1
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Castric V, Batista RA, Carré A, Mousavi S, Mazoyer C, Godé C, Gallina S, Ponitzki C, Theron A, Bellec A, Marande W, Santoni S, Mariotti R, Rubini A, Legrand S, Billiard S, Vekemans X, Vernet P, Saumitou-Laprade P. The homomorphic self-incompatibility system in Oleaceae is controlled by a hemizygous genomic region expressing a gibberellin pathway gene. Curr Biol 2024; 34:1967-1976.e6. [PMID: 38626763 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
In flowering plants, outcrossing is commonly ensured by self-incompatibility (SI) systems. These can be homomorphic (typically with many different allelic specificities) or can accompany flower heteromorphism (mostly with just two specificities and corresponding floral types). The SI system of the Oleaceae family is unusual, with the long-term maintenance of only two specificities but often without flower morphology differences. To elucidate the genomic architecture and molecular basis of this SI system, we obtained chromosome-scale genome assemblies of Phillyrea angustifolia individuals and related them to a genetic map. The S-locus region proved to have a segregating 543-kb indel unique to one specificity, suggesting a hemizygous region, as observed in all distylous systems so far studied at the genomic level. Only one of the predicted genes in this indel region is found in the olive tree, Olea europaea, genome, also within a segregating indel. We describe complete association between the presence/absence of this gene and the SI types determined for individuals of seven distantly related Oleaceae species. This gene is predicted to be involved in catabolism of the gibberellic acid (GA) hormone, and experimental manipulation of GA levels in developing buds modified the male and female SI responses of the two specificities in different ways. Our results provide a unique example of a homomorphic SI system, where a single conserved gibberellin-related gene in a hemizygous indel underlies the long-term maintenance of two groups of reproductive compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Castric
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198, Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Rita A Batista
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198, Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Amélie Carré
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198, Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Soraya Mousavi
- CNR, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (IBBR), 06128 Perugia, Italy
| | - Clément Mazoyer
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198, Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Cécile Godé
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198, Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Sophie Gallina
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198, Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Chloé Ponitzki
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198, Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Anthony Theron
- INRAE, CNRGV French Plant Genomic Resource Center, F-31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Arnaud Bellec
- INRAE, CNRGV French Plant Genomic Resource Center, F-31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - William Marande
- INRAE, CNRGV French Plant Genomic Resource Center, F-31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Sylvain Santoni
- UMR DIAPC Diversité et adaptation des plantes cultivées, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Roberto Mariotti
- CNR, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (IBBR), 06128 Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Rubini
- CNR, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (IBBR), 06128 Perugia, Italy
| | - Sylvain Legrand
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198, Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Sylvain Billiard
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198, Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Xavier Vekemans
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198, Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Philippe Vernet
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198, Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000 Lille, France
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2
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Morin A. The Self Course: Lessons Learned from Students' Weekly Questions. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:525. [PMID: 37503972 PMCID: PMC10376065 DOI: 10.3390/bs13070525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, I tentatively answer 50 questions sampled from a pool of over 10,000 weekly questions formulated by students in a course entitled "The Self". The questions pertain to various key topics related to self-processes, such as self-awareness, self-knowledge, self-regulation, self-talk, self-esteem, and self-regulation. The students' weekly questions and their answers highlight what is currently known about the self. Answers to the student questions also allow for the identification of some recurrent lessons about the self. Some of these lessons include: all self-processes are interconnected (e.g., prospection depends on autobiography), self-terms must be properly defined (e.g., self-rumination and worry are not the same), inner speech plays an important role in self-processes, controversies are numerous (are animals self-aware?), measurement issues abound (e.g., self-recognition as an operationalization of self-awareness), deficits in some self-processes can have devastating effects (e.g., self-regulatory deficits may lead to financial problems), and there are lots of unknowns about the self (e.g., gender differences in Theory-of-Mind).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Morin
- Department of Psychology, Mount Royal University, 4825 Richard Road S.W., Calgary, AB T3E 6K6, Canada
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3
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Azevedo RT, Diaz-Siso JR, Alfonso AR, Ramly EP, Kantar RS, Berman ZP, Diep GK, Rifkin WJ, Rodriguez ED, Tsakiris M. Re-cognizing the new self: The neurocognitive plasticity of self-processing following facial transplantation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2211966120. [PMID: 36972456 PMCID: PMC10083597 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2211966120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The face is a defining feature of our individuality, crucial for our social interactions. But what happens when the face connected to the self is radically altered or replaced? We address the plasticity of self-face recognition in the context of facial transplantation. While the acquisition of a new face following facial transplantation is a medical fact, the experience of a new identity is an unexplored psychological outcome. We traced the changes in self-face recognition before and after facial transplantation to understand if and how the transplanted face gradually comes to be perceived and recognized as the recipient's own new face. Neurobehavioral evidence documents a strong representation of the pre-injury appearance pre-operatively, while following the transplantation, the recipient incorporates the new face into his self-identity. The acquisition of this new facial identity is supported by neural activity in medial frontal regions that are considered to integrate psychological and perceptual aspects of the self.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben T. Azevedo
- Department of Psychology, University of Kent, CanterburyCT2 7NP, UK
| | - J. Rodrigo Diaz-Siso
- Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY10016
| | - Allyson R. Alfonso
- Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY10016
| | - Elie P. Ramly
- Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY10016
| | - Rami S. Kantar
- Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY10016
| | - Zoe P. Berman
- Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY10016
| | - Gustave K. Diep
- Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY10016
| | - William J. Rifkin
- Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY10016
| | - Eduardo D. Rodriguez
- Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY10016
| | - Manos Tsakiris
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, EghamTW20 0EX, UK
- The Warburg Institute, School of Advanced Studies, University of London, LondonWC1H 0AB, UK
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4
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Lei Y. Sociality and self-awareness in animals. Front Psychol 2023; 13:1065638. [PMID: 36710826 PMCID: PMC9881685 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1065638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Recognizing one's mirror reflection appears to be a simple task, but beyond humans, few animals have demonstrated this capability. Mirror self-recognition is indicative of self-awareness, which is one's capacity for self-directed knowledge. This theoretical paper examines literature from the past 50 years regarding self-recognition in over 30 species. Animals are classified based on the quantity and quality of research supporting evidence of their self-recognition abilities. Additionally, animals are classified as either social or solitary. It was found that only social animals have consistently demonstrated self-recognition, while solitary species studied so far do not seem to possess this trait. This finding aligns with the social intelligence hypothesis. This paper also reveals a lack of research on solitary species and recommends future studies examine self-recognition in these animals. A meta-analysis quantifying sociality on a numerical scale is also recommended. Given the existing evidence, this article proposes that social animals are more likely to be self-aware than solitary species.
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Zhou Y, Luo J, Liu T, Wen T, Williams-Pavlantos K, Wesdemiotis C, Cheng SZD, Liu T. Molecular Geometry-Directed Self-Recognition in the Self-Assembly of Giant Amphiphiles. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200216. [PMID: 35557023 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Three sets of polyoxometalate (POM)-based amphiphilic hybrid macromolecules with different rigidity in their organic tails are used as models to understand the effect of molecular rigidity on their possible self-recognition feature during self-assembly processes. Self-recognition is achieved in the mixed solution of two structurally similar, sphere-rigid T-shape-linked oligofluorene(TOF4 ) rod amphiphiles, with the hydrophilic clusters being Anderson (Anderson-TOF4 ) and Dawson (Dawson-TOF4 ), respectively. Anderson-TOF4 is observed to self-assemble into onion-like multilayer structures and Dawson-TOF4 forms multilayer vesicles. The self-assembly is controlled by the interdigitation of hydrophobic rods and the counterion-mediated attraction among charged hydrophilic inorganic clusters. When the hydrophobic blocks are less rigid, e.g., partially rigid polystyrene and fully flexible alkyl chains, self-recognition is not observed, attributing to the flexible conformation of hydrophobic molecules in the solvophobic domain. This study reveals that the self-recognition among amphiphiles can be achieved by the geometrical limitation of the supramolecular structure due to the rigidity of solvophobic domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhou
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Jiancheng Luo
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Tong Liu
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Tao Wen
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 50610, China
| | | | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA.,Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Stephen Z D Cheng
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA.,South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 50610, China
| | - Tianbo Liu
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
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6
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La Manna S, Florio D, Di Natale C, Marasco D. Modulation of hydrogel networks by metal ions. J Pept Sci 2022:e3474. [PMID: 36579727 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembling hydrogels are receiving great attention for both biomedical and technological applications. Self-assembly of protein/peptides as well as organic molecules is commonly induced in response to external triggers such as changes of temperature, concentration, or pH. An interesting strategy to modulate the morphology and mechanical properties of the gels implies the use of metal ions, where coordination bonds regulate the dynamic cross-linking in the construction of hydrogels, and coordination geometries, catalytic, and redox properties of metal ions play crucial roles. This review aims to discuss recent insights into the supramolecular assembly of hydrogels involving metal ions, with a focus on self-assembling peptides, as well as applications of metallogels in biomedical fields including tissue engineering, sensing, wound healing, and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara La Manna
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Daniele Florio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Concetta Di Natale
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.,Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Marasco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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7
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Asakage S, Nakano T. The salience network is activated during self-recognition from both first-person and third-person perspectives. Hum Brain Mapp 2022; 44:559-570. [PMID: 36129447 PMCID: PMC9842878 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We usually observe ourselves from two perspectives. One is the first-person perspective, which we perceive directly with our own eyes, and the other is the third-person perspective, which we observe ourselves in a mirror or a picture. However, whether the self-recognition associated with these two perspectives has a common or separate neural basis remains unclear. To address this, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine brain activity while participants viewed pretaped video clips of themselves and others engaged in meal preparation taken from first-person and third-person perspectives. We found that the first-person behavioral videos of the participants and others induced greater activation in the premotor-intraparietal region. In contrast, the third-person behavioral videos induced greater activation in the default mode network compared with the first-person videos. Regardless of the perspective, the videos of the participants induced greater activation in the salience network than the videos of others. On the other hand, the videos of others induced greater activation in the precuneus and lingual gyrus than the videos of the participants. These results suggest that the salience network is commonly involved in self-recognition from both perspectives, even though the brain regions involved in action observation for the two perspectives are distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Asakage
- Graduate School of Frontiers BioscienceOsaka UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Tamami Nakano
- Graduate School of Frontiers BioscienceOsaka UniversityOsakaJapan,Graduate School of MedicineOsaka UniversityOsakaJapan,Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet)OsakaJapan
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8
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Zhou SB, Xue M, Shi W, Fan K, Chen YX, Chen QY, Wang J, Lu JS, Li XH, Zhuo M. Enhancement of behavioral nociceptive responses but not itching responses by viewing mirror images in adult mice. Mol Pain 2022; 18:17448069221111158. [PMID: 35712881 PMCID: PMC9248046 DOI: 10.1177/17448069221111158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Can mice recognize themselves in a mirror? The answer is unclear. Previous studies have reported that adult mice - when shown itch-like videos - demonstrated itch empathy. However, this was proven to be unreproducible in other studies. In the present study, we wanted to examine whether adult mice were able to recognize their mirror image. In our testing, we found that mice spent more time in the central area in an open field with mirrors surrounding the chamber than those in a normal open field. In a similar open field test with four mice placed in four directions, mice showed similar behavioral responses to those with mirrors. These results indicate that mice are able to recognize images in the mirror, however, they cannot distinguish their own mirror images from the mirror images of other mice. To repeat the experiments of itch empathy, we compared the itch responses of mice in the mirrored environment, to those without. No significant difference in itching responses was detected. Differently, in the case of chemical pain (formalin injection), animals' nociceptive responses to formalin during Phase II were significantly enhanced in the mirrored open field. A new format of heat map was developed to help the analysis of the trace of mice in the open field. Our results suggest that mice do recognize the presence of mice in the mirror, and their nociceptive - but not itch - responses are enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Bo Zhou
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institutes of Science and Technology, 528996Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Man Xue
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institutes of Science and Technology, 528996Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wantong Shi
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institutes of Science and Technology, 528996Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kexin Fan
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institutes of Science and Technology, 528996Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu-Xin Chen
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institutes of Science and Technology, 528996Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qi-Yu Chen
- Institute of Brain Research, Qingdao International Academician Park, Shandong, China
| | - Jinjun Wang
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, 12480Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing-Shan Lu
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institutes of Science and Technology, 528996Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Institute of Brain Research, Qingdao International Academician Park, Shandong, China.,Oujiang Laboratory(Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Zhejiang, China
| | - Xu-Hui Li
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institutes of Science and Technology, 528996Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Institute of Brain Research, Qingdao International Academician Park, Shandong, China
| | - Min Zhuo
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institutes of Science and Technology, 528996Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Institute of Brain Research, Qingdao International Academician Park, Shandong, China.,Oujiang Laboratory(Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Zhejiang, China.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Medical Science Building, Toronto, ON, Canada
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9
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Goodman KM, Katsamba PS, Rubinstein R, Ahlsén G, Bahna F, Mannepalli S, Dan H, Sampogna RV, Shapiro L, Honig B. How clustered protocadherin binding specificity is tuned for neuronal self-/non self-recognition. eLife 2022; 11:e72416. [PMID: 35253643 PMCID: PMC8901172 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The stochastic expression of fewer than 60 clustered protocadherin (cPcdh) isoforms provides diverse identities to individual vertebrate neurons and a molecular basis for self-/nonself-discrimination. cPcdhs form chains mediated by alternating cis and trans interactions between apposed membranes, which has been suggested to signal self-recognition. Such a mechanism requires that cPcdh cis dimers form promiscuously to generate diverse recognition units, and that trans interactions have precise specificity so that isoform mismatches terminate chain growth. However, the extent to which cPcdh interactions fulfill these requirements has not been definitively demonstrated. Here, we report biophysical experiments showing that cPcdh cis interactions are promiscuous, but with preferences favoring formation of heterologous cis dimers. Trans homophilic interactions are remarkably precise, with no evidence for heterophilic interactions between different isoforms. A new C-type cPcdh crystal structure and mutagenesis data help to explain these observations. Overall, the interaction characteristics we report for cPcdhs help explain their function in neuronal self-/nonself-discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Marie Goodman
- Zuckerman Mind, Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Phinikoula S Katsamba
- Zuckerman Mind, Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Rotem Rubinstein
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Tel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Göran Ahlsén
- Zuckerman Mind, Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Fabiana Bahna
- Zuckerman Mind, Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Seetha Mannepalli
- Zuckerman Mind, Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Hanbin Dan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Rosemary V Sampogna
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Lawrence Shapiro
- Zuckerman Mind, Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Barry Honig
- Zuckerman Mind, Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
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10
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Lavallé L, Dondé C, Gawęda Ł, Brunelin J, Mondino M. Impaired self-recognition in individuals with no full-blown psychotic symptoms represented across the continuum of psychosis: a meta-analysis. Psychol Med 2021; 51:2864-2874. [PMID: 32466806 DOI: 10.1017/s003329172000152x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impairments in self-recognition (i.e. recognition of own thoughts and actions) have been repeatedly shown in individuals with schizophrenia. According to classical clinical characterizations, schizophrenia is included in a continuum encompassing a large range of genetic statuses, psychotic states and symptoms. The current meta-analysis aims to determine whether self-recognition is affected by individuals within the psychosis continuum. METHOD Three populations were considered: people with an at-risk mental state for psychosis (ARMS), hallucination-prone individuals and unaffected relatives of patients with schizophrenia. Eleven studies contrasted self-recognition between these three populations (n = 386) and healthy controls (n = 315) and four studies used correlational analysis to estimate comparable effects (n = 629). Eligible studies used experimental paradigms including source-monitoring and self-monitoring. RESULTS We observed significantly reduced self-recognition accuracy in these populations [g = -0.44 (-0.71 to -0.17), p = 0.002] compared to controls. No influence of the type of population, experimental paradigm or study design was observed. CONCLUSION The present analysis argues for self-recognition deficits in populations with no full-blown psychotic symptoms represented across the continuum of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Lavallé
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, PSYR2 Team, Lyon, F-69000, France
- Lyon University, F-69000, France
- Centre Hospitalier le Vinatier, Batiment 416, 95 Bd Pinel, 69678Bron, France
| | - Clément Dondé
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, PSYR2 Team, Lyon, F-69000, France
- Lyon University, F-69000, France
- Centre Hospitalier le Vinatier, Batiment 416, 95 Bd Pinel, 69678Bron, France
| | - Łukasz Gawęda
- Experimental Psychopathology Lab, Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jérome Brunelin
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, PSYR2 Team, Lyon, F-69000, France
- Lyon University, F-69000, France
- Centre Hospitalier le Vinatier, Batiment 416, 95 Bd Pinel, 69678Bron, France
| | - Marine Mondino
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, PSYR2 Team, Lyon, F-69000, France
- Lyon University, F-69000, France
- Experimental Psychopathology Lab, Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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11
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Mortimer NT, Fischer ML, Waring AL, Kr P, Kacsoh BZ, Brantley SE, Keebaugh ES, Hill J, Lark C, Martin J, Bains P, Lee J, Vrailas-Mortimer AD, Schlenke TA. Extracellular matrix protein N-glycosylation mediates immune self-tolerance in Drosophila melanogaster. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2017460118. [PMID: 34544850 PMCID: PMC8488588 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2017460118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to respond to infection, hosts must distinguish pathogens from their own tissues. This allows for the precise targeting of immune responses against pathogens and also ensures self-tolerance, the ability of the host to protect self tissues from immune damage. One way to maintain self-tolerance is to evolve a self signal and suppress any immune response directed at tissues that carry this signal. Here, we characterize the Drosophila tuSz1 mutant strain, which mounts an aberrant immune response against its own fat body. We demonstrate that this autoimmunity is the result of two mutations: 1) a mutation in the GCS1 gene that disrupts N-glycosylation of extracellular matrix proteins covering the fat body, and 2) a mutation in the Drosophila Janus Kinase ortholog that causes precocious activation of hemocytes. Our data indicate that N-glycans attached to extracellular matrix proteins serve as a self signal and that activated hemocytes attack tissues lacking this signal. The simplicity of this invertebrate self-recognition system and the ubiquity of its constituent parts suggests it may have functional homologs across animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan T Mortimer
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790;
| | - Mary L Fischer
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790
| | - Ashley L Waring
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790
| | - Pooja Kr
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790
| | - Balint Z Kacsoh
- Epigenetics Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Susanna E Brantley
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | | | - Joshua Hill
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790
| | - Chris Lark
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790
| | - Julia Martin
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790
| | - Pravleen Bains
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790
| | - Jonathan Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790
| | | | - Todd A Schlenke
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719
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12
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Wittek N, Matsui H, Kessel N, Oeksuez F, Güntürkün O, Anselme P. Mirror Self-Recognition in Pigeons: Beyond the Pass-or-Fail Criterion. Front Psychol 2021; 12:669039. [PMID: 34079500 PMCID: PMC8165164 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.669039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous mirror self-recognition is achieved by only a limited number of species, suggesting a sharp "cognitive Rubicon" that only few can pass. But is the demarcation line that sharp? In studies on monkeys, who do not recognize themselves in a mirror, animals can make a difference between their mirror image and an unknown conspecific. This evidence speaks for a gradualist view of mirror self-recognition. We hypothesize that such a gradual process possibly consists of at least two independent aptitudes, the ability to detect synchronicity between self- and foreign movement and the cognitive understanding that the mirror reflection is oneself. Pigeons are known to achieve the first but fail at the second aptitude. We therefore expected them to treat their mirror image differently from an unknown pigeon, without being able to understand that the mirror reflects their own image. We tested pigeons in a task where they either approached a mirror or a Plexiglas barrier to feed. Behind the Plexiglas an unknown pigeon walked at the same time toward the food bowl. Thus, we pitched a condition with a mirror-self and a foreign bird against each other, with both of them walking close toward the food bowl. By a detailed analysis of a whole suit of behavioral details, our results make it likely that the foreign pigeon was treated as a competitor while the mirror image caused hesitation as if being an uncanny conspecific. Our results are akin to those with monkeys and show that pigeons do not equal their mirror reflection with a conspecific, although being unable to recognize themselves in the mirror.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neslihan Wittek
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Biopsychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Hiroshi Matsui
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Biopsychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Nicole Kessel
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Hagen, Hagen, Germany
| | - Fatma Oeksuez
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Biopsychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Onur Güntürkün
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Biopsychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Patrick Anselme
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Biopsychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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13
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Wirth S, Freihorst D, Krause K, Kothe E. What Role Might Non-Mating Receptors Play in Schizophyllum commune? J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7050399. [PMID: 34065484 PMCID: PMC8161036 DOI: 10.3390/jof7050399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The B mating-type locus of the tetrapolar basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune encodes pheromones and pheromone receptors in multiple allelic specificities. This work adds substantial new evidence into the organization of the B mating-type loci of distantly related S. commune strains showing a high level of synteny in gene order and neighboring genes. Four pheromone receptor-like genes were found in the genome of S. commune with brl1, brl2 and brl3 located at the B mating-type locus, whereas brl4 is located separately. Expression analysis of brl genes in different developmental stages indicates a function in filamentous growth and mating. Based on the extensive sequence analysis and functional characterization of brl-overexpression mutants, a function of Brl1 in mating is proposed, while Brl3, Brl4 and Brl2 (to a lower extent) have a role in vegetative growth, possible determination of growth direction. The brl3 and brl4 overexpression mutants had a dikaryon-like, irregular and feathery phenotype, and they avoided the formation of same-clone colonies on solid medium, which points towards enhanced detection of self-signals. These data are supported by localization of Brl fusion proteins in tips, at septa and in not-yet-fused clamps of a dikaryon, confirming their importance for growth and development in S. commune.
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14
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Mond J, Slewa-Younan S, Gabriela Uribe Guajardo M, Mohammad Y, Johnson E, Milosevic D. Self-recognition of trauma-related psychopathology and help-seeking among resettled Iraqi refugees in Australia. Transcult Psychiatry 2021; 58:215-225. [PMID: 32389097 DOI: 10.1177/1363461520901635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The current study sought to examine resettled Iraqi refugees' recognition of trauma-related psychopathology and the association between recognition and help-seeking. Participants were 66 men and women aged 18 to 70 years with clinically significant symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) recruited from a larger, community-based sample in Western Sydney, Australia. Participants were presented with a vignette of a fictional character who had been exposed to trauma prior to leaving Iraq and who was suffering from symptoms of PTSD. Participants were then asked if they believed that they might currently have a problem such as the one described in the vignette. Approximately half (50.8%) of participants believed that they might currently have a problem such as the one described in the vignette and one third (33.3%) of participants had ever sought help for such a problem. Participants who believed that they might currently have a problem like the one described were 13 times more likely to have sought help for such a problem, controlling for demographic characteristics, trauma-related symptomatology, and levels of general psychological distress. Poor self-recognition level of trauma-related psychopathology among resettled Iraqi refugees may be a barrier to help-seeking and may therefore be an important target for health promotion and early intervention initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Mond
- Centre for Rural Health, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia.,School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, Australia
| | | | | | - Yaser Mohammad
- Bankstown Community Mental Health Centre, 1511South Western Sydney Local Health District, Bankstown, Australia
| | - Emma Johnson
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Diana Milosevic
- 1511South Western Sydney Local Health District Eastern Campus, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, Australia
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15
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Bretas R, Taoka M, Hihara S, Cleeremans A, Iriki A. Neural Evidence of Mirror Self-Recognition in the Secondary Somatosensory Cortex of Macaque: Observations from a Single-Cell Recording Experiment and Implications for Consciousness. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11020157. [PMID: 33503993 PMCID: PMC7911187 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11020157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite mirror self-recognition being regarded as a classical indication of self-awareness, little is known about its neural underpinnings. An increasing body of evidence pointing to a role of multimodal somatosensory neurons in self-recognition guided our investigation toward the secondary somatosensory cortex (SII), as we observed single-neuron activity from a macaque monkey sitting in front of a mirror. The monkey was previously habituated to the mirror, successfully acquiring the ability of mirror self-recognition. While the monkey underwent visual and somatosensory stimulation, multimodal visual and somatosensory activity was detected in the SII, with neurons found to respond to stimuli seen through the mirror. Responses were also modulated by self-related or non-self-related stimuli. These observations corroborate that vision is an important aspect of SII activity, with electrophysiological evidence of mirror self-recognition at the neuronal level, even when such an ability is not innate. We also show that the SII may be involved in distinguishing self and non-self. Together, these results point to the involvement of the SII in the establishment of bodily self-consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Bretas
- Laboratory for Symbolic Cognitive Development, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; (R.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Miki Taoka
- Laboratory for Symbolic Cognitive Development, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; (R.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Sayaka Hihara
- Laboratory for Symbolic Cognitive Development, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; (R.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Axel Cleeremans
- Program in Brain, Mind & Consciousness, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada;
- Consciousness, Cognition, and Computation Group (CO3), Centre for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences (CRCN), ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Atsushi Iriki
- Laboratory for Symbolic Cognitive Development, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; (R.B.); (M.T.)
- Program in Brain, Mind & Consciousness, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada;
- Correspondence:
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16
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Chen J, Luo J, Bekele S, Tsige M, Liu T. Rational Control of Self-Recognition of Macroionic γ-Cyclodextrin by Host-Guest Interaction with Super-Chaotropic Borate Cluster Ions. Chempluschem 2020; 85:2316-2319. [PMID: 33058510 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We report a feasible method to control self-recognition during the self-assembly of a hydrophilic macroion, phosphate-functionalized γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD-P), though host-guest interactions. We confirmed that γ-CD-P can form a host-guest complex with a super-chaotropic anion, namely the B12 F12 2- borate cluster, by using NMR spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry. The loaded γ-CD-P, which has a higher charge density, can be distinguished from the uncomplexed γ-CD-P, leading to self-sorting behavior during the self-assembly process, confirmed by the formation of two types of individual supramolecular structures (Rh of ca. 57 nm and 18 nm, determined by light scattering) instead of hybrid structures in mixed dilute solution. This self-recognition behavior is accounted for by the difference in intermolecular electrostatic interactions arising from the loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Chen
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Akron, 44325, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Jiancheng Luo
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Akron, 44325, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Selemon Bekele
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Akron, 44325, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Mesfin Tsige
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Akron, 44325, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Tianbo Liu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Akron, 44325, Akron, OH, USA
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17
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Zhou F, Cao G, Dai S, Li G, Li H, Ding Z, Hou S, Xu B, You W, Wiseglass G, Shi F, Yang X, Rubinstein R, Jin Y. Chelicerata sDscam isoforms combine homophilic specificities to define unique cell recognition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:24813-24. [PMID: 32963097 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1921983117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thousands of Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (Dscam1) isoforms and ∼60 clustered protocadhrein (cPcdh) proteins are required for establishing neural circuits in insects and vertebrates, respectively. The strict homophilic specificity exhibited by these proteins has been extensively studied and is thought to be critical for their function in neuronal self-avoidance. In contrast, significantly less is known about the Dscam1-related family of ∼100 shortened Dscam (sDscam) proteins in Chelicerata. We report that Chelicerata sDscamα and some sDscamβ protein trans interactions are strictly homophilic, and that the trans interaction is meditated via the first Ig domain through an antiparallel interface. Additionally, different sDscam isoforms interact promiscuously in cis via membrane proximate fibronectin-type III domains. We report that cell-cell interactions depend on the combined identity of all sDscam isoforms expressed. A single mismatched sDscam isoform can interfere with the interactions of cells that otherwise express an identical set of isoforms. Thus, our data support a model by which sDscam association in cis and trans generates a vast repertoire of combinatorial homophilic recognition specificities. We propose that in Chelicerata, sDscam combinatorial specificity is sufficient to provide each neuron with a unique identity for self-nonself discrimination. Surprisingly, while sDscams are related to Drosophila Dscam1, our results mirror the findings reported for the structurally unrelated vertebrate cPcdh. Thus, our findings suggest a remarkable example of convergent evolution for the process of neuronal self-avoidance and provide insight into the basic principles and evolution of metazoan self-avoidance and self-nonself discrimination.
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18
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McIvor L, Sui J, Malhotra T, Drury D, Kumar S. Self-referential processing and emotion context insensitivity in major depressive disorder. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:311-329. [PMID: 32416036 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether differential self-perception influences the salience of emotional stimuli in depressive disorders, using a perceptual matching task in which geometric shapes were arbitrarily assigned to the self and an unknown other. Participants associated shapes with personal labels (e.g. "self" or "other"). Each geometric shape additionally contained a happy, sad or neutral line drawing of a face. Participants then judged whether shape-label pairs were as originally shown or re-paired, whilst facial emotion was task-irrelevant. The results showed biased responses to self-relevant stimuli compared to other-relevant stimuli, regardless of facial emotion, for both control and depressed participants. This was reflected in sensitivity (d') and drift rate (v) measures, suggesting that self-bias and a bias towards emotion may reflect different underlying processes. We further computed bias scores by subtracting the "neutral" value of each measure (acting as baseline) from the "happy" and "sad" values of each measure, indexing an "emotional bias" (EB) score for "self" and "other" separately. Compared to control participants, depressed participants exhibited reduced "happy" and "sad" emotional biases, regardless of the self-relevance of stimuli. This finding indicates that depressed participants may exhibit generalised Emotion Context Insensitivity (ECI), characterised by hyopoattention to both positive and negative information, at short stimulus presentations. The implications of this are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy McIvor
- Department of Psychiatry, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.,Department of Psychology, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Jie Sui
- Department of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Tina Malhotra
- Department of Community Mental Health, Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - David Drury
- Department of Psychology, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Psychology, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
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19
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Moreno E, Lightfoot JW, Lenuzzi M, Sommer RJ. Cilia drive developmental plasticity and are essential for efficient prey detection in predatory nematodes. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191089. [PMID: 31575374 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia are complex organelles involved in a broad array of functions in eukaryotic organisms. Nematodes employ cilia for environmental sensing, which shapes developmental decisions and influences morphologically plastic traits and adaptive behaviours. Here, we assess the role of cilia in the nematode Pristionchus pacificus, and determine their importance in regulating the developmentally plastic mouth-form decision in addition to predatory feeding and self-recognition behaviours, all of which are not present in Caenorhabditis elegans. An analysis of a multitude of cilia-related mutants including representatives of the six protein subcomplexes required in intraflagellar transport (IFT) plus the regulatory factor X transcription factor daf-19 revealed that cilia are essential for processing the external cues influencing the mouth-form decision and for the efficient detection of prey. Surprisingly, we observed that loss-of-function mutations in the different IFT components resulted in contrasting mouth-form phenotypes and different degrees of predation deficiencies. This observation supports the idea that perturbing different IFT subcomplexes has different effects on signalling downstream of the cilium. Finally, self-recognition was maintained in the cilia deficient mutants tested, indicating that the mechanisms triggering self-recognition in P. pacificus may not require the presence of fully functional cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Moreno
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Max-Planck-Ring 9, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - James W Lightfoot
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Max-Planck-Ring 9, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maša Lenuzzi
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Max-Planck-Ring 9, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ralf J Sommer
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Max-Planck-Ring 9, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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20
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Jing D, Jin Y, Liu J. The Impact of Monetary Incentives on Physician Prosocial Behavior in Online Medical Consulting Platforms: Evidence From China. J Med Internet Res 2019; 21:e14685. [PMID: 31350834 PMCID: PMC6688439 DOI: 10.2196/14685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In online medical consulting platforms, physicians can get both economic and social returns by offering online medical services, such as answering questions or sharing health care knowledge with patients. Physicians’ online prosocial behavior could bring many benefits to the health care industry. Monetary incentives could encourage physicians to engage more in online medical communities. However, little research has studied the impact of monetary incentives on physician prosocial behavior and the heterogeneity of this effect. Objective This study aims to explore the effects of monetary incentives on physician prosocial behavior and investigate the moderation effects of self-recognition and recognition from others of physician competence. Methods This study was a fixed-effect specification-regression model based on a difference-in-differences design with robust standard errors clustered at the physician level using monthly panel data. It included 26,543 physicians in 3851 hospitals over 133 months (November 2006-December 2017) from a leading online health care platform in China. We used the pricing strategy of physicians and satisfaction levels to measure their own and patients’ degree of recognition, respectively. Physicians’ prosocial behavior was measured by free services offered. Results The introduction of monetary incentives had a positive effect on physician prosocial behavior (β=1.057, P<.01). Higher self-recognition and others’ recognition level of physician competence increased this promotion effect (γ=0.275, P<.01 and γ=0.325, P<.01). Conclusions This study explored the positive effect of the introduction of monetary incentives on physician prosocial behavior. We found this effect was enhanced for physicians with a high level of self-recognition and others’ recognition of their competence. We provide evidence of the effect of monetary incentives on physicians’ prosocial behaviors in the telemedicine markets and insight for relevant stakeholders into how to design an effective incentive mechanism to improve physicians’ prosocial engagements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Jing
- Key Laboratory of Interactive Media Design and Equipment Service Innovation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Yu Jin
- School of Management, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Jianwei Liu
- School of Management, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
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21
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Scholtes JF, Trapp O. Inducing Enantioselectivity in a Dynamic Catalyst by Supramolecular Interlocking. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:6306-6310. [PMID: 30786123 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201901175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The design of a new class of fluxional biphenyl bisphosphinite (BIBIPHOS) ligands decorated with amino acid-based diamide interaction sites is reported that undergo spontaneous desymmetrization. Hydrogenation of prochiral alkenes using Rh-BIBIPHOS results in enantiomeric ratios of up to 96:4 (R/S). This stereoconvergent behavior of the fluxional BIBIPHOS ligand is triggered by pronounced intermolecular interlocking of the recognition sites, leading to the formation of a supramolecular assembly, where the axial orientation of the biphenyl ligand backbone is governed by the chirality of the amino acid moieties. Stereoinduction during catalysis is decoupled from this process and occurs as an immediate consequence of the emergent behavior of the ligands. This supramolecular system is very robust and has the potential to be adopted for other ligand designs in enantioselective catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Felix Scholtes
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
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22
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Abstract
Despite the sparse visual information and paucity of self-identifying cues provided by point-light stimuli, as well as a dearth of experience in seeing our own-body movements, people can identify themselves solely based on the kinematics of body movements. The present study found converging evidence of this remarkable ability using a broad range of actions with whole-body movements. In addition, we found that individuals with a high degree of autistic traits showed worse performance in identifying own-body movements, particularly for simple actions. A Bayesian analysis showed that action complexity modulates the relationship between autistic traits and self-recognition performance. These findings reveal the impact of autistic traits on the ability to represent and recognize own-body movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M. Burling
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Akila Kadambi
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Tabitha Safari
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Hongjing Lu
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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23
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Grillot CL, Keel PK. Barriers to seeking treatment for eating disorders: The role of self-recognition in understanding gender disparities in who seeks help. Int J Eat Disord 2018; 51:1285-1289. [PMID: 30488569 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous research suggests that men with eating disorders are less likely to seek treatment than are women. Given stereotypes linked to eating disorders, men may be less likely to recognize when they have an eating disorder, which could act as a barrier to treatment-seeking. METHOD The current study examined differences in self-recognition and treatment-seeking behavior by gender, controlling for other covariates, in participants with probable DSM-5 eating disorders drawn from a larger community-based sample. RESULTS Being female and self-recognition were both associated with increased likelihood of treatment-seeking while accounting for other potential covariates, including race/ethnicity, age, BMI, and comorbid disorders. DISCUSSION Results indicate that self-recognition is a barrier to seeking treatment for both genders and does not account for help-seeking differences between women and men. Findings have implications for interventions to address barriers to treatment-seeking for eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pamela K Keel
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
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24
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Bläsing BE, Sauzet O. My Action, My Self: Recognition of Self-Created but Visually Unfamiliar Dance-Like Actions From Point-Light Displays. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1909. [PMID: 30459668 PMCID: PMC6232674 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has shown that motor experience of an action can facilitate the visual recognition of that action, even in the absence of visual experience. We conducted an experiment in which participants were presented point-light displays of dance-like actions that had been recorded with the same group of participants during a previous session. The stimuli had been produced with the participant in such a way that each participant experienced a subset of phrases only as observer, learnt two phrases from observation, and created one phrase while blindfolded. The clips presented in the recognition task showed movements that were either unfamiliar, only visually familiar, familiar from observational learning and execution, or self-created while blind-folded (and hence not visually familiar). Participants assigned all types of movements correctly to the respective categories, showing that all three ways of experiencing the movement (observed, learnt through observation and practice, and created blindfolded) resulted in an encoding that was adequate for recognition. Observed movements showed the lowest level of recognition accuracy, whereas the accuracy of assigning blindfolded self-created movements was on the same level as for unfamiliar and learnt movements. Self-recognition was modulated by action recognition, as participants were more likely to identify themselves as the actor in clips they had assigned to the category "created" than in clips they had assigned to the category "learnt," supporting the idea of an influence of agency on self-recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina E. Bläsing
- Neurocognition and Action – Biomechanics Research Group, Faculty of Psychology and Sport Science, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Center of Excellence Cognitive Interaction Technology (CITEC), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Odile Sauzet
- Bielefeld School of Public Health/AG 3 Epidemiology & International Public Health, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- StatBeCe, Center for Statistics, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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25
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Zepeda-Rivera MA, Saak CC, Gibbs KA. A Proposed Chaperone of the Bacterial Type VI Secretion System Functions To Constrain a Self-Identity Protein. J Bacteriol 2018; 200:e00688-17. [PMID: 29555703 DOI: 10.1128/JB.00688-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Proteus mirabilis can communicate identity through the secretion of the self-identity protein IdsD via the type VI secretion (T6S) system. IdsD secretion is essential for self-versus-nonself recognition behaviors in these populations. Here we provide an answer to the unresolved question of how the activity of a T6S substrate, such as IdsD, is regulated before secretion. We demonstrate that IdsD is found in clusters that form independently of the T6S machinery and activity. We show that the IdsC protein, which is a member of the proposed DUF4123 chaperone family, is essential for the maintenance of these clusters and of the IdsD protein itself. We provide evidence that amino acid disruptions in IdsC are sufficient to disrupt IdsD secretion but not IdsD localization into subcellular clusters, strongly supporting the notion that IdsC functions in at least two different ways: maintaining IdsD levels and secreting IdsD. We propose that IdsC, and likely other DUF4123-containing proteins, functions to regulate T6S substrates in the donor cell both by maintaining protein levels and by mediating secretion at the T6S machinery.IMPORTANCE Understanding the subcellular dynamics of self-identity proteins is crucial for developing models of self-versus-nonself recognition. We directly addressed how a bacterium restricts self-identity information before cell-cell exchange. We resolved two conflicting models for type VI secretion (T6S) substrate regulation by focusing on the self-identity protein IdsD. One model is that a cognate immunity protein binds the substrate, inhibiting activity before transport. Another model proposes that DUF4123 proteins act as chaperones in the donor cell, but no detailed molecular mechanism was previously known. We resolve this discrepancy and propose a model wherein a chaperone couples IdsD sequestration with its localization. Such a molecular mechanism restricts the communication of identity, and possibly other T6S substrates, in producing cells.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the lived experiences of peer support workers (PSWs) during their intervention with mothers suffering from postnatal depression (PND). BACKGROUND Postnatal depression is a major public health concern affecting approximately 13% of women worldwide. There is evidence within recent literature that peer support may have a positive effect upon women suffering with PND. METHODS Written data from the PSW's logbooks, interviews and supervisory sessions was collected and thematically analysed. RESULTS Data were analysed using a constant comparative method and four key themes emerged. These were: changing perspectives of the PSW, their personal self-analysis and recognition, concern about the abandonment of the women that they had been supporting and self-recovery from postnatal depression. CONCLUSION Findings indicate that PSWs choose to offer support based upon their own experiences, rejecting formal counselling therapies. This study found that peer-designed interventions do appear to have some merit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Carter
- a School of Health and Social Care , Staffordshire University , Stoke , United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Fiona Cust
- b Faculty of Health Sciences , Staffordshire University , Stafford , United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Elizabeth Boath
- a School of Health and Social Care , Staffordshire University , Stoke , United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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Luo J, Chen K, Yin P, Li T, Wan G, Zhang J, Ye S, Bi X, Pang Y, Wei Y, Liu T. Effect of Cation-π Interaction on Macroionic Self-Assembly. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:4067-4072. [PMID: 29441703 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201800409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A series of rod-shaped polyoxometalates (POMs) [Bu4 N]7 [Mo6 O18 NC(CH2 O)3 MnMo6 O18 (OCH2 )3 CNMo6 O18 ] and [Bu4 N]7 [ArNMo6 O17 NC(CH2 O)3 MnMo6 O18 (OCH2 )3 CNMo6 O17 NAr] (Ar=2,6-dimethylphenyl, naphthyl and 1-methylnaphthyl) were chosen to study the effects of cation-π interaction on macroionic self-assembly. Diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) techniques show that the binding affinity between the POMs and Zn2+ ions is enhanced significantly after grafting aromatic groups onto the clusters, leading to the effective replacement of tetrabutylammonium counterions (TBAs) upon the addition of ZnCl2 . The incorporation of aromatic groups results in the significant contribution of cation-π interaction to the self-assembly, as confirmed by the opposite trend of assembly size vs. ionic strength when compared with those without aromatic groups. The small difference between two aromatic groups toward the Zn2+ ions is amplified after combining with the clusters, which consequently triggers the self-recognition behavior between two highly similar macroanions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiancheng Luo
- Department of Polymer Science, University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Kun Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Panchao Yin
- Department of Polymer Science, University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Tao Li
- X-Ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, 60115, USA
| | - Gang Wan
- Material Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Songtao Ye
- Department of Polymer Science, University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Xiaoman Bi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Yi Pang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Yongge Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Tianbo Liu
- Department of Polymer Science, University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
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Abstract
Many bacteria, both environmental and pathogenic, exhibit the property of autoaggregation. In autoaggregation (sometimes also called autoagglutination or flocculation), bacteria of the same type form multicellular clumps that eventually settle at the bottom of culture tubes. Autoaggregation is generally mediated by self-recognising surface structures, such as proteins and exopolysaccharides, which we term collectively as autoagglutinins. Although a widespread phenomenon, in most cases the function of autoaggregation is poorly understood, though there is evidence to show that aggregating bacteria are protected from environmental stresses or host responses. Autoaggregation is also often among the first steps in forming biofilms. Here, we review the current knowledge on autoaggregation, the role of autoaggregation in biofilm formation and pathogenesis, and molecular mechanisms leading to aggregation using specific examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Trunk
- Bacterial Cell Surface Group, Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hawzeen S Khalil
- Bacterial Cell Surface Group, Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jack C Leo
- Bacterial Cell Surface Group, Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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29
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Troselj V, Treuner-Lange A, Søgaard-Andersen L, Wall D. Physiological Heterogeneity Triggers Sibling Conflict Mediated by the Type VI Secretion System in an Aggregative Multicellular Bacterium. mBio 2018; 9:e01645-17. [PMID: 29437919 DOI: 10.1128/mBio.01645-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of social microorganisms is their ability to engage in complex and coordinated behaviors that depend on cooperative and synchronized actions among many cells. For instance, myxobacteria use an aggregation strategy to form multicellular, spore-filled fruiting bodies in response to starvation. One barrier to the synchronization process is physiological heterogeneity within clonal populations. How myxobacteria cope with these physiological differences is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the interactions between closely related but physiologically distinct Myxococcus xanthus populations. We used a genetic approach to create amino acid auxotrophs and tested how they interact with a parental prototroph strain. Importantly, we found that auxotrophs were killed by their prototroph siblings when the former were starved for amino acids but not when grown on rich medium or when both strains were starved. This antagonism depended on the type VI secretion system (T6SS) as well as gliding motility; in particular, we identified the effector-immunity pair (TsxEI) as the mediator of this killing. This sibling antagonism resulted from lower levels of the TsxI immunity protein in the starved population. Thus, when starving auxotrophs were mixed with nonstarving prototrophs, the auxotrophs were susceptible to intoxication by the TsxE effector delivered by the T6SS from the prototrophs. Furthermore, our results suggested that homogeneously starving populations have reduced T6SS activity and, therefore, do not antagonize each other. We conclude that heterogeneous populations of M. xanthus use T6SS-dependent killing to eliminate starving or less-fit cells, thus facilitating the attainment of homeostasis within a population and the synchronization of behaviors. Social bacteria employ elaborate strategies to adapt to environmental challenges. One means to prepare for unpredictable changes is for clonal populations to contain individuals with diverse physiological states. These subpopulations will differentially respond to new environmental conditions, ensuring that some cells will better adapt. However, for social bacteria physiological heterogeneity may impede the ability of a clonal population to synchronize their behaviors. By using a highly cooperative and synchronizable model organism, M. xanthus, we asked how physiological differences between interacting siblings impacted their collective behaviors. Physiological heterogeneity was experimentally designed such that one population starved while the other grew when mixed. We found that these differences led to social conflict where more-fit individuals killed their less-fit siblings. For the first time, we report that the T6SS nanoweapon mediates antagonism between siblings, resulting in myxobacterial populations becoming more synchronized to conduct social behaviors.
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Abstract
In jawed vertebrates, the adaptive immune system (AIS) cooperates with the innate immune system (IIS) to protect hosts from infections. Although targeting non-self-components, the AIS also generates self-reactive antibodies which, when inadequately counter-selected, can give rise to autoimmune diseases (ADs). ADs are on the rise in western countries. Why haven’t ADs been eliminated during the evolution of a ∼500 million-year old system? And why have they become more frequent in recent decades? Self-recognition is an attribute of the phylogenetically more ancient IIS and empirical data compellingly show that some self-reactive antibodies, which are classifiable as elements of the IIS rather then the AIS, may protect from (rather than cause) ADs. Here, we propose that the IIS’s self-recognition system originally fathered the AIS and, as a consequence of this relationship, its activity is dampened in hygienic environments. Rather than a mere breakdown or failure of the mechanisms of self-tolerance, ADs might thus arise from architectural constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Bayersdorf
- Institute for Genome Stability in Aging and Disease, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Arrigo Fruscalzo
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St Franziskus Hospital, 59227 Ahlen, Germany.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Francesco Catania
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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31
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Abstract
The implicit self-recognition process may take place already in the pre-attentive stages of perception. After a silent stimulus has captured attention, it is passed on to the attentive stage where it can affect decision making and responding. Numerous studies show that the presence of self-referential information affects almost every cognitive level. These effects may share a common and fundamental basis in an attentional mechanism, conceptualized as attentional bias: the exaggerated deployment of attentional resources to a salient stimulus. A gold standard in attentional bias research is the dot-probe paradigm. In this task, a prominent stimulus (cue) and a neutral stimulus are presented in different spatial locations, followed by the presentation of a target. In the current study we aimed at investigating whether the self-face captures, holds and biases attention when presented as a task-irrelevant stimulus. In two dot-probe experiments coupled with the event-related potential (ERP) technique we analyzed the following relevant ERPs components: N2pc and SPCN which reflect attentional shifts and the maintenance of attention, respectively. An inter-stimulus interval separating face-cues and probes (800 ms) was introduced only in the first experiment. In line with our predictions, in Experiment 1 the self-face elicited the N2pc and the SPCN component. In Experiment 2 in addition to N2pc, an attentional bias was observed. Our results indicate that unintentional self-face processing disables the top-down control setting to filter out distractors, thus leading to the engagement of attentional resources and visual short-term memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał J Wójcik
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland.,Wroclaw Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maria M Nowicka
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ilona Kotlewska
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland.,Faculty of Humanities, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Anna Nowicka
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
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Hecht EE, Mahovetz LM, Preuss TM, Hopkins WD. A neuroanatomical predictor of mirror self-recognition in chimpanzees. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2017; 12:37-48. [PMID: 27803287 PMCID: PMC5390703 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsw159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to recognize one's own reflection is shared by humans and only a few other species, including chimpanzees. However, this ability is highly variable across individual chimpanzees. In humans, self-recognition involves a distributed, right-lateralized network including frontal and parietal regions involved in the production and perception of action. The superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) is a system of white matter tracts linking these frontal and parietal regions. The current study measured mirror self-recognition (MSR) and SLF anatomy in 60 chimpanzees using diffusion tensor imaging. Successful self-recognition was associated with greater rightward asymmetry in the white matter of SLFII and SLFIII, and in SLFIII's gray matter terminations in Broca's area. We observed a visible progression of SLFIII's prefrontal extension in apes that show negative, ambiguous, and compelling evidence of MSR. Notably, SLFIII's terminations in Broca's area are not right-lateralized or particularly pronounced at the population level in chimpanzees, as they are in humans. Thus, chimpanzees with more human-like behavior show more human-like SLFIII connectivity. These results suggest that self-recognition may have co-emerged with adaptations to frontoparietal circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Hecht
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience.,Division of Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - L M Mahovetz
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - T M Preuss
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center.,Center for Translational Social Neuroscience.,Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - W D Hopkins
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience.,Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center.,The Language Research Center, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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33
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Goodman KM, Rubinstein R, Dan H, Bahna F, Mannepalli S, Ahlsén G, Aye Thu C, Sampogna RV, Maniatis T, Honig B, Shapiro L. Protocadherin cis-dimer architecture and recognition unit diversity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E9829-37. [PMID: 29087338 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1713449114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Clustered protocadherins (Pcdhs) mediate numerous neural patterning functions, including neuronal self-recognition and non-self-discrimination to direct self-avoidance among vertebrate neurons. Individual neurons stochastically express a subset of Pcdh isoforms, which assemble to form a stochastic repertoire of cis-dimers. We describe the structure of a PcdhγB7 cis-homodimer, which includes the membrane-proximal extracellular cadherin domains EC5 and EC6. The structure is asymmetric with one molecule contributing interface surface from both EC5 and EC6, and the other only from EC6. Structural and sequence analyses suggest that all Pcdh isoforms will dimerize through this interface. Site-directed mutants at this interface interfere with both Pcdh cis-dimerization and cell surface transport. The structure explains the known restrictions of cis-interactions of some Pcdh isoforms, including α-Pcdhs, which cannot form homodimers. The asymmetry of the interface approximately doubles the size of the recognition repertoire, and restrictions on cis-interactions among Pcdh isoforms define the limits of the Pcdh recognition unit repertoire.
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34
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Abstract
Unlike mirror self-recognition, recognizing one's own image in delayed video footage may indicate the presence of a concept of self that extends across time and space. While humans typically show this ability around 4 years of age, it is unknown whether this capacity is found in non-human animals. In this study, chimpanzees performed a modified version of the mark test to investigate whether chimpanzees could remove stickers placed on the face and head while watching live and delayed video images. The results showed that three of five chimpanzees consistently removed the mark in delayed-viewing conditions, while they removed the stickers much less frequently in control video conditions which lacked a link to their current state. These findings suggest that chimpanzees, like human children at the age of 4 years and more, can comprehend temporal dissociation in their concept of self.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Hirata
- Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8203, Japan
| | - Kohki Fuwa
- Earth Mate Chimpanzee Next, Tamano, Okayama 706-0316, Japan
| | - Masako Myowa
- Graduate School of Education, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8317, Japan
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35
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Marotta A, Bombieri F, Zampini M, Schena F, Dallocchio C, Fiorio M, Tinazzi M. The Moving Rubber Hand Illusion Reveals that Explicit Sense of Agency for Tapping Movements Is Preserved in Functional Movement Disorders. Front Hum Neurosci 2017. [PMID: 28634447 PMCID: PMC5459911 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional movement disorders (FMD) are characterized by motor symptoms (e.g., tremor, gait disorder, and dystonia) that are not compatible with movement abnormalities related to a known organic cause. One key clinical feature of FMD is that motor symptoms are similar to voluntary movements but are subjectively experienced as involuntary by patients. This gap might be related to abnormal self-recognition of bodily action, which involves two main components: sense of agency and sense of body ownership. The aim of this study was to systematically investigate whether this function is altered in FMD, specifically focusing on the subjective feeling of agency, body ownership, and their interaction during normal voluntary movements. Patients with FMD (n = 21) and healthy controls (n = 21) underwent the moving Rubber Hand Illusion (mRHI), in which passive and active movements can differentially elicit agency, ownership or both. Explicit measures of agency and ownership were obtained via a questionnaire. Patients and controls showed a similar pattern of response: when the rubber hand was in a plausible posture, active movements elicited strong agency and ownership; implausible posture of the rubber hand abolished ownership but not agency; passive movements suppressed agency but not ownership. These findings suggest that explicit sense of agency and body ownership are preserved in FMD. The latter finding is shared by a previous study in FMD using a static version of the RHI, whereas the former appears to contrast with studies demonstrating altered implicit measures of agency (e.g., sensory attenuation). Our study extends previous findings by suggesting that in FMD: (i) the sense of body ownership is retained also when interacting with the motor system; (ii) the subjective experience of agency for voluntary tapping movements, as measured by means of mRHI, is preserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Marotta
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of VeronaVerona, Italy.,Neurology Unit, Neuroscience Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria IntegrataVerona, Italy
| | - Federica Bombieri
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of VeronaVerona, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Zampini
- CiMeC Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of TrentoRovereto, Italy.,Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of TrentoRovereto, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of VeronaVerona, Italy
| | - Carlo Dallocchio
- Division of Neurology, Civil Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera della Provincia di PaviaVoghera, Italy
| | - Mirta Fiorio
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of VeronaVerona, Italy
| | - Michele Tinazzi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of VeronaVerona, Italy
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36
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Berry JA, Parker AC. The Elephant in the Mirror: Bridging the Brain's Explanatory Gap of Consciousness. Front Syst Neurosci 2017; 10:108. [PMID: 28111543 PMCID: PMC5216024 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2016.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine A Berry
- Biomimetic Real-time Cortex Project, Computer Science Department, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alice C Parker
- Biomimetic Real-time Cortex Project, Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Vassallo CN, Cao P, Conklin A, Finkelstein H, Hayes CS, Wall D. Infectious polymorphic toxins delivered by outer membrane exchange discriminate kin in myxobacteria. eLife 2017; 6:29397. [PMID: 28820387 PMCID: PMC5562445 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Myxobacteria are known for complex social behaviors including outer membrane exchange (OME), in which cells exchange large amounts of outer membrane lipids and proteins upon contact. The TraA cell surface receptor selects OME partners based on a variable domain. However, traA polymorphism alone is not sufficient to precisely discriminate kin. Here, we report a novel family of OME-delivered toxins that promote kin discrimination of OME partners. These SitA lipoprotein toxins are polymorphic and widespread in myxobacteria. Each sitA is associated with a cognate sitI immunity gene, and in some cases a sitB accessory gene. Remarkably, we show that SitA is transferred serially between target cells, allowing the toxins to move cell-to-cell like an infectious agent. Consequently, SitA toxins define strong identity barriers between strains and likely contribute to population structure, maintenance of cooperation, and strain diversification. Moreover, these results highlight the diversity of systems evolved to deliver toxins between bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pengbo Cao
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, United States
| | - Austin Conklin
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, United States
| | - Hayley Finkelstein
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, United States
| | - Christopher S Hayes
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, United States
| | - Daniel Wall
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, United States,
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38
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Porciello G, Minio-Paluello I, Bufalari I. Commentary: Attentional control and the self: The Self Attention Network (SAN). Front Psychol 2016; 7:1701. [PMID: 27857699 PMCID: PMC5093136 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Porciello
- Department of Psychology, "Sapienza," University of RomeRome, Italy; Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa LuciaRome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Minio-Paluello
- Department of Psychology, "Sapienza," University of RomeRome, Italy; Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa LuciaRome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bufalari
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa LuciaRome, Italy; Department of Psychology of Developmental and Socialization Processes, "Sapienza," University of RomeRome, Italy
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39
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Gonzalez-Franco M, Bellido AI, Blom KJ, Slater M, Rodriguez-Fornells A. The Neurological Traces of Look-Alike Avatars. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:392. [PMID: 27536228 PMCID: PMC4971066 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We designed an observational study where participants (n = 17) were exposed to pictures and look-alike avatars pictures of themselves, a familiar friend or an unfamiliar person. By measuring participants’ brain activity with electroencephalography (EEG), we found face-recognition event related potentials (ERPs) in the visual cortex, around 200–250 ms, to be prominent for the different familiarity levels. A less positive component was found for self-recognized pictures (P200) than pictures of others, showing similar effects in both real faces and look-alike avatars. A rapid adaptation in the same component was found when comparing the neural processing of avatar faces vs. real faces, as if avatars in general were assimilated as real face representations over time. ERP results also showed that in the case of the self-avatar, the P200 component correlated with more complex conscious encodings of self-representation, i.e., the difference in voltage in the P200 between the self-avatar and the self-picture was reduced in participants that felt the avatar looked like them. This study is put into context within the literature of self-recognition and face recognition in the visual cortex. Additionally, the implications of these results on look-alike avatars are discussed both for future virtual reality (VR) and neuroscience studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Gonzalez-Franco
- Microsoft ResearchRedmond, WA, USA; Experimental Virtual Environments for Neuroscience and Technology (EVENT) Laboratory, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Anna I Bellido
- Experimental Virtual Environments for Neuroscience and Technology (EVENT) Laboratory, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kristopher J Blom
- Experimental Virtual Environments for Neuroscience and Technology (EVENT) Laboratory, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mel Slater
- Experimental Virtual Environments for Neuroscience and Technology (EVENT) Laboratory, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies, ICREABarcelona, Spain; Department of Computer Science, University College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Antoni Rodriguez-Fornells
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies, ICREABarcelona, Spain; Cognition and Brain Plasticity Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de LlobregatBarcelona, Spain; Department of Basic Psychology, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
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Gratwick-Sarll K, Bentley C, Harrison C, Mond J. Poor self-recognition of disordered eating among girls with bulimic-type eating disorders: cause for concern? Early Interv Psychiatry 2016; 10:316-23. [PMID: 25112818 DOI: 10.1111/eip.12168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM Bulimic-type eating disorders are common among young women and associated with high levels of distress and disability and low uptake of mental health care. We examined self-recognition of disordered eating and factors associated with this among female adolescents with bulimic-type eating disorders (n = 139) recruited from a large, population-based sample. METHODS A vignette of a fictional character with bulimia nervosa was presented, followed by a series of questions addressing the nature and treatment of the problem described. One of these questions required participants to indicate whether they currently had a problem such as the one described. Self-report measures of eating disorder symptoms, general psychological distress and quality of life were also completed. RESULTS More than half of participants (58%) did not believe that they currently had a problem with their eating. In multivariable analysis, impairment in emotional well-being and self-induced vomiting were the only variables independently associated with self-recognition. Participants who recognized a problem with their eating were more likely to have sought treatment for an eating problem than those who did not. CONCLUSIONS Recognition of disordered eating among adolescents with bulimic-type eating disorders may be poor and this may be a factor in low uptake of mental health care. Health promotion efforts may need to address the misconception that only bulimic-type disorders involving self-induced vomiting are pathological.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassandra Gratwick-Sarll
- Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Caroline Bentley
- Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Carmel Harrison
- Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Jonathan Mond
- Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.,Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Khatchatourov A, Pachet F, Rowe V. Action Identity in Style Simulation Systems: Do Players Consider Machine-Generated Music As of Their Own Style? Front Psychol 2016; 7:474. [PMID: 27199788 PMCID: PMC4859091 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of musical material in a given style has been the subject of many studies with the increased sophistication of artificial intelligence models of musical style. In this paper we address a question of primary importance for artificial intelligence and music psychology: can such systems generate music that users indeed consider as corresponding to their own style? We address this question through an experiment involving both performance and recognition tasks with musically naïve school-age children. We asked 56 children to perform a free-form improvisation from which two kinds of music excerpt were created. One was a mere recording of original performances. The other was created by a software program designed to simulate the participants' style, based on their original performances. Two hours after the performance task, the children completed the recognition task in two conditions, one with the original excerpts and one with machine-generated music. Results indicate that the success rate is practically equivalent in two conditions: children tended to make correct attribution of the excerpts to themselves or to others, whether the music was human-produced or machine-generated (mean accuracy = 0.75 and = 0.71, respectively). We discuss this equivalence in accuracy for machine-generated and human produced music in the light of the literature on memory effects and action identity which addresses the recognition of one's own production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Victoria Rowe
- College of Social Science and International Studies, University of Exeter Exeter, UK
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42
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Fisher-Phelps ML, Mendoza SP, Serna S, Griffin LL, Schaefer TJ, Jarcho MR, Ragen BJ, Goetze LR, Bales KL. Laboratory simulations of mate-guarding as a component of the pair-bond in male titi monkeys, Callicebus cupreus. Am J Primatol 2016; 78:573-82. [PMID: 26375708 PMCID: PMC5657484 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Mate-guarding and territorial aggression (both intra- and inter-sexual) are behavioral components of social monogamy seen in male coppery titi monkeys (Callicebus cupreus) both in the field and in the laboratory. Methodology for studying these behaviors in captivity facilitates the translation of questions between field and laboratory. In this study, we tested whether exposure to a mirror would stimulate mate-guarding behavior in male titi monkeys, and whether this exposure was accompanied by hormonal changes. Eight males were exposed to a mirror condition (treatment) or the back of the mirror (control) for five sessions, and behavioral responses were filmed. Blood samples were taken to measure levels of cortisol, oxytocin, and vasopressin. Lipsmacks (P < 0.0001), arching (P < 0.0001), tail-lashing (P = 0.009), restraining (P = 0.015), and approaches to the female (P = 0.0002) were all higher during the mirror condition, while tail-twining tended to decline during the mirror condition (P = 0.076). Hormones did not vary by experimental treatment, but were correlated with certain behaviors during the presentation of the mirror. While social behaviors changed with mirror exposure, self-directed and mirror-guided behaviors did not, indicating a lack of self-recognition. Use of a mirror was a safe and effective means of investigating mate-guarding behavior in response to a simulated intrusion, with the added benefit of not needing another animal to serve as an intruder; and thus may be of use in providing a laboratory model for natural behavior. Especially, as it eliminates the need for a stimulus animal, it would also be of possible use in investigating responses to a simulated intruder in wild populations of titis and other pithecines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina L. Fisher-Phelps
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, CA, 95616
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79401
| | | | - Samantha Serna
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, CA, 95616
| | | | | | | | - Benjamin J. Ragen
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, CA, 95616
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616
| | - L. R. Goetze
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, CA, 95616
| | - Karen L. Bales
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, CA, 95616
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616
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43
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Filippetti ML. What is special about our own face? Commentary: Tuning of temporo-occipital activity by frontal oscillations during virtual mirror exposure causes erroneous self-recognition. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1551. [PMID: 26528211 PMCID: PMC4603244 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Filippetti
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London Egham, UK
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44
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Abstract
The tendency to perceive an artificial effector as part of one’s own body is known to depend on temporal criteria, like the synchrony between stimulus events informing about the effector. The role of spatial factors is less well understood. Rather than physical distance, which has been manipulated in previous studies, we investigated the role of relative, context-induced distance between the participant’s real hand and an artificial hand stimulated synchronously or asynchronously with the real hand. We replicated previously reported distance effects in a virtual reality setup: the perception of ownership increased with decreased distance, and the impact of synchrony was stronger for short distances. More importantly, we found that ownership perception and impact of synchrony were affected by previous distance: the same, medium distance between real and artificial hand induced more pronounced ownership after having experienced a far-distance condition than after a near-distance condition. This suggests that subjective, context-induced spatial reference frames contribute to ownership perception, which does not seem to fit with the idea of fixed spatial criteria and/or permanent body representations as the sole determinants of perceived body ownership.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Cognitive Psychology Unit, Institute for Psychological Research and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Leiden, Netherlands ; Center for the Study of Language and Cognition, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Ke Ma
- Cognitive Psychology Unit, Institute for Psychological Research and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Bernhard Hommel
- Cognitive Psychology Unit, Institute for Psychological Research and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Leiden, Netherlands
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45
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Caplan S, Buyske S. Depression, Help-Seeking and Self-Recognition of Depression among Dominican, Ecuadorian and Colombian Immigrant Primary Care Patients in the Northeastern United States. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2015; 12:10450-74. [PMID: 26343691 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120910450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Latinos, the largest minority group in the United States, experience mental health disparities, which include decreased access to care, lower quality of care and diminished treatment engagement. The purpose of this cross-sectional study of 177 Latino immigrants in primary care is to identify demographic factors, attitudes and beliefs, such as stigma, perceived stress, and ethnic identity that are associated with depression, help-seeking and self-recognition of depression. Results indicated that 45 participants (25%) had depression by Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) criteria. Factors most likely to be associated with depression were: poverty; difficulty in functioning; greater somatic symptoms, perceived stress and stigma; number of chronic illnesses; and poor or fair self-rated mental health. Fifty-four people endorsed help-seeking. Factors associated with help-seeking were: female gender, difficulty in functioning, greater somatic symptoms, severity of depression, having someone else tell you that you have an emotional problem, and poor or fair self-rated mental health. Factors most likely to be associated with self-recognition were the same, but also included greater perceived stress. This manuscript contributes to the literature by examining attitudinal factors that may be associated with depression, help-seeking and self-recognition among subethnic groups of Latinos that are underrepresented in research studies.
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46
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Abstract
Proteins called gamma-protocadherins are essential for the establishment of working circuits of neurons in the retina.
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47
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Kostadinov D, Sanes JR. Protocadherin-dependent dendritic self-avoidance regulates neural connectivity and circuit function. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26140686 PMCID: PMC4548410 DOI: 10.7554/elife.08964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic and axonal arbors of many neuronal types exhibit self-avoidance, in which branches repel each other. In some cases, these neurites interact with those of neighboring neurons, a phenomenon called self/non-self discrimination. The functional roles of these processes remain unknown. In this study, we used retinal starburst amacrine cells (SACs), critical components of a direction-selective circuit, to address this issue. In SACs, both processes are mediated by the gamma-protocadherins (Pcdhgs), a family of 22 recognition molecules. We manipulated Pcdhg expression in SACs and recorded from them and their targets, direction-selective ganglion cells (DSGCs). SACs form autapses when self-avoidance is disrupted and fail to form connections with other SACs when self/non-self discrimination is perturbed. Pcdhgs are also required to prune connections between closely spaced SACs. These alterations degrade the direction selectivity of DSGCs. Thus, self-avoidance, self/non-self discrimination, and synapse elimination are essential for proper function of a circuit that computes directional motion. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08964.001 Nerve cells (or neurons) connect to one another to form circuits that control the animal's behavior. Typically, each neuron receives signals from other cells via branch-like structures called dendrites. Each specific type of neuron has a characteristic pattern of branched dendrites, which is different from the pattern of other types of neuron. Therefore, it is reasonable to imagine that the shape of these branches can influence how the neuron works; however, this idea has rarely been tested experimentally. Different processes are known to act together to control the pattern of the branched dendrites. For example, dendrites in some neurons avoid other dendrites from the same neuron. This phenomenon is referred to as ‘self-avoidance’. In some of these cases, the same dendrites freely interact with the dendrites of neighboring neurons of the same type; this is called ‘self/non-self discrimination’. It is not clear, however, how these two processes influence the activity of neural circuits. Both self-avoidance and self/non-self discrimination rely on the expression of genes that encode so-called recognition molecules. Kostadinov and Sanes have now altered the expression of these genes in mice to see the effect that disrupting these two phenomena has on a set of neurons called ‘starburst amacrine cells’ that are found at the back the eye. The dendrites of starburst amacrine cells generate signals when objects move across the animal's field of vision. These dendrites then signal to other starburst amacrine cells and to so-called ‘direction-selective ganglion cells’, which in turn send this information to the brain for further processing. The experiments revealed that these disruptions affected the connections between the dendrites. Starburst amacrine cells that lacked self-avoidance mistakenly formed connections with themselves—as if they mistook their own dendrites for those of other starburst cells. In contrast, neurons that lacked self/non-self discrimination made the opposite mistake, and rarely formed connections with each other—as if they mistook the dendrites of other starbursts for their own. Disruptions to either phenomenon interfered with the activity of the direction-selective ganglion cells. Following on from the work of Kostadinov and Sanes, the next challenges include uncovering how the recognition molecules help with self-avoidance and self/non-self discrimination. It will also be important to examine whether the conclusions based on one type of neurons can be generalized to others that also exhibit these two phenomena. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08964.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitar Kostadinov
- Center for Brain Science, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Joshua R Sanes
- Center for Brain Science, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
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48
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Abstract
One key issue when conceiving the body as a multisensory object is how the cognitive system integrates visible instances of the self and other bodies with one's own somatosensory processing, to achieve self-recognition and body ownership. Recent research has strongly suggested that shadows cast by our own body have a special status for cognitive processing, directing attention to the body in a fast and highly specific manner. The aim of the present article is to review the most recent scientific contributions addressing how body shadows affect both sensory/perceptual and attentional processes. The review examines three main points: (1) body shadows as a special window to investigate the construction of multisensory body perception; (2) experimental paradigms and related findings; (3) open questions and future trajectories. The reviewed literature suggests that shadows cast by one's own body promote binding between personal and extrapersonal space and elicit automatic orienting of attention toward the body-part casting the shadow. Future research should address whether the effects exerted by body shadows are similar to those observed when observers are exposed to other visual instances of their body. The results will further clarify the processes underlying the merging of vision and somatosensation when creating body representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Pavani
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Giovanni Galfano
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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49
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Mazzoleni S, Cartenì F, Bonanomi G, Senatore M, Termolino P, Giannino F, Incerti G, Rietkerk M, Lanzotti V, Chiusano ML. Inhibitory effects of extracellular self-DNA: a general biological process? New Phytol 2015; 206:127-132. [PMID: 25628124 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Self-inhibition of growth has been observed in different organisms, but an underlying common mechanism has not been proposed so far. Recently, extracellular DNA (exDNA) has been reported as species-specific growth inhibitor in plants and proposed as an explanation of negative plant-soil feedback. In this work the effect of exDNA was tested on different species to assess the occurrence of such inhibition in organisms other than plants. Bioassays were performed on six species of different taxonomic groups, including bacteria, fungi, algae, plants, protozoa and insects. Treatments consisted in the addition to the growth substrate of conspecific and heterologous DNA at different concentration levels. Results showed that treatments with conspecific DNA always produced a concentration dependent growth inhibition, which instead was not observed in the case of heterologous DNA. Reported evidence suggests the generality of the observed phenomenon which opens new perspectives in the context of self-inhibition processes. Moreover, the existence of a general species-specific biological effect of exDNA raises interesting questions on its possible involvement in self-recognition mechanisms. Further investigation at molecular level will be required to unravel the specific functioning of the observed inhibitory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Mazzoleni
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Naples Federico II, via Università 100, Portici (NA), 80055., Italy
| | - Fabrizio Cartenì
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Naples Federico II, via Università 100, Portici (NA), 80055., Italy
| | - Giuliano Bonanomi
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Naples Federico II, via Università 100, Portici (NA), 80055., Italy
| | - Mauro Senatore
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Naples Federico II, via Università 100, Portici (NA), 80055., Italy
| | - Pasquale Termolino
- CNR-IGV, Istituto di Genetica Vegetale, via Università 133, Portici (NA), 80055, Italy
| | - Francesco Giannino
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Naples Federico II, via Università 100, Portici (NA), 80055., Italy
| | - Guido Incerti
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Naples Federico II, via Università 100, Portici (NA), 80055., Italy
| | - Max Rietkerk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Copernicus Institute, Utrecht University, PO Box 80115., TC Utrecht, 3508, the Netherlands
| | - Virginia Lanzotti
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Naples Federico II, via Università 100, Portici (NA), 80055., Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Chiusano
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Naples Federico II, via Università 100, Portici (NA), 80055., Italy
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50
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Fonseca-Pedrero E, Badoud D, Antico L, Caputo GB, Eliez S, Schwartz S, Debbané M. Strange-face-in-the-mirror illusion and schizotypy during adolescence. Schizophr Bull 2015; 41 Suppl 2:S475-82. [PMID: 25810060 PMCID: PMC4373638 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbu196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia can sometimes report strange face illusions when staring at themselves in the mirror; such experiences have been conceptualized as anomalous self-experiences that can be experienced with a varying degree of depersonalization. During adolescence, anomalous self-experiences can also be indicative of increased risk to develop schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. To date however, the Mirror-Gazing test (MGT), an experimentally validated experiment to evaluate the propensity of strange face illusions in nonclinical and clinical adults, has yet to be investigated in an adolescent sample. The first goal of the present study was to examine experimentally induced self-face illusions in a nonclinical sample of adolescents, using the MGT. The second goal was to investigate whether dimensions of adolescent trait schizotypy were differentially related to phenomena arising during the MGT. One hundred and ten community adolescents (59 male) aged from 12 to 19 years (mean age = 16.31, SD age = 1.77) completed the MGT and Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire. The results yielded 4 types of strange face illusions; 2 types of illusions (slight change of light/color [20%] and own face deformation [45.5%]) lacked depersonalization-like phenomena (no identity change), while 2 other types (vision of other identity [27.3%], and vision of non-human identity [7.3%]) contained clear depersonalization-like phenomena. Furthermore, the disorganization dimension of schizotypy associated negatively with time of first illusion (first press), and positively with frequency of illusions during the MGT. Statistically significant differences on positive and disorganized schizotypy were found when comparing groups on the basis of degree of depersonalization-like phenomena (from slight color changes to non-human visions). Similarly to experimentally induced self-face illusions in patients with schizophrenia, such illusions in a group of nonclinical adolescents present significant associations to schizotypy dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Fonseca-Pedrero
- Department of Educational Sciences, University of La Rioja, La Rioja, Spain; Prevention Program for Psychosis (P3), Cantabria, Spain;
| | - Deborah Badoud
- Adolescence Clinical Psychology Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland;,Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lia Antico
- Adolescence Clinical Psychology Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Stephan Eliez
- Adolescence Clinical Psychology Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland;,Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Schwartz
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Martin Debbané
- Adolescence Clinical Psychology Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland;,Office Médico-Pédagogique Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland;,Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
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