1
|
Sander MY, Zhu X. Infrared neuromodulation-a review. Rep Prog Phys 2024; 87:066701. [PMID: 38701769 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ad4729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Infrared (IR) neuromodulation (INM) is an emerging light-based neuromodulation approach that can reversibly control neuronal and muscular activities through the transient and localized deposition of pulsed IR light without requiring any chemical or genetic pre-treatment of the target cells. Though the efficacy and short-term safety of INM have been widely demonstrated in both peripheral and central nervous systems, the investigations of the detailed cellular and biological processes and the underlying biophysical mechanisms are still ongoing. In this review, we discuss the current research progress in the INM field with a focus on the more recently discovered IR nerve inhibition. Major biophysical mechanisms associated with IR nerve stimulation are summarized. As the INM effects are primarily attributed to the spatiotemporal thermal transients induced by water and tissue absorption of pulsed IR light, temperature monitoring techniques and simulation models adopted in INM studies are discussed. Potential translational applications, current limitations, and challenges of the field are elucidated to provide guidance for future INM research and advancement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Y Sander
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, 8 Saint Mary's Street, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, 15 Saint Mary's Street, Brookline, MA 02446, United States of America
- Photonics Center, Boston University, 8 Saint Mary's Street, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
- Neurophotonics Center, Boston University, 24 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
| | - Xuedong Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
- Photonics Center, Boston University, 8 Saint Mary's Street, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
- Neurophotonics Center, Boston University, 24 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Funatani S, Tsukamoto Y. Improvement of Temperature Measurement Accuracy of Hot Airflow Using Ultrafine Thermo-Sensitive Fluorescent Wires of Lumisis Phosphor. Sensors (Basel) 2024; 24:2510. [PMID: 38676126 PMCID: PMC11053633 DOI: 10.3390/s24082510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
In this study, the fluorescence properties of Lumisis, a phosphor that can be easily applied to ultrafine wires, were evaluated. By evaluating the wavelength characteristics of Lumisis phosphor, we investigated the possibility of applying it to a dual-wavelength laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) measurement system and evaluated the accuracy of temperature measurements. The difference between the decrease in the percentage intensities of the red and green fluorescence of Lumisis phosphors showed that two-color LIF was possible. The Lumisis phosphor-mixture ratio was optimized as 1:1.25, and the average measurement error of the fluorescent wire was 0.20 K, as evaluated through uncertainty analysis. Finally, the application of this measurement method to hot air jet phenomena showed that this method accurately captures the temperature changes in hot air, thus proving its validity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shumpei Funatani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang X, Liu B, Wang H, Ma W, Han Y. Multispectral Thermometry Method Based on Optimisation Ideas. Sensors (Basel) 2024; 24:2025. [PMID: 38610237 PMCID: PMC11013750 DOI: 10.3390/s24072025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Multispectral thermometry is based on the law of blackbody radiation and is widely used in engineering practice today. Temperature values can be inferred from radiation intensity and multiple sets of wavelengths. Multispectral thermometry eliminates the requirements for single-spectral and spectral similarity, which are associated with two-colour thermometry. In the process of multispectral temperature inversion, the solution of spectral emissivity and multispectral data processing can be seen as the keys to accurate thermometry. At present, spectral emissivity is most commonly estimated using assumption models. When an assumption model closely matches an actual situation, the inversion of the temperature and the accuracy of spectral emissivity are both very high; however, when the two are not closely matched, the inversion result is very different from the actual situation. Assumption models of spectral emissivity exhibit drawbacks when used for thermometry of a complex material, or any material whose properties dynamically change during a combustion process. To address the above problems, in the present study, we developed a multispectral thermometry method based on optimisation ideas. This method involves analysing connections between measured temperatures of each channel in a multispectral temperature inversion process; it also makes use of correlations between multispectral signals at different temperatures. In short, we established a multivariate temperature difference correlation function based on the principles of multispectral radiometric thermometry, using information correlations between data for each channel in a temperature inversion process. We then established a high-precision thermometry model by optimising the correlation function and correcting any measurement errors. This method simplifies the modelling process so that it becomes an optimisation problem of the temperature difference function. This also removes the need to assume the relationships between spectral emissivity and other physical quantities, simplifying the process of multispectral thermometry. Finally, this involves correction of the spectral data so that any impact of measurement error on the thermometry is reduced. In order to verify the feasibility and reliability of the method, a simple eight-channel multispectral thermometry device was used for experimental validation, in which the temperature emitted from a blackbody furnace was identified as the standard value. In addition, spectral data from the 468-603 nm band were calibrated within a temperature range of 1923.15-2273.15 K, resulting in multispectral thermometry based on optimisation principles with an error rate of around 0.3% and a temperature calculation time of less than 3 s. The achieved level of inversion accuracy was better than that obtained using either a secondary measurement method (SMM) or a neural network method, and the calculation speed achieved was considerably faster than that obtained using the SMM method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- College of Information and Communication Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China; (X.Z.); (B.L.)
| | - Bin Liu
- College of Information and Communication Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China; (X.Z.); (B.L.)
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Signal Capturing & Processing, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Testing Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Hongru Wang
- Shanxi TZ Digitization & Intelligence Technology Company, Taiyuan 030031, China; (H.W.); (W.M.)
| | - Wen Ma
- Shanxi TZ Digitization & Intelligence Technology Company, Taiyuan 030031, China; (H.W.); (W.M.)
| | - Yan Han
- College of Information and Communication Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China; (X.Z.); (B.L.)
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Signal Capturing & Processing, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Testing Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang F, Zhu K, Yu X, Liu T, Lu K, Wang Z, Li Y. Air Gap Fiber Bragg Grating for Simultaneous Strain and Temperature Measurement. Micromachines (Basel) 2024; 15:140. [PMID: 38258259 PMCID: PMC10820235 DOI: 10.3390/mi15010140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
We propose an air gap fiber Bragg grating (g-FBG) sensor that can measure strain and temperature simultaneously. The sensor is made by aligning two fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs), and an air gap exists between these two sub-gratings. This sensor's architecture allows it to form a spectrum with phase-shifted fiber Bragg grating (PSFBG) spectroscopy and Fabry-Perot interference (FPI) spectroscopy. Since the sensitivity of PSFBG and FPI spectra is different for strain and temperature, it is possible to measure both strain and temperature by measuring one of the reflected dips of PSFBG and the interference dip of FPI. The experimental results show that the strain sensitivity is about 11.95 pm/με via the dip wavelength detection of FPI, and the temperature sensitivity is about 9.64 pm/°C via the dip wavelength detection of PSFBG. The g-FBG sensor demonstrates a resolution of approximately ±3.7 με within the strain range of 0 to 1000 με and about ±0.6 °C within the temperature range of 25 °C to 120 °C. The proposed g-FBG sensor, characterized by its simple structure, compact size, and cost-effectiveness, exhibits significant potential in the field of multi-parameter measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yan Li
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Murata Y, Machiya R, Komori T. Influence of Processing Conditions on the Generation of Surface Defects in a Heat-and-Cool Hybrid Injection Molding Technique for Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Sheets and Development of a Suitable Mold Heated by Far-Infrared Radiation. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4437. [PMID: 38006162 PMCID: PMC10675431 DOI: 10.3390/polym15224437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, hybrid injection molding-a type of overmolding technology in which a short carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastic is injection molded over a compression-molded carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastic (CFRTP) sheet-has been introduced. A heat-and-cool hybrid injection molding technique has also been introduced for practical use. The technique yields high-quality molded products. This is achieved through the heating of the mold cavity surface to a temperature higher than the melting point of the base polymer impregnated into the carbon fiber fabric. However, few experimental analyses of the molding phenomena in heat-and-cool hybrid injection molding have been reported. In particular, the effect of the processing conditions on the transfer of the mold cavity surface shape to the CFRTP sheet has not been clarified in detail. Therefore, it has been impossible to take extensive measures when defects are generated in molded products. In this study, a mold is designed and fabricated for use with far-infrared radiation heating, a variotherm technology that is suitable for the experimental analysis of the heat-and-cool hybrid injection molding phenomenon. In particular, a mold is designed and fabricated to continuously perform the following three processes using only an injection molding machine: (1) the radiation heating of both the CFRTP sheet and the mold cavity surface using a far-infrared radiation heater, (2) the compression molding of the CFRTP sheet, and (3) the injection molding of the melt. The effects of the heating conditions of the mold and the injection molding process conditions on the appearance characteristics of the molded products are clarified using this mold and a far-infrared radiation heater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Murata
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Engineering, Nippon Institute of Technology, 4-1 Gakuendai, Miyashiro-machi, Minamisaitama-gun, Saitama 345-8501, Japan
| | - Ryunosuke Machiya
- Mechanical Systems Engineering Major, Graduate School Nippon Institute of Technology, 4-1 Gakuendai, Miyashiro-machi, Minamisaitama-gun, Saitama 345-8501, Japan (T.K.)
| | - Takuma Komori
- Mechanical Systems Engineering Major, Graduate School Nippon Institute of Technology, 4-1 Gakuendai, Miyashiro-machi, Minamisaitama-gun, Saitama 345-8501, Japan (T.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zeiner S, Zadrazil M, Willschke H, Wiegele M, Marhofer P, Hammerle FP, Laxar D, Gleiss A, Kimberger O. Accuracy of a Dual-Sensor Heat-Flux (DHF) Non-Invasive Core Temperature Sensor in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Surgery. J Clin Med 2023; 12:7018. [PMID: 38002632 PMCID: PMC10672443 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12227018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate temperature measurement is crucial for the perioperative management of pediatric patients, and non-invasive thermometry is necessary when invasive methods are infeasible. A prospective observational study was conducted on 57 patients undergoing elective surgery. Temperatures were measured using a dual-sensor heat-flux (DHF) thermometer (Tcore™) and a rectal temperature probe (TRec), and the agreement between the two measurements was assessed. The DHF measurements showed a bias of +0.413 °C compared with those of the TRec. The limits of agreement were broader than the pre-defined ±0.5 °C range (-0.741 °C and +1.567 °C). Although the DHF sensors tended to overestimate the core temperature compared to the rectal measurements, an error grid analysis demonstrated that 95.81% of the DHF measurements would not have led to a wrong clinical decision, e.g., warming or cooling when not necessary. In conclusion, the low number of measurements that would have led to incorrect decisions suggests that the DHF sensor can be considered an option for continuous temperature measurement when more invasive methods are infeasible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Zeiner
- Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria (M.Z.); (P.M.); (O.K.)
| | - Markus Zadrazil
- Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria (M.Z.); (P.M.); (O.K.)
| | - Harald Willschke
- Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria (M.Z.); (P.M.); (O.K.)
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Digital Health and Patient Safety (LBI DHPS), 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marion Wiegele
- Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria (M.Z.); (P.M.); (O.K.)
| | - Peter Marhofer
- Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria (M.Z.); (P.M.); (O.K.)
| | - Fabian Peter Hammerle
- Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria (M.Z.); (P.M.); (O.K.)
| | - Daniel Laxar
- Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria (M.Z.); (P.M.); (O.K.)
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Digital Health and Patient Safety (LBI DHPS), 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Gleiss
- Institute of Clinical Biometrics, Center for Medical Data Science, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Kimberger
- Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria (M.Z.); (P.M.); (O.K.)
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Digital Health and Patient Safety (LBI DHPS), 1090 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Leite TM, Freitas C, Magalhães R, Ferreira da Silva A, Alves JR, Viana JC, Delgado I. Decoupling of Temperature and Strain Effects on Optical Fiber-Based Measurements of Thermomechanical Loaded Printed Circuit Board Assemblies. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:8565. [PMID: 37896659 PMCID: PMC10610684 DOI: 10.3390/s23208565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the use of distributed optical fiber sensing to measure temperature and strain during thermomechanical processes in printed circuit board (PCB) manufacturing. An optical fiber (OF) was bonded to a PCB for simultaneous measurement of temperature and strain. Optical frequency-domain reflectometry was used to interrogate the fiber optic sensor. As the optical fiber is sensitive to both temperature and strain, a demodulation technique is required to separate both effects. Several demodulation techniques were compared to find the best one, highlighting their main limitations. The importance of good estimations of the temperature sensitivity coefficient of the OF and the coefficient of thermal expansion of the PCB was highlighted for accurate results. Furthermore, the temperature sensitivity of the bonded OF should not be neglected for accurate estimations of strains. The two-sensor combination model provided the best results, with a 2.3% error of temperature values and expected strain values. Based on this decoupling model, a methodology for measuring strain and temperature variations in PCB thermomechanical processes using a single and simple OF was developed and tested, and then applied to a trial in an industrial environment using a dynamic oven with similar characteristics to those of a reflow oven. This approach allows the measurement of the temperature profile on the PCB during oven travel and its strain state (warpage).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Maurício Leite
- BOSCH Car Multimedia, 4705-820 Braga, Portugal; (T.M.L.); (R.M.); (J.R.A.); (I.D.)
| | - Cláudia Freitas
- IPC—Institute for Polymers and Composites/LASI, Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-048 Guimaraes, Portugal;
| | - Roberto Magalhães
- BOSCH Car Multimedia, 4705-820 Braga, Portugal; (T.M.L.); (R.M.); (J.R.A.); (I.D.)
| | - Alexandre Ferreira da Silva
- CMEMS-UMinho and LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, Department of Industrial Electronics, University of Minho, 4800-048 Guimaraes, Portugal;
| | - José R. Alves
- BOSCH Car Multimedia, 4705-820 Braga, Portugal; (T.M.L.); (R.M.); (J.R.A.); (I.D.)
| | - Júlio C. Viana
- IPC—Institute for Polymers and Composites/LASI, Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, 4800-048 Guimaraes, Portugal;
| | - Isabel Delgado
- BOSCH Car Multimedia, 4705-820 Braga, Portugal; (T.M.L.); (R.M.); (J.R.A.); (I.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Olson KD, O’Brien P, Lin AS, Fabry DA, Hanke S, Schroeder MJ. A Continuously Worn Dual Temperature Sensor System for Accurate Monitoring of Core Body Temperature from the Ear Canal. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:7323. [PMID: 37687777 PMCID: PMC10490514 DOI: 10.3390/s23177323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to develop a temperature sensor system that accurately measures core body temperature from an ear-worn device. Two digital temperature sensors were embedded in a hearing aid shell along the thermal gradient of the ear canal to form a linear heat balance relationship. This relationship was used to determine best fit parameters for estimating body temperature. The predicted body temperatures resulted in intersubject limits of agreement (LOA) of ±0.49 °C over a range of physiologic and ambient temperatures without calibration. The newly developed hearing aid-based temperature sensor system can estimate core body temperature at an accuracy level equal to or better than many devices currently on the market. An accurate, continuously worn, temperature monitoring and tracking device may help provide early detection of illnesses, which could prove especially beneficial during pandemics and in the elderly demographic of hearing aid wearers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mark J. Schroeder
- Starkey, 6600 Washington Ave S., Eden Prairie, MN 55344, USA; (K.D.O.); (P.O.); (A.S.L.); (D.A.F.); (S.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Emilov B, Sorokin A, Seiitov M, Kobayashi BT, Chubakov T, Vesnin S, Popov I, Krylova A, Goryanin I. Diagnostic of Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia Using Passive Medical Microwave Radiometry (MWR). Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2585. [PMID: 37568948 PMCID: PMC10417460 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13152585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chest CT is widely regarded as a dependable imaging technique for detecting pneumonia in COVID-19 patients, but there is growing interest in microwave radiometry (MWR) of the lungs as a possible substitute for diagnosing lung involvement. AIM The aim of this study is to examine the utility of the MWR approach as a screening tool for diagnosing pneumonia with complications in patients with COVID-19. METHODS Our study involved two groups of participants. The control group consisted of 50 individuals (24 male and 26 female) between the ages of 20 and 70 years who underwent clinical evaluations and had no known medical conditions. The main group included 142 participants (67 men and 75 women) between the ages of 20 and 87 years who were diagnosed with COVID-19 complicated by pneumonia and were admitted to the emergency department between June 2020 to June 2021. Skin and lung temperatures were measured at 14 points, including 2 additional reference points, using a previously established method. Lung temperature data were obtained with the MWR2020 (MMWR LTD, Edinburgh, UK). All participants underwent clinical evaluations, laboratory tests, chest CT scans, MWR of the lungs, and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing for SARS-CoV-2. RESULTS The MWR exhibits a high predictive capacity as demonstrated by its sensitivity of 97.6% and specificity of 92.7%. CONCLUSIONS MWR of the lungs can be a valuable substitute for chest CT in diagnosing pneumonia in patients with COVID-19, especially in situations where chest CT is unavailable or impractical.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Berik Emilov
- Educational-Scientific Medical Center, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy Named after Isa Akhunbaev, Bishkek 720040, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Aleksander Sorokin
- Department of Physics, Medical Informatics and Biology, Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University Named after Boris Yeltsin, Bishkek 720000, Kyrgyzstan;
| | - Meder Seiitov
- Educational-Scientific Medical Center, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy Named after Isa Akhunbaev, Bishkek 720040, Kyrgyzstan
| | | | - Tulegen Chubakov
- Kyrgyz State Medical Institute of Post-Graduate Training and Continuous Education Named after S.B. Daniyarov, Bishkek 720040, Kyrgyzstan;
| | - Sergey Vesnin
- Medical Microwave Radiometry Ltd., Edinburgh EH10 5LZ, UK;
| | - Illarion Popov
- Faculty of Mathematics and Information Technology, Volgograd State University, 400062 Volgograd, Russia; (I.P.); (A.K.)
| | - Aleksandra Krylova
- Faculty of Mathematics and Information Technology, Volgograd State University, 400062 Volgograd, Russia; (I.P.); (A.K.)
| | - Igor Goryanin
- School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AZ, UK
- Biological Systems Unit, Okinawa Institute Science and Technology, Kunigami District, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fernández-Medina A, Frövel M, López Heredero R, Belenguer T, de la Torre A, Moravec C, San Julián R, Gonzalo A, Cebollero M, Álvarez-Herrero A. Embedded Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors for Monitoring Temperature and Thermo-Elastic Deformations in a Carbon Fiber Optical Bench. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:6499. [PMID: 37514792 PMCID: PMC10384925 DOI: 10.3390/s23146499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
A composite optical bench made up of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) skin and aluminum honeycomb has been developed for the Tunable Magnetograph instrument (TuMag) for the SUNRISE III mission within the NASA Long Duration Balloon Program. This optical bench has been designed to meet lightweight and low sensitivity to thermal gradient requirements, resulting in a low Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE). In addition to the flight model, a breadboard model identical to the flight one has been manufactured, including embedded fiber Bragg temperature and strain sensors. The aim of this is to explore if the use of distributed fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) can provide valuable information for strain and temperature mapping of an optical instrument on board a space mission during its operation as well as its on-ground testing. Furthermore, surface-mounted strain FBG sensors and thermocouples have been installed in the optical bench for intercomparison purposes. This paper presents the results obtained from a thermal vacuum test consisting of three thermal cycles with stabilization steps at 100 °C, 60 °C, 20 °C and -20 °C. Experimental results provide information about how FBG embedded temperature sensors can provide a proper and quick response to the temperature changes of the optical bench and that embedded FBG strain sensors are able to measure micro-deformation induced in a close-to-zero CTE optical bench.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Fernández-Medina
- National Institute for Aerospace Technology (INTA), Carretera de Ajalvir km 4, 28850 Torrejón de Ardoz, Spain
| | - Malte Frövel
- National Institute for Aerospace Technology (INTA), Carretera de Ajalvir km 4, 28850 Torrejón de Ardoz, Spain
| | - Raquel López Heredero
- National Institute for Aerospace Technology (INTA), Carretera de Ajalvir km 4, 28850 Torrejón de Ardoz, Spain
| | - Tomás Belenguer
- National Institute for Aerospace Technology (INTA), Carretera de Ajalvir km 4, 28850 Torrejón de Ardoz, Spain
| | - Antonia de la Torre
- National Institute for Aerospace Technology (INTA), Carretera de Ajalvir km 4, 28850 Torrejón de Ardoz, Spain
| | - Carolina Moravec
- National Institute for Aerospace Technology (INTA), Carretera de Ajalvir km 4, 28850 Torrejón de Ardoz, Spain
| | - Ricardo San Julián
- National Institute for Aerospace Technology (INTA), Carretera de Ajalvir km 4, 28850 Torrejón de Ardoz, Spain
| | - Alejandro Gonzalo
- National Institute for Aerospace Technology (INTA), Carretera de Ajalvir km 4, 28850 Torrejón de Ardoz, Spain
| | - María Cebollero
- National Institute for Aerospace Technology (INTA), Carretera de Ajalvir km 4, 28850 Torrejón de Ardoz, Spain
| | - Alberto Álvarez-Herrero
- National Institute for Aerospace Technology (INTA), Carretera de Ajalvir km 4, 28850 Torrejón de Ardoz, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Livada Č, Glavaš H, Baumgartner A, Jukić D. The Dangers of Analyzing Thermographic Radiometric Data as Images. J Imaging 2023; 9:143. [PMID: 37504820 PMCID: PMC10382065 DOI: 10.3390/jimaging9070143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermography is probably the most used method of measuring surface temperature by analyzing radiation in the infrared part of the spectrum which accuracy depends on factors such as emissivity and reflected radiation. Contrary to popular belief that thermographic images represent temperature maps, they are actually thermal radiation converted into an image, and if not properly calibrated, they show incorrect temperatures. The objective of this study is to analyze commonly used image processing techniques and their impact on radiometric data in thermography. In particular, the extent to which a thermograph can be considered as an image and how image processing affects radiometric data. Three analyzes are presented in the paper. The first one examines how image processing techniques, such as contrast and brightness, affect physical reality and its representation in thermographic imaging. The second analysis examines the effects of JPEG compression on radiometric data and how degradation of the data varies with the compression parameters. The third analysis aims to determine the optimal resolution increase required to minimize the effects of compression on the radiometric data. The output from an IR camera in CSV format was used for these analyses, and compared to images from the manufacturer's software. The IR camera providing data in JPEG format was used, and the data included thermographic images, visible images, and a matrix of thermal radiation data. The study was verified with a reference blackbody radiation set at 60 °C. The results highlight the dangers of interpreting thermographic images as temperature maps without considering the underlying radiometric data which can be affected by image processing and compression. The paper concludes with the importance of accurate and precise thermographic analysis for reliable temperature measurement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Časlav Livada
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Computer Science and Information Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University in Osijek, Kneza Trpimira 2B, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Hrvoje Glavaš
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Computer Science and Information Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University in Osijek, Kneza Trpimira 2B, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Alfonzo Baumgartner
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Computer Science and Information Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University in Osijek, Kneza Trpimira 2B, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Dina Jukić
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Computer Science and Information Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University in Osijek, Kneza Trpimira 2B, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lu Z, Feng T, Li F, Yao XS. Optical Frequency-Domain Reflectometry Based Distributed Temperature Sensing Using Rayleigh Backscattering Enhanced Fiber. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:5748. [PMID: 37420911 DOI: 10.3390/s23125748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
An innovative optical frequency-domain reflectometry (OFDR)-based distributed temperature sensing method is proposed that utilizes a Rayleigh backscattering enhanced fiber (RBEF) as the sensing medium. The RBEF features randomly high backscattering points; the analysis of the fiber position shift of these points before and after the temperature change along the fiber is achieved using the sliding cross-correlation method. The fiber position and temperature variation can be accurately demodulated by calibrating the mathematical relationship between the high backscattering point position along the RBEF and the temperature variation. Experimental results reveal a linear relationship between temperature variation and the total position displacement of high backscattering points. The temperature sensing sensitivity coefficient is 7.814 μm/(m·°C), with an average relative error temperature measurement of -1.12% and positioning error as low as 0.02 m for the temperature-influenced fiber segment. In the proposed demodulation method, the spatial resolution of temperature sensing is determined by the distribution of high backscattering points. The temperature sensing resolution depends on the spatial resolution of the OFDR system and the length of the temperature-influenced fiber. With an OFDR system spatial resolution of 12.5 μm, the temperature sensing resolution reaches 0.418 °C per meter of RBEF under test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Lu
- Photonics Information Innovation Center, College of Physics Science & Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
- Hebei Provincial Center for Optical Sensing Innovations, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Ting Feng
- Photonics Information Innovation Center, College of Physics Science & Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
- Hebei Provincial Center for Optical Sensing Innovations, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Fang Li
- Photonics Information Innovation Center, College of Physics Science & Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
- Hebei Provincial Center for Optical Sensing Innovations, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Xiaotian Steve Yao
- Photonics Information Innovation Center, College of Physics Science & Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
- Hebei Provincial Center for Optical Sensing Innovations, Baoding 071002, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Funatani S, Takei R, Tsukamoto Y. Development of a Temperature Distribution Measurement System for Transmission Oil for Transportation Equipment. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:5499. [PMID: 37420668 DOI: 10.3390/s23125499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an optical sensor using thermo-sensitive phosphor and its measurement system for visualizing and measuring the temperature distribution in an arbitrary cross-section of transmission oil using one type of phosphor, whose peak wavelength changes with temperature, is proposed. Because the intensity of the excitation light is gradually attenuated by the scattering of the laser light owing to microscopic impurities in the oil, we attempted to reduce the scattering effect by increasing the excitation light wavelength. Therefore, Pyrromethene 597 was selected as the optical sensor using thermo-sensitive phosphor, and a DPSS (Diode Pumped Solid State) laser with a wavelength of 532 nm was used as the excitation light. Using this measurement system, we measured the temperature distribution of a vertical buoyant jet of transmission oil and validated the measurement method. In addition, it was shown that this measurement system could be applied to the measurement of the temperature distribution in transmission oil with cavitation foaming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shumpei Funatani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Ryoga Takei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Yusaku Tsukamoto
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Safarloo S, Tapetado A, Vázquez C. Experimental Validation of High Spatial Resolution of Two-Color Optical Fiber Pyrometer. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:s23094320. [PMID: 37177524 PMCID: PMC10181451 DOI: 10.3390/s23094320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Taking non-contact temperature measurements in narrow areas or confined spaces of non-uniform surfaces requires high spatial resolution and independence of emissivity uncertainties that conventional cameras can hardly provide. Two-color optical fiber (OF) pyrometers based on standard single-mode (SMF) and multi-mode optical fibers (MMF) with a small core diameter and low numerical aperture in combination with associated commercially available components can provide a spatial resolution in the micrometer range, independent of the material's emissivity. Our experiment involved using a patterned microheater to generate temperatures of approximately 340 °C on objects with a diameter of 0.25 mm. We measured these temperatures using two-color optical fiber pyrometers at a 1 kHz sampling rate, which were linearized in the range of 250 to 500 °C. We compared the results with those obtained using an industrial infrared camera. The tests show the potential of our technique for quickly measuring temperature gradients in small areas, independent of emissivity, such as in microthermography. We also report simulations and experiments, showing that the optical power gathered via each channel of the SMF and MMF pyrometers from hot objects of 250 µm is independent of distance until the OF light spot becomes larger than the diameter of the object at 0.9 mm and 0.4 mm, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Safarloo
- Electronics Technology Department, School of Engineering, Carlos III University of Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain
| | - Alberto Tapetado
- Electronics Technology Department, School of Engineering, Carlos III University of Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain
| | - Carmen Vázquez
- Electronics Technology Department, School of Engineering, Carlos III University of Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Iida K, Komen H, Shigeta M, Tanaka M. Identification of the Dominant Factor for Droplet Ejection from a Tungsten Electrode during AC Tungsten Inert Gas Welding by Visualisation of Electrode Phenomena. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:2899. [PMID: 37049193 PMCID: PMC10096292 DOI: 10.3390/ma16072899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Droplet ejections from a molten tungsten electrode during alternating current tungsten inert gas (AC TIG) welding were observed successfully by a high-speed video captured at 75,000 fps. The welding conditions and timings that were likely to occur were investigated. The electrode surface temperature was also measured. A crater was formed on the surface of the electrode, and a droplet ejection occurred following the separation of the tip of the ridge growing from the centre of the crater. A series of droplet ejections occurred on a time scale of approximately 0.4 ms. Our results showed that the high temperature of the electrode surface was the common factor for droplet ejections. The dominant force for droplet ejection was discussed by estimating the balance of forces acting on the molten electrode surface. The pressure due to surface tension was the largest pressure at any time during the AC cycle, which decreased in the second half of the EP period. Our findings suggest that the surface tension was the dominant force for changing the electrode shape and that droplet ejections occurred when the surface tension decreased due to the increase in the electrode surface temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Iida
- Joining and Welding Research Institute, Osaka University, Osaka 567-0047, Japan; (H.K.)
| | - Hisaya Komen
- Joining and Welding Research Institute, Osaka University, Osaka 567-0047, Japan; (H.K.)
| | - Masaya Shigeta
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Manabu Tanaka
- Joining and Welding Research Institute, Osaka University, Osaka 567-0047, Japan; (H.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chowdhury HR, Han M. Fiber Optic Temperature Sensor System Using Air-Filled Fabry-Pérot Cavity with Variable Pressure. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:3302. [PMID: 36992012 PMCID: PMC10053490 DOI: 10.3390/s23063302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
We report a high-resolution fiber optic temperature sensor system based on an air-filled Fabry-Pérot (FP) cavity, whose spectral fringes shift due to a precise pressure variation in the cavity. The absolute temperature can be deduced from the spectral shift and the pressure variation. For fabrication, a fused-silica tube is spliced with a single-mode fiber at one end and a side-hole fiber at the other to form the FP cavity. The pressure in the cavity can be changed by passing air through the side-hole fiber, causing the spectral shift. We analyzed the effect of sensor wavelength resolution and pressure fluctuation on the temperature measurement resolution. A computer-controlled pressure system and sensor interrogation system were developed with miniaturized instruments for the system operation. Experimental results show that the sensor had a high wavelength resolution (<0.2 pm) with minimal pressure fluctuation (~0.015 kPa), resulting in high-resolution (±0.32 ℃) temperature measurement. It shows good stability from the thermal cycle testing with the maximum testing temperature reaching 800 ℃.
Collapse
|
17
|
Belo FA, Soares MB, Lima Filho AC, Lima TLDV, Adissi MO. Accuracy and Precision Improvement of Temperature Measurement Using Statistical Analysis/Central Limit Theorem. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:3210. [PMID: 36991920 PMCID: PMC10057107 DOI: 10.3390/s23063210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a method for increasing the accuracy and precision of temperature measurements of a liquid based on the central limit theorem. A thermometer immersed in a liquid exhibits a response with determined accuracy and precision. This measurement is integrated with an instrumentation and control system that imposes the behavioral conditions of the central limit theorem (CLT). The oversampling method exhibited an increasing measurement resolution. Through periodic sampling of large groups, an increase in the accuracy and formula of the increase in precision is developed. A measurement group sequencing algorithm and experimental system were developed to obtain the results of this system. Hundreds of thousands of experimental results are obtained and seem to demonstrate the proposed idea's validity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Antônio Belo
- Research Group on Instrumentation and Control in the Study of Energy and Environment, Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051-900, Paraiba, Brazil
| | - Manoel Brasileiro Soares
- Research Group on Instrumentation and Control in the Study of Energy and Environment, Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051-900, Paraiba, Brazil
| | - Abel Cavalcante Lima Filho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051-900, Paraiba, Brazil
| | | | - Marceu Oliveira Adissi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal Institute of Paraiba, Cabedelo 58360-000, Paraiba, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Qawaqzeh M, Al-Taweel FM, Stecuła K, Markowska K, Khawaldah MA, Younes TM, Alrifai B, Miroshnyk O, Shchur T. A Simple Approach to Connecting Pt100 by Utilizing an Electroacoustic Resonance Tube. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:2775. [PMID: 36904984 PMCID: PMC10007304 DOI: 10.3390/s23052775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Temperature transducers are frequently employed to keep track of process variables with different kinds of industrial controllers. One of the widely used temperature sensors is Pt100. A novel approach of utilizing an electroacoustic transducer in signal conditioning for Pt100 is proposed in this paper. A "signal conditioner" is a resonance tube filled with air, which is operated in a free resonance mode. The Pt100 wires are connected to one of the leads of the speaker in the resonance tube where the temperature changes, which is related to Pt100 resistance. The resistance affects the amplitude of the standing wave that is detected by an electrolyte microphone. An algorithm for measuring the amplitude of the speaker signal is described, as well as the building and functioning of the electroacoustic resonance tube signal conditioner. The microphone signal is acquired as a voltage using LabVIEW software. A virtual instrument (VI) developed under LabVIEW provides a measure of the voltage using standard VIs. The findings of the experiments reveal a link between the measured amplitude of the standing wave within the tube and the change in Pt100 resistance as the ambient temperature changes. Additionally, the suggested method may interface with any computer system when a sound card is added to it without the need for any extra measuring tools. The maximum nonlinearity error at full-scale deflection (FSD) is estimated at roughly 3.77%, and the experimental results and a regression model are used to assess the relative inaccuracy of the developed signal conditioner. When comparing the proposed approach with well-known approaches for Pt100 signal conditioning, the proposed one has several advantages such as its simplicity of connecting Pt100 to a personal computer directly via the sound card of any personal computer. In addition, there is no need for a reference resistance to perform a temperature measurement using such a signal conditioner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Qawaqzeh
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Al- Balqa Applied University, Al Salt 19117, Jordan
| | - Farouq M. Al-Taweel
- Faculty of Engineering Technology, Department of Communication Engineering, Al- Balqa Applied University, Amman 11134, Jordan
| | - Kinga Stecuła
- Department of Production Engineering, Faculty of Organization and Management, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2a, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Markowska
- Department of Transport Systems, Traffic Engineering and Logistic, Faculty of Transport and Aviation Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Mohammad Al Khawaldah
- Electrical Engineering Program, School of Engineering and Computing, American International University, Saad Al Abdullah-East of Naseem Block 3, Al Jahra 003200, Kuwait
| | - Tariq M. Younes
- Department of Mehchatronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Al- Balqa Applied University, Al Salt 19117, Jordan
| | - Basem Alrifai
- Department Software Engineering, Al- Balqa Applied University, Al Salt 19117, Jordan
| | - Oleksandr Miroshnyk
- Department of Electricity Supply and Energy Management, State Biotechnological University, 61052 Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Taras Shchur
- GVA Lighting, Inc., Oakville, ON L6H 6X5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Dang R, Schroeder AR, Weng Y, Wang ME, Patel AI. A Cross-sectional Study Characterizing Pediatric Temperature Percentiles in Children at Well-Child Visits. Acad Pediatr 2023; 23:287-295. [PMID: 35914730 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2022.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Temperature measurement plays a central role in determining pediatric patients' disease risk and management. However, current pediatric temperature thresholds may be outdated and not applicable to children. OBJECTIVE To characterize pediatric temperature norms and variation by patient characteristics, time of measurement, and thermometer route. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, we analyzed 134,641 well-child visits occurring between 2014-2019 at primary care clinics that routinely measured temperature. We performed bivariate and multivariable quantile regressions with clustered standard errors to determine temperature percentiles and variation by age, sex, time of measurement, and thermometer route. We performed sensitivity analyses: 1) using a cohort that excluded visits with infectious diagnoses that could explain temperature aberrations and 2) including clinic as a fixed effect. RESULTS The median rectal temperature for visits of infants ≤12 months old was 37.2˚C, which was 0.4˚C higher than the median axillary temperature. The median axillary temperature for children 1-18 years old was 36.7˚C, which was 0.1˚C lower than the median values of all other routes. The 99th percentile for rectal temperatures in infants was 37.8˚C and the 99.9th percentile for axillary temperatures in children was 38.5˚C. Adjusted analyses did not demonstrate clinically significant variation in temperature by sex, age, or time of measurement. CONCLUSIONS These updated temperature norms can serve as reference values in clinical practice and should be considered in the context of thermometer route used and the clinical condition being evaluated. Variations in temperature values by sex, age, and time of measurement were not clinically significant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Dang
- Department of Pediatrics (R Dang, AR Schroeder, ME Wang, AI Patel), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, Calif.
| | - Alan R Schroeder
- Department of Pediatrics (R Dang, AR Schroeder, ME Wang, AI Patel), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Yingjie Weng
- Department of Medicine - Quantitative Sciences Unit (Y Weng), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Marie E Wang
- Department of Pediatrics (R Dang, AR Schroeder, ME Wang, AI Patel), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Anisha I Patel
- Department of Pediatrics (R Dang, AR Schroeder, ME Wang, AI Patel), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, Calif
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sekine M, Furuya M. Development of Measurement Method for Temperature and Velocity Field with Optical Fiber Sensor. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:1627. [PMID: 36772667 PMCID: PMC9921475 DOI: 10.3390/s23031627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a new method for measuring temperature and velocity at a high spatial resolution (minimum 2.56 mm pitch along an optical fiber). The developed method uses the same principle as a hot wire anemometer, where the velocity perpendicular to an optical fiber is estimated as a function of the cooling curve of a gold-coated layer on the optical fiber Joule-heated intermittently. The developed optical fiber sensor demonstrated the ability to acquire a transient velocity profile in airflow experiments with high repeatability and accuracy. This paper describes optical fiber-based velocity measurement in the velocity range of approximately 0-7 m/s with an error of approximately 10% compared to a hot wire anemometer and a new method for simultaneous temperature and velocity measurements. Applicability to velocity distribution measurements and seconds transient velocity changes are also described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Sekine
- Nuclear Regulation Authority, 1-9-9 Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-8450, Japan
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Masahiro Furuya
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Grujić K. A Review of Thermal Spectral Imaging Methods for Monitoring High-Temperature Molten Material Streams. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:1130. [PMID: 36772170 PMCID: PMC9920743 DOI: 10.3390/s23031130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Real-time closed-loop control of metallurgical processes is still in its infancy, mostly based on simple models and limited sensor data and challenged by extreme temperature and harsh process conditions. Contact-free thermal imaging-based measurement approaches thus appear to be particularly suitable for process monitoring. With the potential to generate vast amounts of accurate data in real time and combined with artificial intelligence methods to enable real-time analysis and integration of expert knowledge, thermal spectral imaging is identified as a promising method offering more robust and accurate identification of key parameters, such as surface temperature, morphology, composition, and flow rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Grujić
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre AS, 4630 Kristiansand, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Al-Rawashdeh AY, Younes TM, Dalabeeh A, Al_Issa H, Qawaqzeh M, Miroshnyk O, Kondratiev A, Kučera P, Píštěk V, Stepenko S. Experimental Investigation of Microcontroller-Based Acoustic Temperature Transducer Systems. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:884. [PMID: 36679698 PMCID: PMC9861252 DOI: 10.3390/s23020884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Temperature transducers are commonly used to monitor process parameters that are controlled by various types of industrial controllers. The purpose of this study is to design and model a simple microcontroller-based acoustic temperature transducer based on the variations of resonance conditions in a cylindrical resonance tube. The transducer's operation is based on the generation of an acoustic standing wave in the free resonance mode of generation within a cylindrical resonance tube which is converted into a train of pulses using Schmitt trigger circuit. The frequency of the generated standing wave (i.e., the train of pulses) is measured by the Arduino Uno microcontroller, where a digital pin is used to acquire pulses that are counted using a build-in software function in an Arduino IDE environment. Experimental results are performed for three sizes of diameters to investigate the effect of the diameter of resonance tube on the obtained results. The maximum nonlinearity error according to Full-Scale Deflection (FSD) is about 2.3 percent, and the relative error of the transducer is evaluated using experimental findings and the regression model. The circuit simplicity and design of the suggested transducer, as well as the linearity of its measurements, are notable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Y. Al-Rawashdeh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Al Balqa Applied University, Al Salt 19117, Jordan
| | - Tariq M. Younes
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Al Balqa Applied University, Al Salt 19117, Jordan
| | - Ali Dalabeeh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Al Balqa Applied University, Al Salt 19117, Jordan
| | - Huthaifa Al_Issa
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Al Balqa Applied University, Al Salt 19117, Jordan
| | - Mohamed Qawaqzeh
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Al Balqa Applied University, Al Salt 19117, Jordan
| | - Oleksandr Miroshnyk
- Department of Electricity Supply and Energy Management, State Biotechnological University, 61052 Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Andrii Kondratiev
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering of Composite Structures, O.M. Beketov National University of Urban Economy in Kharkiv, Marshal Bazhanov Str. 17, 61002 Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Pavel Kučera
- Institute of Automotive Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2896/2, 616-69 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Píštěk
- Institute of Automotive Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2896/2, 616-69 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Serhii Stepenko
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Information and Measurement Technologies, Chernihiv Polytechnic National University, 14030 Chernihiv, Ukraine
- Research Institute of Electronics and Microsystem Technology, National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”, 03056 Kyiv, Ukraine
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bańkowski D, Młynarczyk P, Hlaváčová IM. Temperature Measurement during Abrasive Water Jet Machining (AWJM). Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:7082. [PMID: 36295153 PMCID: PMC9607222 DOI: 10.3390/ma15207082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to look for confirmation that heat transfer induced by abrasive water jet machining (AWJM) affects the microstructure of the material cut. The structure of S235JR carbon steel used in the experiments was reported to change locally in the jet impact zone due to the high concentration of energy generated during cutting with the abrasive water jet. It is assumed that some of the energy is transferred into the material in the form of heat. This is particularly true for materials of considerable thickness with a high thermal conductivity coefficient when cutting is performed at low speeds or with high abrasive consumption. The literature on the subject suggests that in AWJM there is little or no thermal energy effect on the microstructure of the material cut. The research described here involved the measurement of the cutting temperature with thermocouples placed at four different distances from the edge. The distances were measured using computed tomography inspection. The thermocouples used in the tests were capable of detecting temperatures of up to 100 °C. Locally, temperatures at the edge may reach much higher values. The results of the X-ray diffraction qualitative phase analysis reveal that locally the temperatures may be much higher than the eutectoid temperature. Phase changes occurred along the edge since austenite was observed. This suggests that the temperature in the jet impact zone was much higher than the eutectoid temperature. Optical microscopy was also employed to study the material microstructure. Finally, the material nanohardness was determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damian Bańkowski
- Department of Metal Science and Manufacturing Processes, Faculty of Mechatronics and Mechanical Engineering, Kielce University of Technology, al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland
| | - Piotr Młynarczyk
- Department of Metal Science and Manufacturing Processes, Faculty of Mechatronics and Mechanical Engineering, Kielce University of Technology, al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland
| | - Irena M. Hlaváčová
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB–Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 2172/15, Ostrava, 70800 Poruba, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lin W, Hu J, Zhao F, Sun S, Liu Y, Liu S, Yu F, Mak PU, Pun SH, Shum PP, Vai MI, Shao L. Adaptive Fiber-Ring Lasers Based on Isopropanol Filled Microfiber Coupler for High-Sensitivity Temperature Sensing. Micromachines (Basel) 2022; 13:1697. [PMID: 36296050 PMCID: PMC9610885 DOI: 10.3390/mi13101697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrated a new method for temperature measurement inside a fiber ring laser (FRL) cavity. Different from traditional FRL temperature sensing system which need additional filter working as a sensor, a micro-fiber coupler (MFC) was designed as a beam splitter, filter, and temperature sensor. In addition, isopropanol, a liquid with very high photothermal coefficient, is selectively filled in the MFC in order to improve the sensitivity of the system on temperature. In the dynamic range of 20-40 °C, we obtained a good temperature sensitivity of -1.29 nm/°C, with linear fitting up to 0.998. Benefiting from the advantages of laser sensing, the acquired laser has a 3 - dB bandwidth of less than 0.2 nm and a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of up to 40 dB. The proposed sensor has a low cost and high sensitivity, which is expected to be used in biomedical health detection, real-time monitoring of ocean temperature, and other application scenarios.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weihao Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Jie Hu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Fang Zhao
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Siming Sun
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuhui Liu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shuaiqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Feihong Yu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Peng-Un Mak
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Sio-Hang Pun
- State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Perry-Ping Shum
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Mang-I Vai
- State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Liyang Shao
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen 518005, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Liu X, Ma Y. Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy Based Temperature Measurement with a Single Diode Laser Near 1.4 μm. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:s22166095. [PMID: 36015855 PMCID: PMC9413076 DOI: 10.3390/s22166095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The rapidly changing and wide dynamic range of combustion temperature in scramjet engines presents a major challenge to existing test techniques. Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) based temperature measurement has the advantages of high sensitivity, fast response, and compact structure. In this invited paper, a temperature measurement method based on the TDLAS technique with a single diode laser was demonstrated. A continuous-wave (CW), distributed feedback (DFB) diode laser with an emission wavelength near 1.4 μm was used for temperature measurement, which could cover two water vapor (H2O) absorption lines located at 7153.749 cm-1 and 7154.354 cm-1 simultaneously. The output wavelength of the diode laser was calibrated according to the two absorption peaks in the time domain. Using this strategy, the TDLAS system has the advantageous of immunization to laser wavelength shift, simple system structure, reduced cost, and increased system robustness. The line intensity of the two target absorption lines under room temperature was about one-thousandth of that under high temperature, which avoided the measuring error caused by H2O in the environment. The system was tested on a McKenna flat flame burner and a scramjet model engine, respectively. It was found that, compared to the results measured by CARS technique and theoretical calculation, this TDLAS system had less than 4% temperature error when the McKenna flat flame burner was used. When a scramjet model engine was adopted, the measured results showed that such TDLAS system had an excellent dynamic range and fast response. The TDLAS system reported here could be used in real engine in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yufei Ma
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-451-8641-3161
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bassen H, Zaidi T. Parameters Affecting Worst-Case Gradient-Field Heating of Passive Conductive Implants. J Magn Reson Imaging 2022; 56:1197-1204. [PMID: 35778374 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.28321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testing MRI gradient-induced heating of implanted medical devices is required by regulatory organizations and others. A gradient heating test of the ISO 10974 Technical Specification (TS) for active implants was adopted for this study of passive hip implants. All but one previous study of hip implants used nonuniform gradient exposure fields in clinical scanners and reported heating of less than 5 °C. This present study adapted methods of the TS, addressing the unmet need for identifying worst-case heating via exposures to uniform gradient fields. PURPOSE To identify gradient-field parameters affecting maximum heating in vitro for a hip implant and a cylindrical titanium disk. STUDY TYPE Computational simulations and experimental validation of induced heating. PHANTOM Tissue-simulating gel. FIELD STRENGTH 42 T/s RMS, sinusoidal, continuous B fields with high spatial uniformity ASSESSMENT: Hip implant heating at 1-10 kHz, via computational modeling, validated by limited point measurements. Experimental measurements of exposures of an implant at 42 T/s for 4, 6, and 9 kHz, analyzed at 50, 100, and 150 seconds. STATISTICAL TESTS One sample student's t-test to assess difference between computational and experimental results. Experimental vs. computational results were not significantly different (p < 0.05). RESULTS Maximum simulated temperature rise (10-minute exposure) was 10 °C at 1 kHz and 0.66 °C at 10 kHz. The ratio of the rise for 21 T/s vs. 42 T/s RMS was 4, after stabilizing at 50 seconds (dB/dt ratio squared). DATA CONCLUSIONS Heating of an implant is proportional to the frequency of the B field and the implant's cross-sectional area and is greater for a thickness on the order of its skin depth. Testing with lower values of dB/dt RMS with lower cost amplifiers enables prediction of heating at higher values for dB/dt squared (per ISO TS) with identical frequency components and waveforms, once thermal equilibrium occurs. EVIDENCE LEVEL 1 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Howard Bassen
- Division of Biomedical Physics, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, US Food and Drug Administration, Maryland, USA
| | - Tayeb Zaidi
- Division of Biomedical Physics, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, US Food and Drug Administration, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Liu Z, Cascioli V, McCarthy PW. A Single Subject, Feasibility Study of Using a Non-Contact Measurement to "Visualize" Temperature at Body-Seat Interface. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22. [PMID: 35632349 DOI: 10.3390/s22103941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Measuring temperature changes at the body-seat interface has been drawing increased attention from both industrial and scientific fields, due to the increasingly sedentary nature from daily leisure activity to routine work. Although contact measurement is considered the gold standard, it can affect the local micro-environment and the perception of sitting comfort. A non-contact temperature measurement system was developed to determine the interface temperature using data gathered unobtrusively and continuously from an infrared sensor (IRs). System performance was evaluated regarding linearity, hysteresis, reliability and accuracy. Then a healthy participant sat for an hour on low/intermediate density foams with thickness varying from 0.5−8 cm while body-seat interface temperature was measured simultaneously using a temperature sensor (contact) and an IRs (non-contact). IRs data were filtered with empirical mode decomposition and fractal scaling indices before a data-driven artificial neural network was utilized to estimate the contact surface temperature. A strong correlation existed between non-contact and contact temperature measurement (ρ > 0.85) and the estimation results showed a low root mean square error (RMSE) (<0.07 for low density foam and <0.16 for intermediate density foam) and high Nash-Sutcliff efficiency (NSE) values (≈1 for both types of foam materials).
Collapse
|
28
|
Funatani S, Tsukamoto Y, Toriyama K. Temperature Measurement of Hot Airflow Using Ultra-Fine Thermo-Sensitive Fluorescent Wires. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:s22093175. [PMID: 35590864 PMCID: PMC9103216 DOI: 10.3390/s22093175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a temperature measurement method that uses ultrafine fluorescent wires to reduce the wire diameter to a much lesser extent than a thermocouple. This is possible because its structure is simple and any material can be used for the wire. Hence, ultrafine wires with a Reynolds number of less than 1.0 can be selected. Ultra-fine wires less than 50 µm in diameter were set in the test volume. The wire surfaces were coated with fluorescent paint. The test volume was illuminated using an ultraviolet light-emitting diode. The paint emits very tiny, orange-colored fluorescent light with an intensity that changes with the temperature of the atmosphere. The experimental results showed that the heating/cooling layers were well visualized and the temperature field was well analyzed.
Collapse
|
29
|
Liu H, Zhou C, Pang Y, Chen X, Xu Y, Fan D. High-Resolution Optical Fiber Temperature Sensor Based on Draw Tower Grating Array. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:2846. [PMID: 35458831 PMCID: PMC9031345 DOI: 10.3390/s22082846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ocean temperature monitoring is of great significance to marine fishing, aquaculture, and marine operations. Traditional electric sensors lack the potential to multiplex several sensors, and may suffer from electromagnetic interference. Meanwhile, fiber Bragg grating-based sensors have the advantages of high sensitivity, possibility for large-scale multiplexing, and immunity to electromagnetic interference. In this paper, we propose a Fabry-Pérot (FP) interferometer based on the draw tower grating array and combine it with the phase measurement method for demonstration and testing. In the sensor system, two adjacent fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) are used as mirrors and an optical fiber connects them, forming a sensor unit. The signal was detected through the compensation of the optical path difference via two-arm path differences in an unbalanced interferometer. The sensor is calibrated in the range of 36.00-36.50 °C, and back to 36.00 °C, in steps of 0.10 °C. A thermocouple (DW1222) is used as a reference. Experimental testing demonstrates that under the thermal loop, the temperature and phase can be approximated as a linear relationship, the Pearson square correlation coefficient is 0.9996, and the temperature sensitivity is -9846 rad/°C. To prove that our experimental device can achieve a higher temperature resolution, we measured the background noise of the system. The experimental results indicate that the order of magnitude of our system temperature resolution can reach 10-5 °C. Thus, we believe that the sensor system is promising for the application of ocean temperature detection, and owing to the ultraweak reflection characteristics of the FBG, this method provides the possibility for large-scale multiplexing of the system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanjie Liu
- School of Information Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.L.); (C.Z.); (X.C.); (Y.X.)
| | - Ciming Zhou
- School of Information Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.L.); (C.Z.); (X.C.); (Y.X.)
- National Engineering Research Center of Fiber Optic Sensing Technology and Networks, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yandong Pang
- School of Military Engineering, Naval Engineering University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Information Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.L.); (C.Z.); (X.C.); (Y.X.)
| | - Ye Xu
- School of Information Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.L.); (C.Z.); (X.C.); (Y.X.)
| | - Dian Fan
- School of Information Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.L.); (C.Z.); (X.C.); (Y.X.)
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kalinke I, Kubbutat P, Taghian Dinani S, Ambros S, Ozcelik M, Kulozik U. Critical assessment of methods for measurement of temperature profiles and heat load history in microwave heating processes-A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:2118-2148. [PMID: 35338578 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Limitations of microwave processing due to inhomogeneities of power input and energy absorption have been widely described. Over- and underheated product areas influence reproducibility, product quality, and possibly safety. Although a broad range of methods is available for temperature measurement and evaluation of time/temperature effects, none of them is sufficiently able to detect temperature differences and thermally induced effects within the product caused by inhomogeneous heating. The purpose of this review is to critically assess different methods of temperature measurement for their suitability for different microwave applications, namely metallic temperature sensors, thermal imaging, pyrometer measurement, fiber optic sensors, microwave radiometry, magnetic resonance imaging, liquid crystal thermography, thermal paper, and biological and chemical time-temperature indicators. These methods are evaluated according to their advantages and limitations, method characteristics, and potential interference with the electric field. Special attention is given to spatial resolution, accuracy, handling, and purpose of measurement, that is, development work or online production control. Differences of methods and examples of practical application and failure in microwave-assisted food processing are discussed with a special focus on microwave pasteurization and microwave-assisted drying. Based on this assessment, it is suggested that infrared cameras for measuring temperature distribution at the product surface and partially inside the product in combination with a chemical time/temperature indicator (e.g., Maillard reaction, generating heat-induced color variations, depending on local energy absorption) appear to be the most appropriate system for future practical application in microwave food process control, microwave system development, and product design. Reliable detection of inhomogeneous heating is a prerequisite to counteracte inhomogeneity by a targeted adjustment of process and product parameters in microwave applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Kalinke
- Food and Bioprocess Engineering, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Peter Kubbutat
- Food and Bioprocess Engineering, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Somayeh Taghian Dinani
- Food and Bioprocess Engineering, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Sabine Ambros
- Food and Bioprocess Engineering, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Mine Ozcelik
- Food and Bioprocess Engineering, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kulozik
- Food and Bioprocess Engineering, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University Munich, Freising, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wójcik W, Firago V, Smolarz A, Shedreyeva I, Yeraliyeva B. Multispectral High Temperature Thermography. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:742. [PMID: 35161488 PMCID: PMC8840726 DOI: 10.3390/s22030742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The paper considers the issues of creating high-temperature digital thermographs based on RGB photodetector arrays. It has been shown that increasing the reliability of temperature measurement of bodies with unknown spectral coefficient of thermal radiation can be ensured by optimal selection of the used spectral range and registration of the observed thermal radiation fields in three spectral ranges. The registration of thermal radiation in four or more spectral ranges was found to be inefficient due to the increasing error in temperature determination. This paper presents a method for forming three overlapping spectral regions in the NIR spectral range, which is based on the use of an external spectral filter and a combination of the spectral characteristics of an RGB photodetector array. It is shown that it is necessary to ensure the stability of the solution of the system of three nonlinear equations with respect to the influence of noise. For this purpose, the use of a priori information about the slope factor of the spectral dependence of the thermal radiation coefficient in the selected spectral range for the controlled bodies is proposed. The theoretical results are confirmed by examples of their application in a thermograph based on an array of CMOS RGB photodetectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Waldemar Wójcik
- Department of Electronics and Information Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 38d, 20-618 Lublin, Poland; (W.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Vladimir Firago
- Department of Quantum Radiophysics and Optoelectronics, Belarusian State University, 4 Nezavisimosti Avenue, 220030 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Andrzej Smolarz
- Department of Electronics and Information Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 38d, 20-618 Lublin, Poland; (W.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Indira Shedreyeva
- Faculty of Information Technology, M.Kh.Dulaty Taraz Regional University, Tole Bi St 40, Taraz 080000, Kazakhstan; (I.S.); (B.Y.)
| | - Bakhyt Yeraliyeva
- Faculty of Information Technology, M.Kh.Dulaty Taraz Regional University, Tole Bi St 40, Taraz 080000, Kazakhstan; (I.S.); (B.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Marrazzo VR, Laudati A, Vitale M, Fienga F, Iagulli G, Raffone M, Cusano A, Giordano M, Cutolo A, Breglio G. Liquid Resin Infusion Process Validation through Fiber Optic Sensor Technology. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:508. [PMID: 35062466 DOI: 10.3390/s22020508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the proposed work, a fiber-optic-based sensor network was employed for the monitoring of the liquid resin infusion process. The item under test was a panel composed by a skin and four stringers, sensorized in such a way that both the temperature and the resin arrival could be monitored. The network was arranged with 18 Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs) working as temperature sensors and 22 fiber optic probes with a modified front-end in order to detect the resin presence. After an in-depth study to find a better solution to install the sensors without affecting the measurements, the system was investigated using a commercial Micron Optics at 0.5 Hz, with a passive split-box connected in order to be able to sense all the sensors simultaneously. The obtained results in terms of resin arrival detection at different locations and the relative temperature trend allowed us to validate an infusion process numerical model, giving us better understanding of what the actual resin flow was and the time needed to dry preform filling during the infusion process.
Collapse
|
33
|
Renaud J, Muir B. Assessing the accuracy of electronic portal imaging device (EPID)-based dosimetry: I. Quantities influencing long-term stability. Med Phys 2021; 49:1231-1237. [PMID: 34964136 DOI: 10.1002/mp.15434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study is to reduce the uncertainty associated with determining dose-to-water using an amorphous silicon electronic portal imaging detector (EPID) under reference conditions by identifying and accounting for operational and environmental factors influencing long-term stability of EPID response. METHODS Measurements of the EPID relative response, corrected for variations in linear accelerator (linac) output, were performed regularly over a period of 12 months. For every acquired image set, measurements of detector supply voltages, internal operating temperature, and ambient environmental conditions were obtained. Pearson r correlation coefficients were then calculated for each pair of variables, a subset of which were fitted using multiple linear regression to develop a predictive model of EPID response. Principal component analysis was performed on the dataset to reveal the internal structure of the data in a way that best accounts for the observed variations. RESULTS The +5.5 V power supply voltage, internal operating temperature, and the accumulated dose absorbed in EPID were identified as having the greatest influence on the long-term stability of EPID response. By correcting for the combined effect of these variables, the mean difference in linac output as measured by the EPID relative to a reference-class chamber improved from -0.46 % to 0.23 % over the period of the study. CONCLUSIONS This work suggests that the stability of an EPID over a period of a year can be improved by a factor of two by monitoring and accounting for the effects of variations in power supply voltage, internal temperature of the detector, and accumulated absorbed dose. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Renaud
- Metrology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bryan Muir
- Metrology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Socha K, Jamróz P. Two Wire Sensor for Measuring the Velocity of Non-Isothermal Flows. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 22:162. [PMID: 35009707 PMCID: PMC8749586 DOI: 10.3390/s22010162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the temperature of the medium significantly affect the static characteristics of hot-wire anemometry measuring wires, which causes errors in the results of flow velocity measurements. High temperatures of the medium make it necessary to additionally heat the sensor to even higher temperatures, which may lead to its damage due to wire burnout. The article proposes a solution to the problem of measuring the flow velocity in conditions of non-stationary temperatures with the use of the method of cross-correlation of signals from two-wire resistance thermometers. The main assumptions of the method and its experimental verification were presented.
Collapse
|
35
|
Guo S, Yi W, Liu W. Biological thermometer based on the temperature sensitivity of magnetic nanoparticle paraSHIFT. Nanotechnology 2021; 33:095501. [PMID: 34798627 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac3b81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the paper, the temperature dependence of magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) paramagnetic chemical shift (paraSHIFT) was studied by magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy. Based on it, iron oxide MNPs are considered as MR shifting probes for determining the temperature in liquids. With the increase in measurement temperature of the MNP reagent with MNPs, the decrease of MNP magnetization would make the peak of spectroscopy shift to the higher chemical shift area. The peak shift is related to the magnetic susceptibility of MNPs, which can be determined by MR frequency as a function of temperature and particle size. Experiments on temperature-dependent chemical shifts are performed for MNP samples with different core sizes and the estimated temperature accuracy can achieve 0.1 K. Combined with the contrast effect of magnetic nanoparticles in magnetic resonance imaging at 3 T, this technology can realize temperature imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silin Guo
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Science and Technology on Integrated Logistics Support, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, People's Republic of China
| | - Wentong Yi
- School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenzhong Liu
- School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Jack JM, Ellicott HE, Thorburn PT, Chakladar A, Harper CM. Accurate core temperature measurement during Caesarean delivery. Comment on Br J Anaesth 2021; 126: 500-15. Br J Anaesth 2021; 127:e210-e211. [PMID: 34688472 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2021.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J M Jack
- Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Brighton, UK.
| | - H E Ellicott
- Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Brighton, UK
| | - P T Thorburn
- Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Brighton, UK
| | - A Chakladar
- Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Brighton, UK
| | - C M Harper
- Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Brighton, UK
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Klempa M, Latal J, Grafova B, Porzer MM, Vrtek M, Kunz A, Siska P. Inquiry into the Temperature Changes of Rock Massif Used in Energy Production in Relation to Season. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21217027. [PMID: 34770334 PMCID: PMC8587796 DOI: 10.3390/s21217027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This research was undertaken to perform and evaluate the temperature measurement in the ground utilized as an energy source with the goal to determine whether significant temperature variations occur in the subsurface during the heating season. The research infrastructure situated on our University campus was used to assess any variations. The observations were made at the so called "Small Research Polygon" that consists of 8 monitoring boreholes (Borehole Heat Exchangers) situated around a borehole used as an energy source. During the heating season, a series of monthly measurements are made in the monitoring boreholes using a distributed temperature system (DTS). Raman back-scattered light is analysed using Optical Frequency Time Domain Reflectometry (OTDR). Our results indicate that no noticeable changes in temperature occur during the heating season. We have observed an influence of long-term variations of the atmospheric conditions up to the depth of a conventional BHE (≈100 m). The resulting uncertainty in related design input parameters (ground thermal conductivity) was evaluated by using a heat production simulation. Production data during one heating season at our research facilities were evaluated against the design of the system. It is possible to construct smaller geothermal installations with appropriate BHE design that will have a minimal impact on the temperature of the surrounding rock mass and the system performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Klempa
- Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Mining and Geology, VSB–Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava Poruba, Czech Republic; (M.M.P.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (J.L.); Tel.: +420-596-995-496 (M.K.)
| | - Jan Latal
- Department of Telecommunications, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB–Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava Poruba, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (J.L.); Tel.: +420-596-995-496 (M.K.)
| | - Barbora Grafova
- Department of Hydrodynamics and Hydraulic Equipment, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, VSB–Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava Poruba, Czech Republic;
| | - Michal Matloch Porzer
- Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Mining and Geology, VSB–Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava Poruba, Czech Republic; (M.M.P.); (A.K.)
| | - Mojmir Vrtek
- Department of Power Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, VSB–Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava Poruba, Czech Republic;
| | - Antonin Kunz
- Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Mining and Geology, VSB–Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava Poruba, Czech Republic; (M.M.P.); (A.K.)
| | - Petr Siska
- Department of Telecommunications, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB–Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava Poruba, Czech Republic;
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Wang K, Dong X, Kienle P, Fink M, Kurz W, Köhler MH, Jakobi M, Koch AW. Optical Fiber Sensor for Temperature and Strain Measurement Based on Multimode Interference and Square-Core Fiber. Micromachines (Basel) 2021; 12:1239. [PMID: 34683290 DOI: 10.3390/mi12101239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A variety of specialty fibers such as no-core fiber (NCF) have already been studied to reveal their sensing abilities. In this work, we investigate a specialty fiber, square-core fiber, for temperature and strain sensing. A simple single-mode-multimode-single-mode (SMS) fiber sensor was fabricated, consisting of a 30-cm-long square-core fiber. The experimental results indicate that the maximal wavelength-temperature and wavelength-strain sensitivities are -15.3 pm/∘C and -1.5 pm/με, respectively, while the maximal power-temperature and power-strain sensitivities are 0.0896 dBm/∘C and 0.0756 dBm/με. Analysis of the results suggests that the fiber sensor has the potential to be used as a high-sensitivity temperature sensor with a low strain sensitivity.
Collapse
|
39
|
Spadło S, Bańkowski D, Młynarczyk P, Hlaváčová IM. Influence of Local Temperature Changes on the Material Microstructure in Abrasive Water Jet Machining (AWJM). Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:5399. [PMID: 34576622 DOI: 10.3390/ma14185399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
This article considers effects of local heat transfer taking place insteel cutting by abrasive water jet machining (AWJM). The influence of temperature changes during AWJM has not been investigated thoroughly. Most studies on AWJM suggest that thermal energy has little or no effect on the material cut. This study focused on the analysis of the material microstructure and indentation microhardness in the jet impact zone and the adjacent area. The structure features revealed through optical metallography and scanning microscopy suggest local temperature changes caused by the impact of the abrasive water jet against the workpiece surface. From the microscopic examinationand hardness tests, it is clear that, during the process, large amounts of energy were transferred locally. The mechanical stress produced by the water jet led to plastic deformation at and near the surface. This was accompanied by the generation and transfer of large amounts of heat resulting in a local rise in temperature to 450 °C or higher.
Collapse
|
40
|
Dong L, Li Y, Lv J, Jiang H, Zhang W. Fabrication of Weak C-Axis Preferred AlN Thin Film for Temperature Measurement. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21165345. [PMID: 34450787 PMCID: PMC8399154 DOI: 10.3390/s21165345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A weak C-axis preferred AlN thin film with a lot of defects was fabricated for temperature measurement. It was found that the (002) diffraction peak of the thin film increased monotonously with the increase in annealing temperature and annealing time. This phenomenon is ascribed to the evolution of defects in the lattice of the AlN film. Therefore, the relationship between defects and annealing can be expressed by the offset of (002) diffraction peak, which can be used for temperature measurement. Furthermore, a temperature interpretation algorithm Equation based on the lattice parameter (2θ), annealing temperature and annealing time was established, and a temperature interpretation software was built with MATLAB. Visual temperature interpretation is realized by the software, and the relative error is less than 7%. This study is of great significance for promoting the accurate temperature measurement on the surface of high temperature component.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Coating and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; (L.D.); (J.L.); (W.Z.)
| | - Yang Li
- School of Power and Energy, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710129, China;
| | - Jingwen Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Coating and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; (L.D.); (J.L.); (W.Z.)
| | - Hongchuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Coating and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; (L.D.); (J.L.); (W.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Wanli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Coating and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; (L.D.); (J.L.); (W.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Li M, Xie DG, Zhang XX, Yang JC, Shan ZW. Quantifying Real-Time Sample Temperature Under the Gas Environment in the Transmission Electron Microscope Using a Novel MEMS Heater. Microsc Microanal 2021; 27:758-766. [PMID: 34018478 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927621000489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Accurate control and measurement of real-time sample temperature are critical for the understanding and interpretation of the experimental results from in situ heating experiments inside environmental transmission electron microscope (ETEM). However, quantifying the real-time sample temperature remains a challenging task for commercial in situ TEM heating devices, especially under gas conditions. In this work, we developed a home-made micro-electrical-mechanical-system (MEMS) heater with unprecedented small temperature gradient and thermal drift, which not only enables the temperature evolution caused by gas injection to be measured in real-time but also makes the key heat dissipation path easier to model to theoretically understand and predict the temperature decrease. A new parameter termed as “gas cooling ability (H)”, determined purely by the physical properties of the gas, can be used to compare and predict the gas-induced temperature decrease by different gases. Our findings can act as a reference for predicting the real temperature for in situ heating experiments without closed-loop temperature sensing capabilities in the gas environment, as well as all gas-related heating systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale (CAMP-Nano), State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA15260, USA
| | - De-Gang Xie
- Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale (CAMP-Nano), State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xi-Xiang Zhang
- Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science & Technology (KAUST), Thuwal23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Judith C Yang
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA15260, USA
| | - Zhi-Wei Shan
- Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale (CAMP-Nano), State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Poduval RK, Coote JM, Mosse CA, Finlay MC, Desjardins AE, Papakonstantinou I. Precision-Microfabricated Fiber-Optic Probe for Intravascular Pressure and Temperature Sensing. IEEE J Sel Top Quantum Electron 2021; 27:7100412. [PMID: 33716587 PMCID: PMC7951063 DOI: 10.1109/jstqe.2021.3054727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Small form-factor sensors are widely used in minimally invasive intravascular diagnostic procedures. Manufacturing complexities associated with miniaturizing current fiber-optic probes, particularly for multi-parameter sensing, severely constrain their adoption outside of niche fields. It is especially challenging to rapidly prototype and iterate upon sensor designs to optimize performance for medical devices. In this work, a novel technique to construct a microscale extrinsic fiber-optic sensor with a confined air cavity and sub-micron geometric resolution is presented. The confined air cavity is enclosed between a 3 μm thick pressure-sensitive distal diaphragm and a proximal temperature-sensitive plano-convex microlens segment unresponsive to changes in external pressure. Simultaneous pressure and temperature measurements are possible through optical interrogation via phase-resolved low-coherence interferometry (LCI). Upon characterization in a simulated intravascular environment, we find these sensors capable of detecting pressure changes down to 0.11 mmHg (in the range of 760 to 1060 mmHg) and temperature changes of 0.036 °C (in the range 34 to 50 °C). By virtue of these sensitivity values suited to intravascular physiological monitoring, and the scope of design flexibility enabled by the precision-fabricated photoresist microstructure, it is envisaged that this technique will enable construction of a wide range of fiber-optic sensors for guiding minimally invasive medical procedures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Radhika K Poduval
- Department of Electronic and Electrical EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 7JEU.K
| | - Joanna M Coote
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 6BTU.K
| | - Charles A Mosse
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 6BTU.K
| | - Malcolm C Finlay
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 6BTU.K
| | - Adrien E Desjardins
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 6BTU.K
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Chukhrova N, Johannssen A. Nonparametric fuzzy hypothesis testing for quantiles applied to clinical characteristics of COVID-19. INT J INTELL SYST 2021; 36:2922-2963. [PMID: 38607898 PMCID: PMC8250505 DOI: 10.1002/int.22407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The sign test is one of the most popular nonparametric tests for location problems and allows testing for any quantile of a population. However, the common sign test has serious drawbacks such as loss of information by considering solely signs of observations but not their magnitudes, various problems related to handling of ties in the data, and the lack of embedding uncertainty regarding the fraction of underlying quantile. To address these issues, we present an extended sign test based on fuzzy categories and fuzzy formulated hypotheses that improves the generality, versatility, and practicability of the common sign test. This generalized test procedure is neat in theory and practice and avoids disadvantages that are often associated with fuzzy tests (e.g., a considerably higher complexity of the underlying model, a fuzzy test decision, and a possibilistic instead of a probabilistic interpretation of test results). In addition, we perform a comprehensive case study on COVID-19 in HIV-infected individuals with a focus on human body temperature and related measurement problems. The results of the study clearly indicate that fuzzy categories and fuzzy hypotheses improve the performance of the sign test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Arne Johannssen
- Faculty of Business AdministrationUniversity of HamburgHamburgGermany
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Lallana PC, Aldabaldetreku G, López A, Montero DS, Durana G, Mateo J, Losada MÁ, Zubia J, Vázquez C. Sensing Applications in Aircrafts Using Polymer Optical Fibres. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21113605. [PMID: 34064285 PMCID: PMC8196816 DOI: 10.3390/s21113605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report on recent advances in the use of inexpensive polymer optical fibres (POFs) for sensing applications in avionics. The sensors analysed in this manuscript take advantage of the unique properties of polymers, such as high flexibility, elasticity, and sensitivity, and they range from strain, elongation, and vibration interrogators to level and temperature meters, leading to cost-effective techniques for structural health monitoring in aircraft structures. We also highlight recent power-supply methods using Power-over-POF in order to feed sensors remotely, and we discuss the constraints imposed by connectors on the performance of POF networks in aircrafts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro C. Lallana
- Electronics Technology Department, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, E-28911 Leganés, Spain;
- Correspondence: (P.C.L.); (C.V.)
| | - Gotzon Aldabaldetreku
- Communications Engineering Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Ingeniero Torres Quevedo 1, E-48013 Bilbao, Spain; (G.A.); (G.D.); (J.Z.)
| | - Alicia López
- GTF, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (i3A), University of Zaragoza, María de Luna 1, E-50018 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.L.); (J.M.); (M.Á.L.)
| | - David S. Montero
- Electronics Technology Department, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, E-28911 Leganés, Spain;
| | - Gaizka Durana
- Communications Engineering Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Ingeniero Torres Quevedo 1, E-48013 Bilbao, Spain; (G.A.); (G.D.); (J.Z.)
| | - Javier Mateo
- GTF, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (i3A), University of Zaragoza, María de Luna 1, E-50018 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.L.); (J.M.); (M.Á.L.)
| | - M. Ángeles Losada
- GTF, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (i3A), University of Zaragoza, María de Luna 1, E-50018 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.L.); (J.M.); (M.Á.L.)
| | - Joseba Zubia
- Communications Engineering Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Ingeniero Torres Quevedo 1, E-48013 Bilbao, Spain; (G.A.); (G.D.); (J.Z.)
| | - Carmen Vázquez
- Electronics Technology Department, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, E-28911 Leganés, Spain;
- Correspondence: (P.C.L.); (C.V.)
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Aretusini S, Núñez‐Cascajero A, Spagnuolo E, Tapetado A, Vázquez C, Di Toro G. Fast and Localized Temperature Measurements During Simulated Earthquakes in Carbonate Rocks. Geophys Res Lett 2021; 48:e2020GL091856. [PMID: 34219843 PMCID: PMC8243964 DOI: 10.1029/2020gl091856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of earthquake physics is hindered by the poor knowledge of fault strength and temperature evolution during seismic slip. Experiments reproducing seismic velocity (∼1 m/s) allow us to measure both the evolution of fault strength and the associated temperature increase due to frictional heating. However, temperature measurements were performed with techniques having insufficient spatial and temporal resolution. Here we conduct high velocity friction experiments on Carrara marble rock samples sheared at 20 MPa normal stress, velocity of 0.3 and 6 m/s, and 20 m of total displacement. We measured the temperature evolution of the fault surface at the acquisition rate of 1 kHz and over a spatial resolution of ∼40 µm with an optical fiber conveying the infrared radiation to a two-color pyrometer. Temperatures up to 1,250°C and low coseismic fault shear strength are compatible with the activation of grain size dependent viscous creep.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alberto Tapetado
- Department of Electronic TechnologyUniversidad Carlos III de MadridLeganésSpain
| | - Carmen Vázquez
- Department of Electronic TechnologyUniversidad Carlos III de MadridLeganésSpain
| | - Giulio Di Toro
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e VulcanologiaRomaItaly
- Department of GeosciencesUniversità degli Studi di PadovaPadovaItaly
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Omura M, Takeuchi M, Nagaoka R, Hasegawa H. A study on understanding the physical mechanism of change in ultrasonic envelope statistical property during temperature elevation. Med Phys 2021; 48:3042-3054. [PMID: 33880793 DOI: 10.1002/mp.14890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Our previous studies demonstrate that the variation in ultrasonic envelope statistics is correlated with the temperature change inside scattering media. This variation is identified as the change in the scatterer structure during thermal expansion or contraction. However, no specific evidence has been verified to date. This study numerically reproduces the change in the scatterer distribution during thermal expansion or contraction using finite element simulations and also investigates how the situation is altered by different material properties. METHODS The material properties of a linear elastic solid depend on the thermal expansion coefficient, thermal conductivity, specific heat, and initial scatterer number density. Three-dimensional displacements, calculated in the simulation, were sequentially used to update the positions of the randomly distributed scatterers. Ultrasound signals from the scatterer distribution were generated by simulating a 7.5-MHz linear array transducer whose specifications were the same as those in the experimental measurements of several phantoms and excised porcine livers. To represent the change in the envelope statistical feature, the absolute value of the ratio change in the logarithmic Nakagami (NA) parameter, Δ m , at each time was calculated as a value normalized with the initial NA parameter. RESULTS The change in the scatterer number density relates to the volume change during temperature elevation. The magnitude of the Δ m shift against the temperature change increases depending on the higher thermal expansion coefficient. In contrast, the relationship between Δ m and the scatterer number density is similar with any material property. Additionally, the changes in Δ m obtained by several experimental phantoms with low to high scatterer number densities are comparable with the numerical simulation results. CONCLUSIONS The change in Δ m is indirectly related to the change in the scatterer number density owing to the volume change during thermal expansion or contraction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Omura
- Faculty of Engineering, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Gofuku 3190, Toyama, 9308555, Japan
| | | | - Ryo Nagaoka
- Faculty of Engineering, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Gofuku 3190, Toyama, 9308555, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Hasegawa
- Faculty of Engineering, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Gofuku 3190, Toyama, 9308555, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Oskolkov A, Bezukladnikov I, Trushnikov D. Indirect Temperature Measurement in High Frequency Heating Systems. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21072561. [PMID: 33917461 PMCID: PMC8038681 DOI: 10.3390/s21072561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
One of the biggest challenges of fused deposition modeling (FDM)/fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D-printing is maintaining consistent quality of layer-to-layer adhesion, and on the larger scale, homogeneity of material inside the whole printed object. An approach for mitigating and/or resolving those problems, based on the rapid and reliable control of the extruded material temperature during the printing process, was proposed. High frequency induction heating of the nozzle with a minimum mass (<1 g) was used. To ensure the required dynamic characteristics of heating and cooling processes in a high power (peak power > 300 W) heating system, an indirect (eddy current) temperature measurement method was proposed. It is based on dynamic analysis over various temperature-dependent parameters directly in the process of heating. To ensure better temperature measurement accuracy, a series-parallel resonant circuit containing an induction heating coil, an approach of desired signal detection, algorithms for digital signal processing and a regression model that determines the dependence of the desired signal on temperature and magnetic field strength were proposed. The testbed system designed to confirm the results of the conducted research showed the effectiveness of the proposed indirect measurement method. With an accuracy of ±3 °C, the measurement time is 20 ms in the operating temperature range from 50 to 350 °C. The designed temperature control system based on an indirect measurement method will provide high mechanical properties and consistent quality of printed objects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Oskolkov
- Department of Welding Production, Metrology and Technology of Material, Perm National Research Polytechnic University, 29 Komsomolsky Prospect, 614990 Perm, Russia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Igor Bezukladnikov
- Department of Automation and Telemechanics, Perm National Research Polytechnic University, 29 Komsomolsky Prospect, 614990 Perm, Russia;
| | - Dmitriy Trushnikov
- Department of Welding Production, Metrology and Technology of Material, Perm National Research Polytechnic University, 29 Komsomolsky Prospect, 614990 Perm, Russia;
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Jose M, Oudebrouckx G, Bormans S, Veske P, Thoelen R, Deferme W. Monitoring Body Fluids in Textiles: Combining Impedance and Thermal Principles in a Printed, Wearable, and Washable Sensor. ACS Sens 2021; 6:896-907. [PMID: 33499590 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c02037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This work explores the feasibility of coupling two different techniques, the impedance and the transient plane source (TPS) principle, to quantify the moisture content and its compositional parameters simultaneously. The sensor is realized directly on textiles with the use of printing and coating technology. Impedance measurements use the fluid's electrical properties, while the TPS measurements are based on the thermal effusivity of the liquid. Impedance and TPS measurements show equal competency in measuring the fluid volume with a lowest measurable quantity of 0.5 μL, enabling ultralow volume passive measurements for sweat analysis. Both sensor principles were tested by monitoring the drying of a wet cloth and the measurements show perfect repeatability and accuracy. Nevertheless, when the biofluid property changes, the TPS sensor does not reflect this information on its readings, whereas, on the other hand, impedance can provide information on compositional changes. However, since the volume of the fluid changes simultaneously, one cannot differentiate between a volume change and a compositional change from impedance measurements alone. Therefore, we show in this work that we can apply impedance to measure the compositional properties; meanwhile, the TPS measurements accurately carry out volume measurements irrespective of the interferences from its compositional variations. To prove this, both of these techniques are applied for the quantification and composition monitoring of sweat, showing the capability to measure moisture content and compositional parameters simultaneously. TPS measurements can also be an indicator of the local temperature of the medium confined by the sensor, and it does not influence the fluid parameters. Compiling both impedance and thermal sensors in a single platform triggers smart wearable prospects of metering the liquid volume and simultaneously analyzing other compositional changes and body temperature. Finally, the repeatability and stability of the sensor readings and the washability of the device are tested. This device could be a potential sensing tool in real-life applications, such as wound monitoring and sweat analysis, and could be a promising addition toward future smart wearable sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Jose
- Hasselt University, Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC) 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMEC, Division IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Gilles Oudebrouckx
- Hasselt University, Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC) 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMEC, Division IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Seppe Bormans
- Hasselt University, Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC) 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMEC, Division IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Paula Veske
- Centre for Microsystems Technology (CMST), IMEC and Ghent University, Technologiepark 126, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Ronald Thoelen
- Hasselt University, Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC) 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMEC, Division IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Wim Deferme
- Hasselt University, Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC) 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMEC, Division IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Gräbner D, Zielinski T, Vovk A, Riemer O, Karpuschewski B, Lang W. An Investigation on High-Resolution Temperature Measurement in Precision Fly-Cutting. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:1530. [PMID: 33672182 DOI: 10.3390/s21041530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The loads acting on a workpiece during machining processes determine the modification of the surface of the final workpiece and, thus, its functional properties. In this work, a method that uses thermocouples to measure the temperature in precision fly-cutting machining with high spatial and temporal resolution is presented. Experiments were conducted for various materials and machining parameters. We compare experimental measurement data with results from modern and advanced machining process simulation and find a good match between experimental and simulation results. Therefore, the simulation is validated by experimental data and can be used to calculate realistic internal loads of machining processes.
Collapse
|
50
|
Núñez-Cascajero A, Tapetado A, Vargas S, Vázquez C. Optical Fiber Pyrometer Designs for Temperature Measurements Depending on Object Size. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:646. [PMID: 33477747 PMCID: PMC7832392 DOI: 10.3390/s21020646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The modelling of temperature measurements using optical fiber pyrometers for different hot object sizes with new generalized integration limits is presented. The closed equations for the calculus of the radiated power that is coupled to the optical fiber for two specific scenarios are proposed. Accurate predictions of critical distance for avoiding errors in the optical fiber end location depending on fiber types and object sizes for guiding good designs are reported. A detailed model for estimating errors depending on target size and distance is provided. Two-color fiber pyrometers as a general solution are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arántzazu Núñez-Cascajero
- Electronics Technology Department, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain; (A.N.-C.); (A.T.)
| | - Alberto Tapetado
- Electronics Technology Department, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain; (A.N.-C.); (A.T.)
| | - Salvador Vargas
- Electrical Engineering Faculty, Universidad Tecnológica de Panamá, Ave. Universidad Tecnológica, El Dorado, 0819-07289 Panamá, Panama
| | - Carmen Vázquez
- Electronics Technology Department, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain; (A.N.-C.); (A.T.)
| |
Collapse
|