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Lyche Solheim A, Gundersen H, Mischke U, Skjelbred B, Nejstgaard JC, Guislain ALN, Sperfeld E, Giling DP, Haande S, Ballot A, Moe SJ, Stephan S, Walles TJW, Jechow A, Minguez L, Ganzert L, Hornick T, Hansson TH, Stratmann CN, Järvinen M, Drakare S, Carvalho L, Grossart HP, Gessner MO, Berger SA. Lake browning counteracts cyanobacteria responses to nutrients: Evidence from phytoplankton dynamics in large enclosure experiments and comprehensive observational data. Glob Chang Biol 2024; 30:e17013. [PMID: 37994377 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Lakes worldwide are affected by multiple stressors, including climate change. This includes massive loading of both nutrients and humic substances to lakes during extreme weather events, which also may disrupt thermal stratification. Since multi-stressor effects vary widely in space and time, their combined ecological impacts remain difficult to predict. Therefore, we combined two consecutive large enclosure experiments with a comprehensive time-series and a broad-scale field survey to unravel the combined effects of storm-induced lake browning, nutrient enrichment and deep mixing on phytoplankton communities, focusing particularly on potentially toxic cyanobacterial blooms. The experimental results revealed that browning counteracted the stimulating effect of nutrients on phytoplankton and caused a shift from phototrophic cyanobacteria and chlorophytes to mixotrophic cryptophytes. Light limitation by browning was identified as the likely mechanism underlying this response. Deep-mixing increased microcystin concentrations in clear nutrient-enriched enclosures, caused by upwelling of a metalimnetic Planktothrix rubescens population. Monitoring data from a 25-year time-series of a eutrophic lake and from 588 northern European lakes corroborate the experimental results: Browning suppresses cyanobacteria in terms of both biovolume and proportion of the total phytoplankton biovolume. Both the experimental and observational results indicated a lower total phosphorus threshold for cyanobacterial bloom development in clearwater lakes (10-20 μg P L-1 ) than in humic lakes (20-30 μg P L-1 ). This finding provides management guidance for lakes receiving more nutrients and humic substances due to more frequent extreme weather events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hege Gundersen
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway
| | - Ute Mischke
- Department of Ecohydrology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Jens C Nejstgaard
- Department of Plankton and Microbial Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Stechlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexis L N Guislain
- Department of Plankton and Microbial Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Stechlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Erik Sperfeld
- Department of Plankton and Microbial Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Stechlin, Germany
| | - Darren P Giling
- Department of Plankton and Microbial Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Stechlin, Germany
| | - Sigrid Haande
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas Ballot
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway
| | - S Jannicke Moe
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway
| | - Susanne Stephan
- Department of Plankton and Microbial Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Stechlin, Germany
| | - Tim J W Walles
- Department of Plankton and Microbial Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Stechlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Jechow
- Department of Plankton and Microbial Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Stechlin, Germany
| | - Laetitia Minguez
- Department of Plankton and Microbial Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Stechlin, Germany
| | - Lars Ganzert
- Department of Plankton and Microbial Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Stechlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Hornick
- Department of Plankton and Microbial Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Stechlin, Germany
| | - Truls Hveem Hansson
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway
- Department of Plankton and Microbial Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Stechlin, Germany
| | - Cleo N Stratmann
- Department of Plankton and Microbial Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Stechlin, Germany
| | | | - Stina Drakare
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Hans-Peter Grossart
- Department of Plankton and Microbial Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Stechlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mark O Gessner
- Department of Plankton and Microbial Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Stechlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Ecology, Berlin Institute of Technlology (TU Berlin), Berlin, Germany
| | - Stella A Berger
- Department of Plankton and Microbial Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Stechlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
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Niu Z, Xu M, Guo X, Yan J, Liu M, Yang Y. Uptake of Silver-Containing Nanoparticles in an Estuarine Plant: Speciation and Bioaccumulation. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:16075-16085. [PMID: 37842941 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the bioaccumulation of silver-containing nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) with different species, concentrations, and sizes in estuarine plants is critical to their related environmental risk. Herein, the distribution of Ag-NPs in tidewater, sediments, and plants (Scirpus triqueter) of field-constructed mesocosm was investigated, where tidewater was exposed to Ag0-NPs and Ag+ at environmentally relevant concentrations. Particle number concentrations (PNCs) and sizes of Ag-NPs with various species were analyzed using a multistep selective dissolution method followed by the single-particle- inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry technique. After 30 days of exposure, more than half of Ag0-NPs were dissolved to Ag+ and about 1/4 of Ag+ were transformed into Ag0-/AgCl-NPs in tidewater. Ag-NPs in stems exposed to Ag0-NPs were found to be dominated by metallic Ag, while Ag+ exposure led to more Ag2S-NPs in stems. In roots, 71% and 51% of Ag-NPs were found as Ag2S-NPs for Ag0-NPs and Ag+ treatment groups, respectively. Plant stems had a significantly higher enrichment of Ag-NPs than roots. Based on both random forests and structure equation models, it is suggested that salinity of tidewater can regulate Ag0-NPs in tidewater indirectly by influencing AgCl-NPs in tidewater and further affect the total PNCs of Ag-NPs in plant stems. Moreover, elevated sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) result in more Ag2S-NPs in rhizosphere sediments, thereby enhancing the bioaccumulation of Ag-NPs by roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoshun Niu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Miao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xingpan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jia Yan
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research; Yangtze Delta Estuarine Wetland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education & Shanghai, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
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Hoskins TD, Flynn RW, Coogan GSM, Catlin AC, de Perre C, Modiri Gharehveran M, Choi YJ, Lee LS, Hoverman JT, Sepúlveda MS. Chronic Exposure to a PFAS Mixture Resembling AFFF-Impacted Surface Water Decreases Body Size in Northern Leopard Frogs ( Rana pipiens). Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:14797-14806. [PMID: 37608745 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) occur in the environment as mixtures, yet mixture toxicity remains poorly understood. Aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) are a common source of PFAS. Our objective was to examine chronic effects of a complex PFAS mixture on amphibian growth and development. We tested toxicity of a five-chemical PFAS mixture summing to 10 μg/L and that accounts for >90% of the PFAS in AFFF-affected surface waters: perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS, 40%), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS, 30%), perflurooctanoic acid (PFOA, 12.5%), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA, 12.5%), and perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA, 5%). We also included treatments to determine whether PFOS drove mixture toxicity and whether PFOS and mixture components act additively. We exposed Northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens) larvae through metamorphosis (∼130 d) in outdoor mesocosms. After 21 days of exposure, the larval body condition fell ∼5% relative to controls in the 4 μg/L PFOS treatment and mixtures lacking PFOS. At metamorphosis, the full 5-component 10 μg/L PFAS mixture reduced mass by 16% relative to controls. We did not observe effects on development. Our results indicate that toxicity of PFOS and other PFAS mixtures typical of AFFF sites act additively and that PFOS is not more inherently toxic than other mixture components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler D Hoskins
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - R Wesley Flynn
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Grace S M Coogan
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ann C Catlin
- Information Technology at Purdue, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Chloe de Perre
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | | | - Youn Jeong Choi
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Linda S Lee
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jason T Hoverman
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Maria S Sepúlveda
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Sustainability Research Center & PhD in Conservation Medicine, Life Sciences Faculty, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
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Quade J, López-Ibáñez S, Beiras R. UV Dosage Unveils Toxic Properties of Weathered Commercial Bioplastic Bags. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:14807-14816. [PMID: 37750591 PMCID: PMC10569051 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies indicated that weathered conventional plastics and bioplastics pose ecotoxicological risks. Here, the effects of artificial and natural weathering on the ecotoxicity of three compostable bags and a conventional polyethylene (PE) bag are investigated. With that aim, a 21-day artificial indoor weathering experiment featuring UV light, UV-filtered light, and darkness was run simultaneously to a 120-day outdoor littoral mesocosm exposure featuring natural light, UV-filtered light, and shaded conditions. Acute toxicity of so-weathered plastic specimens was tested in vivo using the sensitive Paracentrotus lividus sea-urchin embryo test. PE was nontoxic from the beginning and did not gain toxicity due to UV weathering. In contrast, for bioplastics, dry artificial UV weathering increased toxicity in comparison to the dark control. Weathering in outdoor mesocosm led to a rapid loss of toxic properties due to leaching in rainwater. With a higher UV dosage, a plastic-type-dependent regain of toxicity was observed, most likely driven by enhanced availability or transformation of functional additives or due to bioplastic degradation products. PE showed moderate UV absorbance, while bioplastics showed high UV absorbance. This study highlights the potential of biodegradable plastics to pose enhanced ecotoxicological risk due to weathering under environmentally relevant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Quade
- ECIMAT-CIM, Universidade de Vigo, Illa de Toralla, 36331 Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - Sara López-Ibáñez
- ECIMAT-CIM, Universidade de Vigo, Illa de Toralla, 36331 Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - Ricardo Beiras
- ECIMAT-CIM, Universidade de Vigo, Illa de Toralla, 36331 Vigo, Galicia, Spain
- Facultade
de Ciencias do Mar, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Galicia, Spain
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Gu S, Zhang P, Luo S, Chen K, Jiang C, Xiong J, Miao W. Microbial Community Colonization Process Unveiled through eDNA-PFU Technology in Mesocosm Ecosystems. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2498. [PMID: 37894156 PMCID: PMC10609261 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial communities are essential components of aquatic ecosystems and are widely employed for the detection, protection, and restoration of water ecosystems. The polyurethane foam unit (PFU) method, an effective and widely used environmental monitoring technique, has been improved with the eDNA-PFU method, offering efficiency, rapidity, and standardization advantages. This research aimed to explore the colonization process of microbial communities within PFUs using eDNA-PFU technology. To achieve this, we conducted ten-day monitoring and sequencing of microbial communities within PFUs in a stable and controlled artificial aquatic ecosystem, comparing them with water environmental samples (eDNA samples). Results showed 1065 genera in eDNA-PFU and 1059 in eDNA, with eDNA-PFU detecting 99.95% of eDNA-identified species. Additionally, the diversity indices of bacteria and eukaryotes in both methods showed similar trends over time in the colonization process; however, relative abundance differed. We further analyzed the colonization dynamics of microbes in eDNA-PFU and identified four clusters with varying colonization speeds. Notably, we found differences in colonization rates between bacteria and eukaryotes. Furthermore, the Molecular Ecological Networks (MEN) showed that the network in eDNA-PFU was more modular, forming a unique microbial community differentiated from the aquatic environment. In conclusion, this study, using eDNA-PFU, comprehensively explored microbial colonization and interrelationships in a controlled mesocosm system, providing foundational data and reference standards for its application in aquatic ecosystem monitoring and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Gu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (S.G.); (P.Z.); (S.L.); (K.C.); (C.J.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (S.G.); (P.Z.); (S.L.); (K.C.); (C.J.)
- School of Ecology and Environment, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - Shuai Luo
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (S.G.); (P.Z.); (S.L.); (K.C.); (C.J.)
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (S.G.); (P.Z.); (S.L.); (K.C.); (C.J.)
| | - Chuanqi Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (S.G.); (P.Z.); (S.L.); (K.C.); (C.J.)
| | - Jie Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (S.G.); (P.Z.); (S.L.); (K.C.); (C.J.)
| | - Wei Miao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (S.G.); (P.Z.); (S.L.); (K.C.); (C.J.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Kunming 650223, China
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Wuhan 430072, China
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Almeida RA, Fajgenblat M, Lemmens P, De Meester L. Pesticide exposure enhances dominance patterns in a zooplankton community. Ecol Appl 2023; 33:e2900. [PMID: 37335538 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to pesticides can profoundly alter community dynamics. It is expected that dominance patterns will be enhanced or reduced depending on whether the dominant species is less or more sensitive to the pesticide than the subdominant species. Community dynamics are, however, also determined by processes linked to population growth as well as competition at carrying capacity. Here, we used a mesocosm experiment to quantify the effect of chlorpyrifos exposure on the population dynamics of four cladoceran species (Daphnia magna, Daphnia pulicaria, Daphnia galeata and Scapholeberis mucronata) in mixed cultures, testing for direct effects of chlorpyrifos and indirect effects mediated by interactions with other species on the timing of population growth and dominance at carrying capacity. We also quantified whether the pesticide-induced changes in community dynamics affected top-down control of phytoplankton. By adding a treatment in which we used different genotype combinations of each species, we also tested to what extent genetic composition affects community responses to pesticide exposure. Immobilization tests showed that D. magna is the least sensitive to chlorpyrifos of the tested species. Chlorpyrifos exposure first leads to a reduction in the abundance of D. galeata to the benefit of D. pulicaria, and subsequently to a reduction in densities of D. pulicaria to the benefit of D. magna. This resulted in D. magna being more dominant in the pesticide than in the control treatment by the end of the experiment. There was no effect of genotypic differences on community patterns, and top-down control of phytoplankton was high in all treatments. Our results suggest that in this community dominance patterns are enhanced in line with the observed among-species differences in sensitivity to the pesticide. Our results also show that the development of the community in pesticide treatment is a complex interaction between direct and indirect effects of the pesticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela A Almeida
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maxime Fajgenblat
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Data Science Institute (DSI), Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and statistical Bioinformatics (I-BioStat), Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Pieter Lemmens
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leibniz Institute für Gewasserökologie und Binnenfischerei (IGB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Luc De Meester
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leibniz Institute für Gewasserökologie und Binnenfischerei (IGB), Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
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Yang Y, Wang H, Yan S, Wang T, Zhang P, Zhang H, Wang H, Hansson LA, Xu J. Chemodiversity of Cyanobacterial Toxins Driven by Future Scenarios of Climate Warming and Eutrophication. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:11767-11778. [PMID: 37535835 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Climate change and eutrophication are two environmental threats that can alter the structure of freshwater ecosystems and their service functions, but we know little about how ecosystem structure and function will evolve in future scenarios of climate warming. Therefore, we created different experimental climate scenarios, including present-day conditions, a 3.0 °C increase in mean temperature, and a "heatwaves" scenario (i.e., an increase in temperature variability) to assess the effects of climate change on phytoplankton communities under simultaneous stress from eutrophication and herbicides. We show that the effects of climate warming, particularly heatwaves, are associated with elevated cyanobacterial abundances and toxin production, driven by a change from mainly nontoxic to toxic Microcystis spp. The reason for higher cyanobacterial toxin concentrations is likely an increase in abundances because under the dual pressures of climate warming and eutrophication individual Microcystis toxin-producing ability decreased. Eutrophication and higher temperatures significantly increased the biomass of Microcystis, leading to an increase in the cyanobacterial toxin concentrations. In contrast, warming alone did not produce higher cyanobacterial abundances or cyanobacterial toxin concentrations likely due to the depletion of the available nutrient pool. Similarly, the herbicide glyphosate alone did not affect abundances of any phytoplankton taxa. In the case of nutrient enrichment, cyanobacterial toxin concentrations were much higher than under warming alone due to a strong boost in biomass of potential cyanobacterial toxin producers. From a broader perspective our study shows that in a future warmer climate, nutrient loading has to be reduced if toxic cyanobacterial dominance is to be controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, P. R. China
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, P. R. China
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Shuwen Yan
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Peiyu Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Hongxia Wang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Lars-Anders Hansson
- Department of Biology/Aquatic Ecology, Ecology Building, Lund University, Lund SE-22100, Sweden
| | - Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, P. R. China
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
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Robbins CJ, Norman BC, Halvorson HM, Manning DWP, Bastias E, Biasi C, Dodd AK, Eckert RA, Gossiaux A, Jabiol J, Mehring AS, Pastor A. Nutrient and stoichiometric time series measurements of decomposing coarse detritus in freshwaters. Ecology 2023; 104:e4114. [PMID: 37260293 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Decomposition of coarse detritus (e.g., dead organic matter larger than ~1 mm such as leaf litter or animal carcasses) in freshwater ecosystems is well described in terms of mass loss, particularly as rates that compress mass loss into one number (e.g., a first-order decay coefficient, or breakdown rate, "k"); less described are temporal changes in the elemental composition of these materials during decomposition, with important implications for elemental cycling from microbes to ecosystems. This stands in contrast with work in the terrestrial realm, where a focus on detrital elemental cycling has provided a sharper mechanistic understanding of decomposition, especially with specific processes such as immobilization and mineralization. Notably, freshwater ecologists often measure carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P), and their stoichiometric ratios in decomposing coarse materials, including carcasses, wood, leaf litter, and more, but these measurements remain piecemeal. These detrital nutrients are measurements of the entire detrital-microbial complex and are integrative of numerous processes, especially nutrient immobilization and mineralization, and associated microbial growth and death. Thus, data relevant to an elemental, mechanistically focused decomposition ecology are available in freshwaters, but have not been fully applied to that purpose. We synthesized published detrital nutrient and stoichiometry measurements at a global scale, yielding 4038 observations comprising 810 decomposition time series (i.e., measurements within a defined cohort of decomposing material through time) to build a basis for understanding the temporality of elemental content in freshwater detritus. Specifically, the dataset focuses on temporally and ontogenetically (mass loss) explicit measurements of N, P, and stoichiometry (C:N, C:P, N:P). We also collected ancillary data, including detrital characteristics (e.g., species, lignin content), water physiochemistry, geographic location, incubation system type, and methodological variables (e.g., bag mesh size). These measurements are important to unlocking mechanistic insights into detrital ontogeny (the temporal trajectory of decomposing materials) that can provide a deeper understanding of heterotroph-driven C and nutrient cycling in freshwaters. Moreover, these data can help to bridge aquatic and terrestrial decomposition ecology, across plant or animal origin. By focusing on temporal trajectories of elements, this dataset facilitates cross-ecosystem comparisons of fundamental decomposition controls on elemental fluxes. It provides a strong starting point (e.g., via modeling efforts) for comparing processes such as immobilization and mineralization that are understudied in freshwaters. Time series from decomposing leaf litter, particularly in streams, are common in the dataset, but we also synthesized ontogenies of animal-based detritus, which tend to decompose rapidly compared with plant-based detritus that contains high concentrations of structural compounds such as lignin and cellulose. Although animal-based data were rare, comprising only three time series, their inclusion in this dataset underscores the opportunities to develop an understanding of decomposition that encompasses all detrital types, from carrion to leaf litter. There are no copyright or proprietary restrictions on the dataset; please cite this data paper when reusing these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb J Robbins
- Department of Biology, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Beth C Norman
- Lacawac Sanctuary Biological Field Station and Environmental Education Center, Lake Ariel, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Halvor M Halvorson
- Department of Biology, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, Arkansas, USA
| | - David W P Manning
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska-Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Elliot Bastias
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Cristiane Biasi
- Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões, Erechim, Brazil
| | - Allyn K Dodd
- Arkansas School for Mathematics, Sciences, and the Arts, Hot Springs, Arkansas, USA
| | - Rebecca A Eckert
- Biology Department, Environmental Studies Department, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Jérémy Jabiol
- HYFE (Hydrobiologie Et Fonctionnement Des Ecosystèmes), Elven, France
| | - Andrew S Mehring
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Ada Pastor
- Group of Continental Aquatic Ecology Research (GRECO), Institute of Aquatic Ecology, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
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9
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Dlugosch L, Bunse C, Bunk B, Böttcher L, Den TQ, Dittmar T, Hartmann M, Heinrichs M, Hintz NH, Milke F, Mori C, Niggemann J, Spröer C, Striebel M, Simon M. Naturally-induced biphasic phytoplankton spring bloom reveals rapid and distinct substrate and bacterial community dynamics. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2023:fiad078. [PMID: 37442617 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiad078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytoplankton spring blooms are typical features in coastal seas and provide heterotrophic bacteria with a rich blend of dissolved substrates. However, they are difficult to study in coastal seas in-situ. Here, we induced a phytoplankton spring bloom and followed its fate for 37 days in four 600 L-mesocosms. To specifically investigate the significance of phytoplankton-born dissolved organic carbon (DOC) we used artificial seawater with low DOC background and inoculated it with a 100 µm-prefiltered plankton community from the North Sea. A biphasic bloom developed, dominated by diatoms and Phaeocystis globosa respectively. In between, bacterial numbers peaked, followed by a peak in virus-like particles, implying that virus infection caused the collapse. Concentrations of dissolved free amino acids exhibited rapid changes, in particular during the diatom bloom and until the peak in bacterial abundance. Dissolved combined amino acids and neutral monosaccharides accumulated continuously, accounting for 22% of DOC as a mean and reaching levels as high as 44%. Bacterial communities were largely dominated by Bacteroidetes, especially the NS3a marine group (family Flavobacteriaceae), but Rhodobacteraceae and Gammaproteobacteria were also prominent members. Our study shows rapid organic matter and community composition dynamics that are hard to trace in natural coastal ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Dlugosch
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky Str. 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Carina Bunse
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky Str. 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity at the University of Oldenburg (HIFMB), Ammerländer Heerstr. 231, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Carl Skottsbergs gata 22 B, 41319 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Boyke Bunk
- DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH, Inhoffenstraße 7B, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lea Böttcher
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky Str. 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Tran Quoc Den
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky Str. 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Dittmar
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky Str. 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity at the University of Oldenburg (HIFMB), Ammerländer Heerstr. 231, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Maike Hartmann
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky Str. 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Mara Heinrichs
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky Str. 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Nils H Hintz
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Schleusenstr. 1, D-26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Felix Milke
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky Str. 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Corinna Mori
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky Str. 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Jutta Niggemann
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky Str. 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Cathrin Spröer
- DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH, Inhoffenstraße 7B, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maren Striebel
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Schleusenstr. 1, D-26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Meinhard Simon
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky Str. 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity at the University of Oldenburg (HIFMB), Ammerländer Heerstr. 231, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
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10
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Lokovšek A, Pitacco V, Trkov D, Zamuda LL, Falace A, Orlando-Bonaca M. Keep It Simple: Improving the Ex Situ Culture of Cystoseira s.l. to Restore Macroalgal Forests. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:2615. [PMID: 37514229 PMCID: PMC10386143 DOI: 10.3390/plants12142615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Brown algae from genus Cystoseira s.l. form dense underwater forests that represent the most productive areas in the Mediterranean Sea. Due to the combined effects of global and local stressors such as climate change, urbanization, and herbivore outbreaks, there has been a severe decline in brown algal forests in the Mediterranean Sea. Natural recovery of depleted sites is unlikely due to the low dispersal capacity of these species, and efficient techniques to restore such habitats are needed. In this context, the aims of our study were (1) to improve and simplify the current ex situ laboratory protocol for the cultivation of Gongolaria barbata by testing the feasibility of some cost-effective and time-efficient techniques on two donor sites of G. barbata and (2) to evaluate the survival and growth of young thalli during the laboratory phase and during the most critical five months after out-planting. Specifically, the following ex situ cultivation methods were tested: (A) cultivation on clay tiles in mesocosms with culture water prepared by three different procedures (a) filtered seawater with a 0.22 μm filter membrane, (b) filtered seawater with a 0.7 μm filter membrane (GF), and (c) UV-sterilized water, and (B) cultivation on clay tiles in open laboratory systems. After two weeks, all thalli were fixed to plastic lantern net baskets suspended at a depth of 2 m in the coastal sea (hybrid method), and the algal success was monitored in relation to the different donor sites and cultivation protocol. The satisfactory results of this study indicate that UV-sterilized water is suitable for the cultivation of G. barbata in mesocosm, which significantly reduces the cost of the laboratory phase. This opens the possibility of numerous and frequent algal cultures during the reproductive period of the species. Additionally, if the young thalli remain in the lantern net baskets for an extended period of several months, they can grow significantly in the marine environment without being exposed to pressure from herbivorous fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lokovšek
- Marine Biology Station Piran, National Institute of Biology, Fornače 41, 6330 Piran, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova Cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Valentina Pitacco
- Marine Biology Station Piran, National Institute of Biology, Fornače 41, 6330 Piran, Slovenia
| | - Domen Trkov
- Marine Biology Station Piran, National Institute of Biology, Fornače 41, 6330 Piran, Slovenia
| | - Leon Lojze Zamuda
- Marine Biology Station Piran, National Institute of Biology, Fornače 41, 6330 Piran, Slovenia
| | - Annalisa Falace
- Department of Life Science, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Martina Orlando-Bonaca
- Marine Biology Station Piran, National Institute of Biology, Fornače 41, 6330 Piran, Slovenia
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11
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Hart JD, Jenkins DG. Experimental disturbance and productivity gradients drive community diversity in aquatic mesocosms. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10049. [PMID: 37168982 PMCID: PMC10164646 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Combined effects of disturbance and productivity on ecological diversity have been considered for decades as the dynamic equilibrium model (DEM) but are rarely tested together. Instead, most studies focus on either the intermediate disturbance hypothesis or sometimes the intermediate productivity hypothesis. In addition, most analyses of disturbance and productivity effects have relied on nonexperimental patterns, limited sample sizes, inaccurate proxies for productivity, and/or simple measures of diversity. The DEM operates at regional and local scales; here, we conducted a year-long experiment at local scales using submersed aquatic vegetation in outdoor mesocosms with a factorial combination of physical disturbance and productivity treatments. We evaluated diversity in several ways, directly measured productivity, and compared alternative hypotheses using model selection. The DEM was supported for effective diversity; both productivity and disturbance effects were clear, though productivity effects were stronger. Other diversity measures for the simple communities in the mesocosms did not clearly reflect treatments. The DEM is a valuable general framework for understanding disturbance and productivity effects on ecological systems and is made more general by minor conceptual adjustments here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D. Hart
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFloridaUSA
| | - David G. Jenkins
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFloridaUSA
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12
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Afolabi EO, Quilliam RS, Oliver DM. Persistence of E. coli in Streambed Sediment Contaminated with Faeces from Dairy Cows, Geese, and Deer: Legacy Risks to Environment and Health. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:5375. [PMID: 37047990 PMCID: PMC10094563 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20075375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Legacy stores of faecal pollution in streambed sediments can result in delayed impacts on environmental quality and human health if resuspended into the overlying water column. Different catchment sources of faecal pollution can contribute to a legacy store of microbial pollutants, with size of stores influenced by microbial die-off and faecal accrual rates in the streambed. The aim of this study was to use a mesocosm experiment to characterise the persistence of E. coli derived from faeces of dairy cows, deer, and geese once introduced to streambed sediment under different temperature regimes. The settling rate of solid constituents of faecal material into streambed sediment once delivered into an aquatic environment was also quantified. The persistence patterns of E. coli in streambed sediment were found to vary as a function of faecal source and temperature; die-off of E. coli in sediment contaminated with goose faeces was more rapid than in sediments contaminated with dairy cow or deer faeces. Goose faeces also recorded a more rapid settling rate of faecal particles through the water column relative to dairy cow and deer faeces, suggesting a more efficient delivery of E. coli to streambed sediments associated with this faecal source. Our findings provide new evidence to improve understanding of the potential longer-term risks to both the environment and public health posed by sediments when contaminated with livestock, wildlife, and wildfowl faeces.
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13
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Stach TL, Sieber G, Shah M, Simon SA, Soares A, Bornemann TLV, Plewka J, Künkel J, Becker C, Meyer F, Boenigk J, Probst AJ. Temporal disturbance of a model stream ecosystem by high microbial diversity from treated wastewater. Microbiologyopen 2023; 12:e1347. [PMID: 37186231 PMCID: PMC10012233 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial communities in freshwater streams play an essential role in ecosystem functioning via biogeochemical cycling. Yet, the impacts of treated wastewater influx into stream ecosystems on microbial strain diversity remain mostly unexplored. Here, we coupled full‐length 16S ribosomal RNA gene Nanopore sequencing and strain‐resolved metagenomics to investigate the impact of treated wastewater on a mesocosm system (AquaFlow) run with restored river water. Over 10 days, community Bray–Curtis dissimilarities between treated and control mesocosm decreased (0.57 ± 0.058 to 0.26 ± 0.046) based on ribosomal protein S3 gene clustering, finally converging to nearly identical communities. Similarly, strain‐resolved metagenomics revealed a high diversity of bacteria and viruses after the introduction of treated wastewater; these microbes also decreased over time resulting in the same strain clusters in control and treatment at the end of the experiment. Specifically, 39.2% of viral strains detected in all samples were present after the introduction of treated wastewater only. Although bacteria present at low abundance in the treated wastewater introduced additional antibiotic resistance genes, signals of naturally occurring ARG‐encoding organisms resembled the resistome at the endpoint. Our results suggest that the previously stressed freshwater stream and its microbial community are resilient to a substantial introduction of treated wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom L. Stach
- Environmental Metagenomics, Research Center One Health Ruhr of the University Alliance Ruhr, Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Guido Sieber
- Department of BiodiversityUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Manan Shah
- Environmental Metagenomics, Research Center One Health Ruhr of the University Alliance Ruhr, Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany,Department of BiodiversityUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Sophie A. Simon
- Environmental Metagenomics, Research Center One Health Ruhr of the University Alliance Ruhr, Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - André Soares
- Environmental Metagenomics, Research Center One Health Ruhr of the University Alliance Ruhr, Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Till L. V. Bornemann
- Environmental Metagenomics, Research Center One Health Ruhr of the University Alliance Ruhr, Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Julia Plewka
- Environmental Metagenomics, Research Center One Health Ruhr of the University Alliance Ruhr, Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Julian Künkel
- Environmental Metagenomics, Research Center One Health Ruhr of the University Alliance Ruhr, Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | | | - Folker Meyer
- Institute for Artificial IntelligenceUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Jens Boenigk
- Department of BiodiversityUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany,Centre of Water and Environmental Research (ZWU)University of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Alexander J. Probst
- Environmental Metagenomics, Research Center One Health Ruhr of the University Alliance Ruhr, Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany,Centre of Water and Environmental Research (ZWU)University of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
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14
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Dowd TG, Li M, Bagnall GC, Johnston A, Topp CN. Root system architecture and environmental flux analysis in mature crops using 3D root mesocosms. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:1041404. [PMID: 36589101 PMCID: PMC9800027 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1041404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Current methods of root sampling typically only obtain small or incomplete sections of root systems and do not capture their true complexity. To facilitate the visualization and analysis of full-sized plant root systems in 3-dimensions, we developed customized mesocosm growth containers. While highly scalable, the design presented here uses an internal volume of 45 ft3 (1.27 m3), suitable for large crop and bioenergy grass root systems to grow largely unconstrained. Furthermore, they allow for the excavation and preservation of 3-dimensional root system architecture (RSA), and facilitate the collection of time-resolved subterranean environmental data. Sensor arrays monitoring matric potential, temperature and CO2 levels are buried in a grid formation at various depths to assess environmental fluxes at regular intervals. Methods of 3D data visualization of fluxes were developed to allow for comparison with root system architectural traits. Following harvest, the recovered root system can be digitally reconstructed in 3D through photogrammetry, which is an inexpensive method requiring only an appropriate studio space and a digital camera. We developed a pipeline to extract features from the 3D point clouds, or from derived skeletons that include point cloud voxel number as a proxy for biomass, total root system length, volume, depth, convex hull volume and solidity as a function of depth. Ground-truthing these features with biomass measurements from manually dissected root systems showed a high correlation. We evaluated switchgrass, maize, and sorghum root systems to highlight the capability for species wide comparisons. We focused on two switchgrass ecotypes, upland (VS16) and lowland (WBC3), in identical environments to demonstrate widely different root system architectures that may be indicative of core differences in their rhizoeconomic foraging strategies. Finally, we imposed a strong physiological water stress and manipulated the growth medium to demonstrate whole root system plasticity in response to environmental stimuli. Hence, these new "3D Root Mesocosms" and accompanying computational analysis provides a new paradigm for study of mature crop systems and the environmental fluxes that shape them.
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15
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Bouffard J, Careau V, Robinson SA, Bergeron P. Effects of a Neonicotinoid Insecticide and Population Density on Behavior and Development of Wood Frogs (Rana sylvatica). Environ Toxicol Chem 2022; 41:2968-2980. [PMID: 36089896 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Amphibians have been facing global declines over the last decades from direct and indirect effects of anthropogenic activities. A contributor to declines is waterway contamination from agricultural runoffs of pesticides such as neonicotinoids. Beyond direct and indirect effects of the pesticide, few studies have investigated the possible interactions between neonicotinoids and natural environmental stressors across larval development, which could alter the strength and direction of observed neonicotinoid effects. The present study used a fully crossed design to investigate how a concentration of imidacloprid (a neonicotinoid; 10 µg/L) measured in surface waters interacted with low and high population densities (0.33 and 1 tadpole/L, respectively), an important environmental stressor, to influence behavior and development across metamorphosis in wood frogs (Rana sylvatica), known to breed in agricultural landscapes. Behaviors were measured in the absence and presence of predation cues using open-field tests at three distinct developmental stages, up to the metamorph stage. We found that imidacloprid did not interact with population density or independently affect behaviors in the absence of predation cues. However, individuals raised at high density compared with low density were more active at an early developmental stage but less active at metamorphic climax. Furthermore, both density and imidacloprid independently decreased the natural freezing response of tadpoles to predation cues. Finally, we found that distance traveled in the open-field test was weakly repeatable between aquatic stages but not repeatable across metamorphosis, a pattern that was not affected by treatments. The present study provides novel insights on the ecotoxicology of imidacloprid in the presence of a natural stressor, highlighting the importance of including behavioral assays and natural stressors in studies of amphibian ecotoxicology. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:2968-2980. © 2022 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bouffard
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bishop's University, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - V Careau
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - S A Robinson
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - P Bergeron
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bishop's University, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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16
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Bandekar M, Abdolahpur Monikh F, Kekäläinen J, Tahvanainen T, Kortet R, Zhang P, Guo Z, Akkanen J, Leskinen JTT, Gomez-Gonzalez MA, Krishna Darbha G, Grossart HP, Valsami-Jones E, Kukkonen JVK. Submicron Plastic Adsorption by Peat, Accumulation in Sphagnum Mosses and Influence on Bacterial Communities in Peatland Ecosystems. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:15661-15671. [PMID: 36326287 PMCID: PMC9670847 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The smallest fraction of plastic pollution, submicron plastics (SMPs <1 μm) are expected to be ubiquitous in the environment. No information is available about SMPs in peatlands, which have a key role in sequestering carbon in terrestrial ecosystems. It is unknown how these plastic particles might behave and interact with (micro)organisms in these ecosystems. Here, we show that the chemical composition of polystyrene (PS) and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)-SMPs influenced their adsorption to peat. Consequently, this influenced the accumualtion of SMPs by Sphagnum moss and the composition and diversity of the microbial communities in peatland. Natural organic matter (NOM), which adsorbs from the surrounding water to the surface of SMPs, decreased the adsorption of the particles to peat and their accumulation by Sphagnum moss. However, the presence of NOM on SMPs significantly altered the bacterial community structure compared to SMPs without NOM. Our findings show that peatland ecosystems can potentially adsorb plastic particles. This can not only impact mosses themselves but also change the local microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandar Bandekar
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu-Kuopio 80101, Finland
| | - Fazel Abdolahpur Monikh
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu-Kuopio 80101, Finland
- Department
of Plankton and Microbial Ecology, Leibniz
Institute for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, 16775 Stechlin, Germany
| | - Jukka Kekäläinen
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu-Kuopio 80101, Finland
| | - Teemu Tahvanainen
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu-Kuopio 80101, Finland
| | - Raine Kortet
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu-Kuopio 80101, Finland
| | - Peng Zhang
- School
of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Zhiling Guo
- School
of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Jarkko Akkanen
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu-Kuopio 80101, Finland
| | | | | | - Gopala Krishna Darbha
- Environmental
Nanoscience Laboratory, Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Hans-Peter Grossart
- Department
of Plankton and Microbial Ecology, Leibniz
Institute for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, 16775 Stechlin, Germany
- Institute
of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Eugenia Valsami-Jones
- School
of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Jussi V. K. Kukkonen
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu-Kuopio 80101, Finland
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17
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Collard B, Tixier P, Carval D, Lavigne C, Delattre T. Assessing the effect of complex ground types on ground-dwelling arthropod movements with video monitoring: Dealing with concealed movements under a layer of plant residues. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:ECE39072. [PMID: 35845381 PMCID: PMC9271991 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the effect of ground types on foraging movements of ground-dwelling arthropods is a key step to managing their spatial distribution as required for successful conservation biological control. Indeed, fine movements at the centimeter scale can strongly influence the foraging ability of pest predators. However, because radio frequency identification or harmonic tracking techniques are not yet suitable for small species and video tracking focuses on uniform and light backgrounds, foraging movements have rarely been studied in relation to ground types. We present a method to track a ground-dwelling arthropod (the earwig Euborellia caraibea) at night, walking on two contrasted ground types: bare soil and soil partly covered with a stratum of banana plant residues allowing individuals to hide periodically. The tracking of individuals within these ground types was achieved by infrared light, tagging individuals, video treatments, and semi-automatic cleaning of trajectories. We tested different procedures to obtain segments with identical durations to quantify speeds and sinuosities. These procedures were characterized by the junction time gap between trajectory fragments, the rediscretization time of trajectories, and whether or not to use interpolation to fill in missing points in the trajectories. Earwigs exhibited significantly slower and more sinuous movements on soil with banana plant residues than on bare soil. Long time gaps for trajectory junction, extended rediscretization times, and interpolation were complementary means to integrate concealed movements in the trajectories. The highest slowdown in plant residues was detected when the procedure could account for longer periods under the residues. These results suggest that earwigs spent a significant amount of time concealed by the residues. Additionally, the residues strongly decreased the earwigs' movement. Since the technical solutions presented in this study are inexpensive, easy to set up, and replicate, they represent valuable contributions to the emerging field of video monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanche Collard
- INRAEAvignonFrance
- CIRAD, UPR GECOMontpellierFrance
- GECO, Univ Montpellier, CIRADMontpellierFrance
| | - Philippe Tixier
- CIRAD, UPR GECOMontpellierFrance
- GECO, Univ Montpellier, CIRADMontpellierFrance
| | - Dominique Carval
- CIRAD, UPR GECOMontpellierFrance
- GECO, Univ Montpellier, CIRADMontpellierFrance
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18
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Schreider K, Boy J, Sauheitl L, Figueiredo AF, Andrino A, Guggenberger G. Designing a Robust and Versatile System to Investigate Nutrient Exchange in, and Partitioning by, Mycorrhiza ( Populus x canesces x Paxillus involutus) Under Axenic or Greenhouse Conditions. Front Fungal Biol 2022; 3:907563. [PMID: 37746230 PMCID: PMC10512296 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2022.907563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) bioavailability affects plant nutrition. P can be present in soils in different chemical forms that are not available for direct plant uptake and have to be acquired by different mechanisms, representing different resource niches. These mechanisms, of which many seem to be attributed to mycorrhiza, likely influence the diversity and stability of plant communities in natural ecosystems, as they also might help to overcome a future shortage of P supply in agro-ecosystems. In order to understand the mechanisms of P acquisition, the associated carbon costs, and the resource partitioning by mycorrhizal fungi, the ecosystem situation has to be mimicked in smaller scaled experiments. Here, different experimental setups are evaluated using plantlets of Populus x canescens and its functional ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungus Paxillus involututs strain MAJ. To investigate resource partitioning involving mycorrhizae, the protocols of this study describe preparation of an in vitro and a rhizotrone culture systems for studies under axenic conditions as well as a mesocosm culture system for greenhouse conditions. We also describe the construction of separate compartments containing nutrients and excluding plant roots as well as the progress that has been made in in vitro propagation of plant and ECM fungal material. The practical experience made in our study shows that the in vitro culture system is prone to desiccation and its construction and maintenance are more time consuming and complicated. In contrast, with the axenic rhizotrone culture system and the mesocosms we have created more robust and very versatile systems that are also suitable for greenhouse conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jens Boy
- Institute of Soil Science, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Leopold Sauheitl
- Institute of Soil Science, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Alberto Andrino
- Institute of Soil Science, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Georg Guggenberger
- Institute of Soil Science, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Barbosa da Costa N, Hébert MP, Fugère V, Terrat Y, Fussmann GF, Gonzalez A, Shapiro BJ. A Glyphosate-Based Herbicide Cross-Selects for Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Bacterioplankton Communities. mSystems 2022; 7:e0148221. [PMID: 35266795 PMCID: PMC9040730 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01482-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Agrochemicals often contaminate freshwater bodies, affecting microbial communities that underlie aquatic food webs. For example, the herbicide glyphosate has the potential to indirectly select for antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Such cross-selection could occur if the same genes (encoding efflux pumps, for example) confer resistance to both glyphosate and antibiotics. To test for cross-resistance in natural aquatic bacterial communities, we added a glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH) to 1,000-liter mesocosms filled with water from a pristine lake. Over 57 days, we tracked changes in bacterial communities with shotgun metagenomic sequencing and annotated metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) for the presence of known antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), plasmids, and resistance mutations in the enzyme targeted by glyphosate (enolpyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate synthase; EPSPS). We found that high doses of GBH significantly increased ARG frequency and selected for multidrug efflux pumps in particular. The relative abundance of MAGs after a high dose of GBH was predictable based on the number of ARGs in their genomes (17% of variation explained) and, to a lesser extent, by resistance mutations in EPSPS. Together, these results indicate that GBHs can cross-select for antibiotic resistance in natural freshwater bacteria. IMPORTANCE Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) such as Roundup formulations may have the unintended consequence of selecting for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), as demonstrated in previous experiments. However, the effects of GBHs on ARGs remain unknown in natural aquatic communities, which are often contaminated with pesticides from agricultural runoff. Moreover, the resistance provided by ARGs compared to canonical mutations in the glyphosate target enzyme, EPSPS, remains unclear. Here, we performed a freshwater mesocosm experiment showing that a GBH strongly selects for ARGs, particularly multidrug efflux pumps. These selective effects were evident after just a few days, and the ability of bacteria to survive and thrive after GBH stress was predictable by the number of ARGs in their genomes and, to a lesser extent, by mutations in EPSPS. Intensive GBH application may therefore have the unintended consequence of selecting for ARGs in natural freshwater communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naíla Barbosa da Costa
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- Groupe de Recherche Interuniversitaire en Limnologie et Environnement Aquatique (GRIL), Montreal, Canada
| | - Marie-Pier Hébert
- Groupe de Recherche Interuniversitaire en Limnologie et Environnement Aquatique (GRIL), Montreal, Canada
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Vincent Fugère
- Groupe de Recherche Interuniversitaire en Limnologie et Environnement Aquatique (GRIL), Montreal, Canada
- Québec Centre for Biodiversity Science (QCBS), Montreal, Canada
- Département des Sciences de l’Environnement, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | - Yves Terrat
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Gregor F. Fussmann
- Groupe de Recherche Interuniversitaire en Limnologie et Environnement Aquatique (GRIL), Montreal, Canada
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Québec Centre for Biodiversity Science (QCBS), Montreal, Canada
| | - Andrew Gonzalez
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Québec Centre for Biodiversity Science (QCBS), Montreal, Canada
| | - B. Jesse Shapiro
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- Groupe de Recherche Interuniversitaire en Limnologie et Environnement Aquatique (GRIL), Montreal, Canada
- Québec Centre for Biodiversity Science (QCBS), Montreal, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- McGill Genome Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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20
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Griffiths M, Wang X, Dhakal K, Guo H, Seethepalli A, Kang Y, York LM. Interactions among rooting traits for deep water and nitrogen uptake in upland and lowland ecotypes of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.). J Exp Bot 2022; 73:967-979. [PMID: 34604906 PMCID: PMC8793874 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The response of plant growth and development to nutrient and water availability is an important adaptation for abiotic stress tolerance. Roots need to intercept both passing nutrients and water while foraging into new soil layers for further resources. Substantial amounts of nitrate can be lost in the field when leaching into groundwater, yet very little is known about how deep rooting affects this process. Here, we phenotyped root system traits and deep 15N nitrate capture across 1.5 m vertical profiles of solid media using tall mesocosms in switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), a promising cellulosic bioenergy feedstock. Root and shoot biomass traits, photosynthesis and respiration measures, and nutrient uptake and accumulation traits were quantified in response to a water and nitrate stress factorial experiment for switchgrass upland (VS16) and lowland (AP13) ecotypes. The two switchgrass ecotypes shared common plastic abiotic responses to nitrogen (N) and water availability, and yet had substantial genotypic variation for root and shoot traits. A significant interaction between N and water stress combination treatments for axial and lateral root traits represents a complex and shared root development strategy for stress mitigation. Deep root growth and 15N capture were found to be closely linked to aboveground growth. Together, these results represent the wide genetic pool of switchgrass and show that deep rooting promotes nitrate capture, plant productivity, and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Griffiths
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Xueyan Wang
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Kundan Dhakal
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Haichao Guo
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Anand Seethepalli
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Yun Kang
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Larry M York
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
- Biosciences Division and Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
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21
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Timmers MA, Jury CP, Vicente J, Bahr KD, Webb MK, Toonen RJ. Biodiversity of coral reef cryptobiota shuffles but does not decline under the combined stressors of ocean warming and acidification. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2103275118. [PMID: 34544862 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2103275118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean-warming and acidification are predicted to reduce coral reef biodiversity, but the combined effects of these stressors on overall biodiversity are largely unmeasured. Here, we examined the individual and combined effects of elevated temperature (+2 °C) and reduced pH (-0.2 units) on the biodiversity of coral reef communities that developed on standardized sampling units over a 2-y mesocosm experiment. Biodiversity and species composition were measured using amplicon sequencing libraries targeting the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) barcoding gene. Ocean-warming significantly increased species richness relative to present-day control conditions, whereas acidification significantly reduced richness. Contrary to expectations, species richness in the combined future ocean treatment with both warming and acidification was not significantly different from the present-day control treatment. Rather than the predicted collapse of biodiversity under the dual stressors, we find significant changes in the relative abundance but not in the occurrence of species, resulting in a shuffling of coral reef community structure among the highly species-rich cryptobenthic community. The ultimate outcome of altered community structure for coral reef ecosystems will depend on species-specific ecological functions and community interactions. Given that most species on coral reefs are members of the understudied cryptobenthos, holistic research on reef communities is needed to accurately predict diversity-function relationships and ecosystem responses to future climate conditions.
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22
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Junker RR, Eisenhauer N, Schmidt A, Türke M. Invertebrate decline reduces bacterial diversity associated with leaves and flowers. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 97:6307018. [PMID: 34151344 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiab088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Defaunation including invertebrate decline is one of the major consequences of anthropogenic alterations of the environment. Despite recent reports of ubiquitous invertebrate decline, the ecosystem consequences have been rarely documented. We exposed standardized plant communities grown in the iDiv Ecotron to different levels of invertebrate numbers and biomass and tracked effects on the diversity and composition of bacterial communities associated with flowers and leaves of Scorzoneroides autumnalis and Trifolium pratense using next-generation 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Our data indicate that invertebrate decline reduces bacterial richness and β-diversity and alters community composition. These effects may result from direct effects of invertebrates that may serve as dispersal agents of bacteria; or from indirect effects where animal-induced changes in the plant's phenotype shape the niches plants provide for bacterial colonizers. Because bacteria are usually not dispersal limited and because species sorting, i.e. niche-based processes, has been shown to be a dominant process in bacterial community assembly, indirect effects may be more likely. Given that a healthy microbiome is of fundamental importance for the well-being of plants, animals (including humans) and ecosystems, a loss of bacterial diversity may be a dramatic yet previously unknown consequence of current invertebrate decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R Junker
- Evolutionary Ecology of Plants, Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany.,Department of Biosciences, University Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstr. 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anja Schmidt
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstr. 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Community Ecology, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Manfred Türke
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstr. 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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23
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Yoshiura CA, Venturini AM, Braga LPP, da França AG, de Lyra MDCCP, Tsai SM, Rodrigues JLM. Responses of Low-Cost Input Combinations on the Microbial Structure of the Maize Rhizosphere for Greenhouse Gas Mitigation and Plant Biomass Production. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:683658. [PMID: 34276734 PMCID: PMC8278312 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.683658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The microbial composition of the rhizosphere and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions under the most common input combinations in maize (Zea mays L.) cultivated in Brazil have not been characterized yet. In this study, we evaluated the influence of maize stover coverage (S), urea-topdressing fertilization (F), and the microbial inoculant Azospirillum brasilense (I) on soil GHG emissions and rhizosphere microbial communities during maize development. We conducted a greenhouse experiment and measured methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes from soil cultivated with maize plants under factorial combinations of the inputs and a control treatment (F, I, S, FI, FS, IS, FIS, and control). Plant biomass was evaluated, and rhizosphere soil samples were collected at V5 and V15 stages and DNA was extracted. The abundance of functional genes (mcrA, pmoA, nifH, and nosZ) was determined by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and the structure of the microbial community was assessed through 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Our results corroborate with previous studies which used fewer input combinations and revealed different responses for the following three inputs: F increased N2O emissions around 1 week after application; I tended to reduce CH4 and CO2 emissions, acting as a plant growth stimulator through phytohormones; S showed an increment for CO2 emissions by increasing carbon-use efficiency. IS and FIS treatments presented significant gains in biomass that could be related to Actinobacteria (19.0%) and Bacilli (10.0%) in IS, and Bacilli (9.7%) in FIS, which are the microbial taxa commonly associated with lignocellulose degradation. Comparing all factors, the IS (inoculant + maize stover) treatment was considered the best option for plant biomass production and GHG mitigation since FIS provides small gains toward the management effort of F application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio Augusto Yoshiura
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Andressa Monteiro Venturini
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Lucas Palma Perez Braga
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Aline Giovana da França
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | | | - Siu Mui Tsai
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
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24
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Bruckerhoff LA, Pennock CA, Gido KB. Do fine-scale experiments underestimate predator consumption rates? J Anim Ecol 2021; 90:2391-2403. [PMID: 34048063 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Understanding ecological processes across spatial scales helps link observations and predictions from experiments to ecological patterns occurring at coarser scales relevant to management and conservation. Using fish, we experimentally manipulated the size of arenas to test the spatial scaling of predator-prey interactions. We measured variation in predator consumption and prey behaviour (prey aggregation, spatial overlap with predators and movement) across arena sizes. Variation in prey behaviour across arena sizes was hypothesized to drive consumption patterns by altering prey vigilance and encounter rates with predators. Per capita consumption and movement were highest in the largest arena relative to the smallest and we observed a mismatch between where bass were present and the highest densities of prey across all arena sizes. We hypothesize more movement in largest arenas increased encounter rates and drove the observed increase in consumption with increasing arena size. Consumption estimates obtained in experimental studies may underestimate consumption, but understanding the mechanisms driving bias across scales helps predict the outcomes of predator-prey interactions in natural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Casey A Pennock
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.,Department of Watershed Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Keith B Gido
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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25
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Dowd T, McInturf S, Li M, Topp CN. Rated-M for mesocosm: allowing the multimodal analysis of mature root systems in 3D. Emerg Top Life Sci 2021; 5:249-260. [PMID: 33555320 PMCID: PMC8166344 DOI: 10.1042/etls20200278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A plants' water and nutrients are primarily absorbed through roots, which in a natural setting is highly dependent on the 3-dimensional configuration of the root system, collectively known as root system architecture (RSA). RSA is difficult to study due to a variety of factors, accordingly, an arsenal of methods have been developed to address the challenges of both growing root systems for imaging, and the imaging methods themselves, although there is no 'best' method as each has its own spectrum of trade-offs. Here, we describe several methods for plant growth or imaging. Then, we introduce the adaptation and integration of three complementary methods, root mesocosms, photogrammetry, and electrical resistance tomography (ERT). Mesocosms can allow for unconstrained root growth, excavation and preservation of 3-dimensional RSA, and modularity that facilitates the use of a variety of sensors. The recovered root system can be digitally reconstructed through photogrammetry, which is an inexpensive method requiring only an appropriate studio space and a digital camera. Lastly, we demonstrate how 3-dimensional water availability can be measured using ERT inside of root mesocosms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Dowd
- Topp Lab, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 N Warson Road, St. Louis, MO, 63124 U.S.A
| | - Samuel McInturf
- Topp Lab, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 N Warson Road, St. Louis, MO, 63124 U.S.A
| | - Mao Li
- Topp Lab, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 N Warson Road, St. Louis, MO, 63124 U.S.A
| | - Christopher N Topp
- Topp Lab, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 N Warson Road, St. Louis, MO, 63124 U.S.A
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26
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Kox MAR, Smolders AJP, Speth DR, Lamers LPM, Op den Camp HJM, Jetten MSM, van Kessel MAHJ. A Novel Laboratory-Scale Mesocosm Setup to Study Methane Emission Mitigation by Sphagnum Mosses and Associated Methanotrophs. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:652486. [PMID: 33981290 PMCID: PMC8108401 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.651103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Degraded peatlands are often rewetted to prevent oxidation of the peat, which reduces CO2 emission. However, the created anoxic conditions will boost methane (CH4) production and thus emission. Here, we show that submerged Sphagnum peat mosses in rewetted-submerged peatlands can reduce CH4 emission from peatlands with 93%. We were able to mimic the field situation in the laboratory by using a novel mesocosm set-up. By combining these with 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and qPCR analysis of the pmoA and mmoX genes, we showed that submerged Sphagnum mosses act as a niche for CH4 oxidizing bacteria. The tight association between Sphagnum peat mosses and methane oxidizing bacteria (MOB) significantly reduces CH4 emissions by peatlands and can be studied in more detail in the mesocosm setup developed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine A R Kox
- Department of Microbiology, IWWR, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, IWWR, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Alfons J P Smolders
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, IWWR, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,B-WARE Research Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Daan R Speth
- Department of Microbiology, IWWR, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Leon P M Lamers
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, IWWR, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Mike S M Jetten
- Department of Microbiology, IWWR, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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27
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Vanbergen AJ, Boissieres C, Gray A, Chapman DS. Habitat loss, predation pressure and episodic heat-shocks interact to impact arthropods and photosynthetic functioning of microecosystems. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20210032. [PMID: 33823665 PMCID: PMC8059533 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Ecosystems face multiple, potentially interacting, anthropogenic pressures that can modify biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Using a bryophyte-microarthropod microecosystem we tested the combined effects of habitat loss, episodic heat-shocks and an introduced non-native apex predator on ecosystem function (chlorophyll fluorescence as an indicator of photosystem II function) and microarthropod communities (abundance and body size). The photosynthetic function was degraded by the sequence of heat-shock episodes, but unaffected by microecosystem patch size or top-down pressure from the introduced predator. In small microecosystem patches without the non-native predator, Acari abundance decreased with heat-shock frequency, while Collembola abundance increased. These trends disappeared in larger microecosystem patches or when predators were introduced, although Acari abundance was lower in large patches that underwent heat-shocks and were exposed to the predator. Mean assemblage body length (Collembola) was reduced independently in small microecosystem patches and with greater heat-shock frequency. Our experimental simulation of episodic heatwaves, habitat loss and non-native predation pressure in microecosystems produced evidence of individual and potentially synergistic and antagonistic effects on ecosystem function and microarthropod communities. Such complex outcomes of interactions between multiple stressors need to be considered when assessing anthropogenic risks for biota and ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Vanbergen
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Claire Boissieres
- L'Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Toulouse (ENSAT), Avenue de l'Agrobiopole, BP 32607, Auzeville-Tolosane 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Alan Gray
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Daniel S. Chapman
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0QB, UK
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
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28
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Wang JW, He P, Xu J, Ding S. A review on aquatic ecosystem mesocosms. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao 2021; 32:1129-1140. [PMID: 33754581 DOI: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202103.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Aquatic ecosystem mesocosm refers to an artificially constructed near-natural simulation facility in aquatic ecosystem. With aquatic ecosystem mesocosms, experiments on the responses of biological communities can be conducted by controlling physical, chemical and other habitat conditions. Mesocosm experiments can bridge the gap between laboratory experiments and field experiments. Laboratory experiment can only simulate a small number of simple factors, whereas field experimental systems are complex and difficult to conduct controlled experiments. By resear-ching into global long-term mesocosms, we classified them into four types, i.e. flowing type mesocosm, enclosure, land-based simulation pool and mobile experimental tank. The meoscosms gene-rally include physical-biological simulation system, automatic control system, monitoring and analysis system, and central control system. In recent years, aquatic ecosystem research in China has gradually changed from a single environmental factor to the whole ecosystem. We suggest that the construction of the mesocosms in China's aquatic ecosystem should increase the structural complexity and be combined with field in situ monitoring to support large scale simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.,State Environment Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Eco-Process and Function Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Ping He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.,State Environment Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Eco-Process and Function Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.,State Environment Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Eco-Process and Function Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Sen Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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Chaguaceda F, Scharnweber K, Dalman E, Tranvik LJ, Eklöv P. Short-term apparent mutualism drives responses of aquatic prey to increasing productivity. J Anim Ecol 2020; 90:834-845. [PMID: 33340096 PMCID: PMC8048462 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
According to apparent competition theory, sharing a predator should cause indirect interactions among prey that can affect the structure and the dynamics of natural communities. Though shifts in prey dominance and predator resource use along environmental gradients are rather common, empirical evidence on the role of indirect prey-prey interactions through shared predation particularly with increasing productivity, is still scarce. In an 8-week lake mesocosm experiment, we manipulated both the addition of inorganic nutrients and the presence of generalist fish predators (crucian carp, Carassius carassius L.), to test for the effects of indirect interactions through shared predation along a productivity gradient. We found that apparent mutualism (indirect positive interaction) between benthic and pelagic prey strongly affected short-term responses of aquatic food webs to increasing productivity in the presence of a generalist fish. Increasing productivity favoured the relative abundance of benthic prey, following trends in natural productive lake systems. This led to a shift in fish selectivity from pelagic to benthic prey driven by changes in fish behaviour, which resulted in apparent mutualism due to the lower and delayed top-down control of pelagic prey at increasing productivity. Our results show empirical evidence that the coupling of multiple production pathways can lead to strong indirect interactions through shared predation, whereby prey dynamics on short time-scales are highly dependent on the foraging behaviour of generalist predators. This mechanism may play an important role in short-term responses of food webs across environmental gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Chaguaceda
- Department of Ecology and Genetics; Limnology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristin Scharnweber
- Department of Ecology and Genetics; Limnology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik Dalman
- Department of Ecology and Genetics; Limnology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars J Tranvik
- Department of Ecology and Genetics; Limnology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Eklöv
- Department of Ecology and Genetics; Limnology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Ersoy Z, Scharfenberger U, Baho DL, Bucak T, Feldmann T, Hejzlar J, Levi EE, Mahdy A, Nõges T, Papastergiadou E, Stefanidis K, Šorf M, Søndergaard M, Trigal C, Jeppesen E, Beklioğlu M. Impact of nutrients and water level changes on submerged macrophytes along a temperature gradient: A pan-European mesocosm experiment. Glob Chang Biol 2020; 26:6831-6851. [PMID: 32893967 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Submerged macrophytes are of key importance for the structure and functioning of shallow lakes and can be decisive for maintaining them in a clear water state. The ongoing climate change affects the macrophytes through changes in temperature and precipitation, causing variations in nutrient load, water level and light availability. To investigate how these factors jointly determine macrophyte dominance and growth, we conducted a highly standardized pan-European experiment involving the installation of mesocosms in lakes. The experimental design consisted of mesotrophic and eutrophic nutrient conditions at 1 m (shallow) and 2 m (deep) depth along a latitudinal temperature gradient with average water temperatures ranging from 14.9 to 23.9°C (Sweden to Greece) and a natural drop in water levels in the warmest countries (Greece and Turkey). We determined percent plant volume inhabited (PVI) of submerged macrophytes on a monthly basis for 5 months and dry weight at the end of the experiment. Over the temperature gradient, PVI was highest in the shallow mesotrophic mesocosms followed by intermediate levels in the shallow eutrophic and deep mesotrophic mesocosms, and lowest levels in the deep eutrophic mesocosms. We identified three pathways along which water temperature likely affected PVI, exhibiting (a) a direct positive effect if light was not limiting; (b) an indirect positive effect due to an evaporation-driven water level reduction, causing a nonlinear increase in mean available light; and (c) an indirect negative effect through algal growth and, thus, high light attenuation under eutrophic conditions. We conclude that high temperatures combined with a temperature-mediated water level decrease can counterbalance the negative effects of eutrophic conditions on macrophytes by enhancing the light availability. While a water level reduction can promote macrophyte dominance, an extreme reduction will likely decrease macrophyte biomass and, consequently, their capacity to function as a carbon store and food source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Ersoy
- Limnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
- 'Rui Nabeiro' Biodiversity Chair, MED - Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Ulrike Scharfenberger
- Department of River Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ, Magdeburg, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Didier L Baho
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tuba Bucak
- Limnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
- Nature Conservation Centre, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tõnu Feldmann
- Centre for Limnology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartumaa, Estonia
| | - Josef Hejzlar
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Eti E Levi
- Limnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Aldoushy Mahdy
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University (Assiut Branch), Assiut, Egypt
| | - Tiina Nõges
- Centre for Limnology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartumaa, Estonia
| | | | - Konstantinos Stefanidis
- Department of Biology, University of Patras, Rio, Greece
- Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Inland Waters, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Anavissos Attiki, Greece
| | - Michal Šorf
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Søndergaard
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Silkeborg, Denmark
- Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cristina Trigal
- Species Information Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik Jeppesen
- Limnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Silkeborg, Denmark
- Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Centre for Ecosystem Research and Implementation (EKOSAM), Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Meryem Beklioğlu
- Limnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
- Centre for Ecosystem Research and Implementation (EKOSAM), Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
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Abalos J, Pérez i de Lanuza G, Bartolomé A, Liehrmann O, Laakkonen H, Aubret F, Uller T, Carazo P, Font E. No evidence for differential sociosexual behavior and space use in the color morphs of the European common wall lizard ( Podarcis muralis). Ecol Evol 2020; 10:10986-11005. [PMID: 33144943 PMCID: PMC7593164 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Explaining the evolutionary origin and maintenance of color polymorphisms is a major challenge in evolutionary biology. Such polymorphisms are commonly thought to reflect the existence of alternative behavioral or life-history strategies under negative frequency-dependent selection. The European common wall lizard Podarcis muralis exhibits a striking ventral color polymorphism that has been intensely studied and is often assumed to reflect alternative reproductive strategies, similar to the iconic "rock-paper-scissors" system described in the North American lizard Uta stansburiana. However, available studies so far have ignored central aspects in the behavioral ecology of this species that are crucial to assess the existence of alternative reproductive strategies. Here, we try to fill this gap by studying the social behavior, space use, and reproductive performance of lizards showing different color morphs, both in a free-ranging population from the eastern Pyrenees and in ten experimental mesocosm enclosures. In the natural population, we found no differences between morphs in site fidelity, space use, or male-female spatial overlap. Likewise, color morph was irrelevant to sociosexual behavior, space use, and reproductive success within experimental enclosures. Our results contradict the commonly held hypothesis that P. muralis morphs reflect alternative behavioral strategies, and suggest that we should instead turn our attention to alternative functional explanations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Abalos
- Ethology LabInstituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología EvolutivaUniversitat de ValènciaValènciaSpain
| | - Guillem Pérez i de Lanuza
- Ethology LabInstituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología EvolutivaUniversitat de ValènciaValènciaSpain
- CIBIO/InBIOCentro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos da Universidade do PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Alicia Bartolomé
- Ethology LabInstituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología EvolutivaUniversitat de ValènciaValènciaSpain
| | | | | | - Fabien Aubret
- SETEStation d’Ecologie Théorique et ExpérimentaleUMR5321Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueParisFrance
| | | | - Pau Carazo
- Ethology LabInstituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología EvolutivaUniversitat de ValènciaValènciaSpain
| | - Enrique Font
- Ethology LabInstituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología EvolutivaUniversitat de ValènciaValènciaSpain
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Cui Y, Wong SK, Kaneko R, Mouri A, Tada Y, Nagao I, Chun SJ, Lee HG, Ahn CY, Oh HM, Sato-Takabe Y, Suzuki K, Fukuda H, Nagata T, Kogure K, Hamasaki K. Distribution of Dimethylsulfoniopropionate Degradation Genes Reflects Strong Water Current Dependencies in the Sanriku Coastal Region in Japan: From Mesocosm to Field Study. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1372. [PMID: 32754122 PMCID: PMC7370799 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is an important component of the global sulfur cycle as it is the most abundant sulfur compound that is emitted via the ocean surface to the atmosphere. Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), the precursor of DMS, is mainly produced by phytoplankton and is degraded by marine bacteria. To reveal the role of bacteria in the regulation of DMSP degradation and DMS production, mesocosm and field studies were performed in the Sanriku Coast on the Pacific Ocean in northeast Japan. The responsible bacteria for the transformation of DMSP to DMS and the assimilation of DMSP were monitored, and the genes encoding DMSP lyase (dddD and dddP) and DMSP demethylase (dmdA) were analyzed. The mesocosm study showed that the dmdA subclade D was the dominant DMSP degradation gene in the free-living (FL) and particle-associated (PA) fractions. The dddD gene was found in higher abundance than the dddP gene in all the tested samples. Most importantly, DMS concentration was positively correlated with the abundance of the dddD gene. These results indicated that bacteria possessing dmdA and dddD genes were the major contributors to the DMSP degradation and DMS production, respectively. The genes dmdA subclade D and dddP were abundant in the Tsugaru Warm (TW) Current, while the dmdA subclade C/2 and dddD genes were dominant in the Oyashio (OY) Current. Functional gene network analysis also showed that the DMSP degradation genes were divided into OY and TW Current-related modules, and genes sharing similar functions were clustered in the same module. Our data suggest that environmental fluctuations resulted in habitat filtering and niche partitioning of bacteria possessing DMSP degradation genes. Overall, our findings provide novel insights into the distribution and abundance of DMSP degradation genes in a coastal region with different water current systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingshun Cui
- Marine Microbiology, Department of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Shu-Kuan Wong
- Marine Microbiology, Department of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Ryo Kaneko
- National Institute of Polar Research, Tachikawa, Japan
| | - Ayako Mouri
- Marine Microbiology, Department of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Yuya Tada
- Marine Microbiology, Department of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan.,National Institute for Minamata Disease, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ippei Nagao
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Seong-Jun Chun
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea.,National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon-gun, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Gwan Lee
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Chi-Yong Ahn
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hee-Mock Oh
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yuki Sato-Takabe
- Coastal Conservation, International Coastal Research Center, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Suzuki
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hideki Fukuda
- Coastal Conservation, International Coastal Research Center, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshi Nagata
- Marine Biogeochemistry, Department of Chemical Oceanography, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kogure
- Marine Microbiology, Department of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Koji Hamasaki
- Marine Microbiology, Department of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan.,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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33
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Chiudioni F, Marcheggiani S, Puccinelli C, Mancini L. Interaction between bacterial enteric pathogens and aquatic macrophytes. Can Salmonella be internalized in the plants used in phytoremediation processes? Int J Phytoremediation 2020; 23:18-25. [PMID: 32634324 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2020.1786797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The environment is considered a reservoir of pathogens and a possible source of infection for animals and humans. The association between enteric pathogens and food plants has been demonstrated in several studies, while few studies have addressed possible interactions between human pathogens and aquatic plants. This study, performed by setting mesocosms, evaluates the interaction between an enteric pathogen (Salmonella enterica serovar Napoli, S. Napoli) and a macrophyte (Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel) and the possible ability of the bacterium to internalize into the plant. The results show that S. Napoli concentration decreased gradually in growth solution without plants (control) while it was able to persist adhering to submerged parts of plants in treated mesocosms. The adhesion of the bacterium remained stable for 20 days, then decreased gradually until the end of the experiment. In addition, S. Napoli was able to internalize and colonize stems and leaves. In conclusion, the study suggests that macrophytes can represent an alternative environmental reservoir of pathogens for humans and animals. The adhesion to roots and rhizomes and the internalization could contribute to the bacterial persistence in the aquatic ecosystems by playing an important role in ecology and transmission of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Chiudioni
- Department of Enviroment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Marcheggiani
- Department of Enviroment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy
| | - Camilla Puccinelli
- Department of Enviroment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Mancini
- Department of Enviroment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy
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Abstract
Function and abundances shape species interactions and thus ecological communities. While communities are often summarized as the mean function of each species, intraspecific variation in traits and thus function is an important driver of community composition. Ontogeny is a common source of intraspecific variation, but while age-related functional changes can alter species interactions, so too can the effects of those functions on the density of the focal organism. For instance, ontogenetic variation can trigger higher levels of cannibalism, reducing abundances and altering interspecific interactions. I manipulate ontogenetic variation in damselfly larvae to show that intraspecific variation can impact communities through two distinct mechanisms. First, within-species differences affect population sizes, and thus indirectly shape communities (indirect effect). In particular, ontogenetic variation resulted in smaller damselfly populations, likely because of increased cannibalism rates, and thus ontogenetically diverse populations had a smaller total effect on their prey. Second, trait variation can affect communities by creating differences in the strength of per capita species interactions (direct effect). In this case, damselfly populations with greater age variation had smaller per capita effects on prey communities. I conclude that ontogeny of a single species can directly and indirectly shape community composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denon Start
- Center for Population Biology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, 95616, USA
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35
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Yeung F, Chen YH, Lin JD, Leung JM, McCauley C, Devlin JC, Hansen C, Cronkite A, Stephens Z, Drake-Dunn C, Fulmer Y, Shopsin B, Ruggles KV, Round JL, Loke P, Graham AL, Cadwell K. Altered Immunity of Laboratory Mice in the Natural Environment Is Associated with Fungal Colonization. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 27:809-822.e6. [PMID: 32209432 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Free-living mammals, such as humans and wild mice, display heightened immune activation compared with artificially maintained laboratory mice. These differences are partially attributed to microbial exposure as laboratory mice infected with pathogens exhibit immune profiles more closely resembling that of free-living animals. Here, we examine how colonization by microorganisms within the natural environment contributes to immune system maturation by releasing inbred laboratory mice into an outdoor enclosure. In addition to enhancing differentiation of T cell populations previously associated with pathogen exposure, outdoor release increased circulating granulocytes. However, these "rewilded" mice were not infected by pathogens previously implicated in immune activation. Rather, immune system changes were associated with altered microbiota composition with notable increases in intestinal fungi. Fungi isolated from rewilded mice were sufficient in increasing circulating granulocytes. These findings establish a model to investigate how the natural environment impacts immune development and show that sustained fungal exposure impacts granulocyte numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Yeung
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Sackler Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ying-Han Chen
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jian-Da Lin
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Leung
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Caroline McCauley
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Joseph C Devlin
- Sackler Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Christina Hansen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Alex Cronkite
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Zac Stephens
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Charlotte Drake-Dunn
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yi Fulmer
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Bo Shopsin
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kelly V Ruggles
- Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA; Applied Bioinformatics Laboratories, New York Unversity Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - June L Round
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - P'ng Loke
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Andrea L Graham
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Blondeel H, Perring MP, Depauw L, De Lombaerde E, Landuyt D, De Frenne P, Verheyen K. Light and warming drive forest understorey community development in different environments. Glob Chang Biol 2020; 26:1681-1696. [PMID: 31811690 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant community composition and functional traits respond to chronic drivers such as climate change and nitrogen (N) deposition. In contrast, pulse disturbances from ecosystem management can additionally change resources and conditions. Community responses to combined environmental changes may further depend on land-use legacies. Disentangling the relative importance of these global change drivers is necessary to improve predictions of future plant communities. We performed a multifactor global change experiment to disentangle drivers of herbaceous plant community trajectories in a temperate deciduous forest. Communities of five species, assembled from a pool of 15 forest herb species with varying ecological strategies, were grown in 384 mesocosms on soils from ancient forest (forested at least since 1850) and postagricultural forest (forested since 1950) collected across Europe. Mesocosms were exposed to two-level full-factorial treatments of warming, light addition (representing changing forest management) and N enrichment. We measured plant height, specific leaf area (SLA) and species cover over the course of three growing seasons. Increasing light availability followed by warming reordered the species towards a taller herb community, with limited effects of N enrichment or the forest land-use history. Two-way interactions between treatments and incorporating intraspecific trait variation (ITV) did not yield additional inference on community height change. Contrastingly, community SLA differed when considering ITV along with species reordering, which highlights ITV's importance for understanding leaf morphology responses to nutrient enrichment in dark conditions. Contrary to our expectations, we found limited evidence of land-use legacies affecting community responses to environmental changes, perhaps because dispersal limitation was removed in the experimental design. These findings can improve predictions of community functional trait responses to global changes by acknowledging ITV, and subtle changes in light availability. Adaptive forest management to impending global change could benefit the restoration and conservation of understorey plant communities by reducing the light availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haben Blondeel
- Forest & Nature Lab, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Melle-Gontrode, Belgium
| | - Michael P Perring
- Forest & Nature Lab, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Melle-Gontrode, Belgium
- Ecosystem Restoration and Intervention Ecology Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Leen Depauw
- Forest & Nature Lab, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Melle-Gontrode, Belgium
| | - Emiel De Lombaerde
- Forest & Nature Lab, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Melle-Gontrode, Belgium
| | - Dries Landuyt
- Forest & Nature Lab, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Melle-Gontrode, Belgium
| | - Pieter De Frenne
- Forest & Nature Lab, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Melle-Gontrode, Belgium
| | - Kris Verheyen
- Forest & Nature Lab, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Melle-Gontrode, Belgium
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Lindsey-Robbins J, Vázquez-Ortega A, McCluney K, Pelini S. Effects of Detritivores on Nutrient Dynamics and Corn Biomass in Mesocosms. Insects 2019; 10:E453. [PMID: 31847249 DOI: 10.3390/insects10120453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Strategies aimed at managing freshwater eutrophication should be based on practices that consider cropland invertebrates, climatic change, and soil nutrient cycling. Specifically, detritivores play a crucial role in the biogeochemical processes of soil through their consumptive and burrowing activities. Here, we evaluated the effectiveness of increasing detritivore abundance as a strategy for nutrient management under varied rainfall. (2) Methods: We manipulated soil macroinvertebrate abundance and rainfall amount in an agricultural mesocosms. We then measured the phosphorus, nitrogen, and carbon levels within the soil, corn, invertebrates, and soil solution. (3) Results: Increasing detritivore abundance in our soil significantly increased corn biomass by 2.49 g (p < 0.001), reduced weed growth by 18.2% (p < 0.001), and decreased soil solution nitrogen and total organic carbon (p < 0.05) and volume by 31.03 mL (p < 0.001). Detritivore abundance also displayed a significant interaction effect with rainfall treatment to influence soil total P (p = 0.0019), total N (p < 0.001), and total C (p = 0.0146). (4) Conclusions: Soil detritivores play an important role in soil nutrient cycling and soil health. Incorporating soil macroinvertebrate abundance into management strategies for agricultural soil may increase soil health of agroecosystems, preserve freshwater ecosystems, and protect the valuable services they both provide for humans.
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Li Y, Shipley B. Functional niche occupation and species richness in herbaceous plant communities along experimental gradients of stress and disturbance. Ann Bot 2019; 124:861-867. [PMID: 31420646 PMCID: PMC6868399 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The patterns of niche occupation in functional trait space have been widely studied to understand the processes of community assembly, but are rarely linked to environmental conditions (here, stress and disturbance). In this study, we investigate (1) how the pattern of functional niche occupation, incorporating intraspecific trait variation and covariation, varies along experimental gradients of stress and disturbance, (2) whether habitat filtering and/or limiting similarity modify the pattern, and (3) whether their strength varies as a function of species richness or levels of stress and disturbance. METHODS We constructed an experimental system consisting of 24 herbaceous plant mesocosms under different levels of stress and disturbance, and measured ten traits on five individuals for each species in each mesocosm. We quantified the total functional niche volume occupied by an entire mesocosm, the functional niche overlap among species within a mesocosm and the average functional niche volume occupied per species, and investigated how these metrics varied from species-poor to species-rich mesocosms along gradients of stress and disturbance. KEY RESULTS Species richness and functional niche overlap correlated positively to disturbance at low and medium levels of stress, but peaked at the intermediate level of disturbance when stress was high. The total functional niche volume and average functional niche volume did not change significantly along these gradients. Compared to null models, each mesocosm occupied a smaller total functional niche volume (habitat filtering) and the species within each mesocosm overlapped less and were more functionally specialized (limiting similarity). Moreover, the standardized metrics (to the null expectations) did not change significantly under different levels of stress and disturbance. CONCLUSIONS This experimental evidence shows that both habitat filtering and limiting similarity determine the patterns of functional niche occupation and species richness, but their strength does not change along environmental gradients of stress and disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhi Li
- Department of Ecology, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bill Shipley
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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Richardson J, Feuchtmayr H, Miller C, Hunter PD, Maberly SC, Carvalho L. Response of cyanobacteria and phytoplankton abundance to warming, extreme rainfall events and nutrient enrichment. Glob Chang Biol 2019; 25:3365-3380. [PMID: 31095834 PMCID: PMC6852574 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms are an increasing threat to water quality and global water security caused by the nutrient enrichment of freshwaters. There is also a broad consensus that blooms are increasing with global warming, but the impacts of other concomitant environmental changes, such as an increase in extreme rainfall events, may affect this response. One of the potential effects of high rainfall events on phytoplankton communities is greater loss of biomass through hydraulic flushing. Here we used a shallow lake mesocosm experiment to test the combined effects of: warming (ambient vs. +4°C increase), high rainfall (flushing) events (no events vs. seasonal events) and nutrient loading (eutrophic vs. hypertrophic) on total phytoplankton chlorophyll-a and cyanobacterial abundance and composition. Our hypotheses were that: (a) total phytoplankton and cyanobacterial abundance would be higher in heated mesocosms; (b) the stimulatory effects of warming on cyanobacterial abundance would be enhanced in higher nutrient mesocosms, resulting in a synergistic interaction; (c) the recovery of biomass from flushing induced losses would be quicker in heated and nutrient-enriched treatments, and during the growing season. The results supported the first and, in part, the third hypotheses: total phytoplankton and cyanobacterial abundance increased in heated mesocosms with an increase in common bloom-forming taxa-Microcystis spp. and Dolichospermum spp. Recovery from flushing was slowest in the winter, but unaffected by warming or higher nutrient loading. Contrary to the second hypothesis, an antagonistic interaction between warming and nutrient enrichment was detected for both cyanobacteria and chlorophyll-a demonstrating that ecological surprises can occur, dependent on the environmental context. While this study highlights the clear need to mitigate against global warming, oversimplification of global change effects on cyanobacteria should be avoided; stressor gradients and seasonal effects should be considered as important factors shaping the response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Richardson
- Centre for Ecology & HydrologyLancaster Environment CentreLancasterUK
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural SciencesUniversity of StirlingStirlingUK
| | | | - Claire Miller
- School of Mathematics and StatisticsUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Peter D. Hunter
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural SciencesUniversity of StirlingStirlingUK
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Renzi M, Provenza F, Pignattelli S, Cilenti L, Specchiulli A, Pepi M. Mediterranean Coastal Lagoons: The Importance of Monitoring in Sediments the Biochemical Composition of Organic Matter. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:ijerph16183466. [PMID: 31540379 PMCID: PMC6765971 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16183466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Transitional water ecosystems are targeted by the European Union (EU) Water Framework Directive (WFD, CE 2000/60) monitoring programs in coastal zones. Concerning sediments, activities performed for the WFD focus on a few variables concerning the biochemical composition of organic matter. Our research reports the effects of oxygen availability on the biochemical composition of organic matter in sediments to highlight levels of targeted variables in time and, according to the depth of sediment layer, both under oxygenated and anoxic conditions in a mesocosm study on sediment cores. Results provide evidence that tested factors of interest (i.e., disturbance type, oxygenic versus anoxic conditions; persistence time of disturbance, 0-14 days; penetration through sedimentary layers, 0-10 cm depth) are able to significantly affect the biochemical composition of organic matter in sediments. Large part of the variables considered in this study (total organic carbon (TOC), total phosphorous (TP), total sulphur (TS), Fe, carbohydrates (CHO), total proteins (PRT), biopolymeric carbon (BPC), chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) are significantly affected and correlated to the oxygenation levels and could be good early indicators of important changes of environmental conditions. Monitoring activities performed under WFD guidelines and management strategies of Mediterranean coastal lagoon ecosystems shall include the biochemical composition of organic matter in sediment to provide an exhaustive picture of such dynamic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monia Renzi
- Bioscience Research Center, Via Aurelia Vecchia, 32, 58015 Orbetello (GR), Italy.
| | - Francesca Provenza
- Bioscience Research Center, Via Aurelia Vecchia, 32, 58015 Orbetello (GR), Italy.
| | - Sara Pignattelli
- Bioscience Research Center, Via Aurelia Vecchia, 32, 58015 Orbetello (GR), Italy.
| | - Lucrezia Cilenti
- Department of Lesina (FG), National Research Council-Institute for Biological Resources and Marine Biotechnologies (IRBIM), Via Pola 4, 71010 Lesina, Italy.
| | - Antonietta Specchiulli
- Department of Lesina (FG), National Research Council-Institute for Biological Resources and Marine Biotechnologies (IRBIM), Via Pola 4, 71010 Lesina, Italy.
| | - Milva Pepi
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy.
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Machado LF, de Assis Leite DC, da Costa Rachid CTC, Paes JE, Martins EF, Peixoto RS, Rosado AS. Tracking Mangrove Oil Bioremediation Approaches and Bacterial Diversity at Different Depths in an in situ Mesocosms System. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2107. [PMID: 31572322 PMCID: PMC6753392 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, oil spills were simulated in field-based mangrove mesocosms to compare the efficiency of bioremediation strategies and to characterize the presence of the alkB, ndo, assA, and bssA genes and the ecological structures of microbial communities in mangrove sediments at two different depths, (D1) 1–10 cm and (D2) 25–35 cm. The results indicated that the hydrocarbon degradation efficiency was higher in superficial sediment layers, although no differences in the hydrocarbon degradation rates or in the abundances of the alkB and ndo genes were detected among the tested bioremediation strategies at this depth. Samples from the deeper layer exhibited higher abundances of the analyzed genes, except for assA and bssA, which were not detected in our samples. For all of the treatments and depths, the most abundant phyla were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, with Gammaproteobacteria, Flavobacteriales and Clostridiales being the most common classes. The indicator species analysis (ISA) results showed strong distinctions among microbial taxa in response to different treatments and in the two collection depths. Our results indicated a high efficiency of the monitored natural attenuation (MNA) for oil consumption in the tested mangrove sediments, revealing the potential of this strategy for environmental decontamination and suggesting that environmental and ecological factors may select for specific bacterial populations in distinct niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís Feitosa Machado
- Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jorge Eduardo Paes
- Research Center Leopoldo Américo Miguez de Mello, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Edir Ferreira Martins
- Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raquel Silva Peixoto
- Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,IMAM-AquaRio - Rio de Janeiro Aquarium Research Center, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Soares Rosado
- Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,IMAM-AquaRio - Rio de Janeiro Aquarium Research Center, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Start D, Gilbert B. Trait variation across biological scales shapes community structure and ecosystem function. Ecology 2019; 100:e02769. [PMID: 31162633 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Trait variation underlies our understanding of the patterns and importance of biodiversity, yet we have a poor understanding of how variation at different levels of biological organization structures communities and ecosystems. Here, we use a mesocosm experiment to test for the effects of a larval dragonfly functional trait on community and ecosystem dynamics by creating artificial populations to mirror within- and between-population trait variation observed in our study area. Specifically, we manipulate variation in activity rate, a key functional trait shaping food webs, across three levels of biological organization: within-populations (differences in trait variation in a population), among-populations (differences in population mean trait values), and among-species (species-level differences of co-occurring dragonflies). We show that differences in activity rate alter prey communities, trophic cascades, and multiple ecosystem processes. However, trait variation among populations had much larger effects than differences between co-occurring species or even the presence of a predator, whereas within-population variation had a relatively minor impact. Interestingly, combined with earlier work in the same system, our study suggests that the relative importance of species vs. individual level differences for ecosystem functioning will depend on the spatial scale considered. Ecological processes, including biodiversity-ecosystem-functioning relationships, cannot be understood without accounting for trait variation across biological scales of organization, including at fine scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denon Start
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S3B2, Canada
| | - Benjamin Gilbert
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S3B2, Canada
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Masion A, Auffan M, Rose J. Monitoring the Environmental Aging of Nanomaterials: An Opportunity for Mesocosm Testing? Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:ma12152447. [PMID: 31370318 PMCID: PMC6696399 DOI: 10.3390/ma12152447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Traditional aging protocols typically examine only the effects of a limited number of stresses, and relatively harsh conditions may trigger degradation mechanisms that are not observed in actual situations. Environmental aging is, in essence, the complex interaction of multiple mechanical, physicochemical and biological stresses. As yet, there is no (pre)standardized procedure that addresses this issue in a satisfactory manner. Mesocosm experiments can be designed to specifically cover the aging of nanomaterials while characterizing the associated exposure and hazard. The scenario of exposure and the life time of the nanomaterial appear as the predominant factors in the design of the experiment, and appropriate precautions need to be taken. This should the subject of guidance that may be divided into product/application categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armand Masion
- CNRS, Aix Marseille Université., IRD, INRA, Coll France, CEREGE, Europole Arbois, BP 80, 13545 Aix en Provence, France.
- Labex SERENADE, Europole Arbois, 13545 Aix en Provence, France.
| | - Mélanie Auffan
- CNRS, Aix Marseille Université., IRD, INRA, Coll France, CEREGE, Europole Arbois, BP 80, 13545 Aix en Provence, France
- Labex SERENADE, Europole Arbois, 13545 Aix en Provence, France
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke university, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Jérôme Rose
- CNRS, Aix Marseille Université., IRD, INRA, Coll France, CEREGE, Europole Arbois, BP 80, 13545 Aix en Provence, France
- Labex SERENADE, Europole Arbois, 13545 Aix en Provence, France
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke university, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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Chamberlin CA, Bernhardt ES, Rosi EJ, Heffernan JB. Stoichiometry and daily rhythms: experimental evidence shows nutrient limitation decouples N uptake from photosynthesis. Ecology 2019; 100:e02822. [PMID: 31310322 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Diel variability in nutrient concentrations is common but not universal in aquatic ecosystems. Theoretical models of photoautotrophic systems attribute the absence of diel uptake variation to nutrient scarcity, such that diel variability in nutrient uptake disappears as nutrients become limiting. We tested this prediction in a mesocosm experiment, by exposing benthic algal communities to a range of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus concentrations and recording the rates of uptake during both day and night. We found that higher concentrations of N produced diel variability in uptake and that the difference between the day and night total mass uptakes approximately equaled N demand for observed primary production as seen in other studies. At lower concentrations of N, uptake rates during the day and night were indistinguishable. These results are the first empirical evidence to imply that diel nitrate patterns in streams and rivers indicate a release from N limitation and offer a new way to assess nutrient limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily S Bernhardt
- Biology Department, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, USA
| | - Emma J Rosi
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Science, Millbrook, New York, 12545, USA
| | - James B Heffernan
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, USA
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45
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Voigt C, Marushchak ME, Mastepanov M, Lamprecht RE, Christensen TR, Dorodnikov M, Jackowicz-Korczyński M, Lindgren A, Lohila A, Nykänen H, Oinonen M, Oksanen T, Palonen V, Treat CC, Martikainen PJ, Biasi C. Ecosystem carbon response of an Arctic peatland to simulated permafrost thaw. Glob Chang Biol 2019; 25:1746-1764. [PMID: 30681758 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Permafrost peatlands are biogeochemical hot spots in the Arctic as they store vast amounts of carbon. Permafrost thaw could release part of these long-term immobile carbon stocks as the greenhouse gases (GHGs) carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and methane (CH4 ) to the atmosphere, but how much, at which time-span and as which gaseous carbon species is still highly uncertain. Here we assess the effect of permafrost thaw on GHG dynamics under different moisture and vegetation scenarios in a permafrost peatland. A novel experimental approach using intact plant-soil systems (mesocosms) allowed us to simulate permafrost thaw under near-natural conditions. We monitored GHG flux dynamics via high-resolution flow-through gas measurements, combined with detailed monitoring of soil GHG concentration dynamics, yielding insights into GHG production and consumption potential of individual soil layers. Thawing the upper 10-15 cm of permafrost under dry conditions increased CO2 emissions to the atmosphere (without vegetation: 0.74 ± 0.49 vs. 0.84 ± 0.60 g CO2 -C m-2 day-1 ; with vegetation: 1.20 ± 0.50 vs. 1.32 ± 0.60 g CO2 -C m-2 day-1 , mean ± SD, pre- and post-thaw, respectively). Radiocarbon dating (14 C) of respired CO2 , supported by an independent curve-fitting approach, showed a clear contribution (9%-27%) of old carbon to this enhanced post-thaw CO2 flux. Elevated concentrations of CO2 , CH4 , and dissolved organic carbon at depth indicated not just pulse emissions during the thawing process, but sustained decomposition and GHG production from thawed permafrost. Oxidation of CH4 in the peat column, however, prevented CH4 release to the atmosphere. Importantly, we show here that, under dry conditions, peatlands strengthen the permafrost-carbon feedback by adding to the atmospheric CO2 burden post-thaw. However, as long as the water table remains low, our results reveal a strong CH4 sink capacity in these types of Arctic ecosystems pre- and post-thaw, with the potential to compensate part of the permafrost CO2 losses over longer timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Voigt
- Department of Geography, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Maija E Marushchak
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Mikhail Mastepanov
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Richard E Lamprecht
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Torben R Christensen
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maxim Dorodnikov
- Department of Soil Science of Temperate Ecosystems, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marcin Jackowicz-Korczyński
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Amelie Lindgren
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Hannu Nykänen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markku Oinonen
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Oksanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Vesa Palonen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Claire C Treat
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pertti J Martikainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Christina Biasi
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Speights CJ, Wolff CL, Barton ME, Barton BT. Why and How to Create Nighttime Warming Treatments for Ecological Field Experiments. Yale J Biol Med 2018; 91:471-480. [PMID: 30588212 PMCID: PMC6302633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
While average global temperatures are increasing, a disproportionate amount of warming can be attributed to increasing nighttime temperatures rather than increasing daytime temperatures. Theory predicts that the timing of warming can generate different effects on organisms and their interactions within ecosystems. This occurs because an organism's response to warming depends on the current temperature. For example, warming when temperatures are low may have positive effects on an organism, while warming when temperatures are already high may have negative effects on an organism. Most field experiments that examine the ecological effects of climate warming employ warming methodologies that disproportionately elevate daytime warming treatments. The bias towards daytime warming treatments may arise because daytime temperatures can be manipulated with relatively simple and inexpensive technology that capitalizes on solar energy, such as open-top chambers that create a "greenhouse effect" or shade structures that reduce temperatures. However, these popular methods are ineffective when solar radiation is absent, and thus do not create warming treatments that accurately mimic the temporal patterns of climate warming. To encourage the investigation of nighttime warming's effect on ecosystems, we discuss why daytime and nighttime warming may have different effects on organisms, then present a review of methods that can be employed to elevate nighttime temperature in terrestrial field experiments. For each method, we offer a brief explanation, an evaluation of its pros and cons, and citations for further reference, as well as empirical data when possible. While some are impractical, we attempt to provide a comprehensive list of potential nighttime warming methods in hopes of stimulating ideas and discussions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cori J. Speights
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS
| | - Carter L. Wolff
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS
| | - Martha E. Barton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS
| | - Brandon T. Barton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS
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Islam MS, Hunt TD, Liu Z, Butler KL, Dugdale TM. Sediment Facilitates Microbial Degradation of the Herbicides Endothall Monoamine Salt and Endothall Dipotassium Salt in an Aquatic Environment. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018; 15:ijerph15102255. [PMID: 30326645 PMCID: PMC6211108 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15102255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Endothall dipotassium salt and monoamine salt are herbicide formulations used for controlling submerged aquatic macrophytes and algae in aquatic ecosystems. Microbial activity is the primary degradation pathway for endothall. To better understand what influences endothall degradation, we conducted a mesocosm experiment to (1) evaluate the effects of different water and sediment sources on degradation, and (2) determine if degradation was faster in the presence of a microbial community previously exposed to endothall. Endothall residues were determined with LC-MS at intervals to 21 days after endothall application. Two endothall isomers were detected. Isomer-1 was abundant in both endothall formulations, while isomer-2 was only abundant in the monoamine endothall formulation and was more persistent. Degradation did not occur in the absence of sediment. In the presence of sediment, degradation of isomer-1 began after a lag phase of 5–11 days and was almost complete by 14 days. Onset of degradation occurred 2–4 days sooner when the microbial population was previously exposed to endothall. We provide direct evidence that the presence and characteristics of sediment are of key importance in the degradation of endothall in an aquatic environment, and that monoamine endothall has two separate isomers that have different degradation characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shahidul Islam
- Centre for AgriBioscience, Agriculture Victoria, 5 Ring Rd, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3088, Australia.
| | - Trevor D Hunt
- Centre for AgriBioscience, Agriculture Victoria, 5 Ring Rd, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3088, Australia.
| | - Zhiqian Liu
- Centre for AgriBioscience, Agriculture Victoria, 5 Ring Rd, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3088, Australia.
| | - Kym L Butler
- Biometrics Unit, Hamilton Centre, Agriculture Victoria, 915 Mt Napier Rd, Hamilton 3300, Australia.
| | - Tony M Dugdale
- Centre for AgriBioscience, Agriculture Victoria, 5 Ring Rd, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3088, Australia.
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Brown BL, Downing AL, Leibold MA. Compensatory dynamics stabilize aggregate community properties in response to multiple types of perturbations. Ecology 2018; 97:2021-2033. [PMID: 27859207 DOI: 10.1890/15-1951.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Compensatory dynamics are an important suite of mechanisms that can stabilize community and ecosystem attributes in systems subject to environmental fluctuations. However, few experimental investigations of compensatory dynamics have addressed these mechanisms in systems of real-world complexity, and existing evidence relies heavily on correlative analyses, retrospective examination, and experiments in simple systems. We investigated the potential for compensatory dynamics to stabilize plankton communities in plankton mesocosm systems of real-world complexity. We employed four types of perturbations including two types of nutrient pulses, shading, and acidification. To quantify how communities responded to these perturbations, we used a measure of community-wide synchrony combined with spectral analysis that allowed us to assess timescale-specific community dynamics, for example, whether dynamics were synchronous at some timescales but compensatory at others. The 150-d experiment produced 32-point time series of all zooplankton taxa in the mesocosms. We then used those time series to evaluate total zooplankton biomass as an aggregate property and to evaluate community dynamics. For three of our four perturbation types, total zooplankton biomass was significantly less variable in systems with environmental variation than in constant environments. For the same three perturbation types, community-wide synchrony was much lower in fluctuating environments than in the constant environment, particularly at longer timescales (periods ≈ 60 d). Additionally, there were strong negative correlations between population temporal variances and the level of community-wide synchrony. Taken together, these results strongly imply that compensatory interactions between species stabilized total biomass in response to perturbations. Diversity did not differ significantly across either treatments or perturbation types, thus ruling out several classes of mechanisms driven by changes in diversity. We also used several pieces of secondary evidence to evaluate the particular mechanism behind compensatory responses since a wide variety of mechanisms are hypothesized to produce compensatory dynamics. We concluded that fluctuation dependent endogenous cycles that occur as a consequence of consumer-resource interactions in competitive communities were the most likely explanation for the compensatory dynamics observed in our experiment. As with our previous work, scale-dependent dynamics were also a key to understanding compensatory dynamics in these experimental communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan L Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, USA
| | - Amy L Downing
- Department of Zoology, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, Ohio, 43015, USA
| | - Mathew A Leibold
- Integrative Biology, University of Texas, 1 University Station C0930, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
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Goldenberg SU, Nagelkerken I, Ferreira CM, Ullah H, Connell SD. Boosted food web productivity through ocean acidification collapses under warming. Glob Chang Biol 2017; 23:4177-4184. [PMID: 28447365 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Future climate is forecast to drive bottom-up (resource driven) and top-down (consumer driven) change to food web dynamics and community structure. Yet, our predictive understanding of these changes is hampered by an over-reliance on simplified laboratory systems centred on single trophic levels. Using a large mesocosm experiment, we reveal how future ocean acidification and warming modify trophic linkages across a three-level food web: that is, primary (algae), secondary (herbivorous invertebrates) and tertiary (predatory fish) producers. Both elevated CO2 and elevated temperature boosted primary production. Under elevated CO2 , the enhanced bottom-up forcing propagated through all trophic levels. Elevated temperature, however, negated the benefits of elevated CO2 by stalling secondary production. This imbalance caused secondary producer populations to decline as elevated temperature drove predators to consume their prey more rapidly in the face of higher metabolic demand. Our findings demonstrate how anthropogenic CO2 can function as a resource that boosts productivity throughout food webs, and how warming can reverse this effect by acting as a stressor to trophic interactions. Understanding the shifting balance between the propagation of resource enrichment and its consumption across trophic levels provides a predictive understanding of future dynamics of stability and collapse in food webs and fisheries production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvan U Goldenberg
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences & The Environment Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ivan Nagelkerken
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences & The Environment Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Camilo M Ferreira
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences & The Environment Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Hadayet Ullah
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences & The Environment Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sean D Connell
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences & The Environment Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Marshak AR, Heck KL. Interactions between range-expanding tropical fishes and the northern Gulf of Mexico red snapper Lutjanus campechanus. J Fish Biol 2017; 91:1139-1165. [PMID: 28905373 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Experimental investigation of the intensity of potential competitive interactions among increasingly abundant tropically-associated grey Lutjanus griseus and lane snapper Lutjanus synagris and resident northern Gulf of Mexico (nGOM) red snapper Lutjanus campechanus was undertaken in large outdoor mesocosms. In pair-wise interaction trials, compared with L. synagris, L. campechanus demonstrated significantly increased roving behaviour and predatory activity. While no significant difference in these activities was observed between L. campechanus and L. griseus, when all three snappers (Lutjanidae) were grouped together L. campechanus swimming activity significantly decreased in the presence of both tropically-associated species. Overall, L. campechanus were more active and aggressive predators and appear to be competitively resistant to L. griseus and L. synagris. As lower latitude species have continued to become increasingly prevalent in nGOM habitats and regional warming continues to affect resident reef-associated fishes, these findings contribute to the assessment of the effects of warming-related species shifts upon nGOM fishes and document current partial resilience of L. campechanus to climate-related expansions of tropical confamilials.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Marshak
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36688, U.S.A
- Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL, 36528, U.S.A
| | - K L Heck
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36688, U.S.A
- Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, AL, 36528, U.S.A
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