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Wang H, Yu H, Chai L, Lu T, Li Y, Jiang W, Li Q. Exogenous Sucrose Confers Low Light Tolerance in Tomato Plants by Increasing Carbon Partitioning from Stems to Leaves. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:20625-20642. [PMID: 38096491 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Low light (LL) stress adversely affects plant growth and productivity. The role of exogenous sucrose in enhancing plant LL tolerance was investigated by spraying sucrose on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) leaves. This study employed physiological and molecular approaches to identify the underlying mechanisms. Exogenous sucrose activated sucrose hydrolysis-related enzyme activity and upregulated genes encoding sucrose and hexose transporters in mature leaves, decreasing endogenous sucrose levels and promoting sucrose unloading during LL. Stem-related genes associated with sucrose synthesis and transport were also upregulated, enhancing sucrose phloem loading. Furthermore, sucrose from stems activated sucrose unloading in sink leaves, forming a feed-forward loop to sustain sucrose flow during LL. This led to increased nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs), improved energy metabolism, and enhanced protein synthesis in leaves, ultimately boosting photosynthesis and fruit yield after light recovery. These findings highlight how exogenous sucrose enhances LL tolerance in tomatoes by increasing the transport of NSCs from stems to leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hongjun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lin Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Weijie Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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2
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Qin A, Aluko OO, Liu Z, Yang J, Hu M, Guan L, Sun X. Improved cotton yield: Can we achieve this goal by regulating the coordination of source and sink? Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1136636. [PMID: 37063185 PMCID: PMC10090392 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1136636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Cotton is one of the major cash crops globally. It is characterized by determinate growth and multiple fruiting, which makes the source-sink contradiction more obvious. Coordination between source and sink is crucial for normal growth, yield, and quality of cotton. Numerous studies reported how the assimilate transport and distribution under varying environmental cues affected crop yields. However, less is known about the functional mechanism underlying the assimilate transport between source and sink, and how their distribution impacts cotton growth. Here, we provided an overview of the assimilate transport and distribution mechanisms , and discussed the regulatory mechanisms involved in source-sink balance in relation to cotton yield. Therefore, this review enriched our knowledge of the regulatory mechanism involved in source-sink relationship for improved cotton yield.
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3
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Bertrand H, Lapointe L. Bulb growth potential is independent of leaf longevity for the spring ephemeral Erythronium americanum Ker-Gawl. J Exp Bot 2023; 74:489-505. [PMID: 36308523 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Growth in most spring ephemerals is decreased under warmer temperatures. Although photosynthetic activities are improved at warmer temperatures, leaves senesce earlier, which prevents the bulb from reaching a larger size. A longer leaf life duration during a warm spring, therefore, may improve bulb mass. We tested this hypothesis by modulating leaf life span of Erythronium americanum through the application of Promalin® (PRO; cytokinins and gibberellins) that prolonged or silver thiosulfate (STS) that reduced leaf duration. Gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured along with leaf and bulb carbohydrate concentrations. Plants were also pulse labelled with 13CO2 to monitor sugar transport to the bulb. Lower photosynthetic rates and shorter leaf life span of STS plants reduced the amount of carbon that they assimilated during the season, resulting in a smaller bulb compared with control plants. PRO plants maintained their photosynthetic rates for a longer period than control plants, yet final bulb biomass did not differ between them. We conclude that seasonal growth for E. americanum is not limited by leaf life duration under warm growing conditions, but rather by limited sink growth capacity. Under global warming, spring geophytes might be at risk of being reduced in size and, eventually, reproducing less frequently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Bertrand
- Département de biologie and Centre d'étude de la forêt, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, G1V0A6, Canada
| | - Line Lapointe
- Département de biologie and Centre d'étude de la forêt, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, G1V0A6, Canada
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4
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Mathan J, Singh A, Ranjan A. Sucrose transport and metabolism control carbon partitioning between stem and grain in rice. J Exp Bot 2021; 72:4355-4372. [PMID: 33587747 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Source-sink relationships are key to overall crop performance. Detailed understanding of the factors that determine source-sink dynamics is imperative for the balance of biomass and grain yield in crop plants. We investigated the differences in source-sink relationships between a cultivated rice, Oryza sativa cv. Nipponbare, and a wild rice, Oryza australiensis, which show striking differences in biomass and grain yield. Oryza australiensis, which accumulates a higher biomass, not only showed higher photosynthesis per unit leaf area but also exported more sucrose from leaves compared with Nipponbare. However, grain features and sugar content suggested limited sucrose mobilization to grains in the wild rice due to vasculature and sucrose transporter functions. Low cell wall invertase activity and high sucrose synthase cleavage activity followed by higher expression of cellulose synthase genes in O. australiensis stem indicated that it utilized photosynthates preferentially for the synthesis of structural carbohydrates, resulting in high biomass. In contrast, source-sink relationships favored high grain yield in Nipponbare via accumulation of transitory starch in the stem, due to higher expression of starch biosynthetic genes, which is mobilized to panicles at the grain filling stage. Thus, vascular features, sucrose transport, and functions of sugar metabolic enzymes explained the differences in source-sink relationships between Nipponbare and O. australiensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotirmaya Mathan
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Anuradha Singh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Aashish Ranjan
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
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5
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Ruiz-Vera UM, De Souza AP, Ament MR, Gleadow RM, Ort DR. High sink strength prevents photosynthetic down-regulation in cassava grown at elevated CO2 concentration. J Exp Bot 2021; 72:542-560. [PMID: 33045084 PMCID: PMC7853607 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cassava has the potential to alleviate food insecurity in many tropical regions, yet few breeding efforts to increase yield have been made. Improved photosynthetic efficiency in cassava has the potential to increase yields, but cassava roots must have sufficient sink strength to prevent carbohydrates from accumulating in leaf tissue and suppressing photosynthesis. Here, we grew eight farmer-preferred African cassava cultivars under free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) to evaluate the sink strength of cassava roots when photosynthesis increases due to elevated CO2 concentrations ([CO2]). Relative to the ambient treatments, elevated [CO2] treatments increased fresh (+27%) and dry (+37%) root biomass, which was driven by an increase in photosynthesis (+31%) and the absence of photosynthetic down-regulation over the growing season. Moreover, intrinsic water use efficiency improved under elevated [CO2] conditions, while leaf protein content and leaf and root cyanide concentrations were not affected. Overall, these results suggest that higher cassava yields can be expected as atmospheric [CO2] increases over the coming decades. However, there were cultivar differences in the partitioning of resources to roots versus above-grown biomass; thus, the particular responses of each cultivar must be considered when selecting candidates for improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula M Ruiz-Vera
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Amanda P De Souza
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Michael R Ament
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Roslyn M Gleadow
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Donald R Ort
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Departments of Plant Biology and Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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6
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Wang M, Le Gourrierec J, Jiao F, Demotes-Mainard S, Perez-Garcia MD, Ogé L, Hamama L, Crespel L, Bertheloot J, Chen J, Grappin P, Sakr S. Convergence and Divergence of Sugar and Cytokinin Signaling in Plant Development. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1282. [PMID: 33525430 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants adjust their growth and development through a sophisticated regulatory system integrating endogenous and exogenous cues. Many of them rely on intricate crosstalk between nutrients and hormones, an effective way of coupling nutritional and developmental information and ensuring plant survival. Sugars in their different forms such as sucrose, glucose, fructose and trehalose-6-P and the hormone family of cytokinins (CKs) are major regulators of the shoot and root functioning throughout the plant life cycle. While their individual roles have been extensively investigated, their combined effects have unexpectedly received little attention, resulting in many gaps in current knowledge. The present review provides an overview of the relationship between sugars and CKs signaling in the main developmental transition during the plant lifecycle, including seed development, germination, seedling establishment, root and shoot branching, leaf senescence, and flowering. These new insights highlight the diversity and the complexity of the crosstalk between sugars and CKs and raise several questions that will open onto further investigations of these regulation networks orchestrating plant growth and development.
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7
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Liu B, Liu L, Asseng S, Zhang D, Ma W, Tang L, Cao W, Zhu Y. Modelling the effects of post-heading heat stress on biomass partitioning, and grain number and weight of wheat. J Exp Bot 2020; 71:6015-6031. [PMID: 32964926 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Grain yield of wheat and its components are very sensitive to heat stress at the critical growth stages of anthesis and grain filling. We observed negative impacts of heat stress on biomass partitioning and grain growth in environment-controlled phytotron experiments over 4 years, and we quantified relationships between the stress and grain number and potential grain weight at anthesis and during grain filling using process-based heat stress routines. These relationships included reduced grain set under stress at anthesis and decreased potential grain weight under stress during early grain filling. Biomass partitioning to stems and spikes was modified under heat stress based on a source-sink relationship. The integration of our process-based stress routines into the original WheatGrow model significantly enhanced the predictions of the biomass dynamics of the stems and spikes, the grain yield, and the yield components under heat stress. Compared to the original model, the improved version decreased the simulation errors for grain yield, grain number, and grain weight by 73%, 48%, and 49%, respectively, in an evaluation using independent data under heat stress in the phytotron conditions. When tested with data obtained under field conditions, the improved model showed a good ability to reproduce the decreasing dynamics of grain yield and its components with increasing post-anthesis temperatures. Sensitivity analysis showed that the improved model was able to reproduce the responses to various observed heat-stress treatments. These improvements to the crop model will be of significant importance for assessing the effects on crop production of projected increases in heat-stress events under future climate scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Liu
- National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Crop System Analysis and Decision Making, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Leilei Liu
- National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Crop System Analysis and Decision Making, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Senthold Asseng
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Dongzheng Zhang
- National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Crop System Analysis and Decision Making, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Wei Ma
- National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Crop System Analysis and Decision Making, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Liang Tang
- National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Crop System Analysis and Decision Making, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Weixing Cao
- National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Crop System Analysis and Decision Making, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhu
- National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Crop System Analysis and Decision Making, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
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8
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Du Y, Zhao Q, Chen L, Yao X, Zhang H, Wu J, Xie F. Effect of Drought Stress during Soybean R2-R6 Growth Stages on Sucrose Metabolism in Leaf and Seed. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E618. [PMID: 31963537 PMCID: PMC7013680 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sucrose is the main photosynthesis product of plants and the fundamental carbon skeleton monomer and energy supply for seed formation and development. Drought stress induces decreased photosynthetic carbon assimilation capacity, and seriously affects seed weight in soybean. However, little is known about the relationship between decreases in soybean seed yield and disruption of sucrose metabolism and transport balance in leaves and seeds during the reproductive stages of crop growth. Three soybean cultivars with similar growth periods, "Shennong17", "Shennong8", and "Shennong12", were subjected to drought stress during reproductive growth for 45 days. Drought stress significantly reduced leaf photosynthetic rate, shoot biomass, and seed weight by 63.93, 33.53, and 41.65%, respectively. Drought stress increased soluble sugar contents, the activities of sucrose phosphate synthase, sucrose synthase, and acid invertase enzymes, and up-regulated the expression levels of GmSPS1, GmSuSy2, and GmA-INV, but decreased starch content by 15.13% in leaves. Drought stress decreased the contents of starch, fructose, and glucose in seeds during the late seed filling stages, while it induced sucrose accumulation, which resulted in a decreased hexose-to-sucrose ratio. In developing seeds, the activities of sucrose synthesis and degradation enzymes, the expression levels of genes related to metabolism, and the expression levels of sucrose transporter genes were enhanced during early seed development under drought stress; however, under prolonged drought stress, all of them decreased. These results demonstrated that drought stress enhances the capacity for unloading sucrose into seeds and activated sucrose metabolism during early seed development. At the middle and late seed filling stages, sucrose flow from leaves to seeds was diminished, and the balance of sucrose metabolism was impaired in seeds, resulting in seed mass reduction. The different regulation strategies in sucrose allocation, metabolism, and transport during different seed development stages may be one of the physiological mechanisms for soybean plants to resist drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Du
- Soybean Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.D.); (Q.Z.); (L.C.); (X.Y.); (H.Z.)
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Soybean Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.D.); (Q.Z.); (L.C.); (X.Y.); (H.Z.)
| | - Liru Chen
- Soybean Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.D.); (Q.Z.); (L.C.); (X.Y.); (H.Z.)
| | - Xingdong Yao
- Soybean Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.D.); (Q.Z.); (L.C.); (X.Y.); (H.Z.)
| | - Huijun Zhang
- Soybean Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.D.); (Q.Z.); (L.C.); (X.Y.); (H.Z.)
| | - Junjiang Wu
- Soybean Research Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Soybean Cultivation of Ministry of Agriculture P. R. China, Harbin 150086, China;
| | - Futi Xie
- Soybean Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.D.); (Q.Z.); (L.C.); (X.Y.); (H.Z.)
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Glanz-Idan N, Wolf S. Upregulation of photosynthesis in mineral nutrition-deficient tomato plants by reduced source-to-sink ratio. Plant Signal Behav 2020; 15:1712543. [PMID: 31916482 PMCID: PMC7053955 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1712543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic activity is affected by environmental factors and endogenous signals controlled by the source-sink relationship. We recently showed upregulated photosynthetic rate following partial defoliation under favorable environmental conditions. Here, we examined the influence of partial defoliation on the remaining leaves' function in tomato plants under nutrient deficiency. The effect of partial defoliation was more pronounced under limited mineral supply vs. favorable conditions. Reduced source-sink ratio resulted in increased stomatal conductance and transpiration rate, as well as higher photosystem II efficiency. Although chlorophyll concentration was significantly reduced under limited nutrient supply, the photosynthetic rate in the remaining leaf was similar to that measured under normal fertilization. Expression of genes involved in the phloem loading of assimilated sugars was downregulated in the remaining source leaf of unfertilized plants, 15 d after partial defoliation; in fertilized plants, these genes' expression was similar in control and partially defoliated plants. We propose that at early stage, the additional carbon assimilated in the remaining leaf is devoted to increasing source size rather than sink growth. The size increase of the remaining leaf in unfertilized plants was not sufficient to rebalance the source-sink ratio, resulting in inhibited sugar export and further carbohydrate allocation in the remaining leaf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noga Glanz-Idan
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shmuel Wolf
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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10
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Glanz-Idan N, Tarkowski P, Turečková V, Wolf S. Root-shoot communication in tomato plants: cytokinin as a signal molecule modulating leaf photosynthetic activity. J Exp Bot 2020; 71:247-257. [PMID: 31504736 PMCID: PMC6913696 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic activity is affected by exogenous and endogenous inputs, including source-sink balance. Reducing the source to sink ratio by partial defoliation or heavy shading resulted in significant elevation of the photosynthetic rate in the remaining leaf of tomato plants within 3 d. The remaining leaf turned deep green, and its area increased by almost 3-fold within 7 d. Analyses of photosynthetic activity established up-regulation due to increased carbon fixation activity in the remaining leaf, rather than due to altered water balance. Moreover, senescence of the remaining leaf was significantly inhibited. As expected, carbohydrate concentration was lower in the remaining leaf than in the control leaves; however, expression of genes involved in sucrose export was significantly lower. These results suggest that the accumulated fixed carbohydrates were primarily devoted to increasing the size of the remaining leaf. Detailed analyses of the cytokinin content indicated that partial defoliation alters cytokinin biosynthesis in the roots, resulting in a higher concentration of trans-zeatin riboside, the major xylem-translocated molecule, and a higher concentration of total cytokinin in the remaining leaf. Together, our findings suggest that trans-zeatin riboside acts as a signal molecule that traffics from the root to the remaining leaf to alter gene expression and elevate photosynthetic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noga Glanz-Idan
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Petr Tarkowski
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Phytochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Crop Research Institute, Šlechtitelů 29, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Turečková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Shmuel Wolf
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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11
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Wang P, Wang Z, Pan Q, Sun X, Chen H, Chen F, Yuan L, Mi G. Increased biomass accumulation in maize grown in mixed nitrogen supply is mediated by auxin synthesis. J Exp Bot 2019; 70:1859-1873. [PMID: 30759246 PMCID: PMC6436159 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The use of mixed nitrate and ammonium as a nitrogen source can improve plant growth. Here, we used metabolomics and transcriptomics to study the underlying mechanisms. Maize plants were grown hydroponically in the presence of three forms of nitrogen (nitrate alone, 75%/25% nitrate/ammonium, and ammonium alone). Plants grown with mixed nitrogen had a higher photosynthetic rate than those supplied only with nitrate, and had the highest leaf area and shoot and root biomass among the three nitrogen treatments. In shoot and root, the concentration of nitrogenous compounds (ammonium, glutamine, and asparagine) and carbohydrates (sucrose, glucose, and fructose) in plants with a mixed nitrogen supply was higher than that with nitrate supply, but lower than that with ammonium supply. The activity of the related enzymes (glutamate synthase, asparagine synthase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, invertase, and ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase) changed accordingly. Specifically, the mixed nitrogen source enhanced auxin synthesis via the shikimic acid pathway, as indicated by the higher levels of phosphoenolpyruvate and tryptophan compared with the other two treatments. The expression of corresponding genes involving auxin synthesis and response was up-regulated. Supply of only ammonium resulted in high levels of glutamine and asparagine, starch, and trehalose hexaphosphate. We conclude that, in addition to increased photosynthesis, mixed nitrogen supply enhances leaf growth via increasing auxin synthesis to build a large sink for carbon and nitrogen utilization, which, in turn, facilitates further carbon assimilation and nitrogen uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhangkui Wang
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingchun Pan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xichao Sun
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fanjun Chen
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lixing Yuan
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guohua Mi
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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12
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Ning P, Yang L, Li C, Fritschi FB. Post-silking carbon partitioning under nitrogen deficiency revealed sink limitation of grain yield in maize. J Exp Bot 2018; 69:1707-1719. [PMID: 29361032 PMCID: PMC5888971 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays) plants exhibit altered carbon partitioning under nitrogen (N) deficiency, but the mechanisms by which N availability affects sugar export out of leaves and transport into developing ears remain unclear. Maize was grown under field conditions with different N supply. Plant growth, sugar movement, and starch turnover in source or sink tissues were investigated at silking and 20 or 21 days after silking. Nitrogen deficiency stunted plant growth and grain yield compared with N-sufficient plants, and resulted in greater starch concentrations in leaves due to more as well as larger starch granules in bundle sheath cells. Transmission electron microscopy revealed an open symplastic pathway for sucrose movement in N-deficient leaves, while the expression levels of transporters responsible for sucrose efflux and phloem loading were lower than in N-sufficient leaves. Nonetheless, greater starch concentrations in the apical cob portion of N-deficient plants implied sufficient carbon supply relative to the diminished sink strength (decreased kernel number and weight). Together with the high sugar concentrations in the developing kernels, the results indicated that reduced sink capacity and sugar utilization during grain filling may limit the yield in N-deficient plants, which in turn imposes a feedback inhibition on sugar export from leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Ning
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA
| | - Lu Yang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunjian Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Felix B Fritschi
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA
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Clément G, Moison M, Soulay F, Reisdorf-Cren M, Masclaux-Daubresse C. Metabolomics of laminae and midvein during leaf senescence and source-sink metabolite management in Brassica napus L. leaves. J Exp Bot 2018; 69:891-903. [PMID: 28992054 PMCID: PMC5853214 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence is a long developmental process important for nutrient management and for source to sink remobilization. Constituents of the mesophyll cells are progressively degraded to provide nutrients to the rest of the plant. Up to now, studies on leaf senescence have not paid much attention to the role of the different leaf tissues. In the present study, we dissected leaf laminae from the midvein to perform metabolite profiling. The laminae mesophyll cells are the source of nutrients, and in C3 plants they contain Rubisco as the most important nitrogen storage pool. Veins, rich in vasculature, are the place where all the nutrients are translocated, and sometimes interconverted, before being exported through the phloem or the xylem. The different metabolic changes we observed in laminae and midvein with ageing support the idea that the senescence programme in these two tissues is different. Important accumulations of metabolites in the midvein suggest that nutrient translocations from source leaves to sinks are mainly controlled at this level. Carbon and nitrogen long-distance molecules such as fructose, glucose, aspartate, and asparagine were more abundant in the midvein than in laminae. In contrast, sucrose, glutamate, and aspartate were more abundant in laminae. The concentrations of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) compounds were also lower in the midvein than in laminae. Since nitrogen remobilization increased under low nitrate supply, plants were grown under two nitrate concentrations. The results revealed that the senescence-related differences were mostly similar under low and high nitrate conditions except for some pathways such as the TCA cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Clément
- INRA-AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
| | - Michaël Moison
- INRA-AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
| | - Fabienne Soulay
- INRA-AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
| | - Michèle Reisdorf-Cren
- INRA-AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
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Kebrom TH. A Growing Stem Inhibits Bud Outgrowth - The Overlooked Theory of Apical Dominance. Front Plant Sci 2017; 8:1874. [PMID: 29163599 PMCID: PMC5671643 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Three theories of apical dominance, direct, diversion, and indirect, were proposed in the 1930s to explain how auxin synthesized in the shoot apex might inhibit axillary bud outgrowth, and thus shoot branching. The direct and diversion theories of apical dominance have been investigated in detail, and they are replaced with the current auxin transport canalization and second messenger theories, respectively. These two current theories still cannot entirely explain the phenomenon of apical dominance. Although there is ample evidence that the inhibition of bud outgrowth by auxin from the shoot apex is linked to stem elongation and highly branched auxin biosynthesis or signaling mutants are dwarf, the third theory proposed in the 1930s, the indirect theory, that explains apical dominance as auxin-induced stem growth indirectly inhibits bud outgrowth has been overlooked. The indirect theory did not propose how a growing stem might inhibit bud outgrowth. Recent discoveries indicate bud dormancy (syn. quiescence, paradormancy) in response to intrinsic and environmental factors in diverse species is linked to enhanced growth of the main shoot and reduced sugar level in the buds. Since a growing stem is a strong sink for sugars, and sugar is indispensable for shoot branching, the indirect theory of apical dominance might now be explained as auxin-induced stem growth inhibits bud outgrowth by diverting sugars away from buds. Detailed study of the indirect theory and the effect of source-sink status on dormancy and outgrowth of axillary buds will advance our knowledge of apical dominance and shoot branching in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesfamichael H. Kebrom
- College of Agriculture and Human Sciences, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX, United States
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15
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Gramig GG, Harris MO. Plant Photosynthetic Responses During Insect Effector-Triggered Plant Susceptibility and Immunity. Environ Entomol 2015; 44:601-609. [PMID: 26313966 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvv028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Gall-inducing insects are known for altering source-sink relationships within plants. Changes in photosynthesis may contribute to this phenomenon. We investigated photosynthetic responses in wheat [Triticum aestivum L. (Poaceae: Triticeae)] seedlings attacked by the Hessian fly [Mayetiola destructor (Say) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae], which uses a salivary effector-based strategy to induce a gall nutritive tissue in susceptible plants. Resistant plants have surveillance systems mediated by products of Resistance (R) genes. Detection of a specific salivary effector triggers downstream responses that result in a resistance that kills neonate larvae. A 2 × 2 factorial design was used to study maximum leaf photosynthetic assimilation and stomatal conductance rates. The plant treatments were-resistant or susceptible wheat lines expressing or not expressing the H13 resistance gene. The insect treatments were-no attack (control) or attack by larvae killed by H13 gene-mediated resistance. Photosynthesis was measured for the second and third leaves of the seedling, the latter being the only leaf directly attacked by larvae. We predicted effector-based attack would trigger increases in photosynthetic rates in susceptible but not resistant plants. For susceptible plants, attack was associated with increases (relative to controls) in photosynthesis for the third but not the second leaf. For resistant plants, attack was associated with increases in photosynthesis for both the second and third leaves. Mechanisms underlying the increases appeared to differ. Resistant plants exhibited responses suggesting altered source-sink relationships. Susceptible plants exhibited responses suggesting a mechanism other than altered source-sink relationships, possibly changes in water relations that contributed to increased stomatal conductance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta G Gramig
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102.
| | - Marion O Harris
- Department of Entomology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102
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16
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Chen BJW, Vermeulen PJ, During HJ, Anten NPR. Testing for disconnection and distance effects on physiological self-recognition within clonal fragments of Potentilla reptans. Front Plant Sci 2015; 6:215. [PMID: 25904925 PMCID: PMC4387473 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that belowground self-recognition in clonal plants can be disrupted between sister ramets by the loss of connections or long distances within a genet. However, these results may be confounded by severing connections between ramets in the setups. Using Potentilla reptans, we examined severance effects in a setup that grew ramet pairs with connections either intact or severed. We showed that severance generally reduced new stolon mass but had no effect on root allocation of ramets. However, it did reduce root mass of younger ramets of the pairs. We also explored evidence for physiological self-recognition with another setup that avoided severing connections by manipulating root interactions between closely connected ramets, between remotely connected ramets and between disconnected ramets within one genet. We found that ramets grown with disconnected neighbors had less new stolon mass, similar root mass but higher root allocation as compared to ramets grown with connected neighbors. There was no difference in ramet growth between closely connected- and remotely connected-neighbor treatments. We suggest that severing connections affects ramet interactions by disrupting their physiological integration. Using the second setup, we provide unbiased evidence for physiological self-recognition, while also suggesting that it can persist over long distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin J. W. Chen
- Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Peter J. Vermeulen
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Heinjo J. During
- Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Niels P. R. Anten
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
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17
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Ma YT, Wubs AM, Mathieu A, Heuvelink E, Zhu JY, Hu BG, Cournède PH, de Reffye P. Simulation of fruit-set and trophic competition and optimization of yield advantages in six Capsicum cultivars using functional-structural plant modelling. Ann Bot 2011; 107:793-803. [PMID: 21097946 PMCID: PMC3077981 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcq223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Many indeterminate plants can have wide fluctuations in the pattern of fruit-set and harvest. Fruit-set in these types of plants depends largely on the balance between source (assimilate supply) and sink strength (assimilate demand) within the plant. This study aims to evaluate the ability of functional-structural plant models to simulate different fruit-set patterns among Capsicum cultivars through source-sink relationships. METHODS A greenhouse experiment of six Capsicum cultivars characterized with different fruit weight and fruit-set was conducted. Fruit-set patterns and potential fruit sink strength were determined through measurement. Source and sink strength of other organs were determined via the GREENLAB model, with a description of plant organ weight and dimensions according to plant topological structure established from the measured data as inputs. Parameter optimization was determined using a generalized least squares method for the entire growth cycle. KEY RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Fruit sink strength differed among cultivars. Vegetative sink strength was generally lower for large-fruited cultivars than for small-fruited ones. The larger the size of the fruit, the larger variation there was in fruit-set and fruit yield. Large-fruited cultivars need a higher source-sink ratio for fruit-set, which means higher demand for assimilates. Temporal heterogeneity of fruit-set affected both number and yield of fruit. The simulation study showed that reducing heterogeneity of fruit-set was obtained by different approaches: for example, increasing source strength; decreasing vegetative sink strength, source-sink ratio for fruit-set and flower appearance rate; and harvesting individual fruits earlier before full ripeness. Simulation results showed that, when we increased source strength or decreased vegetative sink strength, fruit-set and fruit weight increased. However, no significant differences were found between large-fruited and small-fruited groups of cultivars regarding the effects of source and vegetative sink strength on fruit-set and fruit weight. When the source-sink ratio at fruit-set decreased, the number of fruit retained on the plant increased competition for assimilates with vegetative organs. Therefore, total plant and vegetative dry weights decreased, especially for large-fruited cultivars. Optimization study showed that temporal heterogeneity of fruit-set and ripening was predicted to be reduced when fruits were harvested earlier. Furthermore, there was a 20 % increase in the number of extra fruit set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. T. Ma
- Key Laboratory of Plant–Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environment, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Horticultural Supply Chains group, Wageningen University, PO Box 630, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
- LIAMA, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- For correspondence. E-mail or
| | - A. M. Wubs
- Horticultural Supply Chains group, Wageningen University, PO Box 630, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - A. Mathieu
- Laboratory of Applied Mathematics, Ecole Centrale Paris, 92295 Antony Cedex, France
| | - E. Heuvelink
- Horticultural Supply Chains group, Wageningen University, PO Box 630, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - J. Y. Zhu
- The Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- For correspondence. E-mail or
| | - B. G. Hu
- LIAMA, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - P. H. Cournède
- Laboratory of Applied Mathematics, Ecole Centrale Paris, 92295 Antony Cedex, France
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18
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Gauci R, Otrysko B, Catford JG, Lapointe L. Carbon allocation during fruiting in Rubus chamaemorus. Ann Bot 2009; 104:703-13. [PMID: 19520701 PMCID: PMC2729635 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcp142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Revised: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Rubus chamaemorus (cloudberry) is a herbaceous clonal peatland plant that produces an extensive underground rhizome system with distant ramets. Most of these ramets are non-floral. The main objectives of this study were to determine: (a) if plant growth was source limited in cloudberry; (b) if the non-floral ramets translocated carbon (C) to the fruit; and (c) if there was competition between fruit, leaves and rhizomes for C during fruit development. METHODS Floral and non-floral ramet activities were monitored during the period of flower and fruit development using three approaches: gas exchange measurements, (14)CO(2) labelling and dry mass accumulation in the different organs. Source and sink activity were manipulated by eliminating leaves or flowers or by reducing rhizome length. KEY RESULTS Photosynthetic rates were lower in floral than in deflowered ramets. Autoradiographs and (14)C labelling data clearly indicated that fruit is a very strong sink for the floral ramet, whereas non-floral ramets translocated C toward the rhizome but not toward floral ramets. Nevertheless, rhizomes received some C from the floral ramet throughout the fruiting period. Ramets with shorter rhizomes produced smaller leaves and smaller fruits, and defoliated ramets produced very small fruits. CONCLUSIONS Plant growth appears to be source-limited in cloudberry since a reduction in sink strength did not induce a reduction in photosynthetic activity. Non-floral ramets did not participate directly to fruit development. Developing leaves appear to compete with the developing fruit but the intensity of this competition could vary with the specific timing of the two organs. The rhizome appears to act both as a source but also potentially as a sink during fruit development. Further studies are needed to characterize better the complex role played by the rhizome in fruit C nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Gauci
- Département de biologie
- Centre de recherche en biologie forestière, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - B. Otrysko
- Centre de recherche Les Buissons, 358 chemin Principal, C.P. 455, Pointe-aux-Outardes, Québec, G0H 1M0, Canada
| | - J.-G. Catford
- Centre de recherche en biologie forestière, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - L. Lapointe
- Département de biologie
- Centre de recherche en biologie forestière, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
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Barrero C, Royo J, Grijota-Martinez C, Faye C, Paul W, Sanz S, Steinbiss HH, Hueros G. The promoter of ZmMRP-1, a maize transfer cell-specific transcriptional activator, is induced at solute exchange surfaces and responds to transport demands. Planta 2009; 229:235-47. [PMID: 18830706 PMCID: PMC2757625 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-008-0823-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Revised: 08/15/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Transfer cells have specializations that facilitate the transport of solutes across plant exchange surfaces. ZmMRP-1 is a maize (Zea mays) endosperm transfer cell-specific transcriptional activator that plays a central role in the regulatory pathways controlling transfer cell differentiation and function. The present work investigates the signals controlling the expression of ZmMRP-1 through the production of transgenic lines of maize, Arabidopsis, tobacco and barley containing ZmMRP-1promoter:GUS reporter constructs. The GUS signal predominantly appeared in regions of active transport between source and sink tissues, including nematode-induced feeding structures and at sites of vascular connection between developing organs and the main plant vasculature. In those cases, promoter induction was associated with the initial developmental stages of transport structures. Significantly, transfer cells also differentiated in these regions suggesting that, independent of species, location or morphological features, transfer cells might differentiate in a similar way under the influence of conserved induction signals. In planta and yeast experiments showed that the promoter activity is modulated by carbohydrates, glucose being the most effective inducer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Barrero
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Genética, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, Carretera Madrid-Barcelona Km 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín Royo
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Genética, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, Carretera Madrid-Barcelona Km 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Grijota-Martinez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Genética, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, Carretera Madrid-Barcelona Km 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian Faye
- Cereal Functional Analysis Group, Biogemma SAS, 8 Rue des Frères Lumière, 63028 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 2, France
| | - Wyatt Paul
- Cereal Functional Analysis Group, Biogemma SAS, 8 Rue des Frères Lumière, 63028 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 2, France
| | - Soledad Sanz
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - H.-H. Steinbiss
- Max Planck Institut für Züchturnsforschung, Carl von Linne Weg 10, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gregorio Hueros
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Genética, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, Carretera Madrid-Barcelona Km 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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20
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Dong Q, Louarn G, Wang Y, Barczi JF, de Reffye P. Does the structure-function model GREENLAB deal with crop phenotypic plasticity induced by plant spacing? A case study on tomato. Ann Bot 2008; 101:1195-206. [PMID: 18199575 PMCID: PMC2710282 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcm317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Revised: 09/27/2007] [Accepted: 11/21/2007] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plant growth models able to simulate phenotypic plasticity are increasingly required because (1) they should enable better predictions of the observed variations in crop production, yield and quality, and (2) their parameters are expected to have a more robust genetic basis, with possible implications for selection of quantitative traits such as growth- and allocation-related processes. The structure-function plant model, GREENLAB, simulates resource-dependent plasticity of plant architecture. Evidence for its generality has been previously reported, but always for plants grown in a limited range of environments. This paper aims to test the model concept to its limits by using plant spacing as a means to generate a gradient of competition for light, and by using a new crop species, tomato, known to exhibit a strong photomorphogenetic response. METHODS A greenhouse experiment was carried out with three homogeneous planting densities (plant spacing = 0.3, 0.6 and 1 m). Detailed records of plant development, plant architecture and organ growth were made throughout the growing period. Model calibration was performed for each situation using a statistical optimization procedure (multi-fitting). KEY RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Obvious limitations of the present version of the model appeared to account fully for the plant plasticity induced by inter-plant competition for light. A lack of stability was identified for some model parameters at very high planting density. In particular, those parameters characterizing organ sink strengths and governing light interception proved to be environment-dependent. Remarkably, however, responses of the parameter values concerned were consistent with actual growth measurements and with previously reported results. Furthermore, modifications of total biomass production and of allocation patterns induced by the planting-density treatments were accurately simulated using the sets of optimized parameters. These results demonstrate that the overall model structure is potentially able to reproduce the observed plant plasticity and suggest that sound biologically based adaptations could overcome the present model limitations. Potential options for model improvement are proposed, and the possibility of using the kernel algorithm currently available as a fitting tool to build up more sophisticated model versions is advocated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoxue Dong
- China Agricultural University, Department of Electronic Information, College of Information and Electrical Engineering, Box 63, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Gaëtan Louarn
- China Agricultural University, Department of Electronic Information, College of Information and Electrical Engineering, Box 63, 100083, Beijing, China
- Institute of Automation (CASIA), Sino-French Laboratory of Informatics, Automation and Applied Mathematics (LIAMA), Chinese Academy of Science, PO Box 2728, 100080, Beijing, China
| | - Yiming Wang
- China Agricultural University, Department of Electronic Information, College of Information and Electrical Engineering, Box 63, 100083, Beijing, China
| | | | - Philippe de Reffye
- CIRAD, UMR AMAP, TA 40/PS2, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- INRIA Rocquencourt, Digiplant Program, 78153, Le Chesnay Cedex, France
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Ma Y, Wen M, Guo Y, Li B, Cournède PH, de Reffye P. Parameter optimization and field validation of the functional-structural model GREENLAB for maize at different population densities. Ann Bot 2008; 101:1185-94. [PMID: 17921525 PMCID: PMC2710275 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcm233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2007] [Revised: 03/12/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plant population density (PPD) influences plant growth greatly. Functional-structural plant models such as GREENLAB can be used to simulate plant development and growth and PPD effects on plant functioning and architectural behaviour can be investigated. This study aims to evaluate the ability of GREENLAB to predict maize growth and development at different PPDs. METHODS Two field experiments were conducted on irrigated fields in the North China Plain with a block design of four replications. Each experiment included three PPDs: 2.8, 5.6 and 11.1 plants m(-2). Detailed observations were made on the dimensions and fresh biomass of above-ground plant organs for each phytomer throughout the seasons. Growth stage-specific target files (a description of plant organ weight and dimension according to plant topological structure) were established from the measured data required for GREENLAB parameterization. Parameter optimization was conducted using a generalized least square method for the entire growth cycles for all PPDs and years. Data from in situ plant digitization were used to establish geometrical symbol files for organs that were then applied to translate model output directly into 3-D representation for each time step of the model execution. KEY RESULTS The analysis indicated that the parameter values of organ sink variation function, and the values of most of the relative sink strength parameters varied little among years and PPDs, but the biomass production parameter, computed plant projection surface and internode relative sink strength varied with PPD. Simulations of maize plant growth based on the fitted parameters were reasonably good as indicated by the linearity and slopes similar to unity for the comparison of simulated and observed values. Based on the parameter values fitted from different PPDs, shoot (including vegetative and reproductive parts of the plant) and cob fresh biomass for other PPDs were simulated. Three-dimensional representation of individual plant and plant stand from the model output with two contrasting PPDs were presented with which the PPD effect on plant growth can be easily recognized. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that GREENLAB model has the ability to capture plant plasticity induced by PPD. The relatively stable parameter values strengthened the hypothesis that one set of equations can govern dynamic organ growth. With further validation, this model can be used for agronomic applications such as yield optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuntao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environment, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
- LIAMA, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Meiping Wen
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environment, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
- Institute of Remote Sensing Applications, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environment, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Baoguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environment, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Paul-Henry Cournède
- Laboratory of Applied Mathematics, Ecole Centrale Paris, 92295 Antony Cedex, France
| | - Philippe de Reffye
- INRIA-Rocquencourt, BP 105, 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex, France
- Cirad-amis, TA 40/01 Ave Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Lieberei R. South American leaf blight of the rubber tree (Hevea spp.): new steps in plant domestication using physiological features and molecular markers. Ann Bot 2007; 100:1125-42. [PMID: 17650512 PMCID: PMC2759241 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcm133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rubber trees (Hevea spp.) are perennial crops of Amazonian origin that have been spread over the whole tropical belt to guarantee worldwide production of natural rubber. This crop plant has found its place in many national economies of producing countries, and although its domestication by selection of suitable genotypes was very slow, it contributes a lot to the welfare of small farmers worldwide. Its development is limited by severe diseases. In South America, the main fungal disease of rubber trees is the South American leaf blight (SALB) caused by the ascomycete Microcyclus ulei. This fungus inhibits natural rubber production on a commercial scale in South and Central America. SCOPE The disease is still restricted to its continent of origin, but its potential to be distributed around the world rises with every transcontinental airline connection that directly links tropical regions. The need to develop control measures against the disease is an urgent task and must be carried out on an international scale. All control efforts so far taken since 1910 have ended in a miserable failure. Even the use of modern systemic fungicides and use of greatly improved application techniques have failed to prevent large losses and dieback of trees. The results of research dealing with both the disease and the pathosystem over more than 50 years are summarized and placed into perspective. FUTURE PROSPECTS A detailed knowledge of this host-pathogen combination requires understanding of the dynamics of Hevea leaf development, the biochemical potential for cyanide liberation, and molecular data for several types of resistance factors. Resolution of the Hevea-SALB problem may serve as a model for future host-pathogen studies of perennial plants requiring a holistic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Lieberei
- Biocenter Klein Flottbek and Botanical Garden, University of Hamburg, Unit of Applied Ecology and Crop Science, Ohnhorststr. 16, D-22609 Hamburg, Germany.
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