The Prevalence of Tooth Wear and Their Associated Etiologies Among Adult Subjects Visiting Umm Al-Qura University Dental Clinic in Makkah City, Saudi Arabia

In the past two decades, changing trends in socioeconomic status, dietary habits, and individual lifestyles of individuals have led to the emergence of tooth wear as an oral health problem. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence and the associated etiologies of tooth wear in a convenience sample of adult patients visiting outpatient clinics of the Faculty of Dentistry at Umm Al-Qura University. This cross-sectional study was conducted on adult patients (18-40 years old) visiting outpatient clinics of the Faculty of Dentistry, Umm Al-Qura University. Two trained examiners visually assessed patients' tooth wear using Smith and Knight's Tooth Wear Index (TWI). Following the clinical examination, patients completed a self-administered questionnaire detailing risk factors such as the frequency of intake of acidic food and medicines, general health, chewing habits, dietary factors, and oral health-associated preventive behaviors. The resulting collected data were tabulated and statistically analyzed using Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS, version 21; IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Armonk, NY). The total prevalence of tooth wear was 74%, and the recorded mean wear score (TWI) was 0.380 ± 0.386; anterior teeth exhibited greater wear than posterior teeth. Numerous associations were recorded between tooth wear and the tested variables in demographics, habits, diet, and medications, but most of them were not statistically significant. When toothbrushing habits were explored, the only factors to played a significant role in abrading the tooth structure were the type of brush bristles used (P-value = 0.026) and the frequency of brush renewal (P = 0.043). Patients who frequently ate citrus fruits and other acidic foods recorded high wear scores (0.509 ± 0.311 and 0.508 ± 0.402, respectively), although the difference was not statistically significant. When chewing occurred on both sides of the mouth, less tooth wear was recorded than if chewing was on the right or left side only (0.371 ± 0.260, 0.422 ± 0.273, and 0.520 ± 0.419, respectively). The study data support an association between tooth wear and patient occupation, use of hard-bristled and new toothbrushes, eating of citrus and other acidic food, and chewing on one side, as all of these factors increased the risk of tooth wear.

The impact of maternal hyperemesis gravidarum on early childhood respiratory morbidity

BACKGROUND

Lung maldevelopment due to in-utero events may potentially cause respiratory morbidity during childhood. Maternal nutritional status during pregnancy is critical for lung development. This study is contributing to the understanding of the interplay between maternal nutrition status during pregnancy, fetal lung development and the risk for respiratory diseases in early life.

RESEARCH QUESTION

To investigate the association between maternal hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) during pregnancy and respiratory morbidity in the offspring's early childhood.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

This is a retrospective population-based cohort study that included all singleton term deliveries at Soroka University Medical Center (SUMC) between 1991 and 2021. Preterm deliveries (<37 gestational week), perinatal deaths, multiple gestations, and children with congenital malformations or chromosomal abnormalities were excluded. The main outcomes measured were offspring's hospitalizations due to pneumonia, acute bronchiolitis, asthma, or wheezing.

RESULTS

Overall 232,476 deliveries were included in the study, of which 3227 women (1.4%) were diagnosed with HG. Offspring in the HG group exhibited significantly higher rates of respiratory morbidity, including asthma (OR = 1.36, 95% CI 1.22-1.36, p < .001), acute bronchiolitis (OR = 1.38, 95% CI 1.21-1.59, p < .001), and pneumonia (OR = 1.2, 95% CI 1.12-1.48, p < .001). An inverse correlation between multivariate adjusted-hazard ratios for asthma and pneumonia with offspring's age was noted.

INTERPRETATION

This study provides evidence of a potential association between maternal HG during pregnancy and increased risk of respiratory morbidity in offspring's early childhood. Maternal nutritional status during pregnancy plays a crucial role in lung development, affecting respiratory health in childhood.

Patterns of Non-influenza Respiratory Viruses Among Severe Acute Respiratory Infection Cases in Burkina Faso: A Surveillance Study

BACKGROUND

Although influenza viruses cause only one-fifth of severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) in Burkina Faso, the other viral causes of SARI remain poorly investigated to inform clinical and preventive decision making.

METHODS

Between 2016 and 2019, we prospectively enrolled inpatients meeting the World Health Organization (WHO) case definition of SARI in Burkina Faso. Results of viral etiologies among inpatients tested negative for influenza using the Fast Track Diagnostics Respiratory Kits (FTD-33) were reported.

RESULTS

Of 1541 specimens tested, at least one respiratory virus was detected in 76.1% of the 1231 specimens negative for influenza virus. Human rhinoviruses (hRVs) were the most detected pathogens (476; 38.7%), followed by human adenoviruses (hAdV) (17.1%, 210/1231), human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) (15.4%, 189/1231), enterovirus (EnV) (11.2%, 138/1231), human bocavirus (hBoV) (7.9%, 97/1231), parainfluenza 3 (hPIV3) (6.1%, 75/1231), human metapneumovirus (hMPV) (6.0%,74/1321), parainfluenza 4 (hPIV4) (4.1%, 51/1231), human coronavirus OC43 (hCoV-OC43) (3.4%, 42/1231), human coronavirus HKU1(hCoV-HKU1) (2.7%, 33/1231), human coronavirus NL63 (hCoV-NL63) (2.5%, 31/1231), parainfluenza 1 (hPIV1) (2.0%, 25/1231), parainfluenza 2 (hPIV2) (1.8%, 22/1231), human parechovirus (PeV) (1.1%, 14/1231), and human coronavirus 229E (hCoV-229E) (0.9%, 11/1231). Among SARI cases, infants aged 1-4 years were mostly affected (50.7%; 622/1231), followed by those <1 year of age (35.7%; 438/1231). Most detected pathogens had year-long circulation patterns, with seasonal peaks mainly observed during the cold and dry seasons.

CONCLUSION

Several non-influenza viruses are cause of SARI in Burkina Faso. The integration of the most common pathogens into the routine influenza surveillance system might be beneficial.

Trends in prevalence of major etiologies leading to heart failure in young patients: An integrative review

The prevalence of Heart failure (HF) is increasing with the aging of the population but it is estimated that 10% of HF patients are younger than 50 years-old. HF development in this population is characterized with a fast-growing prevalence, and important disparities according to underlying etiologies or gender. These observations highlight the need to identify specific and preventable factors in these patients, a topic that is under-studied. Here we provide an overview of trends in prevalence of major etiologies leading to HF in young subjects, including genetic factors associated with cardiomyopathies, premature vascular dysfunction and related ischemia, metabolic stress, cardio-toxic responses to different agents, and myocarditis. We also highlight the increasing influence of major risk factors that are driving HF in younger patients, such as obesity, diabetes or arterial hypertension.

[Etiologies of papilledema in Cameroonian hospitals]

Introduction

papilledema refers to the swelling of the head of the optic nerve, a major sign of many local, locoregional or systemic pathologies that may involve patients' visual or vital prognosis. This condition represents a diagnostic and therapeutic emergency frequently encountered in our facilities. Therefore, it is deemed and opportune to identify the most common etiologies observed in Cameroonian hospitals.

Method

we conducted a documentary and descriptive study of patients with papilledema presenting to the Ophthalmology Department of the Hospital of Instruction, Application and Reference of the Armed Forces of Yaoundé from 1st October 2013 to 31st December 2016. The variables under investigation included epidemiological data (age, sex), clinical data (functional signs, visual acuity, appearance of the papilla and associated signs according to the Hoyt and Beesten classification), complementary examinations performed (fluorescein angiography, visual field, biology, radiography, CT scan) and the etiological diagnosis. Epi-info 3.5.3 software was used for statistical analysis and the Chi-square test was performed at a 5% significance level (p < 5%).

Results

during the study period, papilledema was found in 26 out of 5023 patients, reflecting a rate of 0.5%. The average age of patients was 32.7± 10.9 years, ranging from 7 to 79 years, for 13 women and 13 men. Papilledema was bilateral in 15 (57.7%) patients and unilateral in 11 (42.3%), or 41 affected eyes. The etiologies were 11 (42,3%) inflammatory optic neuropathies, 5 (19,2%) arterial hypertension, 4 (15,4%) central retinal vein occlusions, 3 (11,5%) eye contusions, 2 (7,7%) hydrocephalus and 1 case (3,9%) of cerebral malaria.

Conclusion

inflammatory and vascular optic neuropathies were the most common etiologies of papilledema in our facilities.

Portal Vein Thrombosis: Introduction to Imaging and Etiology

Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is a complex medical condition that presents differently depending on the etiology. Appropriate imaging is necessary to determine the extent of clot, as well as its chronicity. While determining the characteristics of the PVT, imaging may also reveal the underlying cause of PVT. The purpose of this article is to describe the most common imaging modalities used in the evaluation of PVT, and to describe the findings of PVT.

An Investigation of the Etiologies of Non-Immune Hydrops Fetalis in the Era of Next-Generation Sequence-A Single Center Experience

(1) Background: Numerous etiologies may lead to non-immune hydrops fetalis (NIHF). However, the causes remain unclear in half of NIHF cases following current standard assessment. The application of prenatal chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) and exome sequencing (ES) can improve the identification of the etiologies. This study aimed to investigate the etiologies of NIHF in the era of next-generation sequence (NGS) following a unified prenatal work-up flow for diagnosis. (2) Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on NIHF cases that were collected prospectively to explore the underlying etiologies according to a unified prenatal diagnosis work-up flow at Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital between Jan 2016 and Dec 2019. The medical records for all NIHF cases were reviewed, and the causes of NIHF were classified as confirmed (diagnostic), suspected, or unknown. (3) Results: Prenatal and postnatal medical records for a total of 145 NIHF cases were reviewed, 48.3% (70/145) of the cases were identified to be with confirmed etiologies, and 10.3% (15/145) with suspected etiologies. Among 85 cases with confirmed or suspected etiologies, 44.7% were diagnosed with genetic disorders, 20% with chylothorax/chyloascites diagnosed postnatally, 12.9% with fetal structural anomalies, 12.9% with fetal anemia, 7% (6 cases) with fetal arrhythmia, and 2.3% (2 cases) with placenta chorioangioma. In cases with genetic disorders, 8 aneuploidies were detected by CMA, and 30 cases had single-gene disorders identified by ES (29/30) or targeted gene panel (1/30). There were still 41.4% cases (60/145) with unknown causes after this unified prenatal diagnostic work-up flow. (4) Conclusions: In the era of NGS, the causes of NIHF were identified in 58.6% of cases, with genetic disorders being the most common ones. NGS is helpful in determining the genetic etiology of NIHF when CMA results cannot explain NIHF, but 41.4% of cases were still with unknown causes under the unified prenatal diagnostic work-up flow in this single-center study.

Sleep-disordered breathing in heart failure patients with different etiologies

Background

The prevalence of sleep‐disordered breathing (SDB) is closely related to the severity of heart failure (HF), and the severity of HF is different in patients with HF of different etiologies.

Hypothesis: This study aimed to explore the prevalence of SDB in patients with HFof different etiologies.

Methods

Hospitalized HF patients were consecutively enrolled. All patients underwent portable overnight cardiorespiratory polygraphy. Patients were divided into five groups according to the etiology of HF: ischemic, hypertensive, myocardial, valvular, and arrhythmic. The prevalence of SDB and clinical data was compared among the five groups.

Results

In total, 248 patients were enrolled in this study. The prevalence of SDB in HF was 70.6%, with the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) at 47.6% and central sleep apnea (CSA) at 23.0%. Patients were divided into five groups: ischemic, hypertensive, myocardial, valvular, and arrhythmic. The prevalence of SDB among the five groups was 75.3%, 81.4%, 77.8%, 51.9%, and 58.5% (p = .014), respectively. The prevalence of OSA among the five groups was 42.7%, 72.1%, 36.1%, 37.0%, and 49.1% (p = .009), whereas the CSA was 32.6%, 9.3%, 41.7%, 14.8%, and 9.4% (p < .001), respectively.

Conclusions

SDB is common in HF patients. The prevalence and types of SDB varied in HF with different etiologies, which may be related to the different severities of HF. SDB was highly prevalent in patients with ischemic, hypertensive, and myocardial HF. Hypertensive HF patients were mainly complicated with OSA, while myocardial HF patients were mainly complicated with CSA. Both conditions were highly prevalent in ischemic HF patients. The prevalence of SDB was relatively low in valvular and arrhythmic HF patients, and OSA was the main type.

Etiologic Classification of 541 Infantile Spasms Cases: A Cohort Study

OBJECTIVE

To explore the etiology of infantile spasms (IS) in a large Chinese cohort based on the United States National Infantile Spasms Consortium (NISC) classification.

METHODS

In the present study, we recruited IS patients diagnosed at a single center (Xiangya Hospital, Central South University) between Jan 2010 and Aug 2019. Thereafter, we collected their clinical and genetic information retrospectively. Their underlying etiologies were classified according to the NISC classification and then compared in different scenarios to understand their distribution.

RESULTS

A total of 541 patients with IS from 18 provinces were included in this study. The underlying etiology was identified in 53.2% of the cases: structural-acquired, 25.3%; genetic, 12.9%; genetic-structural, 7.2%; structural-congenital, 5.0%; metabolic, 2.4%; infections, 0.4% and immune, 0%. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) provided the highest diagnostic yield (26.9%). In structural-acquired IS, the proportion of hypoglycemic brain injuries was significant, second only to hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. There was no patient discovered to have Down syndrome. STXBP1, CDKL5, TSC2, KCNQ2, IRF2BPL, and TSC1 were the most frequently implicated genes. Genetic causes were found to be the most common cause of IS in the early onset group, while structural-acquired etiologies were common in males and preterm babies. Patients with pre-spasm seizures were associated with a higher proportion of identified causes than those without. Non-acquired structural etiologies were more common in patients without hypsarrhythmia than in those with hypsarrhythmia.

SIGNIFICANCE

The most prevalent cause of IS was structural acquired followed by genetic causes. When brain MRI fails to detect the etiology, we propose WES as the next step. Structural-acquired IS and cases with genetic disorders are characteristic of the Chinese cohort, however, the etiology differs with the patient's age of onset, gestation age at birth, sex, and the presence/absence of both pre-spasm seizures, and hypsarrhythmia.

[Etiologies of mortality in the hepato-gastroenterology and internal medicine department at the Sino-Central African Friendship University Hospital]

OBJECTIVE

to contribute to improving the care of patients hospitalized in the department.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

This was a cross-sectional study from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2020. We included patients of both sexes hospitalized and who died in the department whose cause of death was known.

RESULTS

During the study period, 1324 patients were hospitalized, of whom 279 died (21.07%). Of the 279 cases of death, 222 were included in the study. The clinical signs were: deterioration in general condition (95%), ascites (61.7%), hepatomegaly (57.6%), jaundice (44.9%). The most frequent diagnoses retained in our patients were: cirrhosis (39.6%), primary liver cancer (30.6%), HIV infection (11.4%), pancreatic cancer '6.8%). Causes of death were in order of frequency: hepatic encephalopathy (22.5%), primary end-stage liver cancer (20.3%), ascites fluid infection (16.2%) , hypovolemic shock (14.9%).

CONCLUSION

The deceased patients had chronic liver disease with a significant deterioration in general condition. Deaths are due to infectious and metabolic complications. An improvement of the technical platform is essential.

Multiple Chemical Sensitivity

Multiple Chemical Sensitivity (MCS), a condition also known as Chemical Sensitivity (CS), Chemical Intolerance (CI), Idiopathic Environmental Illness (IEI) and Toxicant Induced Loss of Tolerance (TILT), is an acquired multifactorial syndrome characterized by a recurrent set of debilitating symptoms. The symptoms of this controversial disorder are reported to be induced by environmental chemicals at doses far below those usually harmful to most persons. They involve a large spectrum of organ systems and typically disappear when the environmental chemicals are removed. However, no clear link has emerged among self-reported MCS symptoms and widely accepted objective measures of physiological dysfunction, and no clear dose-response relationship between exposure and symptom reactions has been observed. In addition, the underlying etiology and pathogenic processes of the disorder remain unknown and disputed, although biologic and psychologic hypotheses abound. It is currently debated whether MCS should be considered a clinical entity at all. Nevertheless, in the last few decades MCS has received considerable scientific and governmental attention in light of the many persons reporting this illness. In this review, we provide a general overview of the history, definition, demographics, prevalence, and etiologic challenges in defining and understanding MCS.

Inflammation of Unknown Origin: Evaluation and Prognosis of 57 Cases

(1) Background: there are few studies on the inflammation of unknown origin (IUO). We sought to determine the etiologies and prognosis of IUO, as well as the contribution of complementary examinations. (2) Methods: this retrospective study analyzed patients meeting the Vanderschueren’s criteria in the Hospices Civils de Lyon from 2005 to 2020. (3) Results: a total of 57 patients (mean age: 67 years; interquartile range: 55–79) were included. Final diagnoses were made for 26 (46%) patients. Non-infectious inflammatory diseases were the most common diagnoses (13/26, 50%), followed by neoplasms (10/26, 38%; 8/10 hematological malignancies), infections (2/26, 8%), and miscellaneous causes (1/26, 4%). Moreover, 18-FDG-PET/CT was contributory in 12/42 cases. Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, serology, temporal biopsies, and bone marrow aspirates were contributory in 3/41, 1/57, 5/23, and 3/19 cases, respectively. At last follow-up (mean follow-up duration: 48 months), 8/31 undiagnosed patients were cured (five received an empirical treatment), and 5/31 died (one death was related to the empirical treatment). (4) Conclusion: more than half of the IUO remained undiagnosed. Non-infectious inflammatory diseases and hematological malignancies were the most common etiologies. Moreover, 18-FDG-PET/CT had the highest diagnostic value. Most IUO without final diagnosis persisted. The role of empirical treatments remains to be explored.

Genetic evaluation of children with autism spectrum disorders in developing and low-resource areas

LAY ABSTRACT

Autism is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder in children worldwide. Genetic factors play an important role in the risk of developing autism. Determining the genetic cause of autism is key to understanding the biological processes that lead to the clinical manifestations of autism, and can inform the management and even prevention of this condition. Establishing genetic causes of autism requires collection of genetic data on a global scale. Limited research on genetic testing for individuals with autism is available from developing countries in low-resource regions. In this study, we explored the types of investigations ordered for Jordanian children with autism by their physicians. A representative sample of parents of children with autism in Jordan was questioned about the studies that their children received. We found that the recommended genetic testing was only performed in a small number of children with autism. In contrast, most children in the sample received non-genetic testing, which is not routinely recommended. We also explored the sociocultural factors that may influence the decision to perform genetic testing in this population. We discuss our findings in light of the data available from other developing and developed countries.

Hemophagocytic lymph histiocytosis (HLH): etiologies, pathogenesis, treatment, and outcomes in critically ill patients: a review article and literature to review

Hemophagocytic lymph histiocytosis (HLH) is not an independent disease but is instead a clinical syndrome that occurs in many underlying conditions involving all age groups. HLH is the consequence of a severe, uncontrolled hyperinflammatory reaction that in most cases is triggered by an infectious agent. Acquired HLH is much more common than primary HLH syndrome but primary is more fatal, and it does have the worst prognosis with no definitive treatment available to date. This review article mentioned all the latest advancements regarding etiologies, pathogenesis, treatment, and outcomes in critically ill patients who got diagnosed with HLH syndrome in last 15 years.

Acute Acquired Comitant Esotropia: Etiology, Clinical Course, and Management

Purpose

To identify the etiologies, clinical course and management of acute acquired comitant esotropia in Ramathibodi Hospital, Thailand.

Methods

Thirty patients who were diagnosed with acute acquired comitant esotropia at Ramathibodi Hospital from January 1 2017 to December 31 2019 were identified using electronic medical records, from which demographic, etiology, clinical course and management, laboratory, and neuroimaging data were collected.

Results

The etiologies of acute acquired comitant esotropia were Swan (16.67%), Burian–Franceschetti (30.00%), Bielschowsky (36.67%), Arnold Chiari malformation (3.33%) and decompensated esophoria (13.33%). Mean age of onset was 19.8 ± 18.3 years. Mean angle of esodeviation was 28.4 ± 12.1 prism diopters for distance fixation and 29.3 ± 11.8 prism diopters for near fixation. Refraction differed between age groups: children under 10 years had mild hyperopia (median +0.63 diopters, first quartile +0.25 diopters, third quartile +0.75 diopters) and teenagers (10–18 years old) had emmetropia to mild myopia (median +0.25 diopters, first quartile −2.50 diopters, third quartile +0.75 diopters), whereas adults had mild to moderate myopia (median −0.75 diopters, first quartile −5.25 diopters, third quartile ±0.00 diopters). Twelve patients (40.00%) were prescribed spectacles and surgical intervention was performed in 26 patients (86.67%). All patients except one case of Arnold Chiari malformation (96.67%) maintained normal binocular function and alignment following strabismus surgery or spectacles correction.

Conclusion

Bielschowsky was the most common etiology of acute acquired comitant esotropia in our study. We suggest that refraction should be performed in all patients with acute acquired comitant esotropia. Most etiologies were benign and might not require neuroimaging. However, neuroimaging is recommended in those with atypical presentations, such as nystagmus, headache, or cerebellar signs. Surgical intervention with a 0.5–1.0 mm increase in recession was effective for restoring ocular alignment and binocular function in our patients.

Analysis of the etiologies, treatments and prognoses in children and adolescent vitreous hemorrhage

AIM

To determine the etiologies, treatment modalities and visual outcomes of vitreous hemorrhage (VH; range from birth to 18y).

METHODS

A total of 262 eyes from 210 patients between January 2010 and September 2016 were included. All children underwent an appropriate ocular and systemic examination. Data collected included demographics, clinical manifestations, details of the ocular and systemic examination, management details, final fundus anatomy and visual acuity (VA).

RESULTS

The most common etiologies were non-traumatic VH (64.89%), most of which were due to retinopathy of prematurity (ROP; 37.10%); while traffic accidents, including 16 (21.00%) eyes, was the most common ocular traumas. Surgery, performed in 143 (54.58%) eyes, was the most common management modality. The initial mean baseline visual acuity was 2.77±0.21 logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution (logMAR) in children and adolescent with traumatic VH, which was significantly improved to 2.15±1.31 logMAR (P<0.05).

CONCLUSION

VH in children and adolescent has a complicated and diverse etiology. ROP is the primary cause of non-traumatic VH, which is the most common etiology. Appropriate treatment of traumatic VH is associated with obvious improvement in visual acuity. The initial VA is one of most important predictors of outcome.

Developmental Perspectives on the Study of Persons with Intellectual Disability

Developmental approaches provide inclusive, universal, and methodologically rigorous frameworks for studying persons with intellectual disability (ID). This is an exceptionally heterogeneous group with regard to etiology, genotype, and phenotype that simply shares the traditional diagnostic criteria, typically a score of two standard deviations below the population mean of 100 on standardized IQ tests and deficits in adaptive behavior. We trace the foundational, conceptual, and methodological roots of developmental approaches and highlight ways that these and more recent iterations continue to be central to advances in the increasingly nuanced study of persons with ID. This work is premised on the consideration of specific etiological groupings and subgroupings across and between different domains of functioning within the context of familial and complex environments throughout the life span. We highlight the potential contributions of advances in behavioral methodologies, genomics, and neuroscience when considered within universal and hierarchic frameworks based on development.

Progression of potential etiologies of the chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka

Chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) is a major health issue in agricultural areas in Sri Lanka. Despite many attempts to identifying causative factors of CKDu, the real cause/s remain/s elusive to date. Understanding the progression of potential etiologies may provide valuable insight into this quest. Literature relevant to CKDu addresses several etiologies, including quality of drinking water in the affected areas including hardness, fluoride, ionicity, agrochemical and heavy metal contaminations, consumption of contaminated food, and the genetic makeup of vulnerable populations. Progression of the etiologies revealed persistent interest in heavy metals of multiple origins: waterborne, foodborne, or soilborne. Secondary factors, such as water hardness, fluoride, and ionicity appear to act synergistically, aggravating the role of heavy metals on the onset, and the progression of CKDu. Demographical factors, such as male sex, over 50 years of age, agriculture-related occupation, and the consumption of contaminated water and food are intricately related with the disease progression while other minor risk factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, etc. exasperate the disease condition. Since, none of these etiologies are examined adequately, conducting laboratory exposure studies under in-vivo and in-vitro settings to understand their role in CKDu is crucial.

Blood Pressure and Outcomes in Patients With Different Etiologies of Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Multicenter Cohort Study

Background We aimed to investigate the association between blood pressure (BP) and outcomes in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) subtypes with different etiologies. Methods and Results A total of 5656 in-hospital patients with spontaneous ICH were included between January 2012 and December 2016 in a prospective multicenter cohort study. Etiological subtypes of ICH were assigned using SMASH-U (structural lesion, medication, amyloid angiopathy, systemic/other disease, hypertension, undetermined) classification. Elevated systolic BP was defined as ≥140 mm Hg. Hypertension was defined as elevated BP for >1 month before the onset of ICH. The primary outcomes were measured as 1-month survival rate and 3-month mortality. A total of 5380 patients with ICH were analyzed, of whom 4052 (75.3%) had elevated systolic BP on admission and 3015 (56.0%) had hypertension. In multinomial analysis of patients who passed away by 3 months, systolic BP on admission was significantly different in cerebral amyloid angiopathy (P<0.001), structural lesion (P<0.001), and undetermined subtypes (P=0.003), compared with the hypertensive angiopathy subtype. Elevated systolic BP was dose-responsively associated with higher 3-month mortality in hypertensive angiopathy (Ptrend=0.013) and undetermined (Ptrend=0.005) subtypes. In cerebral amyloid angiopathy, hypertension history had significant inverse association with 3-month mortality (adjusted odds ratio, 0.37, 95% CI, 0.20-0.65; P<0.001). Similarly, adjusted Cox regression indicated decreased risk of 1-month survival rate in the presence of hypertension in patients with cerebral amyloid angiopathy (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.24-0.92; P=0.027). Conclusions This study suggests that the association between BP and ICH outcomes might specifically depend on its subtypes, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy might be pathologically distinctive from the others. Future studies of individualized BP-lowering strategy are needed to validate our findings.

The Etiology and Prognosis of Delayed Postoperative Leukocytosis in Lung Transplant Recipients

BACKGROUND

Leukocytosis (white blood cell count >12 000/µL) in the delayed postoperative period (4-7 days) after lung transplantation is due to diverse etiologies. We aimed to describe the etiologies of delayed postoperative leukocytosis in lung transplant recipients and to evaluate the association of leukocytosis causes with short-term survival.

METHODS

A retrospective chart review of 274 lung transplantations performed in our institution during 2006 to 2013.

RESULTS

Delayed postoperative leukocytosis was seen in 159 (58.0%) of lung transplant recipients. In 57 (35.8%) of them, the etiology of the leukocytosis was not identified. The etiologies of leukocytosis that were identified were infection (n = 39), second surgery, acute rejection (n = 12), primary graft dysfunction (n = 3), multiple etiologies (n = 17), and other causes (n = 10). On multivariate analysis, delayed postoperative leukocytosis was one of the variables that most significantly associated with decreased survival in the entire sample (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.52, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01-2.29, P = .040). On additional analysis for mortality assessing each leukocytosis subgroup, the data were acute graft rejection (HR = 8.21, 95% CI: 4.09-16.49, P < .001), second surgery (HR = 2.05, 95% CI: 1.08-3.90, P = .020), primary graft dysfunction (HR = 2.72, 95% CI: 0.65-11.33, P = .169), other causes (HR = 1.30, 95% CI: 0.47-3.62, P = .620), and unknown etiology (HR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.54-1.62, P = .800).

CONCLUSIONS

Delayed post-lung transplant leukocytosis is a poor prognostic sign, especially when attributed to acute graft rejection, infection, and multiple etiologies. In the absence of an identifiable etiology, it can be attributed to postoperative reactive stress, is not associated with increased mortality, and likely does not warrant further diagnostic investigation.

A Mini Review: Stem Cell Therapy for Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head and Pharmacological Aspects

Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is a common disease that occurs frequently. Due to various etiologies, the blood supply directed to the femoral head is interrupted in patients with ONFH. This disease can result in degeneration and necrosis of the subchondral bone of the femoral head, which ultimately cause a collapse of the femoral head. Of note, ONFH can extremely affect the quality of living of patients with a high disability rate. Also, this disease often includes middle-aged and younger people. However, effective treatments of ONFH are still challenging in clinics. In recent years, stem cells have been profoundly studied and a relevant new technology has been developed rapidly and applied for regenerative medicine. A number of reports have demonstrated successful results of the treatment of ONFH by using stem cell transplantation. By the combination of minimally invasive hip decompression and injection of mesenchymal stem cells into the necrotic lesion, the retrospective analysis of patients treated revealed that significant pain relief was observed in 86% patients and they had no major complications after treatment. Thus, stem cell transplantation is anticipated to be applied as an innovative approach in the treatment of ONFH. This review will summarize results obtained from recent human and animal studies, which include the pathophysiological process of ONFH, current techniques and effects of using stem cells on the treatment of ONFH together with pharmacological aspects. Overall, the current evidence reveals the treatment of ONFH using stem cell technology as promising. Nonetheless, additional in-depth studies are necessary to better explore the application of this technology and seek more ideal approaches to minimize difficulties related to stem cells.

Hearing Impairment Overview in Africa: the Case of Cameroon

The incidence of hearing impairment (HI) is higher in low- and middle-income countries when compared to high-income countries. There is therefore a necessity to estimate the burden of this condition in developing world. The aim of our study was to use a systematic approach to provide summarized data on the prevalence, etiologies, clinical patterns and genetics of HI in Cameroon. We searched PubMed, Scopus, African Journals Online, AFROLIB and African Index Medicus to identify relevant studies on HI in Cameroon, published from inception to 31 October, 2019, with no language restrictions. Reference lists of included studies were also scrutinized, and data were summarized narratively. This study is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42019142788. We screened 333 records, of which 17 studies were finally included in the review. The prevalence of HI in Cameroon ranges from 0.9% to 3.6% in population-based studies and increases with age. Environmental factors contribute to 52.6% to 62.2% of HI cases, with meningitis, impacted wax and age-related disorder being the most common ones. Hereditary HI comprises 0.8% to 14.8% of all cases. In 32.6% to 37% of HI cases, the origin remains unknown. Non-syndromic hearing impairment (NSHI) is the most frequent clinical entity and accounts for 86.1% to 92.5% of cases of HI of genetic origin. Waardenburg and Usher syndromes account for 50% to 57.14% and 8.9% to 42.9% of genetic syndromic cases, respectively. No pathogenic mutation was described in GJB6 gene, and the prevalence of pathogenic mutations in GJB2 gene ranged from 0% to 0.5%. The prevalence of pathogenic mutations in other known NSHI genes was <10% in Cameroonian probands. Environmental factors are the leading etiology of HI in Cameroon, and mutations in most important HI genes are infrequent in Cameroon. Whole genome sequencing therefore appears as the most effective way to identify variants associated with HI in Cameroon and sub-Saharan Africa in general.

Hearing Impairment Overview in Africa: the Case of Cameroon

The incidence of hearing impairment (HI) is higher in low- and middle-income countries when compared to high-income countries. There is therefore a necessity to estimate the burden of this condition in developing world. The aim of our study was to use a systematic approach to provide summarized data on the prevalence, etiologies, clinical patterns and genetics of HI in Cameroon. We searched PubMed, Scopus, African Journals Online, AFROLIB and African Index Medicus to identify relevant studies on HI in Cameroon, published from inception to 31 October, 2019, with no language restrictions. Reference lists of included studies were also scrutinized, and data were summarized narratively. This study is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42019142788. We screened 333 records, of which 17 studies were finally included in the review. The prevalence of HI in Cameroon ranges from 0.9% to 3.6% in population-based studies and increases with age. Environmental factors contribute to 52.6% to 62.2% of HI cases, with meningitis, impacted wax and age-related disorder being the most common ones. Hereditary HI comprises 0.8% to 14.8% of all cases. In 32.6% to 37% of HI cases, the origin remains unknown. Non-syndromic hearing impairment (NSHI) is the most frequent clinical entity and accounts for 86.1% to 92.5% of cases of HI of genetic origin. Waardenburg and Usher syndromes account for 50% to 57.14% and 8.9% to 42.9% of genetic syndromic cases, respectively. No pathogenic mutation was described in GJB6 gene, and the prevalence of pathogenic mutations in GJB2 gene ranged from 0% to 0.5%. The prevalence of pathogenic mutations in other known NSHI genes was <10% in Cameroonian probands. Environmental factors are the leading etiology of HI in Cameroon, and mutations in most important HI genes are infrequent in Cameroon. Whole genome sequencing therefore appears as the most effective way to identify variants associated with HI in Cameroon and sub-Saharan Africa in general.

Acute Pancreatitis: An Exploratory, Cross-sectional, Single-center Study of the Epidemiological Features of the Disease in a Sample of Saudi Patients

Epidemiological studies on Acute Pancreatitis (AP) are significantly scarce in the Saudi Arabian Literature. In this paper, we aim to explore the current trends of AP in a sample of Saudi patients. This is a cross-sectional study in which we reviewed AP-related admissions from 2014 to 2017. Data collected included demographics, clinical presentation, investigations, severity, complications, and the outcome at the end of hospitalization. During the study period, 107 patients were admitted due to AP. Fifty-seven (53%) were males. Biliary pancreatitis was the most common etiology found among our patients (39.3%; 95% CI: 30.5–48.7), followed by alcoholic pancreatitis (11.2%; 95% CI: 6.5–18.6) and hypertriglyceridemia (8%; 95% CI: 4.5–15.2). Pancreatic pseudocysts were the most common complication we found in this series (15%; 95% CI: 9.4–23). Of all the hospitalized patients in this study, eight patients (7.9%) died (95% CI: 3.8–14.1). The number of AP-related admissions and mortality rate appear to have increased as compared with the numbers in earlier national studies. The etiological groups have also changed. As compared with Western/Asian studies, however, there was almost no difference in the epidemiological patterns except for the mortality rate.

Causes of deaths in the intensives care unit of Sylvanus Olympio Teaching Hospital, Lomé, Togo

To analyze the causes of deaths in the intensive care unit (ICU) at the CHU Sylvanus Olympio (CHU SO) teaching hospital of Lomé. This retrospective study examined the files of patients who died in the ICU of CHU SO, during the 12-month period from November 2012 to October 2013. Of 732 patients admitted to the ICU, 237 died, for a mortality rate of 32.38%. Men accounted for 163 (68.8%) of the deaths, and women 74 (31.2%), for a M/F ratio of 2.2. The average age of patients who died was 41.7 years; the age group 21-30 years comprised 16% of the deaths, that 31-40 years 19.8%, and 41-50 years 17.7%. Trauma (50.64%) dominated the causes of death, including especially severe traumatic brain injury (34.18%), followed by postoperative intensive care (25.32%), including peritonitis (8%). Medical diseases accounted for 18.14% of ICU admissions. More than half the deaths (55.7%) took place in the 72 hours after ICU entry. Mortality in the ICU at CHU SO of Lomé remains very high. It affects young patients, mainly with traumatic and surgery-related pathologies.

Efficacy and safety of platelet-rich plasma in treating cutaneous ulceration: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

BACKGROUND

The biological mechanisms underlying the use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP), as well as the efficacy and possible adverse effects of PRP, have not yet been fully elucidated. Prior studies have evaluated PRP for cutaneous ulceration. However, the benefits from PRP still remain controversial and few have assessed the effects of ulceration etiologies. The purpose of our study is to determine the efficacy and safety of PRP and which kind of ulcer is more suitable for PRP by analyzing the effects of PRP on ulcers with different causes.

METHODS

A comprehensive search was performed to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) regarding the application of PRP from PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library. The data were analyzed using Review Manager 5.3.

RESULTS

A total of nineteen RCTs (909 patients) were included. In contrast with conventional treatments, PRP achieved higher healing rate, higher percentage of area reduction, and smaller final area in vascular ulcers. However, the advantage disappeared in diabetic and pressure ulcers. Concerning adverse events, PRP showed lower incidence in the short term, but higher in the long term. No significant differences were found in ulcer closure velocity and healing time.

CONCLUSION

Platelet-rich plasma effectiveness and safety in treating cutaneous ulceration depend on what is the ulceration etiology. For diabetic ulcers, PRP showed no satisfactory results suggesting that PRP may not be suitable for diabetic patients. However, PRP could be efficient and more beneficial for vascular ulcers and effects on pressure ulcers remain unclear. Thus, PRP option should be carefully considered for each patient in accordance with their ulceration etiologies.

Corneal endothelial cell dysfunction: etiologies and management

A transparent cornea is essential for the formation of a clear image on the retina. The human cornea is arranged into well-organized layers, and each layer plays a significant role in maintaining the transparency and viability of the tissue. The endothelium has both barrier and pump functions, which are important for the maintenance of corneal clarity. Many etiologies, including Fuchs’ endothelial corneal dystrophy, surgical trauma, and congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy, lead to endothelial cell dysfunction. The main treatment for corneal decompensation is replacement of the abnormal corneal layers with normal donor tissue. Nowadays, the trend is to perform selective endothelial keratoplasty, including Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty and Descemet’s membrane endothelial keratoplasty, to manage corneal endothelial dysfunction. This selective approach has several advantages over penetrating keratoplasty, including rapid recovery of visual acuity, less likelihood of graft rejection, and better patient satisfaction. However, the global limitation in the supply of donor corneas is becoming an increasing challenge, necessitating alternatives to reduce this demand. Consequently, in vitro expansion of human corneal endothelial cells is evolving as a sustainable choice. This method is intended to prepare corneal endothelial cells in vitro that can be transferred to the eye. Herein, we describe the etiologies and manifestations of human corneal endothelial cell dysfunction. We also summarize the available options for as well as recent developments in the management of corneal endothelial dysfunction.

Insights into the etiology-associated gene regulatory networks in hepatocellular carcinoma from The Cancer Genome Atlas

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus, alcohol consumption, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease are the major known risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). There have been very few studies comparing the underlying biological mechanisms associated with the different etiologies of HCC. In this study, we hypothesized the existence of different regulatory networks associated with different liver disease etiologies involved in hepatocarcinogenesis.

METHODS

Using upstream regulatory analysis tool in ingenuity pathway analysis software, upstream regulators (URs) were predicted using differential expressed genes for HCC to facilitate the interrogation of global gene regulation.

RESULTS

Analysis of regulatory networks for HBV HCC revealed E2F1 as activated UR, regulating genes involved in cell cycle and DNA replication, and HNF4A and HNF1A as inhibited UR. In hepatitis C virus HCC, interferon-γ, involved in cellular movement and signaling, was activated, while IL1RN, mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 involved in interleukin 22 signaling and immune response, was inhibited. In alcohol consumption HCC, ERBB2 involved in inflammatory response and cellular movement was activated, whereas HNF4A and NUPR1 were inhibited. For HCC derived from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, miR-1249-5p was activated, and NUPR1 involved in cell cycle and apoptosis was inhibited. The prognostic value of representative genes identified in the regulatory networks for HBV HCC can be further validated by an independent HBV HCC dataset established in our laboratory with survival data.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study identified functionally distinct candidate URs for HCC developed from different etiologic risk factors. Further functional validation studies of these regulatory networks could facilitate the management of HCC towards personalized medicine.

Etiologies of non-genetic epilepsies of child and adolescent, newly diagnosed in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

Introduction

in sub-Saharan Africa, epilepsy is common and mainly concerns children before the age of 15 years. The data on childhood epilepsy is parcel, but a high prevalence of non-genetic epilepsy is frequently reported. EEG, TDM and MRI devices are rare. The aim of this work was to study the etiological aspects of non - genetic epilepsy of the child and adolescent, newly diagnosed in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.

Methods

This was a cross-sectional, descriptive, multicentric study, from 01/01/2016 to 31/12/2016, involving patients aged 0 to 18 years old, epileptic, newly diagnosed, in the city of Ouagadougou. Each patient included in the study was to have had an EEG and brain CT scan and/or brain MRI and to gather the anamnestic and electro clinical arguments for non-genetic epilepsy. Sociodemographic, clinical, EEG and neuroradiological data were analyzed. An univariate analysis was used to determine the electro-clinical and neuro-radiological characteristics associated with epilepsies of structural causes.

Results

In all 115 patients were collected, with an average age of onset of epilepsy of 8.2 years, a male predominance with a sex ratio to 1.67. Risk factors of epilepsy was present in 74.8%; They were dominated by perinatal events in 79.1%. Focal seizures, daily frequency of these seizures and focal epilepsy, were predominant, respectively in 53%, 58% and 60.9% of cases. Brain scan and Brain MRI where performed in 90.4% and 9.6% of patients, respectively. The brain sequelaes of perinatal adverse events, the sequelae of central nervous system infections, and the sequelae of cranial and brain trauma, with 34.8%, 14.8%, and 5.2% respectively, were the main causes of non- genetic epilepsies of the child and adolescent. No cause was identified in 37.4% of cases.

Conclusion

The improvement of policies in the field of maternal and child health and the generalization of the control of infectious and parasitic diseases, including malaria, may contribute to the reduction of non-genetic epilepsy in sub-Saharan Africa.

Epidemiology of Vestibular Impairments in a Pediatric Population

The purpose of this study was to report the prevalence of vestibular impairment (VI) in children ( n  = 2,528) referred for complete vestibular testing because of balance disorders (BD) or hearing loss (H). A VI was shown in 51.5% of the children tested (1,304/2,528). For BD (e.g., vertigo, dizziness, instability, delay in posturomotor development), VI was found in 36.5% ( n  = 379/1,037). The most frequent causes of BD with VI included inner ear malformation (13.5%), delay in posturomotor development (13.4%), hearing loss revealed with vertigo (3.9%), trauma (3.9%), vestibular neuritis (3.3%), meningitis (2.5%), Meniere-like syndrome (1.1%), BPPV posttrauma (1%), labyrinthitis (0.4%), and unknown etiology (19.6%). Normal responses to the complete battery of tests ( n  = 658, 63.5%) excluded a vestibular origin to BD, leading to other diagnoses: principally migraine (15.6%), ophthalmological disorders (15.1%), neurological disorders (including delay in posturomotor development; 14.4%), orthostatic hypotension, or somatoform dizziness (<1%). Of the children referred for hearing loss ( n  = 1,491), 68.5% were tested without cochlear implantation (CI; n  = 1,022). In this group, 54.5% presented with VI ( n  = 557). This was mostly found in cytomegalovirus infection, inner ear malformation, and genetic syndromes. Profound hearing loss candidates for cochlear implants had complete bilateral vestibular loss in 20% and delay in posturomotor development, and 80% had partial or normal vestibular function and normal posturomotor development. VI was found after CI in 50% on the side of the implant (partial in 41% and complete in 9%). VI is present in 36.5% of children referred to our center for BDs and 54.5% for hearing loss. Vestibular testing permits ruling out peripheral VI and hence seeking other causes for BDs such as migraine and ophthalmological disorders and also helps lower the risk of inducing bilateral complete vestibular loss in CI protocols.

[Role of biliary MRI in etiological diagnosis of cholestatic icteruses in Dakar]

Biliary MRI is a relatively new diagnostic test in the arsenal of exploration techniques in biliopancreatic pathology. This is a reproducible and reliable non invasive technique for direct visualization of biliary and pancreatic ducts. This study aims to evaluate the morphological features of major abnormalities and the role of biliary MRI in the etiological diagnosis of cholestatic icteruses. This is a retrospective study of 17 patients conducted in the Imaging Unit of the University Hospital of Fann and of the Principal hospital of Dakar over a period of 4 years and six months (January 2008 at July 2012). All patients underwent MRI (1.5T) according to the standardized protocols for the explored pathology. Only medical records of patients whose diagnosis was established based on laboratory tests and who underwent biliary MRI and surgical exploration were retained. The study involved 5 women and 12 men with a sex ratio of 2.4. The average age of patients was 58 years, ranging between 35 and 81 years. Klatskin tumors were found in 7 patients with infiltrative form in 71% of cases and exophytic form was found in 28% of cases. Cancers of the gallbladder were found in 28% of cases. Cancers in the head of the pancreas accounted for 28% of cases. Major bile duct lithiasis was detected in 5 patients, choledocholithiasis in 60% of cases and a single lithiasis in 40% of cases. All these lesions were responsible for an expansion of intrahepatic bile duct (IHBD). One case of intra and extrahepatic bile ducts dilatation was found without biliopancreatic cause. Biliary MRI is the test of choice for the exploration of cholestatic icteruses. It should be recommended as first-line examination when residual lithiasis is suspected and as second-line examination after ultrasound, when the latter shows a suspected bile ducts tumoral obstruction. Its association with CT scan is the best combination of screening tests for etiologic diagnosis and pre-operative assessment of tumoral biliary obstructions.

[Medical history of a breast cancer: about a case!!! How to react]

Locally advanced breast cancer is a rare entity in developed countries while we continue to treat patients with advanced stage tumor in African countries. Our study reports the case of an intellectual patient referring the presence of a right breast nodule found during self-examination treated at the military hospital of Meknes, Morocco; she was examined only six months after discovery, in a historical state of locally advanced breast cancer. Our study aims to detect the contemporary anomalies leading to a delayed diagnosis of the breast cancer and to propose solutions to increase awareness among population.

Genetic variation of FOXE1 and risk for orofacial clefts in a California population

We investigated whether orofacial clefts are associated with polymorphic variation within and around FOXE1. This California population-based case control study focused on white Hispanic and white nonHispanic infants among which there were 262 infants with cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P), 103 with cleft palate only (CPO), and 382 unaffected controls. These cases and controls were genotyped for 13 SNPs across 220 Kb at the FOXE1 Locus. We observed associations with multiple FOXE1 SNPs for CL/P and for CPO, especially for the Hispanic study population. Increased risks were associated with the more common allele for all SNPs tested. Our results implicate FOXE1 as an important locus whose polymorphic variation increases risks for all types of isolated clefts, and opens a new biological pathway to investigate in efforts to understand genetic factors underlying human clefting. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Etiologic analysis of 100 anatomically failed dacryocystorhinostomies

Background

The aim of this study was to assess the etiological factors contributing to the failure of a dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR).

Patients and methods

Retrospective review was performed in 100 consecutive patients who were diagnosed with anatomically failed DCR at presentation to a tertiary care hospital over a 5-year period from 2010 to 2015. Patient records were reviewed for demographic data, type of past surgery, preoperative endoscopic findings, previous use of adjuvants such as intubation and mitomycin C, and intraoperative notes during the re-revision. The potential etiological factors for failure were noted.

Results

Of the 100 patients with failed DCRs, the primary surgery was an external DCR in 73 and endoscopic DCR in 27 patients. Six patients in each group had multiple revisions. The mean ages at presentation in the external and endoscopic groups were 39.41 years and 37.19 years, respectively. All patients presented with epiphora. The most common causes of failure were inadequate osteotomy (69.8% in the external group and 85.1% in the endoscopic group, P=0.19) followed by inadequate or inappropriate sac marsupialization (60.2% in the external group and 77.7% in the endoscopic group, P=0.16) and cicatricial closure of the ostium (50.6% in the external group and 55.5% in the endoscopic group, P=0.83). The least common causes such as ostium granulomas and paradoxical middle turbinate (1.37%, n=1) were noted in the external group only.

Conclusion

Inadequate osteotomy, incomplete sac marsupialization, and cicatricial closure of the ostium were the most common causes of failure and did not significantly differ in the external and endoscopic groups. Meticulous evaluation to identify causative factors for failure and addressing them are crucial for subsequent successful outcomes.

Neonatal respiratory distress in a reference neonatal unit in Cameroon: an analysis of prevalence, predictors, etiologies and outcomes

Introduction

Neonatal respiratory distress (NRD) is a main cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Early detection of its risk factors and early treatment of its etiologies are major challenges. However, few studies in developing countries have provided data needed to tackle it. We aimed to determine the prevalence, predictors, etiologies and outcome of NRD in a tertiary health care centre of Cameroon.

Methods

We analyzed the hospital files of all newborns admitted to the Neonatal unit of Douala General Hospital from 1^st January 2011 to 28^th February 2013. NRD was diagnosed based on the presence of one or more of the following signs: an abnormal respiratory rate, expiratory grunting, nasal flaring, chest wall recessions and thoraco-abdominal asynchrony with or without cyanosis, in their files. Socio-demographic and clinical variables of newborns and their mothers were analyzed using logistic regression analysis.

Results

The prevalence of NRD was 47.5% out of the 703 newborns studied. Acute fetal distress, elective caesarean delivery, APGAR score < 7 at the 1^st minute, prematurity, male gender and macrosomia were independent predictors of NRD. The main etiologies were neonatal infections (31%) and transient tachypnea of the newborn (25%). Its neonatal mortality rate was 24.5%, mainly associated with neonatal sepsis and hyaline membrane disease.

Conclusion

NRD is a frequent emergency and causes high morbidity and mortality. Most of its risk factors and etiologies are preventable. Adequate follow-up of pregnancy and labor for timely intervention may improve the neonatal outcomes.

Identifying microRNA panels specifically associated with hepatocellular carcinoma and its different etiologies

AIM

Deregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) expression has been identified in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but few results are consistent. The objective of this study is to investigate "HCC tumor type specific" and "tumor common" miRNA panels.

METHODS

The authors integrate and analyze clinical, etiologic and miRNA profiles data from 9 types of solid tumors in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and HCC data from Columbia University Medical Center (CUMC).

RESULTS

Levels of 33 miRNAs were significant different between HCC tumor and paired non-tumor tissues (over 2-fold changes) after Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons, and most (28 miRNAs) were down-regulated in HCC tumors. Using this panel, the authors well classified HCC tumor tissues with 4 misclassifications among 48 paired tissues. Validating this panel in an additional 302 HCC tumor tissues, the authors almost perfectly distinguished tumor from non-tumor tissues with only two misclassifications (99% of HCC tissues correctly classified). Evaluating miRNA profiles in 32 independent HCC paired tissues from CUMC, the authors observed 40 miRNAs significantly deregulated in HCC with over 2-fold changes; 14 overlapped with those identified in TCGA. Subgroup analyses by HCC etiology found that 4 upregulated and 8 downregulated miRNAs were significantly associated with alcohol-related HCC. There were 7 and 4 miRNAs significantly associated with hepatitis B virus- and hepatitis C virus-related HCC, respectively. Data for the first time revealed that miR-24-1, miR-130a and miR-505 were significantly down-regulated only in HCC tumors; miR-142 and miR-455 were significantly down-regulated in HCC, but up-regulated in 5 other solid tumors; suggesting their HCC "tumor type specific" characteristics. A panel of 8 miRNAs was significant in at least 5 tumor types, including HCC, and was identified as "tumor common" marker.

CONCLUSION

The authors concluded that aberrant miRNA panels have HCC "tumor type specificity" and may be affected by etiologic factors.

[Effusive pericarditis: clinical and etiological aspects in Lomé]

OBJECTIVE

to describe the course and the etiologic, prognostic, and therapeutic aspects of effusive pericarditis (EP) in Togo. MATERIAL ANDMETHODS: Prospective and longitudinal study conducted at the cardiology department of Sylvanus Olympio Teaching Hospital of Lome from February 1, 2011, to January 31, 2014, of patients hospitalized for EP, confirmed by Doppler echocardiography.

RESULTS

The study included 38 patients. The hospital incidence rate of EP was 2.0%. The mean age was 42.5 ± 14.9 years (range: 16 to 73 years) with a sex ratio of 0.7. Exertional dyspnea, poor general condition, chest pain, and fever were the main symptoms. Pericardial effusion was abundant in 24 patients (63%). The Koch bacillus was identified on direct examination in five patients (13%) and only from sputum. HIV serology was positive in 18 patients (47%). Pericardial fluid was collected from 24 patients (63%). Pathology examinations of pericardial tissue found nonspecific inflammation in 5 patients and pericardial tuberculosis in 7. The causes of EP were: tuberculous (55%), idiopathic (16%), bacterial (8%), HIV-related (5%), uremic (5%), neoplastic (5%), lupus (3%), and rheumatic (3%).

CONCLUSION

EFP is a frequent, serious, even deadly disease in Africa because of the HIV-AIDS pandemic. Treatment depends on the cause, most often tuberculosis.

Pediatric Cerebral Palsy in Africa: Where Are We?

Cerebral palsy is the most common cause of physical disability in children worldwide. However, little is reported on this condition in the African context. Doctors from 22 countries in Africa, and representatives from a further 5 countries outside Africa, met to discuss the challenges in the evaluation and management of children with cerebral palsy in Africa and to propose service needs and further research. Basic care is limited by the poor availability of diagnostic facilities or medical personnel with experience and expertise in managing cerebral palsy, exacerbated by lack of available interventions such as medications, surgical procedures, or even regular therapy input. Relevant guidelines are lacking. In order to guide services for children with existing disabilities, to effectively target the main etiologies and to develop preventive strategies for the continent, research priorities must include multicenter collaborative studies looking at the prevalence, risk factors, and treatment of cerebral palsy.

Infantile pyknocytosis, a rare cause of hemolytic anemia in newborns: report of two cases in twin girls and literature overview

Infantile pyknocytosis is a rare cause of neonatal jaundice and hemolytic anemia. We report on two cases in twin girls that were diagnosed on peripheral blood smear reading. Pyknocytosis should be considered in cases of early unexplained severe hemolytic anemia, and systematic peripheral smear review performed. Its management consists of phototherapy and RBC transfusion.

Yellow Nail Syndrome and Nail Lichen Planus may be Induced by a Common Culprit. Focus on Dental Restorative Substances

Different clinical appearances such as Yellow nail syndrome and Lichen planus or lichenoid reactions can originate from close or identical etiologies. They may result from dental restorative materials or metal allergy. Interestingly, the nail sometimes returns to its normal condition, months after the withdrawal of the offending agents.

Febrile seizures in one-five aged infants in tropical practice: Frequency, etiology and outcome of hospitalization

BACKGROUND

Convulsive seizures are the common neurological emergencies in developing regions.

OBJECTIVES

The aim was to determine the prevalence, causes and outcome of seizures in childhood.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Participants were children aged 1-5 years old, admitted consecutively with a history of febrile convulsions or were presented seizures with fever during hospitalization, in two pediatric university hospitals. The prospective study covered a period from January to December 2013. At admission, emergency care and resuscitation procedures were provided according to the national guidelines. The history included the number and a parental description of seizures. Children with epilepsy, any central nervous system infections and other disease were excluded.

RESULTS

We have recorded 3647 children. Among them, 308 (8.4%) infants had presented with febrile seizures including 174 males and 134 females admitted to both pediatric hospitals (Tokoin University Teaching Hospitals: 206/3070, Campus University Teaching Hospitals: 102/577). Infants from 1 to 3 years age were the most common affected and constituted 65.9% of all patients. The months of September, December and January had recorded the high frequency of admission due to seizures. Regarding the seizures type, generalized tonic-clonic seizures were predominant (46.4%) followed by tonic seizures (17.2%) and status epilepticus in 9%. The etiologies were marked by falciparum malaria (52.3%), and other infections in 47.7%. At discharge, we have noted 11% (34/308) with neurodevelopmental disabilities, 6.7% of epilepsy and 9.7% (30/308) of death.

CONCLUSION

The febrile seizure in child younger 5 years is an indicator of severe malaria in tropical nations. The campaign for "roll back malaria" must continue in developing countries to avoid long-term gross neurological deficits.

[Infectious Etiologies of the acute diarrheas of the child from 0 to 5 years at the Pediatric University hospital Charles de Gaulle (Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso)]

To identify the infectious agents responsible for acute diarrheas in children from 0 to 5 years, with the aim of improving care, we led a cross-sectional prospective study at the Pediatric University hospital Charles de Gaulle from January 1st - November 30th, 2009. A sample of 103 children's stools hospitalized for acute diarrhea was analyzed. The average age of the patients was of 9.5 months and the most affected age bracket was the one from 0 to 12 months. More than half of the cases of diarrheas (60.2%) had an infectious etiology of which 33% of viral origin, 21.4% bacterial, 9.7% parasitic and in 9.7% of the cases a co-infection. In the viral diarrheas, rotavirus was observed in 17.5% of the cases and serotypes adenoviruses 40, 41 in 15.5% of the cases. The isolated bacteria were essentially represented by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (21 cases). This bacterium had a strong resistance to amoxicillin, cotrimoxazole (90%) as well as in the amoxicillin+Clavulanic acid (57%). The ascendancy of rotavirus in the etiology of the acute diarrheas of children from 0 to 5 years hints to a need for vaccination against this infectious agent. Aside from the ineffectiveness of group A penicillins and of the cotrimoxazole against most of the isolated bacteria calls to medical prescribers to reconsider antibiotic treatment in the diarrheas of the children.

Multiple coronary occlusions associated with ST-segment elevation

We describe the case of a patient with rapid sequential ST-segment elevation in different areas on the electrocardiogram (ECG) associated with lesions of differing etiologies in the corresponding coronary arteries. Prior reports of ST-segment elevations in multiple areas on the ECG have been from obstructions of single coronary vessels whose distribution overlapped separate areas on the ECG or spasm of multiple coronary arteries. We could find no prior reports of such rapid sequential ST-elevation in different areas on the ECG caused by two differing etiologies.

Ordinary and opportunistic enteropathogens associated with diarrhea in Senegalese adults in relation to human immunodeficiency virus serostatus

OBJECTIVES

A survey was conducted in Dakar, Senegal, to identify major types and prevalences of bacteria, parasites, fungi, and Rotaviruses associated with diarrhea in relation to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) serostatus with the goal to provide guidance to physicians for case management.

METHODS

Etiologic agents were identified in a case control study: cases were HIV-infected patients with diarrhea (HIV+ D+) and HIV seronegative patients with diarrhea (HIV D+); controls were HIV-infected patients without diarrhea (HIV+ D ) and seronegative controls without diarrhea (HID D ). Ordinary enteric pathogens were identified by conventional methods. Different Escherichia coli pathotypes were characterized by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), identification of HEp-2 cell adherence pattern, Sereny test, GM1-ELISA, and the suckling mouse assay. Opportunistic parasites, such as Cryptosporidium and Microsporidium, were identified by the Kinyoun method and trichromic stain of Weber, respectively. Rotaviruses were identified with a commercial latex agglutination kit. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out by the disk diffusion method.

RESULTS

Among the 594 patients examined, 158 were HIV+ D+, 121 were HIV2 D+, 160 were HIV+ D , and 155 were HIV D . The main etiologies of diarrhea were different according to HIV serostatus of patients. In immunocompetent adults the main causes of diarrhea were Shigella sp (12.4%), Entamoeba histolytica(10.7%), Salmonella enterica (6.6%), and Giardia (4.9%). In the immunocompromised host the more frequent pathogens were enteroaggregative E. coli (19.6%), Microsporidium (9.4%), Cryptosporidium sp (8.2%), Rotavirus (8.2%), Shigella sp (7.6%), Candida albicans (7.6%), E. histolytica (5.1%), S. enterica (4.4%), and Isospora belli (4.4%). Also, Blastocystis hominis has to be considered as an opportunistic parasite, because it was identified only in HIV-infected patients, with higher prevalence in adults with diarrhea (2.5% in HIV+ D+ patients; 0.6% in HIV+ D patients). High level of asymptomatic carriage of Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura and some cases of multiple infections were observed. Fungi, Cryptosporidium sp and Microsporidium sp, were often identified in patients with low CD4 counts (range, 79 250 cells/mL). Independently from HIV-serostatus, CD4 count was lower in diarrheic persons, suggesting that diarrhea is a debilitating illness and that effective management of diarrhea can prevent immunosuppression. Isolated enteropathogenic strains displayed high resistance to most antibiotics used in Senegal for treating diarrhea (ampicillin, tetracycline, cotrimoxazole); they were susceptible to amikacin, gentamicin, and norfloxacin.

CONCLUSION

These epidemiologic data suggest that guidelines for the management of diarrhea during HIV infection in Dakar should be updated.