4ff-UAS system for enhanced response sensitivity. RESULTS Using our novel estrogen-responsive transgenic (TG) zebrafish, we identified target tissues for environmental estrogens; these tissues have very high sensitivity even at environmentally relevant concentrations. Exposure of the TG fish to estrogenic endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) induced specific expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) in a wide variety of tissues including the liver, heart, skeletal muscle, otic vesicle, forebrain, lateral line, and ganglions, most of which have not been established previously as targets for estrogens in fish. Furthermore, we found that different EDCs induced GFP expression with different tissue response patterns and time trajectories, suggesting different potential health effects. CONCLUSION We have developed a powerful new model for understanding toxicological effects, mechanisms, and health impacts of environmental estrogens in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okhyun Lee
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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21
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Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive overview of the established and emerging roles that organelles play in calcium signalling. The function of calcium as a secondary messenger in signal transduction networks is well documented in all eukaryotic organisms, but so far existing reviews have hardly addressed the role of organelles in calcium signalling, except for the nucleus. Therefore, a brief overview on the main calcium stores in plants-the vacuole, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the apoplast-is provided and knowledge on the regulation of calcium concentrations in different cellular compartments is summarized. The main focus of the review will be the calcium handling properties of chloroplasts, mitochondria, and peroxisomes. Recently, it became clear that these organelles not only undergo calcium regulation themselves, but are able to influence the Ca(2+) signalling pathways of the cytoplasm and the entire cell. Furthermore, the relevance of recent discoveries in the animal field for the regulation of organellar calcium signals will be discussed and conclusions will be drawn regarding potential homologous mechanisms in plant cells. Finally, a short overview on bacterial calcium signalling is included to provide some ideas on the question where this typically eukaryotic signalling mechanism could have originated from during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Stael
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, MFPL, University of Vienna, Dr Bohrgasse 9, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Wurzinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, MFPL, University of Vienna, Dr Bohrgasse 9, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Mair
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, MFPL, University of Vienna, Dr Bohrgasse 9, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Norbert Mehlmer
- Department of Biology I, Botany, LMU Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ute C. Vothknecht
- Department of Biology I, Botany, LMU Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Center for Integrated Protein Science (Munich) at the Department of Biology of the LMU Munich, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Teige
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, MFPL, University of Vienna, Dr Bohrgasse 9, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
- To whom correspondence should be addressed.
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Syed BM, Al-Khyatt W, Johnston SJ, Wong DWM, Winterbottom L, Kennedy H, Green AR, Morgan DAL, Ellis IO, Cheung KL. Long-term clinical outcome of oestrogen receptor-positive operable primary breast cancer in older women: a large series from a single centre. Br J Cancer 2011; 104:1393-400. [PMID: 21448163 PMCID: PMC3101924 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A Cochrane review of seven randomised trials (N=1571) comparing surgery and primary endocrine therapy (PET) (oestrogen receptor (ER) unselected) shows no difference in overall survival (OS). We report outcome of a large series with ER-positive (ER+) early invasive primary breast cancer. METHODS Between 1973 and 2009, 1065 older (≥ 70 years) women (median age 78 years (70-99)) had either surgery (N=449) or PET (N=616) as initial treatment. RESULTS At 49-month median follow-up (longest 230 months), the 5-year breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) and OS were 90 and 62%, respectively. Majority (74.2%) died from causes other than breast cancer. The rates (per annum) of local/regional recurrence (<1%) (following surgery), contralateral tumour (<1%) and metastases (<3%) were low. For patients on PET, 97.9% achieved clinical benefit (CB) at 6 months, with median time to progression of 49 months (longest 132 months) and significantly longer BCSS when compared with those who progressed (P<0.001). All patients with strongly ER+ (H-score >250) tumours achieved CB and had better BCSS (P<0.01). Patients with tumours having an H-score >250 were found to have equivalent BCSS regardless of treatment (surgery or PET; P=0.175), whereas for those with H-score ≤ 250, surgery produced better outcome (P<0.001). CONCLUSION Older women with ER+ breast cancer appear to have excellent long-term outcome regardless of initial treatment. Majority also die from non-breast cancer causes. Although surgery remains the treatment of choice, patients with ER-rich (H-score >250) tumours tend to do equally well when treated by PET. This should be taken into account when therapies are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Syed
- Division of Breast Surgery, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - W Al-Khyatt
- Division of Breast Surgery, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - S J Johnston
- Division of Breast Surgery, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - D W M Wong
- Division of Breast Surgery, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - L Winterbottom
- Nottingham Breast Institute, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - H Kennedy
- Nottingham Breast Institute, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - A R Green
- Division of Pathology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - D A L Morgan
- Department of Oncology, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - I O Ellis
- Division of Pathology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - K L Cheung
- Division of Breast Surgery, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
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23
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Abstract
It is increasingly evident that 17beta-oestradiol (E(2)), via a distinct membrane oestrogen receptor (Gq-mER), can rapidly activate kinase pathways to have multiple downstream actions in central nervous system (CNS) neurones. We have found that E(2) can rapidly reduce the potency of the GABA(B) receptor agonist baclofen and mu-opioid receptor agonist DAMGO to activate G-protein-coupled, inwardly rectifying K(+) (GIRK) channels in hypothalamic neurones, thereby increasing the excitability (firing activity) of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and dopamine neurones. These effects are mimicked by the membrane impermeant E(2)-BSA and a new ligand (STX) that is selective for the Gq-mER that does not bind to ERalpha or ERbeta. Both E(2) and STX are fully efficacious in attenuating the GABA(B) response in ERalpha, ERbeta and GPR 30 knockout mice in an ICI 182 780 reversible manner. These findings are further proof that E(2) signals through a unique plasma membrane ER. We have characterised the coupling of this Gq-mER to a Gq-mediated activation of phospholipase C leading to the up-regulation of protein kinase Cdelta and protein kinase A activity in these neurones, which ultimately alters gene transcription. Finally, as proof of principle, we have found that STX, similar to E(2), reduces food intake and body weight gain in ovariectomised females. STX, presumably via the Gq-mER, also regulates gene expression of a number of relevant targets including cation channels and signalling molecules that are critical for regulating (as a prime example) POMC neuronal excitability. Therefore, E(2) can activate multiple receptor-mediated pathways to modulate excitability and gene transcription in CNS neurones that are critical for controlling homeostasis and motivated behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy A. Roepke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Jian Qiu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Martha A. Bosch
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Oline K. Rønnekleiv
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
- Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Martin J. Kelly
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
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24
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Abstract
ERBB2 overexpression in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer cells such as BT474 (BT) cells has been found to confer resistance to tamoxifen, and suppression of ERBB2 improves the antiproliferative effects of tamoxifen. In this study, the responsiveness to tamoxifen in the BT/HerR, Herceptin-resistant BT cell lines established through constant Herceptin exposure, was evaluated. Compared with BT cells, improvement of sensitivity to tamoxifen in BT/HerR was demonstrated by ER functional analysis and cell proliferation assay. Tamoxifen in the resistant cell line was found to inhibit 17beta-estradiol-stimulating estrogen-responsive gene pS2 expression more effectively than in BT cells in real-time PCR assay. Western blot analysis showed that cross-phosphorylation between ER and downstream components of ERBB2 was attenuated in BT/HerR cells. ER redistribution from cytoplasm to nucleus could be found in these cells through immunofluorescence and confocal studies, and importantly, chromatin immunoprecipitation studies demonstrated that tamoxifen induced occupancy of the pS2 promoter by ER and nuclear receptor corepressor (NCOR1) instead of coactivator NCOA3 in these cells. Finally, combination of tamoxifen and Herceptin was found to improve the sensitivity of BT/HerR cells to Herceptin. Our results suggest that the ER genomic pathway in the ER-positive and Herceptin-resistant breast cancer cells may be reactivated, allowing tamoxifen therapy to be effective again, and a combination of tamoxifen and Herceptin can be a potential therapeutic strategy for ER-positive and Herceptin-resistant human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Chen
- Department of Surgical Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Yuanzhong Wang
- Department of Surgical Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Susan E. Kane
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Shiuan Chen
- Department of Surgical Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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25
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Abstract
17beta-estradiol binds to the estrogen receptor (ER) to activate gene expression or repression and this involves both genomic (nuclear) and non-genomic (extranuclear) pathways. Genomic pathways include the classical interactions of ligand-bound ER dimers with estrogen-responsive elements in target gene promoters. ER-dependent activation of gene expression also involves DNA-bound ER that subsequently interacts with other DNA-bound transcriptions factors and direct ER-transcription factor (protein-protein) interactions where ER does not bind promoter DNA. Ligand-induced activation of ER/specificity protein (Sp) and ER/activating protein-1 [(AP-1); consisting of jun/fos] complexes are important pathways for modulating expression of a large number of genes. This review summarizes some of the characteristics of ER/Sp- and ER/AP-1-mediated transactivation, which are dependent on ligand structure, cell context, ER-subtype (ERalpha and ERbeta), and Sp protein (SP1, SP3, and SP4) and demonstrates that this non-classical genomic pathway is also functional in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Safe
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4466, USA.
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26
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Abstract
In the biosynthetic-secretory route from the rough endoplasmic reticulum, across the pre-Golgi intermediate compartments, the Golgi apparatus stacks, trans Golgi network, and post-Golgi organelles, anterograde transport is accompanied and counterbalanced by retrograde traffic of both membranes and contents. In the physiologic dynamics of cells, retrograde flow is necessary for retrieval of molecules that escaped from their compartments of function, for keeping the compartments' balances, and maintenance of the functional integrities of organelles and compartments along the secretory route, for repeated use of molecules, and molecule repair. Internalized molecules may be transported in retrograde direction along certain sections of the secretory route, and compartments and machineries of the secretory pathway may be misused by toxins. An important example is the toxin of Shigella dysenteriae, which has been shown to travel from the cell surface across endosomes, and the Golgi apparatus en route to the endoplasmic reticulum, and the cytosol, where it exerts its deleterious effects. Most importantly in medical research, knowledge about the retrograde cellular pathways is increasingly being utilized for the development of strategies for targeted delivery of drugs to the interior of cells. Multiple details about the molecular transport machineries involved in retrograde traffic are known; a high number of the molecular constituents have been characterized, and the complicated fine structural architectures of the compartments involved become more and more visible. However, multiple contradictions exist, and already established traffic models again are in question by contradictory results obtained with diverse cell systems, and/or different techniques. Additional problems arise by the fact that the conditions used in the experimental protocols frequently do not reflect the physiologic situations of the cells. Regular and pathologic situations often are intermingled, and experimental treatments by themselves change cell organizations. This review addresses physiologic and pathologic situations, tries to correlate results obtained by different cell biologic techniques, and asks questions, which may be the basis and starting point for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit Pavelka
- Department of Cell Biology and Ultrastructure Research, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, Vienna, Austria.
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27
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Klein GP, Hodge EM, Diamond ML, Yip A, Dann T, Stern G, Denison MS, Harper PA. Gas-phase ambient air contaminants exhibit significant dioxin-like and estrogen-like activity in vitro. Environ Health Perspect 2006; 114:697-703. [PMID: 16675423 PMCID: PMC1459922 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.8496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2005] [Accepted: 12/29/2005] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Several adverse health effects, such as respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity, have been linked to exposure to particulate matter in ambient air; however, the biologic activity of gas-phase ambient organic air contaminants has not been examined as thoroughly. Using aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)-based and estrogen receptor (ER)-based cell bioassay systems, we assessed the dioxin-like and estrogenic activities of gas-phase organic ambient air contaminants compared with those of particulate-phase contaminants using samples collected between seasons over 2 years from an urban and a rural location in the Greater Toronto Area, Canada. The concentration of the sum (Sigma) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which was highest in the gas phase, was 10-100 times more abundant than that of Sigmapolychlorinated biphenyls, Sigmanitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and Sigmaorganochlorine pesticides, and 10(3) to 10(4) times more abundant than Sigmapolychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans. Gas-phase samples induced significant AHR- and ER-dependent gene expression. The activity of the gas-phase samples was greater than that of the particulate-phase samples in the estrogen assay and, in one case, in the AHR assay. We found no strong associations between either summer or winter seasons or urban or rural locations in the relative efficacy of the extracts in either the ER or AHR assay despite differences in chemical composition, concentrations, and abundance. Our results suggest that mechanistic studies of the health effects of ambient air must consider gas and particulate phases because chemicals present in both phases can affect AHR and ER signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail P Klein
- Department of Pharmacology, Centre for Urban Health Initiatives, University of Toronto, and Program in Developmental Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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28
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Goforth PB, Bertram R, Khan FA, Zhang M, Sherman A, Satin LS. Calcium-activated K+ channels of mouse beta-cells are controlled by both store and cytoplasmic Ca2+: experimental and theoretical studies. J Gen Physiol 2002; 120:307-22. [PMID: 12198088 PMCID: PMC2229522 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.20028581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel calcium-dependent potassium current (K(slow)) that slowly activates in response to a simulated islet burst was identified recently in mouse pancreatic beta-cells (Göpel, S.O., T. Kanno, S. Barg, L. Eliasson, J. Galvanovskis, E. Renström, and P. Rorsman. 1999. J. Gen. Physiol. 114:759-769). K(slow) activation may help terminate the cyclic bursts of Ca(2+)-dependent action potentials that drive Ca(2+) influx and insulin secretion in beta-cells. Here, we report that when [Ca(2+)](i) handling was disrupted by blocking Ca(2+) uptake into the ER with two separate agents reported to block the sarco/endoplasmic calcium ATPase (SERCA), thapsigargin (1-5 microM) or insulin (200 nM), K(slow) was transiently potentiated and then inhibited. K(slow) amplitude could also be inhibited by increasing extracellular glucose concentration from 5 to 10 mM. The biphasic modulation of K(slow) by SERCA blockers could not be explained by a minimal mathematical model in which [Ca(2+)](i) is divided between two compartments, the cytosol and the ER, and K(slow) activation mirrors changes in cytosolic calcium induced by the burst protocol. However, the experimental findings were reproduced by a model in which K(slow) activation is mediated by a localized pool of [Ca(2+)] in a subspace located between the ER and the plasma membrane. In this model, the subspace [Ca(2+)] follows changes in cytosolic [Ca(2+)] but with a gradient that reflects Ca(2+) efflux from the ER. Slow modulation of this gradient as the ER empties and fills may enhance the role of K(slow) and [Ca(2+)] handling in influencing beta-cell electrical activity and insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Goforth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia at Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 2398, USA
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29
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Albrecht MA, Colegrove SL, Friel DD. Diff erential regulation of ER Ca2+ uptake and release rates accounts for multiple modes of Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release. J Gen Physiol 2002; 119:211-33. [PMID: 11865019 PMCID: PMC2217286 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.20028484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2001] [Revised: 01/22/2002] [Accepted: 01/25/2002] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The ER is a central element in Ca(2+) signaling, both as a modulator of cytoplasmic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) and as a locus of Ca(2+)-regulated events. During surface membrane depolarization in excitable cells, the ER may either accumulate or release net Ca(2+), but the conditions of stimulation that determine which form of net Ca(2+) transport occurs are not well understood. The direction of net ER Ca(2+) transport depends on the relative rates of Ca(2+) uptake and release via distinct pathways that are differentially regulated by Ca(2+), so we investigated these rates and their sensitivity to Ca(2+) using sympathetic neurons as model cells. The rate of Ca(2+) uptake by SERCAs (J(SERCA)), measured as the t-BuBHQ-sensitive component of the total cytoplasmic Ca(2+) flux, increased monotonically with [Ca(2+)](i). Measurement of the rate of Ca(2+) release (J(Release)) during t-BuBHQ-induced [Ca(2+)](i) transients made it possible to characterize the Ca(2+) permeability of the ER ((~)P(ER)), describing the activity of all Ca(2+)-permeable channels that contribute to passive ER Ca(2+) release, including ryanodine-sensitive Ca(2+) release channels (RyRs) that are responsible for CICR. Simulations based on experimentally determined descriptions of J(SERCA), and of Ca(2+) extrusion across the plasma membrane (J(pm)) accounted for our previous finding that during weak depolarization, the ER accumulates Ca(2+), but at a rate that is attenuated by activation of a CICR pathway operating in parallel with SERCAs to regulate net ER Ca(2+) transport. Caffeine greatly increased the [Ca(2+)] sensitivity of ((~)P(ER)), accounting for the effects of caffeine on depolarization-evoked [Ca(2+)](i) elevations and caffeine-induced [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations. Extending the rate descriptions of J(SERCA), ((~)P(ER)), and J(pm) to higher [Ca(2+)](i) levels shows how the interplay between Ca(2+) transport systems with different Ca(2+) sensitivities accounts for the different modes of CICR over different ranges of [Ca(2+)](i) during stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith A Albrecht
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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30
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Abstract
PDI1 is the essential gene encoding protein disulfide isomerase in yeast. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome, however, contains four other nonessential genes with homology to PDI1: MPD1, MPD2, EUG1, and EPS1. We have investigated the effects of simultaneous deletions of these genes. In several cases, we found that the ability of the PDI1 homologues to restore viability to a pdi1-deleted strain when overexpressed was dependent on the presence of low endogenous levels of one or more of the other homologues. This shows that the homologues are not functionally interchangeable. In fact, Mpd1p was the only homologue capable of carrying out all the essential functions of Pdi1p. Furthermore, the presence of endogenous homologues with a CXXC motif in the thioredoxin-like domain is required for suppression of a pdi1 deletion by EUG1 (which contains two CXXS active site motifs). This underlines the essentiality of protein disulfide isomerase-catalyzed oxidation. Most mutant combinations show defects in carboxypeptidase Y folding as well as in glycan modification. There are, however, no significant effects on ER-associated protein degradation in the various protein disulfide isomerase-deleted strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Nørgaard
- Department of Yeast Genetics, Carlsberg Laboratory, DK-2500 Copenhagen Valby, Denmark
| | - Vibeke Westphal
- Department of Yeast Genetics, Carlsberg Laboratory, DK-2500 Copenhagen Valby, Denmark
| | - Christine Tachibana
- Department of Yeast Genetics, Carlsberg Laboratory, DK-2500 Copenhagen Valby, Denmark
| | - Lene Alsøe
- Department of Yeast Genetics, Carlsberg Laboratory, DK-2500 Copenhagen Valby, Denmark
| | - Bjørn Holst
- Department of Yeast Genetics, Carlsberg Laboratory, DK-2500 Copenhagen Valby, Denmark
| | - Jakob R. Winther
- Department of Yeast Genetics, Carlsberg Laboratory, DK-2500 Copenhagen Valby, Denmark
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31
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Otte S, Belden WJ, Heidtman M, Liu J, Jensen ON, Barlowe C. Erv41p and Erv46p: new components of COPII vesicles involved in transport between the ER and Golgi complex. J Cell Biol 2001; 152:503-18. [PMID: 11157978 PMCID: PMC2195992 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.152.3.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins contained on purified COPII vesicles were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry combined with database searching. We identified four known vesicle proteins (Erv14p, Bet1p, Emp24p, and Erv25p) and an additional nine species (Yip3p, Rer1p, Erp1p, Erp2p, Erv29p, Yif1p, Erv41p, Erv46p, and Emp47p) that had not been localized to ER vesicles. Using antibodies, we demonstrate that these proteins are selectively and efficiently packaged into COPII vesicles. Three of the newly identified vesicle proteins (Erv29p, Erv41p, and Erv46p) represent uncharacterized integral membrane proteins that are conserved across species. Erv41p and Erv46p were further characterized. These proteins colocalized to ER and Golgi membranes and exist in a detergent-soluble complex that was isolated by immunoprecipitation. Yeast strains lacking Erv41p and/or Erv46p are viable but display cold sensitivity. The expression levels of Erv41p and Erv46p are interdependent such that Erv46p was reduced in an erv41Delta strain, and Erv41p was not detected in an erv46Delta strain. When the erv41Delta or ev46Delta alleles were combined with other mutations in the early secretory pathway, altered growth phenotypes were observed in some of the double mutant strains. A cell-free assay that reproduces transport between the ER and Golgi indicates that deletion of the Erv41p-Erv46p complex influences the membrane fusion stage of transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Otte
- Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - William J. Belden
- Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Matthew Heidtman
- Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Jay Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - Ole N. Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense University, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Charles Barlowe
- Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
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Shimoni Y, Kurihara T, Ravazzola M, Amherdt M, Orci L, Schekman R. Lst1p and Sec24p cooperate in sorting of the plasma membrane ATPase into COPII vesicles in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Cell Biol 2000; 151:973-84. [PMID: 11086000 PMCID: PMC2174359 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.151.5.973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of ER-derived protein transport vesicles requires three cytosolic components, a small GTPase, Sar1p, and two heterodimeric complexes, Sec23/24p and Sec13/31p, which comprise the COPII coat. We investigated the role of Lst1p, a Sec24p homologue, in cargo recruitment into COPII vesicles in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A tagged version of Lst1p was purified and eluted as a heterodimer complexed with Sec23p comparable to the Sec23/24p heterodimer. We found that cytosol from an lst1-null strain supported the packaging of alpha-factor precursor into COPII vesicles but was deficient in the packaging of Pma1p, the essential plasma membrane ATPase. Supplementation of mutant cytosol with purified Sec23/Lst1p restored Pma1p packaging into the vesicles. When purified COPII components were used in the vesicle budding reaction, Pma1p packaging was optimal with a mixture of Sec23/24p and Sec23/Lst1p; Sec23/Lst1p did not replace Sec23/24p. Furthermore, Pma1p coimmunoprecipitated with Lst1p and Sec24p from vesicles. Vesicles formed with a mixture of Sec23/Lst1p and Sec23/24p were similar morphologically and in their buoyant density, but larger than normal COPII vesicles (87-nm vs. 75-nm diameter). Immunoelectronmicroscopic and biochemical studies revealed both Sec23/Lst1p and Sec23/24p on the membranes of the same vesicles. These results suggest that Lst1p and Sec24p cooperate in the packaging of Pma1p and support the view that biosynthetic precursors of plasma membrane proteins must be sorted into ER-derived transport vesicles. Sec24p homologues may comprise a more complex coat whose combinatorial subunit composition serves to expand the range of cargo to be packaged into COPII vesicles. By changing the geometry of COPII coat polymerization, Lst1p may allow the transport of bulky cargo molecules, polymers, or particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Shimoni
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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33
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Abstract
Members of the yeast p24 family, including Emp24p and Erv25p, form a heteromeric complex required for the efficient transport of selected proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi apparatus. The specific functions and sites of action of this complex are unknown. We show that Emp24p is directly required for efficient packaging of a lumenal cargo protein, Gas1p, into ER-derived vesicles. Emp24p and Erv25p can be directly cross-linked to Gas1p in ER-derived vesicles. Gap1p, which was not affected by emp24 mutation, was not cross-linked. These results suggest that the Emp24 complex acts as a cargo receptor in vesicle biogenesis from the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Muñiz
- Biozentrum of the University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claude Nuoffer
- Biozentrum of the University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Peter Hauri
- Biozentrum of the University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Howard Riezman
- Biozentrum of the University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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34
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Abstract
Secretory proteins exit the ER in transport vesicles that fuse to form vesicular tubular clusters (VTCs) which move along microtubule tracks to the Golgi apparatus. Using the well-characterized in vitro approach to study the properties of Golgi membranes, we determined whether the Golgi enzyme NAGT I is transported to ER/Golgi intermediates. Secretory cargo was arrested at distinct steps of the secretory pathway of a glycosylation mutant cell line, and in vitro complementation of the glycosylation defect was determined. Complementation yield increased after ER exit of secretory cargo and was optimal when transport was blocked at an ER/Golgi intermediate step. The rapid drop of the complementation yield as secretory cargo progresses into the stack suggests that Golgi enzymes are preferentially targeted to ER/Golgi intermediates and not to membranes of the Golgi stack. Two mechanisms for in vitro complementation could be distinguished due to their different sensitivities to brefeldin A (BFA). Transport occurred either by direct fusion of preexisting transport intermediates with ER/Golgi intermediates, or it occurred as a BFA-sensitive and most likely COP I-mediated step. Direct fusion of ER/Golgi intermediates with cisternal membranes of the Golgi stack was not observed under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Chih Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146
| | - Harold D. Love
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146
| | - Jennifer N. Gushue
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B2 Canada
| | - John J.M. Bergeron
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B2 Canada
| | - Joachim Ostermann
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146
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35
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Fontanini G, Campani D, Roncella M, Cecchetti D, Calvo S, Toniolo A, Basolo F. Expression of int erleukin 6 (IL-6) correlates with oestrogen receptor in human breast carcinoma. Br J Cancer 1999; 80:579-84. [PMID: 10408869 PMCID: PMC2362311 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multifunctional cytokines play important and only partially defined roles in mammary tumour development and progression. Normal human mammary epithelial cells constitutively produce interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8 and a non-secreted form of tumour necrosis factor. Transformation of mammary epithelial cells by different oncogenes is frequently associated with alterations of cytokine/growth factor production and responsiveness. In the present study we analysed the expression of IL-6 in 149 cases of invasive breast carcinoma and the data have been correlated with clinico-pathological variables including tumour size, histological grade, nodal status, and oestrogen and progesterone receptors, Ki67 and p53, protein expression. Though the majority of breast carcinomas expressed at least low levels of immunoreactive IL-6, we found that expression of this cytokine was inversely associated with histological tumour grade (P = 0.0017), but not with tumour size and nodal status. Ki67 positivity was inversely correlated with IL-6 expression (P = 0.027). Among biological parameters analysed, a direct association was found between the percentage of IL-6-positive cells and that of oestrogen (P = 0.00005) and progesterone (P = 0.025) receptor-positive cells. No correlation was observed between IL-6 and p53 protein expression. These data indicate that down-regulation of IL-6 is associated with highly malignant mammary carcinomas. It will be of interest to evaluate whether alterations of cytokines that are constitutively produced by mammary cells are also associated with high-grade tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Fontanini
- Department of Oncology, University of Pisa, Italy
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36
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Le Bot N, Antony C, White J, Karsenti E, Vernos I. Role of xklp3, a subunit of the Xenopus kinesin II heterotrimeric complex, in membrane transport between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. J Cell Biol 1998; 143:1559-73. [PMID: 9852151 PMCID: PMC2132969 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.143.6.1559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of the Golgi apparatus is to modify proteins and lipids synthesized in the ER and sort them to their final destination. The steady-state size and function of the Golgi apparatus is maintained through the recycling of some components back to the ER. Several lines of evidence indicate that the spatial segregation between the ER and the Golgi apparatus as well as trafficking between these two compartments require both microtubules and motors. We have cloned and characterized a new Xenopus kinesin like protein, Xklp3, a subunit of the heterotrimeric Kinesin II. By immunofluorescence it is found in the Golgi region. A more detailed analysis by EM shows that it is associated with a subset of membranes that contain the KDEL receptor and are localized between the ER and Golgi apparatus. An association of Xklp3 with the recycling compartment is further supported by a biochemical analysis and the behavior of Xklp3 in BFA-treated cells. The function of Xklp3 was analyzed by transfecting cells with a dominant-negative form lacking the motor domain. In these cells, the normal delivery of newly synthesized proteins to the Golgi apparatus is blocked. Taken together, these results indicate that Xklp3 is involved in the transport of tubular-vesicular elements between the ER and the Golgi apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Le Bot
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Program, European Molecular Biological Laboratory, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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37
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Abstract
COPII-coated ER-derived transport vesicles from Saccharomyces cerevisiae contain a distinct set of membrane-bound polypeptides. One of these polypeptides, termed Erv14p (ER-vesicle protein of 14 kD), corresponds to an open reading frame on yeast chromosome VII that is predicted to encode an integral membrane protein and shares sequence identity with the Drosophila cornichon gene product. Experiments with an epitope-tagged version of Erv14p indicate that this protein localizes to the ER and is selectively packaged into COPII-coated vesicles. Haploid cells that lack Erv14p are viable but display a modest defect in bud site selection because a transmembrane secretory protein, Axl2p, is not efficiently delivered to the cell surface. Axl2p is required for selection of axial growth sites and normally localizes to nascent bud tips or the mother bud neck. In erv14Delta strains, Axl2p accumulates in the ER while other secretory proteins are transported at wild-type rates. We propose that Erv14p is required for the export of specific secretory cargo from the ER. The polarity defect of erv14Delta yeast cells is reminiscent of cornichon mutants, in which egg chambers fail to establish proper asymmetry during early stages of oogenesis. These results suggest an unforeseen conservation in mechanisms producing cell polarity shared between yeast and Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Powers
- Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
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Bànkfalvi A, Schmitz K, Mock T, Kemper M, Cubick C, Böcker W. Relationship between AgNOR proteins, Ki-67 antigen, p53 immunophenotype and differentiation markers in archival breast carcinomas. Anal Cell Pathol 1998; 17:231-42. [PMID: 10391375 PMCID: PMC4615186 DOI: 10.1155/1998/760324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated (i) the relationship between standardised morphometric AgNOR parameters (argyrophilic nucleolar organiser region-associated proteins) and MIB1 growth fraction, and (ii) their correlation with immunohistochemical p53, sex steroid receptor status and histopathological differentiation grade in serial paraffin sections from 39 breast carcinomas. Ten sections were double-stained for AgNOR/MIB1. AgNOR parameters correlated significantly with MIB1 growth fraction and p53 protein expression. Significant inverse correlation was found between proliferation markers and oestrogen/progesterone receptor status and histopathological grade. AgNOR expression was significantly higher in cycling (MIB1 positive) tumour cells, than in resting (MIB1 negative) ones, however with exceptions. We conclude, that standardised AgNOR parameters correlate with markers of increased malignant potential in breast carcinomas. However, AgNORs seem to reflect proliferation independent cellular and nucleolar activity of tumour cells, as well. We recommend the use of standardised AgNOR analysis for obtaining sound results in routine paraffin sections.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation/analysis
- Breast Neoplasms/chemistry
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/immunology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/immunology
- Genes, p53/genetics
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Ki-67 Antigen/analysis
- Nucleolus Organizer Region/pathology
- Receptors, Estrogen/analysis
- Receptors, Progesterone/analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bànkfalvi
- Domagk Institute of Pathology, University of Münster, Germany
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