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Borges PP, Benvenutti L, Lana Schneider A, Franke Echterhoff MR, Gonçalves Lopes B, Siebert DA, Micke GA, Vitali L, Alberton MD, Quintão NLM, Santin JR, Daufenback Machado I. Effects of Myrcia pubipetala Miq (Myrtaceae) extract on innate inflammatory response. Nat Prod Res 2024; 38:1771-1775. [PMID: 37221813 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2215904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Myrcia is a genus widespread in South America with many species presenting anti-inflammatory and biological properties. We investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of crude hydroalcoholic extract of Myrcia pubipetala leaves (CHE-MP) using macrophages (RAW 264.7), and the air pouch model in mice to evaluate leukocyte migration and mediator's release. Adhesion molecule expression, CD49 and CD18, was evaluated in neutrophils. In vitro, the CHE-MP significantly reduced nitric oxide (NO), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) levels in the exudate and the supernatant culture. CHE-MP did not present cytotoxicity and modulated the percentage of positive neutrophils for CD18 and its expression per cell, without modifying the expression of CD49, which corroborated with significantly reduced neutrophil migration to inflammatory exudate and subcutaneous tissue. Taken together, the data demonstrate that CHE-MP presents a potential activity on innate inflammatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pâmela Pacassa Borges
- Postgraduate Program in Biodiversity, Fundação Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | - Larissa Benvenutti
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Science, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Itajaí, SC, Brazil
| | - Aline Lana Schneider
- Pharmacy Course, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fundação Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Bruna Gonçalves Lopes
- Postgraduate Program in Chemistry, Fundação Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | - Diogo Alexandre Siebert
- Postgraduate Program in Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Amadeu Micke
- Postgraduate Program in Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Luciano Vitali
- Postgraduate Program in Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Michele Debiasi Alberton
- Postgraduate Program in Biodiversity, Fundação Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, SC, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Chemistry, Fundação Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | - Nara Lins Meira Quintão
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Science, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Itajaí, SC, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Santin
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Science, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Itajaí, SC, Brazil
| | - Isabel Daufenback Machado
- Postgraduate Program in Biodiversity, Fundação Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, SC, Brazil
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Dallio M, Ventriglia L, Romeo M, Scognamiglio F, Diano N, Moggio M, Cipullo M, Coppola A, Ziogas A, Netea MG, Federico A. Environmental bisphenol A exposure triggers trained immunity-related pathways in monocytes. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1270391. [PMID: 38077323 PMCID: PMC10701735 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1270391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Trained Immunity represents a novel revolutionary concept of the immunological response involving innate immune cells. Bisphenol A is a well-known endocrine disrupter, widely disseminated worldwide and accumulated in the human body. Due to the increased interest regarding the effects of plastic-derived compounds on the immune system, our purpose was to explore whether BPA was able to induce trained immunity in human primary monocytes in vitro using low environmental concentrations. Materials and methods We extracted BPA from the serum of 10 healthy individuals through a liquid-liquid extraction followed by a solid phase extraction and measured the concentration using an HPLC system coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. In parallel, monocytes were isolated from whole blood and acutely stimulated or trained with BPA at three different concentrations (1 nM, 10 nM, 20 nM). Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10) production were assessed after 24 hours of acute stimulation and after Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) rechallenge. A comprehensive overview of the metabolic changes after BPA acute stimulation and trained immunity induction was assessed through extracellular lactate measurements, Seahorse XFb metabolic flux analysis and ROS production. Results Monocytes primed with BPA showed increased pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine responses upon restimulation, sustained by the modulation of the immunometabolic circuits. Moreover, we proved the non-toxic effect of BPA at each experimental concentration by performing an MTT assay. Additionally, correlation analysis were performed between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines production after LPS acute stimulation or BPA-mediated trained immunity and BPA serum concentrations showing a significant association between TNF-α and BPA circulating levels. Discussion Overall, this study pointed out for the first time the immunological effects of an environmental chemical and plastic-derived compound in the induction of trained immunity in a healthy cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Dallio
- Hepatogastroenterology Division, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Ventriglia
- Hepatogastroenterology Division, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Romeo
- Hepatogastroenterology Division, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Flavia Scognamiglio
- Hepatogastroenterology Division, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Nadia Diano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Moggio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Marina Cipullo
- Hepatogastroenterology Division, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Annachiara Coppola
- Hepatogastroenterology Division, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Athanasios Ziogas
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Mihai G. Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Immunology and Metabolism, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alessandro Federico
- Hepatogastroenterology Division, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
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Varma VP, Bankala R, Kumar A, Gawai S, Faisal SM. Differential modulation of innate immune response by lipopolysaccharide of Leptospira. Open Biol 2023; 13:230101. [PMID: 37935355 PMCID: PMC10645091 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.230101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonosis caused by pathogenic Leptospira spp. having more than 300 serovars. These serovars can infect a variety of hosts, some being asymptomatic carriers and others showing varied symptoms of mild to severe infection. Since lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the major antigen which defines serovar specificity, this different course of infection may be attributed to a differential innate response against this antigen. Previous studies have shown that Leptospira LPS is less endotoxic. However, it is unclear whether there is a difference in the ability of LPS isolated from different serovars to modulate the innate response. In this study, we purified LPS from three widely prevalent pathogenic serovars, i.e. Icterohaemorrhagiae strain RGA, Pomona, Hardjo, and from non-pathogenic L. biflexa serovar semeranga strain Potac 1 collectively termed as L-LPS and tested their ability to modulate innate response in macrophages from both resistant (mice) and susceptible (human and bovine) hosts. L-LPS induced differential response being more proinflammatory in mouse and less proinflammatory in human and bovine macrophages but overall less immunostimulatory than E. coli LPS (E-LPS). Irrespective of serovar, this response was TLR2-dependent in humans, whereas TLR4-dependent/CD14-independent in mouse using MyD88 adapter and signalling through P38 and ERK-dependent MAP kinase pathway. L-LPS-activated macrophages were able to phagocytose Leptospira and this effect was significantly higher or more pronounced when the macrophages were stimulated with L-LPS from the corresponding serovar. L-LPS activated both canonical and non-canonical inflammasome, producing IL-1β without inducing pyroptosis. Further, L-LPS induced both TNF-mediated early and NO-mediated late apoptosis. Altogether, these results indicate that L-LPS induces a differential innate response that is quite distinct from that induced by E-LPS and may be attributed to the structural differences and its atypical nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek P. Varma
- Laboratory of Vaccine Immunology, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad 500032, India
- Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Ramudu Bankala
- Laboratory of Vaccine Immunology, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad 500032, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Laboratory of Vaccine Immunology, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad 500032, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Shashikant Gawai
- Laboratory of Vaccine Immunology, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad 500032, India
| | - Syed M. Faisal
- Laboratory of Vaccine Immunology, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad 500032, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
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Mahé D, Bourgeau S, da Silva J, Schlederer J, Satie AP, Kuassivi N, Mathieu R, Guillou YM, Le Tortorec A, Guivel-Benhassine F, Schwartz O, Plotton I, Dejucq-Rainsford N. SARS-CoV-2 replicates in the human testis with slow kinetics and has no major deleterious effects ex vivo. J Virol 2023; 97:e0110423. [PMID: 37830818 PMCID: PMC10653996 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01104-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE SARS-CoV-2 is a new virus responsible for the Covid-19 pandemic. Although SARS-CoV-2 primarily affects the lungs, other organs are infected. Alterations of testosteronemia and spermatozoa motility in infected men have raised questions about testicular infection, along with high level in the testis of ACE2, the main receptor used by SARS-CoV-2 to enter host cells. Using an organotypic culture of human testis, we found that SARS-CoV-2 replicated with slow kinetics in the testis. The virus first targeted testosterone-producing Leydig cells and then germ-cell nursing Sertoli cells. After a peak followed by the upregulation of antiviral effectors, viral replication in the testis decreased and did not induce any major damage to the tissue. Altogether, our data show that SARS-CoV-2 replicates in the human testis to a limited extent and suggest that testicular damages in infected patients are more likely to result from systemic infection and inflammation than from viral replication in the testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Mahé
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Santé Publique, Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail, Université de Rennes, UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Salomé Bourgeau
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Santé Publique, Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail, Université de Rennes, UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
- University of CAS, Beijing, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai CAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Janaina da Silva
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Santé Publique, Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail, Université de Rennes, UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Julie Schlederer
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Santé Publique, Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail, Université de Rennes, UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Anne-Pascale Satie
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Santé Publique, Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail, Université de Rennes, UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Nadège Kuassivi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Santé Publique, Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail, Université de Rennes, UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Romain Mathieu
- Service d‘Urologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Yves-Marie Guillou
- Service de Coordination des prélèvements, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Anna Le Tortorec
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Santé Publique, Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail, Université de Rennes, UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | | | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Ingrid Plotton
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut Cellules Souche et Cerveau (SBRI), UMR_S1208, Bron, France
| | - Nathalie Dejucq-Rainsford
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Santé Publique, Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail, Université de Rennes, UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
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Takimoto K, Widbiller M, Diogenes A. Expression of Toll-like Receptors in Stem Cells of the Apical Papilla and Its Implication for Regenerative Endodontics. Cells 2023; 12:2502. [PMID: 37887345 PMCID: PMC10605481 DOI: 10.3390/cells12202502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Regenerative therapies to replace cells and tissues damaged due to trauma and dental infections require temporal and spatial controlled recruitment and the differentiation of progenitor/stem cells. However, increasing evidence shows microbial antigens can interfere with this process. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are crucial in recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Stem cells of the apical papilla (SCAP) are required for normal dental development and are intimately involved in the reparative and regenerative capacity of developing teeth. We hypothesized that TLRs are expressed in SCAP and that the activation of TLR2/TLR4 or TLR3 by different ligands results in differential cellular fate, impacting their differentiation into a mineralizing phenotype. We found that most TLRs are expressed as detected by PCR except TLR7 and TLR8; exposure to heat-killed E. coli results in upregulating TLR2 and TLR4 and reducing mineralization capacity. In addition, bacterial exposure resulted in the upregulation of 11 genes, of which 9 were chemokines whose proteins were also upregulated and released, promoting in vitro macrophage migration. On the other hand, TLR3 activation resulted in increased proliferation and a dramatic inhibition of osteogenic and odontoblastic differentiation, which was reversed by inhibition or the knockdown of TLR3 expression. The profound effects of TLR activation resulting in different cell fates that are ligand and receptor-specific warrants further evaluation and represents an important therapeutic target to make regenerative approaches more predictable following dental infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koyo Takimoto
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA; (K.T.); (M.W.)
| | - Matthias Widbiller
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA; (K.T.); (M.W.)
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anibal Diogenes
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA; (K.T.); (M.W.)
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Ihedioha OC, Sivakoses A, Beverley SM, McMahon-Pratt D, Bothwell ALM. Leishmania major-derived lipophosphoglycan influences the host's early immune response by inducing platelet activation and DKK1 production via TLR1/2. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1257046. [PMID: 37885890 PMCID: PMC10598878 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1257046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Platelets are rapidly deployed to infection sites and respond to pathogenic molecules via pattern recognition receptors (TLR, NLRP). Dickkopf1 (DKK1) is a quintessential Wnt antagonist produced by a variety of cell types including platelets, endothelial cells, and is known to modulate pro-inflammatory responses in infectious diseases and cancer. Moreover, DKK1 is critical for forming leukocyte-platelet aggregates and induction of type 2 cell-mediated immune responses. Our previous publication showed activated platelets release DKK1 following Leishmania major recognition. Results Here we probed the role of the key surface virulence glycoconjugate lipophosphoglycan (LPG), on DKK1 production using null mutants deficient in LPG synthesis (Δlpg1- and Δlpg2-). Leishmania-induced DKK1 production was reduced to control levels in the absence of LPG in both mutants and was restored upon re-expression of the cognate LPG1 or LPG2 genes. Furthermore, the formation of leukocyte-platelet aggregates was dependent on LPG. LPG mediated platelet activation and DKK1 production occurs through TLR1/2. Conclusion Thus, LPG is a key virulence factor that induces DKK1 production from activated platelets, and the circulating DKK1 promotes Th2 cell polarization. This suggests that LPG-activated platelets can drive innate and adaptive immune responses to Leishmania infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia C. Ihedioha
- 1Department of Immunobiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Anutr Sivakoses
- 1Department of Immunobiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Stephen M. Beverley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St. Louis, MI, United States
| | - Diane McMahon-Pratt
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Alfred L. M. Bothwell
- 1Department of Immunobiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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Aiello A, Najafi-Fard S, Goletti D. Initial immune response after exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis or to SARS-COV-2: similarities and differences. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1244556. [PMID: 37662901 PMCID: PMC10470049 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1244556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), whose etiologic agent is severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), are currently the two deadliest infectious diseases in humans, which together have caused about more than 11 million deaths worldwide in the past 3 years. TB and COVID-19 share several aspects including the droplet- and aerosol-borne transmissibility, the lungs as primary target, some symptoms, and diagnostic tools. However, these two infectious diseases differ in other aspects as their incubation period, immune cells involved, persistence and the immunopathological response. In this review, we highlight the similarities and differences between TB and COVID-19 focusing on the innate and adaptive immune response induced after the exposure to Mtb and SARS-CoV-2 and the pathological pathways linking the two infections. Moreover, we provide a brief overview of the immune response in case of TB-COVID-19 co-infection highlighting the similarities and differences of each individual infection. A comprehensive understanding of the immune response involved in TB and COVID-19 is of utmost importance for the design of effective therapeutic strategies and vaccines for both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Delia Goletti
- Translational Research Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
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Gentili V, Bortolotti D, Morandi L, Rizzo S, Schiuma G, Beltrami S, Casciano F, Papi A, Contoli M, Zauli G, Rizzo R. Natural Killer Cells in SARS-CoV-2-Vaccinated Subjects with Increased Effector Cytotoxic CD56 dim Cells and Memory-Like CD57 +NKG2C +CD56 dim Cells. FRONT BIOSCI-LANDMRK 2023; 28:156. [PMID: 37525920 DOI: 10.31083/j.fbl2807156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The infection and negative effects of the SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus) virus are mitigated by vaccines. It is unknown whether vaccination has worked by eliciting robust protective innate immune responses with high affinity. METHODS Twenty healthy volunteers received three doses of Comirnaty (Pfizer Australia Pty Ltd.) and were evaluated 9 months after the second vaccination and 1 month after the booster dose. The exclusion criteria were the presence of adverse effects following the vaccination, a history of smoking, and heterologous immunization. The inclusion criteria were the absence of prior Coronavirus Disease (COVID)-19 history, the absence of adverse effects, and the absence of comorbidities. Specific phenotype and levels of CD107a and granzyme production by blood NK (natural killer) cells were analyzed after exposure to SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen (Wuhan, Alpha B.1.1.7, Delta B.1.617.2, and Omicron B1.1.529 variants), and related with anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody production. RESULTS The booster dose caused early NK CD56dim subset activation and memory-like phenotype. CONCLUSIONS We report the relevance of the innate immune response, especially NK cells, to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines to guarantee efficient protection against the infection following a booster dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Gentili
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Daria Bortolotti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luca Morandi
- Pulmonology Unit, University Hospital of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sabrina Rizzo
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giovanna Schiuma
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Silvia Beltrami
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabio Casciano
- Department of Translational Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alberto Papi
- Department of Translational Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marco Contoli
- Department of Translational Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialistic Hospital, 11462 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roberta Rizzo
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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Jakovija A, Chtanova T. Skin immunity in wound healing and cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1060258. [PMID: 37398649 PMCID: PMC10312005 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1060258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin is the body's largest organ. It serves as a barrier to pathogen entry and the first site of immune defense. In the event of a skin injury, a cascade of events including inflammation, new tissue formation and tissue remodeling contributes to wound repair. Skin-resident and recruited immune cells work together with non-immune cells to clear invading pathogens and debris, and guide the regeneration of damaged host tissues. Disruption to the wound repair process can lead to chronic inflammation and non-healing wounds. This, in turn, can promote skin tumorigenesis. Tumors appropriate the wound healing response as a way of enhancing their survival and growth. Here we review the role of resident and skin-infiltrating immune cells in wound repair and discuss their functions in regulating both inflammation and development of skin cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnolda Jakovija
- Immunity Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- St. Vincent’s School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tatyana Chtanova
- Immunity Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Li Z, Mu S, Tian Y, Shi J, Lan Y, Guan J, Zhao K, Gao F, He W. Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus Co-Opts Multivesicular-Derived Exosomes for Transmission. mBio 2023; 14:e0305422. [PMID: 36541757 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03054-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV) is a member of the family Coronaviridae, genus Betacoronavirus, and subgenus Embecovirus that causes neurological disorders, vomiting and wasting disease (VWD), or influenza-like illness (ILI) in pigs. Exosomes regulate nearby or distant cells as a means of intercellular communication; however, whether they are involved in the transmission of viral reference materials during PHEV infection is unknown. Here, we collected exosomes derived from PHEV-infected neural cells (PHEV-exos) and validated their morphological, structural, and content characteristics. High-resolution mass spectrometry indicated that PHEV-exos carry a variety of cargoes, including host innate immunity sensors and viral ingredients. Furthermore, transwell analysis revealed that viral ingredients, such as proteins and RNA fragments, could be encapsulated in the exosomes of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) to nonpermissive microglia. Inhibition of exosome secretion could suppress PHEV infection. Therefore, we concluded that the mode of infectious transmission of PHEV is likely through a mixture of virus-modified exosomes and virions and that exosomal export acts as a host strategy to induce an innate response in replicating nonpermissive bystander cells free of immune system recognition. IMPORTANCE The novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a large number of deaths worldwide. Clinical neurological complications have occurred in some cases; however, knowledge of the natural history of coronavirus in the central nervous system (CNS) is thus far limited. PHEV is a typical neurotropic betacoronavirus (β-CoV) that propagates via neural circuits in the host CNS after peripheral incubation rather than through the bloodstream. It is therefore a good prototype pathogen to investigate the neuropathological pathogenesis of acute human coronavirus infection. In this study, we demonstrate a new association between host vesicle-based secretion and PHEV infection, showing that multivesicular-derived exosomes are one of the modes of infectious transmission and that they mediate the transfer of immunostimulatory cargo to uninfected neuroimmune cells. These findings provide novel insights into the treatment and monitoring of neurological consequences associated with β-CoV, similar to those associated with SARS-CoV-2.
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11
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Cagigi A, Douradinha B. Have mRNA vaccines sentenced DNA vaccines to death? Expert Rev Vaccines 2023; 22:1154-1167. [PMID: 37941101 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2282065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION After receiving emergency approval during the COVID-19 pandemic, mRNA vaccines have taken center stage in the quest to enhance future vaccination strategies for both infectious diseases and cancer. Indeed, they have significantly overshadowed another facet of genetic vaccination, specifically DNA vaccines. Nevertheless, it is important to acknowledge that both types of genetic vaccines have distinct advantages and disadvantages that set them apart from each other. AREAS COVERED In this work, we delve extensively into the history of genetic vaccines, their mechanisms of action, their strengths, and limitations, and ultimately highlight ongoing research in key areas for potential enhancement of both DNA and mRNA vaccines. EXPERT OPINION Here, we assess the significance of the primary benefits and drawbacks associated with DNA and mRNA vaccination. We challenge the current lines of thought by highlighting that the existing drawbacks of DNA vaccination could potentially be more straightforward to address compared to those linked with mRNA vaccination. In our view, this suggests that DNA vaccines should remain viable contenders in the pursuit of the future of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Cagigi
- Nykode Therapeutics ASA, Oslo Science Park, Oslo, Norway
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12
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Provine NM, Klenerman P. Adenovirus vector and mRNA vaccines: Mechanisms regulating their immunogenicity. Eur J Immunol 2022:10.1002/eji.202250022. [PMID: 36330560 PMCID: PMC9877955 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Replication-incompetent adenovirus (Ad) vector and mRNA-lipid nanoparticle (LNP) constructs represent two modular vaccine platforms that have attracted substantial interest over the past two decades. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the rapid development of multiple successful vaccines based on these technologies, there is now clear real-world evidence of the utility and efficacy of these platforms. Considerable optimization and refinement efforts underpin the successful application of these technologies. Despite this, our understanding of the specific pathways and processes engaged by these vaccines to stimulate the immune response remains incomplete. This review will synthesize our current knowledge of the specific mechanisms by which CD8+ T cell and antibody responses are induced by each of these vaccine platforms, and how this can be impacted by specific vaccine construction techniques. Key gaps in our knowledge are also highlighted, which can hopefully focus future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M. Provine
- Translational Gastroenterology UnitNuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Translational Gastroenterology UnitNuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK,Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen ResearchUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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13
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Song Y, Nguyen XN, Kumar A, da Silva C, Picard L, Etienne L, Cimarelli A. Trim69 is a microtubule regulator that acts as a pantropic viral inhibitor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2211467119. [PMID: 36251989 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2211467119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Through a screen that combines functional and evolutionary analyses, we identified tripartite motif protein (Trim69), a poorly studied member of the Trim family, as a negative regulator of HIV-1 infection in interferon (IFN)-stimulated myeloid cells. Trim69 inhibits the early phases of infection of HIV-1, but also of HIV-2 and SIVMAC in addition to the negative and positive-strand RNA viruses vesicular stomatitis virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, with magnitudes that depend on the combination between cell type and virus. Mechanistically, Trim69 associates directly to microtubules and its antiviral activity is linked to its ability to promote the accumulation of stable microtubules, a program that we uncover to be an integral part of antiviral IFN-I responses in myeloid cells. Overall, our study identifies Trim69 as the antiviral innate defense factor that regulates the properties of microtubules to limit viral spread and highlights the cytoskeleton as an unappreciated battleground in the host-pathogen interactions that underlie viral infections.
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14
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Zha BS, Desvignes L, Fergus TJ, Cornelius A, Cheng TY, Moody DB, Ernst JD. Bacterial Strain-Dependent Dissociation of Cell Recruitment and Cell-to-Cell Spread in Early M. tuberculosis Infection. mBio 2022; 13:e0133222. [PMID: 35695454 PMCID: PMC9239178 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01332-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the initial stage of respiratory infection, Mycobacterium tuberculosis traverses from alveolar macrophages to phenotypically diverse monocyte-derived phagocytes and neutrophils in the lung parenchyma. Here, we compare the in vivo kinetics of early bacterial growth and cell-to-cell spread of two strains of M. tuberculosis: a lineage 2 strain, 4334, and the widely studied lineage 4 strain H37Rv. Using flow cytometry, live cell sorting of phenotypic subsets, and quantitation of bacteria in cells of the distinct subsets, we found that 4334 induces less leukocyte influx into the lungs but demonstrates earlier population expansion and cell-to-cell spread. The earlier spread of 4334 to recruited cells, including monocyte-derived dendritic cells, is accompanied by earlier and greater magnitude of CD4+ T cell activation. The results provide evidence that strain-specific differences in interactions with lung leukocytes can shape adaptive immune responses in vivo. IMPORTANCE Tuberculosis is a leading infectious disease killer worldwide and is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. After exposure to M. tuberculosis, outcomes range from apparent elimination to active disease. Early innate immune responses may contribute to differences in outcomes, yet it is not known how bacterial strains alter the early dynamics of innate immune and T cell responses. We infected mice with distinct strains of M. tuberculosis and discovered striking differences in innate cellular recruitment, cell-to-cell spread of bacteria in the lungs, and kinetics of initiation of antigen-specific CD4 T cell responses. We also found that M. tuberculosis can spread beyond alveolar macrophages even before a large influx of inflammatory cells. These results provide evidence that distinct strains of M. tuberculosis can exhibit differential kinetics in cell-to-cell spread which is not directly linked to early recruitment of phagocytes but is subsequently linked to adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Shoshana Zha
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ludovic Desvignes
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tawania J. Fergus
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Amber Cornelius
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tan-Yun Cheng
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - D. Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joel D. Ernst
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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15
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Dos Anjos LRB, da Costa AC, Cardoso ADRO, Guimarães RA, Rodrigues RL, Ribeiro KM, Borges KCM, Carvalho ACDO, Dias CIS, Rezende ADO, Souza CDC, Ferreira RRM, Saraiva G, Barbosa LCDS, Vieira TDS, Conte MB, Rabahi MF, Kipnis A, Junqueira-Kipnis AP. Efficacy and Safety of BCG Revaccination With M. bovis BCG Moscow to Prevent COVID-19 Infection in Health Care Workers: A Randomized Phase II Clinical Trial. Front Immunol 2022; 13:841868. [PMID: 35392074 PMCID: PMC8981724 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.841868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, which is widely used to protect children against tuberculosis, can also improve immune response against viral infections. This unicentric, randomized-controlled clinical trial assessed the efficacy and safety of revaccination with BCG Moscow in reducing the positivity and symptoms of COVID-19 in health care workers (HCWs) during the COVID-19 pandemic. HCWs who had negative COVID-19 IgM and IgG and who dedicated at least eight hours per week in facilities that attended to individuals suspected of having COVID-19 were included in the study and were followed for 7, 15, 30, 60, and 180 days by telemedicine. The HCWs were randomly allocated to a revaccinated with BCG group, which received the BCG vaccine, or an unvaccinated group. Revaccination with BCG Moscow was found to be safe, and its efficacy ranged from 30.0% (95.0%CI -78.0 to 72.0%) to 31.0% (95.0%CI -74.0 to 74.0%). Mycobacterium bovis BCG Moscow did not induce NK cell activation at 15–20 days post-revaccination. As hypothesized, revaccination with BCG Moscow was associated with a lower incidence of COVID-19 positivity, though the results did not reach statistical significance. Further studies should be carried out to assess whether revaccination with BCG is able to protect HCWs against COVID-19. The protocol of this clinical trial was registered on August 5th, 2020, at REBEC (Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos, RBR-4kjqtg - ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-4kjqtg/1) and the WHO (# U1111-1256-3892). The clinical trial protocol was approved by the Comissão Nacional de ética de pesquisa- CONEP (CAAE 31783720.0.0000.5078).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Raniere Borges Dos Anjos
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia Molecular, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rafael Alves Guimarães
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia Molecular, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.,Faculdade de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | - Kaio Mota Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia das Doenças Infecciosas, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Kellen Christina Malheiros Borges
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia das Doenças Infecciosas, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.,Departamento de Áreas Acadêmicas, Instituto Federal de Goiás, Anápolis, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina de Oliveira Carvalho
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia das Doenças Infecciosas, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Carine de Castro Souza
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia das Doenças Infecciosas, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | - Guylherme Saraiva
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Lilia Cristina de Souza Barbosa
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia Molecular, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.,Laboratório de Imunopatologia das Doenças Infecciosas, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | - Marcus Barreto Conte
- Departamento de Pesquisa Clínica, Faculdade de Medicina de Petrópolis, Petrópolis, Brazil
| | | | - André Kipnis
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia Molecular, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Junqueira-Kipnis
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia das Doenças Infecciosas, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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16
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Bocard LV, Kick AR, Hug C, Lischer HEL, Käser T, Summerfield A. Systems Immunology Analyses Following Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome Virus Infection and Vaccination. Front Immunol 2022; 12:779747. [PMID: 34975868 PMCID: PMC8716554 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.779747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was initiated to better understand the nature of innate immune responses and the relatively weak and delayed immune response against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Following modified live virus (MLV) vaccination or infection with two PRRSV-2 strains, we analyzed the transcriptome of peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected before and at three and seven days after vaccination or infection. We used blood transcriptional modules (BTMs)-based gene set enrichment analyses. BTMs related to innate immune processes were upregulated by PRRSV-2 strains but downregulated by MLV. In contrast, BTMs related to adaptive immune responses, in particular T cells and cell cycle, were downregulated by PRRSV-2 but upregulated by MLV. In addition, we found differences between the PRRSV strains. Only the more virulent strain induced a strong platelet activation, dendritic cell activation, interferon type I and plasma cell responses. We also calculated the correlations of BTM with the neutralizing antibody and the T-cell responses. Early downregulation (day 0-3) of dendritic cell and B-cell BTM correlated to both CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses. Furthermore, a late (day 3-7) upregulation of interferon type I modules strongly correlated to helper and regulatory T-cell responses, while inflammatory BTM upregulation correlated more to CD8 T-cell responses. BTM related to T cells had positive correlations at three days but negative associations at seven days post-infection. Taken together, this work contributes to resolve the complexity of the innate and adaptive immune responses against PRRSV and indicates a fundamentally different immune response to the less immunogenic MLV compared to field strains which induced robust adaptive immune responses. The identified correlates of T-cell responses will facilitate a rational approach to improve the immunogenicity of MLV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Robert Kick
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States.,Department of Chemistry & Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, United States
| | - Corinne Hug
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Heidi Erika Lisa Lischer
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Käser
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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17
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Chakravarty S, Fan S, Chakravarti R, Chattopadhyay S. Autophagic checks and balances of cellular immune responses. Autophagy Rep 2022; 1:83-87. [PMID: 36507301 PMCID: PMC9730908 DOI: 10.1080/27694127.2022.2058677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
IRF3 (interferon regulatory factor 3) is a critical component of the antiviral innate immune response. IRF3 deficiency causes detrimental effects to the host during virus infection. Dysregulation of IRF3 functions is associated with viral, inflammatory, and hepatic diseases. Both transcriptional and pro-apoptotic activities of IRF3 are involved in the exacerbated inflammation and apoptosis in liver injury induced by ethanol and high-fat diets. Therefore, regulation of IRF3 activities has consequences, and it is a potential therapeutic target for infectious and inflammatory diseases. We recently revealed that IRF3 is degraded by a small molecule, auranofin, by activating the cellular macroautophagy/autophagy pathway. Autophagy is a catabolic pathway that contributes to cellular homeostasis and antiviral host defense. Degradation of IRF3 by autophagy may be a novel strategy used by the viruses to their benefit. In addition, IRF3 functions are harmful in other diseases, including liver injury and bacterial infection. A better understanding of the role of autophagy in regulating IRF3 functions has significant implications in developing therapeutic strategies. Therefore, autophagy provides checks and balances in the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Chakravarty
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Shumin Fan
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Ritu Chakravarti
- Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Saurabh Chattopadhyay
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA,Corresponding author:
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18
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Nelli RK, Mora-Díaz JC, Giménez-Lirola LG. The Betacoronavirus PHEV Replicates and Disrupts the Respiratory Epithelia and Upregulates Key Pattern Recognition Receptor Genes and Downstream Mediators, Including IL-8 and IFN-λ. mSphere 2021; 6:e0082021. [PMID: 34935443 DOI: 10.1128/mSphere.00820-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The upper respiratory tract is the primary site of infection by porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV). In this study, primary porcine respiratory epithelial cells (PRECs) were cultured in an air-liquid interface (ALI) to differentiate into a pseudostratified columnar epithelium, proliferative basal cells, M cells, ciliated cells, and mucus-secreting goblet cells. ALI-PRECs recreates a cell culture environment morphologically and functionally more representative of the epithelial lining of the swine trachea than traditional culture systems. PHEV replicated actively in this environment, inducing cytopathic changes and progressive disruption of the mucociliary apparatus. The innate immunity against PHEV was comparatively evaluated in ALI-PREC cultures and tracheal tissue sections derived from the same cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived (CDCD) neonatal donor pigs. Increased expression levels of TLR3 and/or TLR7, RIG1, and MyD88 genes were detected in response to infection, resulting in the transcriptional upregulation of IFN-λ1 in both ALI-PREC cultures and tracheal epithelia. IFN-λ1 triggered the upregulation of the transcription factor STAT1, which in turn induced the expression of the antiviral IFN-stimulated genes OAS1 and Mx1. No significant modulation of the major proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was detected in response to PHEV infection. However, a significant upregulation of different chemokines was observed in ALI-PREC cultures (CCL2, CCL5, CXCL8, and CXCL10) and tracheal epithelium (CXCL8 and CXCL10). This study shed light on the molecular mechanisms driving the innate immune response to PHEV at the airway epithelium, underscoring the important role of respiratory epithelial cells in the maintenance of respiratory homeostasis and on the initiation, resolution, and outcome of the infectious process. IMPORTANCE The neurotropic betacoronavirus porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV) primarily infects and replicates in the swine upper respiratory tract, causing vomiting and wasting disease and/or encephalomyelitis in suckling pigs. This study investigated the modulation of key early innate immune genes at the respiratory epithelia in vivo, on tracheal tissue sections from experimentally infected pigs, and in vitro, on air-liquid interface porcine respiratory cell cultures. The results from the study underscore the important role of respiratory epithelial cells in maintaining respiratory homeostasis and on the initiation, resolution, and outcome of the PHEV infectious process.
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19
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Jami R, Mérour E, Lamoureux A, Bernard J, Millet JK, Biacchesi S. Deciphering the Fine-Tuning of the Retinoic Acid-Inducible Gene-I Pathway in Teleost Fish and Beyond. Front Immunol 2021; 12:679242. [PMID: 33995423 PMCID: PMC8113963 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.679242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferons are the first lines of defense against viral pathogen invasion during the early stages of infection. Their synthesis is tightly regulated to prevent excessive immune responses and possible deleterious effects on the host organism itself. The RIG-I-like receptor signaling cascade is one of the major pathways leading to the production of interferons. This pathway amplifies danger signals and mounts an appropriate innate response but also needs to be finely regulated to allow a rapid return to immune homeostasis. Recent advances have characterized different cellular factors involved in the control of the RIG-I pathway. This has been most extensively studied in mammalian species; however, some inconsistencies remain to be resolved. The IFN system is remarkably well conserved in vertebrates and teleost fish possess all functional orthologs of mammalian RIG-I-like receptors as well as most downstream signaling molecules. Orthologs of almost all mammalian regulatory components described to date exist in teleost fish, such as the widely used zebrafish, making fish attractive and powerful models to study in detail the regulation and evolution of the RIG-I pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Jami
- University Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Emilie Mérour
- University Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Annie Lamoureux
- University Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Julie Bernard
- University Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jean K Millet
- University Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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20
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Abstract
The role of endolysosomal Ca2+ signalling in immunity has been a subject of increasing interest in recent years. Here, we discuss evolving knowledge relating to the contribution of endolysosomal Ca2+ channels that include TPCs, TRPMLs, and P2X4R in physiological processes related to innate and adaptive immunity-including phagocytosis, inflammation, cytokine/chemokine release, dendritic, natural killer, and T cell activation and migration-and we underscore the paucity of clinical studies in this field. Emerging biomedical and translational data have led to important new insights into the critical roles of these channels in immune cell function and the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. The evolving immunological significance of endolysosomal Ca2+ signalling warrants further investigations to better characterize the roles of these channels in immunity in order to expand our knowledge about the pathology of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and develop endolysosomal Ca2+ channels as viable biomarkers and therapeutic and preventive targets for remodelling the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer F. Alharbi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud Bin Abdul-Aziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - John Parrington
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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21
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Dickinson M, Kliszczak AE, Giannoulatou E, Peppa D, Pellegrino P, Williams I, Drakesmith H, Borrow P. Dynamics of Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-β Superfamily Cytokine Induction During HIV-1 Infection Are Distinct From Other Innate Cytokines. Front Immunol 2020; 11:596841. [PMID: 33329587 PMCID: PMC7732468 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.596841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection triggers rapid induction of multiple innate cytokines including type I interferons, which play important roles in viral control and disease pathogenesis. The transforming growth factor (TGF)-β superfamily is a pleiotropic innate cytokine family, some members of which (activins and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)) were recently demonstrated to exert antiviral activity against Zika and hepatitis B and C viruses but are poorly studied in HIV-1 infection. Here, we show that TGF-β1 is systemically induced with very rapid kinetics (as early as 1-4 days after viremic spread begins) in acute HIV-1 infection, likely due to release from platelets, and remains upregulated throughout infection. Contrastingly, no substantial systemic upregulation of activins A and B or BMP-2 was observed during acute infection, although plasma activin levels trended to be elevated during chronic infection. HIV-1 triggered production of type I interferons but not TGF-β superfamily cytokines from plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro, putatively explaining their differing in vivo induction; whilst lipopolysaccharide (but not HIV-1) elicited activin A production from myeloid DCs. These findings underscore the need for better definition of the protective and pathogenic capacity of TGF-β superfamily cytokines, to enable appropriate modulation for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Dickinson
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anna E Kliszczak
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eleni Giannoulatou
- Computational Genomics Laboratory, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Dimitra Peppa
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Mortimer Market Centre, Department of HIV, CNWL NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Pellegrino
- Centre for Sexual Health and HIV Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Williams
- Centre for Sexual Health and HIV Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hal Drakesmith
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Persephone Borrow
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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22
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Covino DA, Kaczor-Urbanowicz KE, Lu J, Chiantore MV, Fiorucci G, Vescio MF, Catapano L, Purificato C, Galluzzo CM, Amici R, Andreotti M, Gauzzi MC, Pellegrini M, Fantuzzi L. Transcriptome Profiling of Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages Upon CCL2 Neutralization Reveals an Association Between Activation of Innate Immune Pathways and Restriction of HIV-1 Gene Expression. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2129. [PMID: 33072075 PMCID: PMC7531389 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are key targets of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and main producers of the proinflammatory chemokine CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), whose expression is induced by HIV-1 both in vitro and in vivo. We previously found that CCL2 neutralization in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) strongly inhibited HIV-1 replication affecting post-entry steps of the viral life cycle. Here, we used RNA-sequencing to deeply characterize the cellular factors and pathways modulated by CCL2 blocking in MDMs and involved in HIV-1 replication restriction. We report that exposure to CCL2 neutralizing antibody profoundly affected the MDM transcriptome. Functional annotation clustering of up-regulated genes identified two clusters enriched for antiviral defense and immune response pathways, comprising several interferon-stimulated, and restriction factor coding genes. Transcripts in the clusters were enriched for RELA and NFKB1 targets, suggesting the activation of the canonical nuclear factor κB pathway as part of a regulatory network involving miR-155 up-regulation. Furthermore, while HIV-1 infection caused small changes to the MDM transcriptome, with no evidence of host defense gene expression and type I interferon signature, CCL2 blocking enabled the activation of a strong host innate response in infected macrophage cultures, and potently inhibited viral genes expression. Notably, an inverse correlation was found between levels of viral transcripts and of the restriction factors APOBEC3A (apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like 3 A), ISG15, and MX1. These findings highlight an association between activation of innate immune pathways and HIV-1 restriction upon CCL2 blocking and identify this chemokine as an endogenous factor contributing to the defective macrophage response to HIV-1. Therapeutic targeting of CCL2 may thus strengthen host innate immunity and restrict HIV-1 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karolina Elżbieta Kaczor-Urbanowicz
- UCLA Section of Oral Biology, Division of Oral Biology & Medicine, Center for Oral and Head/Neck Oncology Research, Center for the Health Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,UCLA Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jing Lu
- UCLA Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Gianna Fiorucci
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, CNR, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Laura Catapano
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Purificato
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Roberta Amici
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Andreotti
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Matteo Pellegrini
- UCLA Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Laura Fantuzzi
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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23
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Reithofer M, Karacs J, Strobl J, Kitzmüller C, Polak D, Seif K, Kamalov M, Becker CFW, Greiner G, Schmetterer K, Stary G, Bohle B, Jahn-Schmid B. Alum triggers infiltration of human neutrophils ex vivo and causes lysosomal destabilization and mitochondrial membrane potential-dependent NET-formation. FASEB J 2020; 34:14024-14041. [PMID: 32860638 PMCID: PMC7589265 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001413r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Aluminium salts have been used in vaccines for decades. However, the mechanisms underlying their adjuvant effect are still unclear. Neutrophils, the first immune cells at the injection site, can release cellular DNA together with granular material, so‐called neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). In mice, NETs apparently play a role in aluminium hydroxide (alum)‐adjuvant immune response to vaccines. Although no experimental data exist, this effect is assumed to be operative also in humans. As a first step to verify this knowledge in humans, we demonstrate that the injection of alum particles into human skin biopsies ex vivo leads to similar tissue infiltration of neutrophils and NET‐formation. Moreover, we characterized the mechanism leading to alum‐induced NET‐release in human neutrophils as rapid, NADPH oxidase‐independent process involving charge, phagocytosis, phagolysosomal rupture, Ca2+‐flux, hyperpolarization of the mitochondrial membrane, and mitochondrial ROS. Extracellular flow and inhibition experiments suggested that no additional energy from oxidative phosphorylation or glycolysis is required for NET‐release. This study suggests a so far unappreciated role for neutrophils in the initial phase of immune responses to alum‐containing vaccines in humans and provides novel insights into bioenergetic requirements of NET‐formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Reithofer
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jasmine Karacs
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johanna Strobl
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Kitzmüller
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominika Polak
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Seif
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Meder Kamalov
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian F W Becker
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Greiner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus Schmetterer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Stary
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria.,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Bohle
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Beatrice Jahn-Schmid
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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24
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Xu X, Qiao D, Mann M, Garofalo RP, Brasier AR. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Induces Chromatin Remodeling to Activate Growth Factor and Extracellular Matrix Secretion Pathways. Viruses 2020; 12:E804. [PMID: 32722537 DOI: 10.3390/v12080804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is associated with reduced lung function through unclear mechanisms. In this study, we test the hypothesis that RSV infection induces genomic reprogramming of extracellular matrix remodeling pathways. For this purpose, we sought to identify transcriptionally active open chromatin domains using assay for transposase-accessible-next generation sequencing (ATAC-Seq) in highly differentiated lower airway epithelial cells. High confidence nucleosome-free regions were those predicted independently using two peak-calling algorithms. In uninfected cells, ~12,650 high-confidence open chromatin regions were identified. These mapped to ~8700 gene bodies, whose genes functionally controlled organelle synthesis and Th2 pathways (IL6, TSLP). These latter cytokines are preferentially secreted by RSV-infected bronchiolar cells and linked to mucous production, obstruction, and atopy. By contrast, in RSV infection, we identify ~1700 high confidence open chromatin domains formed in 1120 genes, primarily in introns. These induced chromatin modifications are associated with complex gene expression profiles controlling tyrosine kinase growth factor signaling and extracellular matrix (ECM) secretory pathways. Of these, RSV induces formation of nucleosome-free regions on TGFB1/JUNB//FN1/MMP9 genes and the rate limiting enzyme in the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP), Glutamine-Fructose-6-Phosphate Transaminase 2 (GFPT2). RSV-induced open chromatin domains are highly enriched in AP1 binding motifs and overlap experimentally determined JUN peaks in GEO ChIP-Seq data sets. Our results provide a topographical map of chromatin accessibility and suggest a growth factor and AP1-dependent mechanism for upregulation of the HBP and ECM remodeling in lower epithelial cells that may be linked to long-term airway remodeling.
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25
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Wu J, Xia L, Yao X, Yu X, Tumas KC, Sun W, Cheng Y, He X, Peng YC, Singh BK, Zhang C, Qi CF, Bolland S, Best SM, Gowda C, Huang R, Myers TG, Long CA, Wang RF, Su XZ. The E3 ubiquitin ligase MARCH1 regulates antimalaria immunity through interferon signaling and T cell activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:16567-78. [PMID: 32606244 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2004332117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria infection induces complex and diverse immune responses. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying host-parasite interaction, we performed a genetic screen during early (24 h) Plasmodium yoelii infection in mice and identified a large number of interacting host and parasite genes/loci after transspecies expression quantitative trait locus (Ts-eQTL) analysis. We next investigated a host E3 ubiquitin ligase gene (March1) that was clustered with interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes (ISGs) based on the similarity of the genome-wide pattern of logarithm of the odds (LOD) scores (GPLS). March1 inhibits MAVS/STING/TRIF-induced type I IFN (IFN-I) signaling in vitro and in vivo. However, in malaria-infected hosts, deficiency of March1 reduces IFN-I production by activating inhibitors such as SOCS1, USP18, and TRIM24 and by altering immune cell populations. March1 deficiency increases CD86+DC (dendritic cell) populations and levels of IFN-γ and interleukin 10 (IL-10) at day 4 post infection, leading to improved host survival. T cell depletion reduces IFN-γ level and reverse the protective effects of March1 deficiency, which can also be achieved by antibody neutralization of IFN-γ. This study reveals functions of MARCH1 (membrane-associated ring-CH-type finger 1) in innate immune responses and provides potential avenues for activating antimalaria immunity and enhancing vaccine efficacy.
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26
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Wang C, Cheng T, Li X, Jin L. Metronidazole-Treated Porphyromonas gingivalis Persisters Invade Human Gingival Epithelial Cells and Perturb Innate Responses. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:e02529-19. [PMID: 32205352 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.02529-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis as a biofilm-associated inflammatory disease is highly prevalent worldwide. It severely affects oral health and yet closely links to systemic diseases like diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Porphyromonas gingivalis as a "keystone" periodontopathogen drives the shift of microbe-host symbiosis to dysbiosis and critically contributes to the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Persisters represent a tiny subset of biofilm-associated microbes highly tolerant to lethal treatment of antimicrobials, and, notably, metronidazole-tolerant P. gingivalis persisters have recently been identified by our group. This study further explored the interactive profiles of metronidazole-treated P. gingivalis persisters (M-PgPs) with human gingival epithelial cells (HGECs). P. gingivalis cells (ATCC 33277) at stationary phase were treated with a lethal dosage of metronidazole (100 μg/ml, 6 h) for generating M-PgPs. The interaction of M-PgPs with HGECs was assessed by microscopy, flow cytometry, cytokine profiling, and quantitative PCR (qPCR). We demonstrated that the overall morphology and ultracellular structure of M-PgPs remained unchanged. Importantly, M-PgPs maintained the capabilities to adhere to and invade HGECs. Moreover, M-PgPs significantly suppressed proinflammatory cytokine expression in HGECs at a level comparable to that seen with the untreated P. gingivalis cells, through the thermosensitive components. The present report reveals that P. gingivalis persisters induced by lethal treatment of antibiotics were able to maintain their capabilities to adhere to and invade human gingival epithelial cells and to perturb the innate host responses. Novel strategies and approaches need to be developed for tackling P. gingivalis and favorably modulating the dysregulated immunoinflammatory responses for oral/periodontal health and general well-being.
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27
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Hiroki CH, Toller-Kawahisa JE, Fumagalli MJ, Colon DF, Figueiredo LTM, Fonseca BALD, Franca RFO, Cunha FQ. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Effectively Control Acute Chikungunya Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3108. [PMID: 32082301 PMCID: PMC7005923 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a re-emerging arbovirus, in which its infection causes a febrile illness also commonly associated with severe joint pain and myalgia. Although the immune response to CHIKV has been studied, a better understanding of the virus-host interaction mechanisms may lead to more effective therapeutic interventions. In this context, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have been described as a key mediator involved in the control of many pathogens, including several bacteria and viruses, but no reports of this important protective mechanism were documented during CHIKV infection. Here we demonstrate that the experimental infection of mouse-isolated neutrophils with CHIKV resulted in NETosis (NETs release) through a mechanism dependent on TLR7 activation and reactive oxygen species generation. In vitro, mouse-isolated neutrophils stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate release NETs that once incubated with CHIKV, resulting in further virus capture and neutralization. In vivo, NETs inhibition by the treatment of the mice with DNase resulted in the enhanced susceptibility of IFNAR−/− mice to CHIKV experimental acute infection. Lastly, by accessing the levels of MPO-DNA complex on the acutely CHIKV-infected patients, we found a correlation between the levels of NETs and the viral load in the blood, suggesting that NETs are also released in natural human infection cases. Altogether our findings characterize NETosis as a contributing natural process to control CHIKV acute infection, presenting an antiviral effect that helps to control systemic virus levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos H Hiroki
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Juliana E Toller-Kawahisa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Marcilio J Fumagalli
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - David F Colon
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Luiz T M Figueiredo
- Virology Research Center, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Bendito A L D Fonseca
- Virology Research Center, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Rafael F O Franca
- Department of Virology and Experimental Therapy, Institute Aggeu Magalhaes, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Brazil
| | - Fernando Q Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
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28
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Martín-Cordero L, Gálvez I, Hinchado MD, Ortega E. β2 Adrenergic Regulation of the Phagocytic and Microbicide Capacity of Macrophages from Obese and Lean Mice: Effects of Exercise. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112721. [PMID: 31717554 PMCID: PMC6893822 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are crucial in the inflammation associated with obesity. Exercise is the main non-pharmacological strategy against obesity, not only for improving metabolic impairment, but also because of its anti-inflammatory effects, particularly those mediated by β2 adrenergic receptors (β2-AR). Nevertheless, these anti-inflammatory effects could immunocompromise the innate response against pathogen challenge. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of obesity, and of exercise in this condition, on the β2 adrenergic regulation of the innate function of macrophages. High fat diet-induced obese C57BL/6J mice were used to evaluate the effects of acute and regular exercise on the phagocytic and microbicide capacities of peritoneal macrophages. Selective β2-AR agonist terbutaline (1 µM) decreased the phagocytic and microbicide activities of macrophages from control lean and obese sedentary animals. While acute exercise did not modify the inhibitory capacity of terbutaline, regular exercise abolished this inhibitory effect. These effects cannot be explained only by changes in the surface expression of β2-AR. In conclusion, (1) obesity does not alter the β2-AR-mediated decrease of the innate response of macrophages and (2) regular exercise can revert the inhibitory effect of terbutaline on the phagocytic activity of macrophages, although obesity seems to hinder this immunophysiological adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Martín-Cordero
- Grupo de Investigación en Inmunofisiología, Departamento de Enfermería, Centro Universitario de Plasencia, Universidad de Extremadura, 10600 Plasencia, Spain;
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 06071 Badajoz, Spain; (I.G.); (M.D.H.)
| | - Isabel Gálvez
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 06071 Badajoz, Spain; (I.G.); (M.D.H.)
- Grupo de Investigación en Inmunofisiología, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - María Dolores Hinchado
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 06071 Badajoz, Spain; (I.G.); (M.D.H.)
- Grupo de Investigación en Inmunofisiología, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Eduardo Ortega
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 06071 Badajoz, Spain; (I.G.); (M.D.H.)
- Grupo de Investigación en Inmunofisiología, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-924-289-300
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29
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Cauci S, Buligan C, Rocchi F, Salvador I, Xodo L, Stinco G. Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist gene variable number of tandem repeats polymorphism and cutaneous melanoma. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:5759-5768. [PMID: 31788049 PMCID: PMC6865156 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunity and cytokines serve crucial roles in cutaneous melanoma. The present study investigated whether a variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) gene (IL-1RN) located in intron 2 (rs2234663) is associated with cutaneous melanoma. A total of 515 subjects were studied, 133 of which were cutaneous melanoma cases (72 stage I+II non-metastatic melanoma cases and 61 stage III+IV metastatic melanoma cases), and 382 subjects were matching healthy controls from the Friuli-Venezia-Giulia Region located in Northeast Italy, an area with a high melanoma incidence. The IL-1RN-VNTR polymorphism was determined by DNA fragment length analysis following PCR amplification. According to the number of 86-bp repeats, five different IL-1RN alleles were identified: Allele 1 (4-repeats), allele 2 (2-repeats, short allele), allele 3 (5-repeats), allele 4 (3-repeats) and allele 5 (6-repeats). Alleles with three or more 86-bp repeats, i.e. allele 1, 3, 4 and 5 were collectively denoted as long (L) repeats. The present study revealed that IL-1RN-VNTR 1/2 and 2/L genotypes were more frequent among patients with cutaneous melanoma (43.6 and 45.1%, respectively) compared with healthy controls [29.6 and 30.6%, respectively; odds ratio (OR), 1.84; CI, 1.22–2.77; P=0.003; and OR, 1.66; CI, 1.24–2.79; P=0.002, respectively]. Conversely, the IL-1RN-VNTR 1/1 genotype was less frequent among melanoma cases (45.9%) compared with healthy controls (57.9%; OR, 0.62; CI, 0.41–0.92; P=0.017). Comparison of metastatic vs. non-metastatic melanoma cases identified no significant differences. The present study first demonstrated that carriage of the 1/1 IL-1RN-VNTR genotype was protective, whereas 1/2 and 2/L was a risk factor for patients with cutaneous melanoma vs. healthy controls. The short allele 2 was associated with higher expression levels of IL-1RA, a potent competitive inhibitor of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1α and IL-1β. VNTR-IL-1RN polymorphism may affect susceptibility to melanoma and, thus, it is a potential novel diagnostic biomarker for melanoma. The present study increased the understanding of genetic melanoma susceptibility/carcinogenesis, and may indicate novel strategies in the personalized prevention of cutaneous melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Cauci
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Cinzia Buligan
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, I-33100 Udine, Italy.,Department of Dermatology, University-Hospital of Udine, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Francesco Rocchi
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Ilaria Salvador
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Luigi Xodo
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Stinco
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, I-33100 Udine, Italy.,Department of Dermatology, University-Hospital of Udine, I-33100 Udine, Italy
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30
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Marino-Merlo F, Papaianni E, Frezza C, Pedatella S, De Nisco M, Macchi B, Grelli S, Mastino A. NF-κB-Dependent Production of ROS and Restriction of HSV-1 Infection in U937 Monocytic Cells. Viruses 2019; 11:v11050428. [PMID: 31083280 PMCID: PMC6563512 DOI: 10.3390/v11050428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) can infect a wide range of cell types, including cells of the adaptive and innate immunity but, normally, it completes a fully-permissive replication cycle only in epithelial or neural cells. Complex mechanisms controlling this delicate balance in immune cells and consequent restriction of HSV-1 infection in these cells have not been completely elucidated. We have recently demonstrated that the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) can act as a main permissiveness regulator of HSV-1 infection in monocytic cells, however, mediators involved in this regulation have not been identified. To better define mechanisms involved in this phenomenon and, particularly, the possible involvement of ROS, wild type U937 cells or U937 cells stably transfected with a dominant-negative (DN) IκB-mutant and selenium-containing compounds, as anti-oxidants, were utilized. The main results can be summarized as follows. HSV-1 infection induces an immediate ROS production in U937 monocytic cells that can efficiently activate NF-κB but not in DN-IκB-mutant cells. Treatment with selenium-containing antioxidants efficiently inhibited HSV-1-induced ROS generation while producing increased levels of HSV-1 replication and a reduction of HSV-1-induced NF-κB activation in U937 monocytic cells. Our results suggest a scenario in which an efficient NF-κB-dependent ROS production in response to infection could contribute in limiting HSV-1 replication in monocytes/macrophages, thus avoiding possible irreparable damage to the innate immune system of the host during HSV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emanuela Papaianni
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy.
| | - Caterina Frezza
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy.
| | - Silvana Pedatella
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Mauro De Nisco
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy.
| | - Beatrice Macchi
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Sandro Grelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Antonio Mastino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy.
- The Institute of Translational Pharmacology, CNR, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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31
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Delgado Betancourt E, Hamid B, Fabian BT, Klotz C, Hartmann S, Seeber F. From Entry to Early Dissemination- Toxoplasma gondii's Initial Encounter With Its Host. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:46. [PMID: 30891433 PMCID: PMC6411707 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic intracellular parasite, able to infect any warm-blooded animal via ingestion of infective stages, either contained in tissue cysts or oocysts released into the environment. While immune responses during infection are well-studied, there is still limited knowledge about the very early infection events in the gut tissue after infection via the oral route. Here we briefly discuss differences in host-specific responses following infection with oocyst-derived sporozoites vs. tissue cyst-derived bradyzoites. A focus is given to innate intestinal defense mechanisms and early immune cell events that precede T. gondii's dissemination in the host. We propose stem cell-derived intestinal organoids as a model to study early events of natural host-pathogen interaction. These offer several advantages such as live cell imaging and transcriptomic profiling of the earliest invasion processes. We additionally highlight the necessity of an appropriate large animal model reflecting human infection more closely than conventional infection models, to study the roles of dendritic cells and macrophages during early infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin Hamid
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benedikt T Fabian
- FG 16: Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Klotz
- FG 16: Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Hartmann
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Seeber
- FG 16: Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
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Zhang Y, Wang X, Zhang X, Wang J, Ma Y, Zhang L, Cao X. RNA-binding protein YTHDF3 suppresses interferon-dependent antiviral responses by promoting FOXO3 translation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:976-81. [PMID: 30591559 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1812536116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) are essential effectors of the IFN-dependent antiviral immune response. Dysregulation of ISG expression can cause dysfunctional antiviral responses and autoimmune disorders. Epitranscriptomic regulation, such as N 6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification of mRNAs, plays key roles in diverse biological processes. Here, we found that the m6A "reader" YT521-B homology domain-containing family 3 (YTHDF3) suppresses ISG expression under basal conditions by promoting translation of the transcription corepressor forkhead box protein O3 (FOXO3). YTHDF3 cooperates with two cofactors, PABP1 and eIF4G2, to promote FOXO3 translation by binding to the translation initiation region of FOXO3 mRNA. Both the YTH and the P/Q/N-rich domains of YTHDF3 were required for FOXO3 RNA-binding capacity, however, METTL3-mediated m6A modification was not involved in the process observed. Moreover, YTHDF3-/- mice had increased ISG levels and were resistant to several viral infections. Our findings uncover the role of YTHDF3 as a negative regulator of antiviral immunity through the translational promotion of FOXO3 mRNA under homeostatic conditions, adding insight into the networks of RNA-binding protein-RNA interactions in homeostatically maintaining host antiviral immune function and preventing inflammatory response.
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Singh S, Kumar A. Ocular Manifestations of Emerging Flaviviruses and the Blood-Retinal Barrier. Viruses 2018; 10:v10100530. [PMID: 30274199 PMCID: PMC6213219 DOI: 10.3390/v10100530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite flaviviruses remaining the leading cause of systemic human infections worldwide, ocular manifestations of these mosquito-transmitted viruses are considered relatively uncommon in part due to under-reporting. However, recent outbreaks of Zika virus (ZIKV) implicated in causing multiple ocular abnormalities, such as conjunctivitis, retinal hemorrhages, chorioretinal atrophy, posterior uveitis, optic neuritis, and maculopathies, has rejuvenated a significant interest in understanding the pathogenesis of flaviviruses, including ZIKV, in the eye. In this review, first, we summarize the current knowledge of the major flaviviruses (Dengue, West Nile, Yellow Fever, and Japanese Encephalitis) reported to cause ocular manifestations in humans with emphasis on recent ZIKV outbreaks. Second, being an immune privilege organ, the eye is protected from systemic infections by the presence of blood-retinal barriers (BRB). Hence, we discuss how flaviviruses modulate retinal innate response and breach the protective BRB to cause ocular or retinal pathology. Finally, we describe recently identified infection signatures of ZIKV and discuss whether these system biology-predicted genes or signaling pathways (e.g., cellular metabolism) could contribute to the pathogenesis of ocular manifestations and assist in the development of ocular antiviral therapies against ZIKV and other flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Lessard AJ, LeBel M, Egarnes B, Préfontaine P, Thériault P, Droit A, Brunet A, Rivest S, Gosselin J. Triggering of NOD2 Receptor Converts Inflammatory Ly6C high into Ly6C low Monocytes with Patrolling Properties. Cell Rep 2018; 20:1830-1843. [PMID: 28834747 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The signals that regulate the fate of circulating monocytes remain unknown. In the present study, we demonstrate that triggering of the NOD2 receptor by muramyl dipeptide (MDP) converts inflammatory Ly6Chigh monocytes into patrolling Ly6Clow monocytes. Administration of MDP to Nr4a1-/- mice, which lack Ly6Clow monocytes, or to Ly6Clow-depleted mice led to the emergence of blood-patrolling monocytes with a profile similar to that of Ly6Clow monocytes, including high expression of CX3CR1 and LFA1. Using intravital microscopy in animal models of inflammatory diseases, we also found that converted Ly6Chigh monocytes patrol the endothelium of blood vessels and that their presence contributes to a reduction in the inflammatory response following MDP injection. Our results demonstrate that NOD2 contributes to the regulation of blood monocytes and suggest that it could be therapeutically targeted to treat inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Julie Lessard
- Laboratory of Innate Immunology, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Manon LeBel
- Laboratory of Innate Immunology, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Benoit Egarnes
- Laboratory of Innate Immunology, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Paul Préfontaine
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Peter Thériault
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Arnaud Droit
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Alexandre Brunet
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Serge Rivest
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Jean Gosselin
- Laboratory of Innate Immunology, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada.
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Katzenmeyer KN, Szott LM, Bryers JD. Artificial opsonin enhances bacterial phagocytosis, oxidative burst and chemokine production by human neutrophils. Pathog Dis 2018; 75:3934653. [PMID: 28859309 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftx075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we describe the application of an 'artificial opsonin' to stimulate the innate immune response against Gram-positive bacteria. The artificial opsonin comprises a poly(L-lysine)-graft-poly(ethylene glycol) backbone displaying multiple copies of vancomycin and human IgG-Fc. The vancomycin targets bacteria by recognizing d-Ala-d-Ala-terminated peptides present in the bacterial cell wall. The human IgG-Fc antibody fragments serve as phagocyte recognition moieties that recognize the Fcγ cell surface receptors expressed by professional human phagocytes. Staphylococcus epidermidis RP62A, a biofilm-forming, methicillin-resistant strain, was utilized to investigate the effects of opsonization on phagocytosis, oxidative burst and IL-8 chemokine production by human neutrophils. Results show that opsonization of S. epidermidis RP62A with the artificial opsonin resulted in an ∼2-fold increase in neutrophil phagocytosis. Analysis of the cell supernatant found a 2- to 3-fold increase in neutrophil IL-8 secretion. The neutrophil oxidative burst was investigated using the oxidation-sensitive fluorophore dihydrorhodamine-123. Bacterial opsonization resulted in a 20% increase in fluorescence intensity, indicating a significant increase in the production of reactive oxygen species by the neutrophils. These studies suggest that artificial opsonins may be a novel immunostimulation therapeutic strategy to control infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, particularly those that are known to be immune evasive and/or antibiotic resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy N Katzenmeyer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Luisa M Szott
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - James D Bryers
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Woo M, Wood C, Kwon D, Park KHP, Fejer G, Delorme V. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Innate Responses in a New Model of Lung Alveolar Macrophages. Front Immunol 2018; 9:438. [PMID: 29593716 PMCID: PMC5858468 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung alveolar macrophages (AMs) are in the first line of immune defense against respiratory pathogens and play key roles in the pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in humans. Nevertheless, AMs are available only in limited amounts for in vitro studies, which hamper the detailed molecular understanding of host-Mtb interactions in these macrophages. The recent establishment of the self-renewing and primary Max Planck Institute (MPI) cells, functionally very close to lung AMs, opens unique opportunities for in vitro studies of host-pathogen interactions in respiratory diseases. Here, we investigated the suitability of MPI cells as a host cell system for Mtb infection. Bacterial, cellular, and innate immune features of MPI cells infected with Mtb were characterized. Live bacteria were readily internalized and efficiently replicated in MPI cells, similarly to primary murine macrophages and other cell lines. MPI cells were also suitable for the determination of anti-tuberculosis (TB) drug activity. The primary innate immune response of MPI cells to live Mtb showed significantly higher and earlier induction of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα, interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-1α, and IL-1β, as compared to stimulation with heat-killed (HK) bacteria. MPI cells previously showed a lack of induction of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 to a wide range of stimuli, including HK Mtb. By contrast, we show here that live Mtb is able to induce significant amounts of IL-10 in MPI cells. Autophagy experiments using light chain 3B immunostaining, as well as LysoTracker labeling of acidic vacuoles, demonstrated that MPI cells efficiently control killed Mtb by elimination through phagolysosomes. MPI cells were also able to accumulate lipid droplets in their cytoplasm following exposure to lipoproteins. Collectively, this study establishes the MPI cells as a relevant, versatile host cell model for TB research, allowing a deeper understanding of AMs functions in this pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjeong Woo
- Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Connor Wood
- School of Biomedical and Healthcare Sciences, Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth University, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Doyoon Kwon
- Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Kyu-Ho Paul Park
- Applied Molecular Virology, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - György Fejer
- School of Biomedical and Healthcare Sciences, Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth University, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent Delorme
- Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam, South Korea
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Roux AL, Viljoen A, Bah A, Simeone R, Bernut A, Laencina L, Deramaudt T, Rottman M, Gaillard JL, Majlessi L, Brosch R, Girard-Misguich F, Vergne I, de Chastellier C, Kremer L, Herrmann JL. The distinct fate of smooth and rough Mycobacterium abscessus variants inside macrophages. Open Biol 2017; 6:rsob.160185. [PMID: 27906132 PMCID: PMC5133439 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.160185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium abscessus is a pathogenic, rapidly growing mycobacterium responsible for pulmonary and cutaneous infections in immunocompetent patients and in patients with Mendelian disorders, such as cystic fibrosis (CF). Mycobacterium abscessus is known to transition from a smooth (S) morphotype with cell surface-associated glycopeptidolipids (GPL) to a rough (R) morphotype lacking GPL. Herein, we show that M. abscessus S and R variants are able to grow inside macrophages and are present in morphologically distinct phagosomes. The S forms are found mostly as single bacteria within phagosomes characterized by a tightly apposed phagosomal membrane and the presence of an electron translucent zone (ETZ) surrounding the bacilli. By contrast, infection with the R form leads to phagosomes often containing more than two bacilli, surrounded by a loose phagosomal membrane and lacking the ETZ. In contrast to the R variant, the S variant is capable of restricting intraphagosomal acidification and induces less apoptosis and autophagy. Importantly, the membrane of phagosomes enclosing the S forms showed signs of alteration, such as breaks or partial degradation. Although not frequently encountered, these events suggest that the S form is capable of provoking phagosome-cytosol communication. In conclusion, M. abscessus S exhibits traits inside macrophages that are reminiscent of slow-growing mycobacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Roux
- UMR1173, Inserm and UFR Des Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Université de Versailles Saint Quentin, Montigny, France
| | - Albertus Viljoen
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique FRE 3689, Centre d'études d'agents Pathogènes et Biotechnologies pour la Santé, Université de Montpellier, 1919, Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France.,Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille Université UM 2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Aïcha Bah
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), UMR 5089 CNRS/Université Paul Sabatier, 205 route de Narbonne, BP 64182, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Roxane Simeone
- Unité de Pathogénomique mycobactérienne, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, Paris, France
| | - Audrey Bernut
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique FRE 3689, Centre d'études d'agents Pathogènes et Biotechnologies pour la Santé, Université de Montpellier, 1919, Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Laura Laencina
- UMR1173, Inserm and UFR Des Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Université de Versailles Saint Quentin, Montigny, France
| | - Therese Deramaudt
- UMR1179, Inserm and UFR Des Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Université de Versailles Saint Quentin, Montigny, France
| | - Martin Rottman
- UMR1173, Inserm and UFR Des Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Université de Versailles Saint Quentin, Montigny, France
| | - Jean-Louis Gaillard
- UMR1173, Inserm and UFR Des Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Université de Versailles Saint Quentin, Montigny, France
| | - Laleh Majlessi
- Unité de Pathogénomique mycobactérienne, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, Paris, France
| | - Roland Brosch
- Unité de Pathogénomique mycobactérienne, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, Paris, France
| | - Fabienne Girard-Misguich
- UMR1173, Inserm and UFR Des Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Université de Versailles Saint Quentin, Montigny, France
| | - Isabelle Vergne
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), UMR 5089 CNRS/Université Paul Sabatier, 205 route de Narbonne, BP 64182, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Chantal de Chastellier
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille Université UM 2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Kremer
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique FRE 3689, Centre d'études d'agents Pathogènes et Biotechnologies pour la Santé, Université de Montpellier, 1919, Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France .,INSERM, CPBS, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Louis Herrmann
- UMR1173, Inserm and UFR Des Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Université de Versailles Saint Quentin, Montigny, France
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Moreira GSA, Shoemaker CA, Zhang D, Xu DH. Expression of immune genes in skin of channel catfish immunized with live theronts of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Parasite Immunol 2017; 39. [PMID: 27801984 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate differential expression of innate and adaptive immune genes, including immunoglobulin, immune cell receptor, cytokine, inflammatory protein, toll-like receptors (TLR) and recombination-activating gene (RAG) in skin from channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus after immunization with live theronts of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich) by intraperitoneal injection. The immunized catfish showed significantly higher survival rate (95%) than those of mock-immunized control fish (0% survival) after the theront challenge. The gene expression of innate immune system, such as cytokines (IL-1β type a, IL-1β type b, IFN-γ, TGF1-β and TNF-α) and inflammatory proteins (NF-kB and iNOS 2), showed significant upregulation at day 1 (D1) post-immunization. Expression of TLR genes exhibited a rapid increase from hour 4 (h4) to D10 post-immunization. Genes of the adaptive response, such as the cell receptor MHC I, CD8+ , CD4+ and TCR-α, showed upregulation at D1, D6 and D10. The TCR-β expression increased rapidly at h4 and remained upregulated until D10. Immunoglobulin IgM upregulation was detected from h4 until D2 while IgD expression was increased from D1 until D10. Rapid upregulation of innate and adaptive immune genes in skin of catfish following live theront vaccination was demonstrated in this study ultimately resulting in significant protection against Ich infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S A Moreira
- Laboratory of Parasitology, College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - C A Shoemaker
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - D Zhang
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - D-H Xu
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Auburn, AL, USA
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Goret J, Béven L, Faustin B, Contin-Bordes C, Le Roy C, Claverol S, Renaudin H, Bébéar C, Pereyre S. Interaction of Mycoplasma hominis PG21 with Human Dendritic Cells: Interleukin-23-Inducing Mycoplasmal Lipoproteins and Inflammasome Activation of the Cell. J Bacteriol 2017; 199:e00213-17. [PMID: 28559291 DOI: 10.1128/JB.00213-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hominis lacks a cell wall, and lipoproteins anchored to the extracellular side of the plasma membrane are in direct contact with the host components. A Triton X-114 extract of M. hominis enriched with lipoproteins was shown to stimulate the production of interleukin-23 (IL-23) by human dendritic cells (hDCs). The inflammasome activation of the host cell has never been reported upon M. hominis infection. We studied here the interaction between M. hominis PG21 and hDCs by analyzing both the inflammation-inducing mycoplasmal lipoproteins and the inflammasome activation of the host cell. IL-23-inducing lipoproteins were determined using a sequential extraction strategy with two nondenaturing detergents, Sarkosyl and Triton X-114, followed by SDS-PAGE separation and mass spectrometry identification. The activation of the hDC inflammasome was assessed using PCR array and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We defined a list of 24 lipoproteins that could induce the secretion of IL-23 by hDCs, 5 with a molecular mass between 20 and 35 kDa and 19 with a molecular mass between 40 and 100 kDa. Among them, lipoprotein MHO_4720 was identified as potentially bioactive, and a synthetic lipopeptide corresponding to the N-terminal part of the lipoprotein was subsequently shown to induce IL-23 release by hDCs. Regarding the hDC innate immune response, inflammasome activation with caspase-dependent production of IL-1β was observed. After 24 h of coincubation of hDCs with M. hominis, downregulation of the NLRP3-encoding gene and of the adaptor PYCARD-encoding gene was noticed. Overall, this study provides insight into both protagonists of the interaction of M. hominis and hDCs.IMPORTANCEMycoplasma hominis is a human urogenital pathogen involved in gynecologic and opportunistic infections. M. hominis lacks a cell wall, and its membrane contains many lipoproteins that are anchored to the extracellular side of the plasma membrane. In the present study, we focused on the interaction between M. hominis and human dendritic cells and examined both sides of the interaction, the mycoplasmal lipoproteins involved in the activation of the host cell and the immune response of the cell. On the mycoplasmal side, we showed for the first time that M. hominis lipoproteins with high molecular mass were potentially bioactive. On the cell side, we reported an activation of the inflammasome, which is involved in the innate immune response.
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Hakelius M, Reyhani V, Rubin K, Gerdin B, Nowinski D. Normal Oral Keratinocytes and Head and Neck Squamous Carcinoma Cells Induce an Innate Response of Fibroblasts. Anticancer Res 2016; 36:2131-2137. [PMID: 27127114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor stroma is similar to the connective tissue of chronic inflammation. The extracellular matrix of tumors is formed by cancer-associated fibroblasts that also modulate the inflammatory response. MATERIALS AND METHODS We studied the ability of oral keratinocytes (NOK) and oral squamous cell carcinoma cells (SCC) to induce an innate immune response in fibroblasts. Co-cultures with fibroblasts in collagen gels and keratinocytes in inserts were used. Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) was used as an indicator of an innate immune response. RESULTS SCC and NOK up-regulated fibroblast mRNA expression and protein release of PTX3. mRNA levels were more pronounced in cultures with malignant cells. The induction of PTX3 was abrogated by an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist CONCLUSION Keratinocytes have the capacity to induce an interleukin-1-dependent innate immune response by fibroblasts in vitro. This could be important for subsequent fibroblast modulation of the inflammatory reaction in non-malignant and malignant disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Hakelius
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Plastic Surgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vahid Reyhani
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristofer Rubin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bengt Gerdin
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Plastic Surgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel Nowinski
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Plastic Surgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Escós A, Risco A, Alsina-Beauchamp D, Cuenda A. p38γ and p38δ Mitogen Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs), New Stars in the MAPK Galaxy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:31. [PMID: 27148533 PMCID: PMC4830812 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein kinases p38γ and p38δ belong to the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family. p38MAPK signaling controls many cellular processes and is one of the most conserved mechanisms in eukaryotes for the cellular response to environmental stress and inflammation. Although p38γ and p38δ are widely expressed, it is likely that they perform specific functions in different tissues. Their involvement in human pathologies such as inflammation-related diseases or cancer is starting to be uncovered. In this article we give a general overview and highlight recent advances made in defining the functions of p38γ and p38δ, focusing in innate immunity and inflammation. We consider the potential of the pharmacological targeting of MAPK pathways to treat autoimmune and inflammatory diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Escós
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Risco
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) Madrid, Spain
| | - Dayanira Alsina-Beauchamp
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Cuenda
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Ixodes scapularis, commonly known as the deer tick, transmits a wide array of human and animal pathogens including Borrelia burgdorferi. Despite substantial advances in our understanding of immunity in model arthropods, including other disease vectors, precisely how I. scapularis immunity functions and influences persistence of invading pathogens remains largely unknown. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the recently sequenced I. scapularis genome for the occurrence of immune-related genes and related pathways. We will also discuss the potential influence of immunity-related genes on the persistence of tick-borne pathogens with an emphasis on the Lyme disease pathogen B. burgdorferi. Further enhancement of our knowledge of tick immune responses is critical to understanding the molecular basis of the persistence of tick-borne pathogens and development of novel interventions against the relevant infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Utpal Pal
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of MarylandCollege Park, MD, USA
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Talreja D, Kaye KS, Yu FS, Walia SK, Kumar A. Pathogenicity of ocular isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii in a mouse model of bacterial endophthalmitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:2392-402. [PMID: 24644055 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-13401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the virulence properties of ocular isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii in causing endophthalmitis in a mouse model. METHODS Endophthalmitis was induced by intravitreal injections of the bacteria into C57BL/6 (B6) mouse eyes. The disease progression was monitored by ophthalmoscopic, electroretinography (ERG), histologic, cell death (TUNEL labeling), and microbiological parameters. The expression of cytokines/chemokines was checked by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) and ELISA. Flow cytometry was used to determine cellular infiltration. The role of neutrophils was determined using neutropenic mice. The virulence traits (biofilm formation, adherence, and cytotoxicity) of the ocular isolates were tested using corneal epithelial cells. RESULTS Among the three clinical isolates and a standard ATCC 19606 strain tested, a biofilm producing multidrug resistant (MDR) strain of A. baumannii AB12 caused severe endophthalmitis (100% destruction of the eyes) leading to the loss of retinal function as assessed by ERG analysis. Elevated levels of inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β, CXCL2, and IL-6) were detected in AB12-infected eyes. Histologic and TUNEL staining revealed increased retinal cell death and the flow cytometry data showed the presence of inflammatory cells, primarily neutrophils (CD45(+)/Ly6G(+)). Neutropenic mice showed an increased bacterial burden, reduced inflammatory response, and severe tissue destruction. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that A. baumannii causes severe intraocular inflammation and retinal damage. Furthermore, neutrophils play an important role in the pathogenesis of A. baumannii endophthalmitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Talreja
- Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States
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Hams E, Armstrong ME, Barlow JL, Saunders SP, Schwartz C, Cooke G, Fahy RJ, Crotty TB, Hirani N, Flynn RJ. IL-25 and type 2 innate lymphoid cells induce pulmonary fibrosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014;111:367-372. [PMID: 24344271 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1315854111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Disease conditions associated with pulmonary fibrosis are progressive and have a poor long-term prognosis with irreversible changes in airway architecture leading to marked morbidity and mortalities. Using murine models we demonstrate a role for interleukin (IL)-25 in the generation of pulmonary fibrosis. Mechanistically, we identify IL-13 release from type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) as sufficient to drive collagen deposition in the lungs of challenged mice and suggest this as a potential mechanism through which IL-25 is acting. Additionally, we demonstrate that in human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis there is increased pulmonary expression of IL-25 and also observe a population ILC2 in the lungs of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients. Collectively, we present an innate mechanism for the generation of pulmonary fibrosis, via IL-25 and ILC2, that occurs independently of T-cell-mediated antigen-specific immune responses. These results suggest the potential of therapeutically targeting IL-25 and ILC2 for the treatment of human fibrotic diseases.
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Fejer G, Freudenberg M, Greber UF, Gyory I. Adenovirus-triggered innate signalling pathways. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2011; 1:279-88. [PMID: 24516734 DOI: 10.1556/eujmi.1.2011.4.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses are important infectious agents and also emerging vectors in different biomedical applications. These viruses elicit a strong innate and adaptive immune response, which influences both the course of disease and the success of the applied vectors. Several Toll-like Receptor (TLR)-dependent and -independent mechanisms contribute to these responses. Understanding of the involved viral and cellular factors is crucial for the treatment of various adenovirus diseases and the optimal design of adenovirus vector applications. Here we summarize our current understanding of the complex nature of adenovirus-induced innate immune mechanisms.
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