1
|
Abstract
Some forms of ophthalmoplegia are congenital and fall into the category of Congenital Cranial Dysinnervation Disorders (CCDDs). These disorders arise from a primary defect of cranial nucleus/nerve development or guidance. Many have substantial limitations of ocular motility with or without other associated features. The type and degree of ophthalmoplegia can be similar between CCDD subtypes as well as with non-congenital forms of ophthalmoplegia. Therefore diagnostic confirmation often requires neuro-imaging and/or genetic investigations. The clinician should consider this category in cases of ophthalmoplegia that are congenital and nonprogressive in nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darren T Oystreck
- a IWK Health Centre Eye Care Team , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada
- b Faculty of Health , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada
- c Division of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Stellenbosch , Tygerberg , South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
In 2002, the term congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders (CCDDs) was proposed to group heterogeneous syndromes with congenital abnormalities of ocular muscle and facial innervations. The concept of neurogenic etiology has been supported by discovery of genes that are essential to the normal development of brainstem, cranial nerves, and their axonal connections. The CCDDs include Duane retraction syndrome, congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles, Möbius syndrome, horizontal gaze palsy with progressive scoliosis, the human homeobox-related disorders, pontine cap tegmental dysplasia, and an expanding list. The purpose of this review was to update the imaging features, as well as clinical and genetic information, regarding cases of CCDDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Martins Ferreira
- From the *Clínica Imagem, Florianópolis; †Clinica Medimagem, São Paulo; ‡Joinvile; and §Hospital Universitário-Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Moguel-Ancheita S, Rodríguez-Garcidueñas W. [Central nervous system abnormalities related to congenital fibrosis of extraocular muscles]. CIR CIR 2009; 77:3-8. [PMID: 19228463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We undertook this study to describe central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities associated with congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders (CCDD). METHODS This was a retrospective, observational, transversal and descriptive study including patients with congenital fibrotic strabismus. We analyzed clinical files of patients from 2001 to 2006. Neurological lesions were reported. RESULTS Restrictive strabismus was demonstrated in all cases. Sixteen patients were included: nine males and seven females. Different neurological lesions were reported: corpus callosum anomalies, severe cortipathy, epilepsy, cavum vergae, nystagmus, occipital subarachnoid cyst, and hydrocephalus. Mental retardation was reported in 56% of patients. Different malformations were reported: genital malformations, trigonocephalus, camptodactyly, mild facial hypoplasia, low set ears, and agenesis of left ear. Blepharoptosis was present in 81% of patients. The most frequent form of strabismus was exotropia (56%), hypotropia in 37.5%, hypertropia 18.7%, "A" pattern 18.7%, and esotropia in 6.25%. Affection was cranial nerve III, 93.75%; cranial nerve VI, 6.25%; cranial nerve VII, 6.25%; and lesion to cranial nerve II in eight cases (50%). CONCLUSIONS We have suggested that failure in early stages of embryology of the CNS can lead to the development of paralytic strabismus and generate secondary fibrotic changes, not only in muscle structures but also in other orbital tissues. That is the reason why we have used the term "congenital fibrotic strabismus" to report cases included in CCDD. We have demonstrated the strong association of mental retardation and neurological alterations. Multidisciplinary rehabilitation is relevant for these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Moguel-Ancheita
- Departamento de Estrabismo, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Mexico, D.F., Mexico.
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Di Renzo F, Broccia ML, Giavini E, Menegola E. Citral, an inhibitor of retinoic acid synthesis, attenuates the frequency and severity of branchial arch abnormalities induced by triazole-derivative fluconazole in rat embryos cultured in vitro. Reprod Toxicol 2007; 24:326-32. [PMID: 17875381 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2007.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2007] [Revised: 07/26/2007] [Accepted: 07/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The clinically used antimycotic fluconazole (fluco) is teratogenic in rodents. Exposure in vitro to fluco, other investigated azoles (triadimefon, triadimenol, flusilazole, ketoconazole and imazalil) or retinoic acid (RA), is correlated to branchial arch abnormalities. Inhibition of RA degradation has been suggested as the azole-related mechanism. Citral is a RA synthesis inhibitor. E9.5 rat embryos were cultured for 48 h in normal serum or exposed in vitro to fluco 125 microM, citral 200 microM or co-exposed to the two molecules to test the hypothesis that citral attenuates fluco-related teratogenic effects. Some embryos were cultured for 12 extra hours, and cranial nerves immunodetected. Fluco induced typical abnormalities, including branchial arch and cranial nerve defects. The co-exposure to fluco+citral was significantly effective in reducing branchial arch and cranial nerve defects, supporting the hypothesis that citral balances the fluco-induced RA concentration increase. However, other fluco-related effects were unalterated by citral.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Di Renzo
- University of Milan, Department of Biology, via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hillerer C, Wöller A, Mühlau M, Stimmer H, Zimmer C. [Neuroradiologic findings in Möbius syndrome]. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2007; 179:532-4. [PMID: 17436188 DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-962926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
6
|
Sato N, Yagishita A, Oba H, Miki Y, Nakata Y, Yamashita F, Nemoto K, Sugai K, Sasaki M. Hemimegalencephaly: a study of abnormalities occurring outside the involved hemisphere. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2007; 28:678-82. [PMID: 17416820 PMCID: PMC7977333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Hemimegalencephaly is a rare but well-known congenital malformation with ipsilateral enlargement of the hemicerebrum. However, very little is known about changes in structures outside the involved hemisphere in patients with this condition. We investigated morphologic abnormalities occurring outside the affected hemisphere by MR imaging in a large series of patients with hemimegalencephaly. MATERIALS AND METHODS MR imaging findings for 30 patients with hemimegalencephaly were retrospectively reviewed and evaluated for structures outside the involved hemisphere on routine MR images, such as cranial nerves (I, II, V), brain vessels, subdural and subarachnoid spaces, brain stem, and cerebellum, on both the ipsilateral and contralateral sides. RESULTS The ipsilateral olfactory and optic nerves were enlarged in 8 (26.7%) and 1 (3.3%) of the 30 patients, respectively, without enlargement on the contralateral side. No asymmetry was noted in the trigeminal nerves. Asymmetric vascular dilations in the ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere were observed in 12 of the 30 patients (40%), in deep cerebral vessels in 11 patients (36.7%), and in superficial cerebral vessels in 8 patients (26.7%). Ipsilateral brain stem and hemicerebellar asymmetric enlargement was detected in 2 patients (6.7%) and 14 patients (46.7%), respectively. Abnormal cerebellar folia were observed on the ipsilateral side in 6 patients (20%) and on the contralateral side in 3 patients (10%). CONCLUSION Ipsilateral olfactory nerve enlargement, cerebral vascular dilations, cerebellar enlargement, and bilateral or ipsilateral abnormal architecture of the cerebellar folia are often associated with hemimegalencephaly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Sato
- Department of Radiology, National Center Hospital for Mental, Nervous, and Muscular Disorders, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhao J, Zhao KX, Tian YM. [Advances in clinical and molecular genetics of congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders]. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi 2007; 43:82-6. [PMID: 17442174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders (CCDDs) are congenital non-progressive, sporadic or familial abnormalities of cranial musculature that result from developmental abnormalities of, or the complete absence of, one or more cranial nerves with primary or secondary muscle dysinnervation. These disorders include vertical disorders of ocular motility, horizontal disorders of ocular motility and disorders with abnormalities of facial motility that were previously referred to as "congenital fibrosis syndromes". The advances in clinical and molecular genetics of congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhao
- Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hatakeyama J, Sakamoto S, Kageyama R. Hes1 and Hes5 regulate the development of the cranial and spinal nerve systems. Dev Neurosci 2006; 28:92-101. [PMID: 16508307 DOI: 10.1159/000090756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2005] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The basic helix-loop-helix genes Hes1 and Hes5, known Notch effectors, regulate the maintenance of neural stem cells and the development of the central nervous system (CNS). In the absence of Hes1 and Hes5, the size, shape and cytoarchitecture of the CNS are severely disorganized, but the development of the peripheral nervous system remains to be analyzed. Here, we found that in Hes1;Hes5 double-mutant mice, the cranial and spinal nerve systems are also severely disorganized. In these mutant mice, axonal projections from the mesencephalic neurons to the trigeminal (V) ganglion become aberrant and the proximal parts of the glossopharyngeal (IX) and vagus (X) nerves are fused. The hypoglossal (XII) nerve is also formed poorly. Furthermore, the dorsal root ganglia are fused with the spinal cord, and the dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal nerves are lacking in many segments. These results indicate that Hes1 and Hes5 play an important role in the formation of the cranial and spinal nerve systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hatakeyama
- Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dobbelsteyn C, Marche DM, Blake K, Rashid M. Early oral sensory experiences and feeding development in children with CHARGE syndrome: a report of five cases. Dysphagia 2006; 20:89-100. [PMID: 16172816 DOI: 10.1007/s00455-004-0026-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Children with CHARGE syndrome commonly experience feeding and swallowing problems. Difficulties may be associated with congenital structural anomalies, motor impairment, and/or oral sensory impairment. For many children with CHARGE syndrome, the introduction of functional oral feeding is delayed and there are often long-term feeding complications. Oral aversion or defensiveness is a frequent serious issue; however, it is uncertain whether this is a primary sensory disorder or secondary to delayed and/or negative oral sensory and feeding experiences. This article examines in detail the early oral sensory and feeding experiences of five children with CHARGE syndrome, through a review of medical records and caregiver questionnaires. Findings indicate variable early oral sensory experiences in this group of children, with all of the children having some difficulty or delay in the development of oral feeding and swallowing. The nature of these difficulties and the potential contributory factors are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Dobbelsteyn
- School of Human Communication Disorders, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Menegola E, Broccia ML, Di Renzo F, Massa V, Giavini E. Study on the common teratogenic pathway elicited by the fungicides triazole-derivatives. Toxicol In Vitro 2005; 19:737-48. [PMID: 15913947 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2005.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2004] [Revised: 02/21/2005] [Accepted: 04/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Triazole-derivatives alter the pharyngeal apparatus morphogenesis of rodent embryos cultured in vitro. The hindbrain segmentation and the rhombencephalic neural crest cell (NCCs) migration are altered by Fluconazole exposure in vitro. The aim of the present work is to identify if a common pathogenic pathway is detectable also for other molecules of this class of compounds. 9.5 days post coitum (d.p.c.) old rat embryos were exposed in vitro to the teratogenic concentrations of Flusilazole, Triadimefon and Triadimenol and cultured for 24, 48 or 60 h. The expression and localisation of Hox-b1 and Krox-20 proteins (used as markers for hindbrain segmentation) were evaluated after 24 h of culture. The localisation and distribution of NCC was evaluated after 24, 30 and 48 h of culture. The morphology of the embryos was analysed after 48 h, while the branchial nerve structures were evaluated after 60 h of culture. Hindbrain segmentation and NCC migration alteration as well as pharyngeal arch and cranial nerve abnormalities were detected after exposure of the tested molecules. A common severe teratogenic intrinsic property for the tested molecules of this chemical class has been found, acting through alteration of the normal hindbrain developmental pattern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Menegola
- Department of Biology, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To detail the radiologic findings in Möbius syndrome, in order to clarify its pathogenetic mechanisms. METHODS High resolution three-dimensional T1 (MP rage) and T2 (CISS) weighted MRI were used to study the cisternal and canalicular portion of the seventh cranial nerve in six Möbius patients. Also, the anteroposterior dimension of the brainstem was measured at the level of the pons in the authors' 6 patients and in 20 age-matched healthy control subjects. Furthermore, the MRIs were evaluated for associated congenital brain anomalies. RESULTS The facial nerves were absent in all six patients despite residual function in some facial muscles. The authors confirmed brainstem hypoplasia but did not find tegmental calcifications. The anteroposterior dimension of the brainstem ranged between 17 and 25 mm vs 20 to 27 mm for controls. In three patients there were congenital abnormalities in the posterior fossa. CONCLUSION The absent facial nerves on MRI and the unusual distribution of the facial weakness, which is characteristic of Möbius syndrome, suggests that other cranial nerves, possibly the trigeminal, hypoglossal, or glossopharyngeal nerve, aberrantly innervate some lower facial muscles. Radiologic findings support the notion that Möbius syndrome is part of a more complex congenital anomaly of the fossa posterior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harriëtte T F M Verzijl
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Nijmegen, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Parrish M, Ott T, Lance-Jones C, Schuetz G, Schwaeger-Nickolenko A, Monaghan AP. Loss of the Sall3 gene leads to palate deficiency, abnormalities in cranial nerves, and perinatal lethality. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24:7102-12. [PMID: 15282310 PMCID: PMC479739 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.24.16.7102-7112.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Spalt gene family encode putative transcription factors characterized by seven to nine C2H2 zinc finger motifs. Four genes have been identified in mice--Spalt1 to Spalt4 (Sall1 to Sall4). Spalt homologues are widely expressed in neural and mesodermal tissues during early embryogenesis. Sall3 is normally expressed in mice from embryonic day 7 (E7) in the neural ectoderm and primitive streak and subsequently in the brain, peripheral nerves, spinal cord, limb buds, palate, heart, and otic vesicles. We have generated a targeted disruption of Sall3 in mice. Homozygous mutant animals die on the first postnatal day and fail to feed. Examination of the oral structures of these animals revealed that abnormalities were present in the palate and epiglottis from E16.5. In E10.5 embryos, deficiencies in cranial nerves that normally innervate oral structures, particularly the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), were observed. These studies indicate that Sall3 is required for the development of nerves that are derived from the hindbrain and for the formation of adjacent branchial arch derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Parrish
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hahm K, Sum EYM, Fujiwara Y, Lindeman GJ, Visvader JE, Orkin SH. Defective neural tube closure and anteroposterior patterning in mice lacking the LIM protein LMO4 or its interacting partner Deaf-1. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24:2074-82. [PMID: 14966286 PMCID: PMC350571 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.24.5.2074-2082.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2003] [Accepted: 11/13/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
LMO4 belongs to a family of transcriptional regulators that comprises two zinc-binding LIM domains. LIM-only (LMO) proteins appear to function as docking sites for other factors, leading to the assembly of multiprotein complexes. The transcription factor Deaf-1/NUDR has been identified as one partner protein of LMO4. We have disrupted the Lmo4 and Deaf-1 genes in mice to define their biological function in vivo. All Lmo4 mutants died shortly after birth and showed defects within the presphenoid bone, with 50% of mice also exhibiting exencephaly. Homeotic transformations were observed in Lmo4-null embryos and newborn mice, but with incomplete penetrance. These included skeletal defects in cervical vertebrae and the rib cage. Furthermore, fusions of cranial nerves IX and X and defects in cranial nerve V were apparent in some Lmo4(-/-) and Lmo4(+/-) mice. Remarkably, Deaf-1 mutants displayed phenotypic abnormalities similar to those observed in Lmo4 mutants. These included exencephaly, transformation of cervical segments, and rib cage abnormalities. In contrast to Lmo4 nullizygous mice, nonexencephalic Deaf-1 mutants remained healthy. No defects in the sphenoid bone or cranial nerves were apparent. Thus, Lmo4 and Deaf-1 mutant mice exhibit overlapping as well as distinct phenotypes. Our data indicate an important role for these two transcriptional regulators in pathways affecting neural tube closure and skeletal patterning, most likely reflecting their presence in a functional complex in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyungmin Hahm
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Traboulsi EI. Congenital abnormalities of cranial nerve development: overview, molecular mechanisms, and further evidence of heterogeneity and complexity of syndromes with congenital limitation of eye movements. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 2004; 102:373-89. [PMID: 15747768 PMCID: PMC1280110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The clinical and molecular genetic classification of syndromes with congenital limitation of eye movements and evidence of cranial nerve dysgenesis continues to evolve. This monograph details clinical and molecular genetic data on a number of families and isolated patients with congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles (CFEOM) and related disorders, and presents an overview of the mechanisms of abnormal patterns of motor and sensory cranial nerve development in these rare syndromes. METHODS Clinical examination of one patient with CFEOM1, one family with clinical features of CFEOM2, one family with recessive CFEOM3, one family with horizontal gaze palsy and progressive scoliosis (HGPPS), and four patients with various combinations of congenital cranial nerve abnormalities. Genotyping of families with CFEOM and HGPPS for polymorphic markers in the regions of the three known CFEOM loci and in the HGPPS region, and mutation analysis of the ARIX and KIF21A genes in patients with CFEOM were performed according to standard published protocols. RESULTS The patient with CFEOM1 had the second most common mutation in KIF21A, a 2861 G>A mutation that resulted in an R954Q substitution. The family with CFEOM2 phenotype did not map to the CFEOM2 locus. The family with recessive CFEOM3 did not map to any of the known loci. The HGPPS family mapped to 11q23-q25. One patient had optic nerve hypoplasia and fifth nerve dysfunction. Two patients had the rare combination of Möbius syndrome and CFEOM. One patient had Möbius syndrome and fifth nerve dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS There is genetic heterogeneity in CFEOM2 and CFEOM3. Abnormalities in sensory nerves can also accompany abnormalities of motor nerves, further substantiating the effect of individual mutations on developing motor as well as sensory cranial nerve nuclei.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elias I Traboulsi
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, and the Center for Genetic Eye Diseases, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methanol administered to C57BL/6J mice during gastrulation causes severe craniofacial dysmorphology. We describe dysmorphogenesis, cell death, cell cycle assessment, and effects on development of cranial ganglia and nerves observed following administration of methanol to pregnant C57BL/6J mice on gestation day (GD) 7. METHODS Mice were injected (i.p.) on GD 7 with 0, 2.3, 3.4, or 4.9 gm/kg methanol, split into two doses. In embryos of mice treated with 0 or 4.9 gm/kg methanol, we used histology and LysoTracker red staining on GD 8 0 hr through GD 8 18 hr to examine cell death and dysmorphogenesis, and we also evaluated cell-cycle distribution and proliferation using flow cytometry (FCM) and BrdU immunohistochemistry. On GD 10, we evaluated the effect of GD 7 exposure to 0, 2.3, 3.4, or 4.9 gm/kg methanol on cranial ganglia and nerve development using neurofilament immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Methanol treatment on GD 7 resulted in reduced mesenchyme surrounding the fore- and midbrain, and in the first branchial arches, by GD 8 12 hr. There were disruptions in the forebrain neuroepithelium and optic pit. Neural crest cell emigration from the mid- and hindbrain region was reduced in methanol-exposed embryos. Methanol had no apparent effect on BrdU incorporation or cell-cycle distribution on GD 8. Cell death was observed in the hindbrain region along the path of neural crest migration and in the trigeminal ganglion on GD 8 18 hr. Development of the cranial ganglia and nerves was adversely affected by methanol. Development of ganglia V, VIII, and IX was decreased at all dosage levels; ganglion VII was reduced at 3.4 and 4.9 gm/kg, and ganglion X was reduced at 4.9 gm/kg. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that gastrulation-stage methanol exposure affects neural crest cells and the anterior mesoderm and neuroepithelium. Cell death was evident in areas of migrating neural crest cells, but only at time points after methanol was cleared from the embryo, suggesting an indirect effect on these cells. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2004. Published 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sigmund J Degitz
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Nagata S, Yamada Y, Saito R, Fujita N. Overexpression of receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase beta causes abnormal development of the cranial nerve in Xenopus embryos. Neurosci Lett 2003; 349:175-8. [PMID: 12951197 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(03)00823-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Roles of receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase beta (RPTPbeta, also called PTPzeta) were investigated in the nervous system development of Xenopus embryos. We previously showed that Xenopus embryos express mRNAs for 11 receptor-type (XRPTPbeta.1-XRPTPbeta.11) and two secretory (sXRPTPbeta.1 and sXRPTPbeta.2) variants generated by alternative RNA splicing. Whole-mount in situ hybridization analyzes demonstrated central nervous system-specific gene transcription in tailbud embryos. Distributions of mRNAs for receptor-type and secretory variants partially differ in the hindbrain. Overexpression of XRPTPbeta.4 or sXRPTPbeta.2, which was brought about by microinjection of the recombinant plasmid vectors, caused abnormal development of the cranial nerve X. Deletion of the cytoplasmic segment from XRPTPbeta.4 did not affect the ability to cause the abnormality, but deletion of the extracellular segment abolished it. These results suggest that normal development of the cranial nerve X requires regulated expression of the XRPTPbeta gene products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saburo Nagata
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, Tokyo 112-8681, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Cederberg J, Picard JJ, Eriksson UJ. Maternal diabetes in the rat impairs the formation of neural-crest derived cranial nerve ganglia in the offspring. Diabetologia 2003; 46:1245-51. [PMID: 12830378 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-003-1100-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2002] [Revised: 12/23/2002] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Maternal diabetes mellitus increases the risk for fetal malformations. Several of these malformations are found in organs and tissues derived from the neural crest. Previous studies have shown changes in fetal organs of neural crest origin in experimental diabetes and changes in migration of neural crest cells exposed to high glucose in vitro. METHODS We used whole-mount neurofilament staining of embryos from normal and diabetic mothers to investigate the development of cranial nerve ganglia. Neural tube explants were cultured in 10 and 40 mmol/l glucose and cell death and caspase activity was measured with flow cytometry. RESULTS The development of cranial ganglia V, VII, VIII, IX and X was impaired in day 10-11 embryos of diabetic rats. There was also a higher rate of cell death of neural crest derived cells cultured in 40 mmol/l glucose for 20 h (35% compared to 12% in 10 mmol/l). However, exposure of cells to 40 mmol/l glucose in culture did not increase the activation of the cell death effector proteins-caspases-measured as cellular binding of the activated caspase marker VAD-FMK. This suggests that the cell death is not caused by caspase-dependent apoptosis or that the caspases are activated at an earlier stage. CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION The development of neural crest-derived structures is disturbed already at the organogenic period in embryos of diabetic rats and this deteriorated development could be due to high-glucose induced increase in cell death of neural crest derived cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Cederberg
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Niederreither K, Vermot J, Le Roux I, Schuhbaur B, Chambon P, Dollé P. The regional pattern of retinoic acid synthesis by RALDH2 is essential for the development of posterior pharyngeal arches and the enteric nervous system. Development 2003; 130:2525-34. [PMID: 12702665 DOI: 10.1242/dev.00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Targeted inactivation of the mouse retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (RALDH2/ALDH1a2), the enzyme responsible for early embryonic retinoic acid synthesis, is embryonic lethal because of defects in early heart morphogenesis. Transient maternal RA supplementation from E7.5 to (at least) E8.5 rescues most of these defects, but the supplemented Raldh2(-/-) mutants die prenatally, from a lack of septation of the heart outflow tract (Niederreither, K., Vermot, J., Messaddeq, N., Schuhbaur, B., Chambon, P. and Dollé, P. (2001). Development 128, 1019-1031). We have investigated the developmental basis for this defect, and found that the RA-supplemented Raldh2(-/-) embryos exhibit impaired development of their posterior (3rd-6th) branchial arch region. While the development of the first and second arches and their derivatives, as well as the formation of the first branchial pouch, appear to proceed normally, more posterior pharyngeal pouches fail to form and the pharyngeal endoderm develops a rudimentary, pouch-like structure. All derivatives of the posterior branchial arches are affected. These include the aortic arches, pouch-derived organs (thymus, parathyroid gland) and post-otic neural crest cells, which fail to establish segmental migratory pathways and are misrouted caudally. Patterning and axonal outgrowth of the posterior (9th-12th) cranial nerves is also altered. Vagal crest deficiency in Raldh2(-/-) mutants leads to agenesis of the enteric ganglia, a condition reminiscent of human Hirschprung's disease. In addition, we provide evidence that: (i) wildtype Raldh2 expression is restricted to the posteriormost pharyngeal mesoderm; (ii) endogenous RA response occurs in both the pharyngeal endoderm and mesoderm, and extends more rostrally than Raldh2 expression up to the 2nd arch; (iii) RA target genes (Hoxa1, Hoxb1) are downregulated in both the pharyngeal endoderm and mesoderm of mutant embryos. Thus, RALDH2 plays a crucial role in producing RA required for pharyngeal development, and RA is one of the diffusible mesodermal signals that pattern the pharyngeal endoderm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Niederreither
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP/Collège de France, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, CU de Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Acute exposure of mouse embryos to ethanol during stages of hindbrain segmentation results in excessive cell death in specific cell populations. This study details the ethanol-induced cell loss and defines the subsequent effects of this early insult on rhombomere and cranial nerve development. Ethanol at a teratogenic dosage (2.9 g/kg) or a comparable volume of vehicle was administered in each of two intraperitoneal injections to pregnant C57BL/6J mice on gestational day (GD) 8, 8 h, and GD 8, 12 h (defined hereafter as GD 8.5). Ethanol-exposed GD 9 embryos, visualized in three dimensions using laser scanning confocal microscopy of LysoTracker Red fluorescence or Nile blue sulphate vital staining, displayed excessive apoptosis in the rostral hindbrain, specifically within rhombomeres 1-3, as well as in cranial neural crest cells and ectodermal placodes. Comparably treated embryos examined on GD 10.5-11 illustrated a disproportionate reduction in the length of the rostral hindbrain. Examination of plastic histological sections of GD 9 embryos and via scanning electron microscopy on GD 10 revealed deficiencies in the hindbrain, with a phenotype including abnormal rhombomere segmentation and an extremely small fourth ventricular roofplate. Whole-mount antineurofilament immunohistochemistry on GD 10.5 and GD 11 illustrated a variety of cranial nerve abnormalities ranging from fused or absent ganglia to ectopic or disorganized fibers. In addition, a delay in the development of the glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve/ganglia complex was observed. These hindbrain and cranial nerve abnormalities are discussed in the context of the genesis of human alcohol-related birth defects and neurodevelopmental disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William C Dunty
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and the Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7090, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Vitelli F, Morishima M, Taddei I, Lindsay EA, Baldini A. Tbx1 mutation causes multiple cardiovascular defects and disrupts neural crest and cranial nerve migratory pathways. Hum Mol Genet 2002; 11:915-22. [PMID: 11971873 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/11.8.915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
TBX1 is the major candidate gene for DiGeorge syndrome (DGS). Mouse studies have shown that the Tbx1 gene is haploinsufficient, as expected for a DGS candidate gene, and that it is required for the development of pharyngeal arches and pouches, as predicted by the DGS clinical phenotype. However, a detailed analysis of the cardiovascular phenotype associated with Tbx1 mutations has not been reported. Here we show that Tbx1 deficiency causes a number of distinct vascular and heart defects, suggesting multiple roles in cardiovascular development - specifically formation and growth of the pharyngeal arch arteries, growth and septation of the outflow tract of the heart, interventricular septation, and conal alignment. Comparison of phenotype and gene expression using a Tbx1-lacZ reporter allele supports a cell-autonomous function in the growth of the pharyngeal apparatus, and a cell non-autonomous function in the growth and early remodeling of the pharyngeal arch arteries. Our data do not support a direct role of neural crest cells in the pathogenesis of the Tbx1 mutant phenotype; however, these cells, and the cranial nerves, are misdirected. We hypothesize that this is due to the lack of a guidance role from the pouch endoderm, which is missing in these mutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Vitelli
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Arai N. [Agenesis of cranial nerve nuclei]. Ryoikibetsu Shokogun Shirizu 2001:609-11. [PMID: 11043339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N Arai
- Department of Clinical Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
White JC, Highland M, Clagett-Dame M. Abnormal development of the sinuatrial venous valve and posterior hindbrain may contribute to late fetal resorption of vitamin A-deficient rat embryos. Teratology 2000; 62:374-84. [PMID: 11091359 DOI: 10.1002/1096-9926(200012)62:6<374::aid-tera4>3.0.co;2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Normal embryonic development and survival in utero is dependent on an adequate supply of vitamin A. Embryos from vitamin A-deficient (VAD) pregnant rats fed an inadequate amount of all-trans retinoic acid (atRA; 12 microg per g of diet or approximately 230 microg per rat per day) exhibit severe developmental abnormalities of the anterior cardinal vein and hindbrain by embryonic day (E) 12.5 and die shortly thereafter. METHODS In the present study, we sought to determine whether supplementation of VAD-RA supported (12 microg per g of diet) pregnant rats with retinol (ROL) at the late-gastrula (presomite or rat E9.5) or early somite stages (E10.5), or provision of higher levels of atRA throughout this period could prevent abnormalities in the developing cardiovascular and nervous systems. RESULTS A newly described defect in the sinuatrial venus valve along with enlarged anterior cardinal veins and nervous system abnormalities and the later death of embryos are prevented by supplementing pregnant animals with ROL on the morning of E9.5. If ROL supplementation is delayed by 1 day (E10.5), most embryos are abnormal and die by E18.5. Supplementation of VAD rats with atRA (250 microg per g of diet) between E8.5 and E10.5 also prevents the cardiovascular and nervous system abnormalities and a significant number of these embryos survive to parturition. Thus, high levels of atRA can obviate the need for ROL between E9.5 and E10.5. CONCLUSIONS These results support an essential role for retinoid signaling between the late gastrula and early somite stages in the rat embryo for normal morphogenesis of the primitive heart tube and the posterior hindbrain. Further, these results suggest that embryonic death occurring at midgestation in the VAD rat may be linked to the abnormal development of one or both of these embryonic structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J C White
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1508, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mulder GB, Manley N, Grant J, Schmidt K, Zeng W, Eckhoff C, Maggio-Price L. Effects of excess vitamin A on development of cranial neural crest-derived structures: a neonatal and embryologic study. Teratology 2000; 62:214-26. [PMID: 10992263 DOI: 10.1002/1096-9926(200010)62:4<214::aid-tera7>3.0.co;2-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin A and its metabolites have been shown to be teratogenic in animals and humans producing defects of neural crest derived structures that include abnormalities of the craniofacial skeleton, heart, and thymus. Our prior studies with retinoic acid have established that gestational day (gd) 9 is a sensitive embryonic age in the mouse for inducing craniofacial and thymic defects. METHODS We exposed pregnant mice to variable doses of vitamin A (retinyl acetate) on gd 9 and embryos were evaluated for changes in developing pharyngeal arch and pouch morphology, neural crest cell migration and marker gene expression. Additionally, we investigated whether a single organ system was more sensitive to low doses of vitamin A and could potentially be used as an indicator of vitamin A exposure during early gestation. RESULTS High (100 mg/kg) and moderate (50 and 25 mg/kg) doses of vitamin A resulted in significant craniofacial, cardiac outflow tract and thymic abnormalities. Low doses of vitamin A (10 mg/kg) produced craniofacial and thymic abnormalities that were mild and of low penetrance. Exposed embryos showed morphologic changes in the 2nd and 3rd pharyngeal arches and pouches, changes in neural crest migration, abnormalities in cranial ganglia, and altered expression of Hoxa3. CONCLUSIONS These animal studies, along with recent epidemiologic reports on human teratogenicity with vitamin A, raise concerns about the potential for induction of defects (perhaps subtle) in offspring of women ingesting even moderate to low amounts of supplemental vitamin A during the early gestational period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G B Mulder
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
The teratogenic potential of two antifungal triazoles (Triadimefon and Triadimenol) has been investigated in vitro by the rat postimplantation whole embryo culture method. Rat embryos 9.5 d old were cultured for 48 h in rat serum with Triadimefon (12.5-250 microM) or Triadimenol (6.25-125 microM) and then examined. Some embryos exposed to Triadimenol (6.25-125 microM) were cultured for 12 extra hours in control serum to improve their developmental degree and then immunostain cranial nerves and ganglia. The exposure to the highest doses of triazoles only moderately reduced some morphometrical developmental parameters. By contrast, 25-250 microM Triadimefon and 25-125 microM Triadimenol induced specific concentration-related teratogenic effects at the level of first and second branchial arches. After immunostaining, embryos exposed to 12.5-125 microM Triadimenol showed specific cranial nerve and ganglia abnormalities. The possible implication of neural crest cell alterations on triazole-related abnormalities is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Menegola
- Department of Biology, University of Milan, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Dupé V, Ghyselinck NB, Wendling O, Chambon P, Mark M. Key roles of retinoic acid receptors alpha and beta in the patterning of the caudal hindbrain, pharyngeal arches and otocyst in the mouse. Development 1999; 126:5051-9. [PMID: 10529422 DOI: 10.1242/dev.126.22.5051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mouse fetuses carrying targeted inactivations of both the RAR(α) and the RARbeta genes display a variety of malformations in structures known to be partially derived from the mesenchymal neural crest originating from post-otic rhombomeres (e.g. thymus and great cephalic arteries) (Ghyselinck, N., Dupe, V., Dierich, A., Messaddeq, N., Garnier, J.M., Rochette-Egly, C., Chambon, P. and Mark M. (1997). Int. J. Dev. Biol. 41, 425–447). In a search for neural crest defects, we have analysed the rhombomeres, cranial nerves and pharyngeal arches of these double null mutants at early embryonic stages. The mutant post-otic cranial nerves are disorganized, indicating that RARs are involved in the patterning of structures derived from neurogenic neural crest, even though the lack of RARalpha and RARbeta has no detectable effect on the number and migration path of neural crest cells. Interestingly, the double null mutation impairs early developmental processes known to be independent of the neural crest e.g., the initial formation of the 3rd and 4th branchial pouches and of the 3rd, 4th and 6th arch arteries. The double mutation also results in an enlargement of rhombomere 5, which is likely to be responsible for the induction of supernumerary otic vesicles, in a disappearance of the rhombomere 5/6 boundary, and in profound alterations of rhombomere identities. In the mutant hindbrain, the expression domain of kreisler is twice its normal size and the caudal stripe of Krox-20 extends into the presumptive rhombomeres 6 and 7 region. In this region, Hoxb-1 is ectopically expressed, Hoxb-3 is ectopically up-regulated and Hoxd-4 expression is abolished. These data, which indicate that retinoic acid signaling through RARalpha and/or RARbeta is essential for the specification of rhombomere identities and for the control of caudal hindbrain segmentation by restricting the expression domains of kreisler and of Krox-20, also strongly suggest that this signaling plays a crucial role in the posteriorization of the hindbrain neurectoderm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Dupé
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS/INSERM/ULP/ Collège de France, B.P. 163, CU de STRASBOURG, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Two brothers born to a healthy, consanguineous Spanish couple have a syndrome of Möbius sequence with involvement of cranial nerves V, VI, VII, IX, and XII, central nervous system malformations; characteristic face with creased earlobes, short philthrum, and a short, arched upper lip, skeletal anomalies with short sternum and delayed bone maturation, hypogenitalism, and profound mental retardation. We suggest that this is a new multiple congenital anomalies condition and mental retardation (MCA/MR) syndrome with autosomic recessive inheritance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G R Criado
- Unidad de Dismorfología, Hospital Infantil Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain.
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
13-cis retinoic acid (RA) is a causative agent for human/monkey retinoic acid embryopathy (RAE), in which the most common type of malformation is microtia or anotia. In the present study, malformed ears of monkey fetuses exposed to RA during early embryogenesis were analyzed and revealed a subtype of defects., i.e., apparent duplication of the external/middle ear. A part of the posterior auricle appeared to be ectopically formed in the anterior auricular region or in the region posterior to the auricle. Additionally, there was duplication of the zygomatic arch, malleus, and incus. In order to characterize possible pathogenetic events underlying these malformations, embryos at selected stages were collected after dosing dams with RA at 5 mg/kg/day during gestational days 12-27. Cellular retinoic acid binding protein I whole-mount immunostaining showed that RA induced specific alterations in the migration of cranial neural crest cells (NCC). NCC en route to the second pharyngeal arch were bifurcated, and some of these NCC migrated abnormally into the first and/or third arches, which may underlie external ear duplication. Scanning electron microscopy and neurofilament immunostaining provided evidence that there was partial duplication of trigeminal nerve/ganglion following RA insult. The duplication of NCC neuronal derivatives in the first pharyngeal arch is consistent with duplication of NCC mesenchymal components (zygomatic arch, malleus, and incus). Therefore, RA-induced alterations in cranial NCC migration patterns are likely to be a pathogenetic event underlying ear malformations (including duplication) of RAE in monkeys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Wei
- California Regional Primate Research Center, University of California at Davis, 95616, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hameed R, Bissenden JG, Webb WR, Cole TR. An apparently new acrocraniofacial syndrome with cranial nerve and visceral anomalies. Clin Dysmorphol 1999; 8:199-202. [PMID: 10457854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
We report details of a neonate with cranial bone dysplasia, broad nasal bridge, microphthalmia, optic and olfactory nerve anomalies, pulmonary segmentation defects, polydactyly, abnormally positioned and shaped thumbs, absent mesentery to the gut and streak gonads. Review of the literature and relevant databases does not identify a likely diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Hameed
- Childrens Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
The interrelation between the development of the brain/peripheral nerves and that of the surrounding bone tissue is termed neuro-osteology. In orthodontic and pediatric practice the development of the hard tissues is evaluated radiographically, but the development of the neural tissue within the bone tissue is not evaluated. In this review the emphasis is placed on two neuro-osteologic interrelations that can be observed on profile radiographs and orthopantomograms, respectively. One is the connection between the pituitary gland of the central nervous system and the sella turcica (profile radiograph), and the other is the association between the peripheral nerves and the development of the dentition (orthopantomogram). Pituitary gland/sella turcica: The correlation between prenatal malformation in the pituitary gland/sella turcica and the postnatal morphology of the sella turcica in holoprosencephaly, spina bifida/myelomeningocele, and cri-du-chat syndrome is demonstrated. Peripheral nerves/dentition: The prenatal innervation of the dentition is presented. Agenesis and tooth malformation occur in constant patterns within the dental arch fields that share the same innervation. The findings demonstrate that in postnatal diagnosis of the cranium and the teeth, traces of prenatal aberrations can be found that are important for neurofacial growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Kjaer
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Fernández Martínez JA, Martínez Sánchez JA, Alvarez Méndez JC, Gordo Fraile P. [Abnormality of the lower cranial nerves as a symptom of Chiari's syndrome]. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp 1998; 49:654-7. [PMID: 9951089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunction of the last cranial pairs can occur in some neurological diseases, such as Chiari's malformation. This entity causes herniation of the cerebellar amygdalas through the foramen magnum, producing descent of the brainstem and traction on the lower cranial pairs. This dysfunction occurs in 57-70% of patients with this malformation, which is why the disease may be diagnosed in the ENT clinic. Clinical suspicion of this entity after exhaustive examination of the patient, early disease diagnosis and correct selection of surgical treatment can alleviate major symptoms and prevent neurological complications in some cases.
Collapse
|
31
|
Louryan S. [In vivo anatomic imaging of the cranial nerves: normal aspects and pathological perspectives]. Bull Mem Acad R Med Belg 1998; 153:101-8; discussion 108-9. [PMID: 9707791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Currently magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows an in vivo demonstration of all cranial nerves. The realisation of this kind of examination requires a precise knowledge of the patient's symptomatology and a very extensive anatomical competence. MRI offers a substantial progress in diagnosis and a very interesting way to study clinical anatomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Louryan
- Laboratoire d'Anatomie et Embryologie humaines, faculté de Médecine de l'Université libre de Bruxelles
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Gonzalez CH, Marques-Dias MJ, Kim CA, Sugayama SM, Da Paz JA, Huson SM, Holmes LB. Congenital abnormalities in Brazilian children associated with misoprostol misuse in first trimester of pregnancy. Lancet 1998; 351:1624-7. [PMID: 9620717 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(97)12363-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Misoprostol is commonly used to induce abortion in Brazil, and in other countries in South and Central America where abortions are illegal. However, misoprostol is not very effective in inducing abortions, and exposure to the drug in utero can cause abnormalities in the fetus. We aimed to define the common phenotypical effects of exposure to the drug. METHODS We studied 42 infants from São Paulo, Brazil, who were exposed to misoprostol during the first 3 months of gestation, and then born with congenital abnormalities. We interviewed each of the infants' mothers to find out about misoprostol exposure and dosage. Each infant was physically examined by a geneticist or a neuropaediatrician. FINDINGS 17 of the infants had equinovarus with cranial-nerve defects. Ten children had equinovarus as part of more extensive arthrogryposis. The most distinctive phenotypes were arthrogryposis confined to the legs (five cases) and terminal transverse-limb defects (nine cases) with or without Mobius sequence. The most common dose of misoprostol taken was 800 microg (range 200-16000 microg). INTERPRETATION Deformities attributed to vascular disruption were found in these children. We suggest that the uterine contractions induced by misoprostol cause vascular disruption in the fetus, including brain-stem ischaemia. Information on the effects of taking misoprostol during pregnancy should be made more widely available, to dissuade women from misusing the drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C H Gonzalez
- Instituto da Criança Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Tellier AL, Cormier-Daire V, Abadie V, Amiel J, Sigaudy S, Bonnet D, de Lonlay-Debeney P, Morrisseau-Durand MP, Hubert P, Michel JL, Jan D, Dollfus H, Baumann C, Labrune P, Lacombe D, Philip N, LeMerrer M, Briard ML, Munnich A, Lyonnet S. CHARGE syndrome: report of 47 cases and review. Am J Med Genet 1998; 76:402-9. [PMID: 9556299 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19980413)76:5<402::aid-ajmg7>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The acronym CHARGE refers to a syndrome of unknown cause. Here we report on 47 CHARGE patients evaluated for the frequency of major anomalies, namely coloboma (79%), heart malformation (85%), choanal atresia (57%), growth and/or mental retardation (100%), genital anomalies (34%), ear anomalies (91%), and/or deafness (62%). In addition, we comment on anomalies observed very frequently in neonates and infants with the CHARGE syndrome, including, minor facial anomalies, neonatal brain stem dysfunction with cranial nerve palsy, and, mostly, internal ear anomalies such as semicircular canal hypoplasia that were found in each patient that could be tested. We propose several criteria for poor survival including male gender, central nervous system and/or oesophageal malformations, and bilateral choanal atresia. No predictive factor regarding developmental prognosis could be identified in our series. A significantly higher mean paternal age at conception together with concordance in monozygotic twins and the existence of rare familial cases support the role of genetic factors such as de novo mutation of a dominant gene or subtle sub-microscopic chromosome rearrangement. Finally, the combination of malformations in CHARGE syndrome strongly supports the view that this multiple congenital anomalies/mental retardation syndrome is a polytopic developmental field defect involving the neural tube and the neural crests cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A L Tellier
- Département de Génétique et Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l'Enfant, INSERM U-393, Hôpital Necker-Enfants-Malades, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Brodsky MC. Hereditary external ophthalmoplegia synergistic divergence, jaw winking, and oculocutaneous hypopigmentation: a congenital fibrosis syndrome caused by deficient innervation to extraocular muscles. Ophthalmology 1998; 105:717-25. [PMID: 9544647 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(98)94029-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The congenital fibrosis syndrome is a hereditary form of external ophthalmoplegia that is considered to be a primary myopathy. PURPOSE To document the coexistence of two distinct forms of ocular motor synkinesis in a subgroup of patients with congenital fibrosis syndrome. METHODS Clinical and intraoperative examination results and extraocular muscle biopsy specimens from four patients with congenital fibrosis syndrome were studied. RESULTS Three patients displayed a variant of synergistic divergence characterized by simultaneous abduction with intorsion and depression of the synkinetically abducting eye. Three patients had variant of Marcus Gunn jaw winking characterized by elevation of a ptotic eyelid during mouth opening. Three patients had oculocutaneous hypopigmentation. CONCLUSIONS A subgroup of patients with congenital fibrosis syndrome display two distinct synkinetic ocular movements in conjunction with oculocutaneous hypopigmentation. The patterns of neuronal misdirection implicate a regional innervational disturbance involving cranial nerves III through VI as the underlying cause of diffuse hereditary ophthalmoplegia in these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M C Brodsky
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Gavalas A, Studer M, Lumsden A, Rijli FM, Krumlauf R, Chambon P. Hoxa1 and Hoxb1 synergize in patterning the hindbrain, cranial nerves and second pharyngeal arch. Development 1998; 125:1123-36. [PMID: 9463359 DOI: 10.1242/dev.125.6.1123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of Hoxa1 and Hoxb1 null mutants suggested that these genes are involved in distinct aspects of hindbrain segmentation and specification. Here we investigate the possible functional synergy of the two genes. The generation of Hoxa1(3′RARE)/Hoxb1(3′RARE) compound mutants resulted in mild facial motor nerve defects reminiscent of those present in the Hoxb1 null mutants. Strong genetic interactions between Hoxa1 and Hoxb1 were uncovered by introducing the Hoxb1(3′RARE) and Hoxb1 null mutations into the Hoxa1 null genetic background. Hoxa1(null)/Hoxb1(3′RARE) and Hoxa1(null)/Hoxb1(null)double homozygous embryos showed additional patterning defects in the r4-r6 region but maintained a molecularly distinct r4-like territory. Neurofilament staining and retrograde labelling of motor neurons indicated that Hoxa1 and Hoxb1 synergise in patterning the VIIth through XIth cranial nerves. The second arch expression of neural crest cell markers was abolished or dramatically reduced, suggesting a defect in this cell population. Strikingly, the second arch of the double mutant embryos involuted by 10.5 dpc and this resulted in loss of all second arch-derived elements and complete disruption of external and middle ear development. Additional defects, most notably the lack of tympanic ring, were found in first arch-derived elements, suggesting that interactions between first and second arch take place during development. Taken together, our results unveil an extensive functional synergy between Hoxa1 and Hoxb1 that was not anticipated from the phenotypes of the simple null mutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Gavalas
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire and Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, Collége de France, BP 163 - 67404 Illkirch Cedex, CU de Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Fode C, Gradwohl G, Morin X, Dierich A, LeMeur M, Goridis C, Guillemot F. The bHLH protein NEUROGENIN 2 is a determination factor for epibranchial placode-derived sensory neurons. Neuron 1998; 20:483-94. [PMID: 9539123 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80989-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
neurogenin2 encodes a neural-specific basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor related to the Drosophila proneural factor atonal. We show here that the murine ngn2 gene is essential for development of the epibranchial placode-derived cranial sensory ganglia. An ngn2 null mutation blocks the delamination of neuronal precursors from the placodes, the first morphological sign of differentiation in these lineages. Mutant placodal cells fail to express downstream bHLH differentiation factors and the Notch ligand Delta-like 1. These data suggest that ngn2 functions like the Drosophila proneural genes in the determination of neuronal fate in distal cranial ganglia. Interestingly, the homeobox gene Phox2a is activated independently of ngn2 in epibranchial placodes, suggesting that neuronal fate and neuronal subtype identity may be specified independently in cranial sensory ganglia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Fode
- IGBMC, CNRS/INSERM/Université Louis Pasteur, Illkirch, C. U. de Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Segmentation plays an important role in neuronal diversification and organisation in the developing hindbrain. For instance, cranial nerve branchiomotor nuclei are organised segmentally within the basal plates of successive pairs of rhombomeres. To reach their targets, motor axons follow highly stereotyped pathways exiting the hindbrain only via specific exit points in the even-numbered rhombomeres. Hox genes are good candidates for controlling this pathfinding, since they are segmentally expressed and involved in rhombomeric patterning. Here we report that in Hoxa-2(−/−) embryos, the segmental identities of rhombomere (r) 2 and r3 are molecularly as well as anatomically altered. Cellular analysis by retrograde dye labelling reveals that r2 and r3 trigeminal motor axons turn caudally and exit the hindbrain from the r4 facial nerve exit point and not from their normal exit point in r2. Furthermore, dorsal r2-r3 patterning is affected, with loss of cochlear nuclei and enlargement of the lateral part of the cerebellum. These results point to a novel role for Hoxa-2 in the control of r2-r3 motor axon guidance, and also suggest that its absence may lead to homeotic changes in the alar plates of these rhombomeres.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Gavalas
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, Collège de France, CU de Strasbourg
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Carr MM, Ross DA, Zuker RM. Cranial nerve defects in congenital facial palsy. J Otolaryngol 1997; 26:80-7. [PMID: 9106081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
METHODS Cranial nerve defects were enumerated in 29 children with congenital facial palsy presenting for reanimation via chart review with a view to determining unaffected donor nerves. The literature was searched via Medline to reveal 186 additional case reports that were complete enough in their description to allow assessment of cranial nerve defects. RESULTS The group presenting for reanimation comprised 24 females and 5 males. All of the males had unilateral isolated facial nerve paralysis. Of the females, 9 had isolated unilateral palsy and 14 had bilateral palsy, and half of these were isolated. Six had bilateral abducens nerve palsy, fulfilling the original definition of Möbius syndrome. Of these, 3 had a right-sided hypoglossal weakness, one had a bilateral oculomotor palsy, and one had a bilateral trochlear palsy. One girl had bilateral facial and auditory involvement. The literature review revealed a group that was 60% male, with 85% having bilateral facial palsy. Abducens palsy was present in 68%, glossopharyngeal in 28%, hypoglossal in 26%, and oculomotor in 20%. The group was very heterogeneous in many ways. CONCLUSIONS There are many theories of pathogenesis of this syndrome. Isolated facial palsy is in concordance with previous findings of nerve lesions within the temporal bone. Multiple cranial nerve defects are more likely to have brainstem lesions, related to prenatal ischemic events. The cranial nerve least likely to be involved was the accessory nerve, suggesting that this may be a reliable donor for reanimation procedures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M M Carr
- Department of Otolaryngology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Morin X, Cremer H, Hirsch MR, Kapur RP, Goridis C, Brunet JF. Defects in sensory and autonomic ganglia and absence of locus coeruleus in mice deficient for the homeobox gene Phox2a. Neuron 1997; 18:411-23. [PMID: 9115735 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(00)81242-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Phox2a is a vertebrate homeodomain protein expressed in subsets of differentiating neurons. Here, we show that it is essential for proper development of the locus coeruleus, a subset of sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia and the VIIth, IXth, and Xth cranial sensory ganglia. In the sensory ganglia, we have identified two differentiation blocks in Phox2a-/- mice. First, the transient expression of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in neuroblasts is abolished, providing evidence that Phox2a controls noradrenergic traits in vivo. Second, the expression of the GDNF receptor subunit Ret is dramatically reduced, and there is a massive increase in apoptosis of ganglion cells, which are known to depend on GDNF in vivo. Therefore, Phox2a appears to regulate conventional differentiation traits and the ability of neurons to respond to essential survival factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Morin
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, CNRS/INSERM/Université de la Mediterranée, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Zhang J, Hagopian-Donaldson S, Serbedzija G, Elsemore J, Plehn-Dujowich D, McMahon AP, Flavell RA, Williams T. Neural tube, skeletal and body wall defects in mice lacking transcription factor AP-2. Nature 1996; 381:238-41. [PMID: 8622766 DOI: 10.1038/381238a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 461] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The retinoic acid-inducible transcription factor AP-2 is expressed in epithelial and neural crest cell lineages during murine development. AP-2 can regulate neural and epithelial gene transcription, and is associated with overexpression of c-erbB-2 in human breast-cancer cell lines. To ascertain the importance of AP-2 for normal development, we have derived mice containing a homozygous disruption of the AP-2 gene. These AP-2-null mice have multiple congenital defects and die at birth. In particular, the AP-2 knockout mice exhibit anencephaly, craniofacial defects and thoraco-abdominoschisis. Skeletal defects occur in the head and trunk region, where many bones are deformed or absent. Analysis of these mice earlier in embryogenesis indicates a failure of cranial neural-tube closure and defects in cranial ganglia development. We have shown that AP-2 is a fundamental regulator of mammalian craniofacial development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Zhang
- Department of Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kramer R, Bucay N, Kane DJ, Martin LE, Tarpley JE, Theill LE. Neuregulins with an Ig-like domain are essential for mouse myocardial and neuronal development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:4833-8. [PMID: 8643489 PMCID: PMC39365 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.10.4833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuregulins are ligands for the erbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases and mediate growth and differentiation of neural crest, muscle, breast cancer, and Schwann cells. Neuregulins contain an epidermal growth factor-like domain located C-terminally to either an Ig-like domain or a cysteine-rich domain specific to the sensory and motor neuron-derived isoform. Here it is shown that elimination of the Ig-like domain-containing neuregulins by homologous recombination results in embryonic lethality associated with a deficiency of ventricular myocardial trabeculation and impairment of cranial ganglion development. The erbB receptors are expressed in myocardial cells and presumably mediate the neuregulin signal originating from endocardial cells. The trigeminal ganglion is reduced in size and lacks projections toward the brain stem and mandible. We conclude that IgL-domain-containing neuregulins play a major role in cardiac and neuronal development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Kramer
- Department of Molecular Biology, AMGEN Center, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320-1789, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
kreisler is a recessive mutation resulting in gross malformation of the inner ear of homozygous mice. The defects in the inner ear are related to abnormalities in the hindbrain of the embryo, adjacent to the ear rudiments. At E9.5, the neural tube posterior to the boundary between the third and fourth rhombomeres, r3 and r4, appears unsegmented, and the region that would normally correspond to r4 is unusually thick-walled and contains many dying cells. The absence of morphological segmentation in the posterior hindbrain corresponds to an altered pattern of gene expression in that region, with major abnormalities posterior to the r4/5 boundary and minor abnormalities anterior to it. From the expression patterns at E9.5 of Krox-20, Hoxb-1 (Hox 2.9), Hoxb-2 (Hox 2.8), Hoxa-3 (Hox 1.5), Hoxd-4 (Hox 4.2) and cellular retinoic-acid binding protein I (CRABP I), it appears that the fundamental defect is a loss of r5 and r6. Correspondingly, the glossopharyngeal ganglion and nerve, associated with r6 are missing and the abducens nerve, which originates from r5 and r6, is also absent. Examination of Krox-20 expression at stages as early as E8.5 indicates that Krox-20 fails ever to be expressed in its r5 domain in the homozygous kreisler mutant. The abnormal amount of cell death is seen only later. An interpretation is that the cells that would normally become specified at an early stage as r5 and r6 adopt an r4 character instead, producing an excess of r4 cells that is disposed of subsequently by cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I J McKay
- Department of Zoology, Oxford University, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
A child with Möbius syndrome (facial diplegia) was studied during affective interplay with both parents at six and 10 months, then re-assessed with the Ainsworth Strange Situation at 14 months. The child demonstrated normal cognitive development, but insecure-resistant attachment. This experiment of nature is presented as an example of resilience in the field of social communication of affect and discussed as comparable to examples found in the fields of motor co-ordination and expressive language.
Collapse
|
44
|
Erös E, Czeizel E. [Cumulative familial olivopontocerebellar atrophy type IV]. Orv Hetil 1994; 135:801-4. [PMID: 8177597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Three affected members of a family with olivopontocerebellar atrophy IV (Schut-Haymaker type) of autosomal dominant inheritance are presented. The five types of olivopontocerebellar atrophy are differentiated on the basis of clinical symptoms and the mode of inheritance. Its clinical symptoms are varied but the cerebellar ataxia of different extent is present in every case which may be followed by pyramidal and extrapyramidal symptoms. Clear differentiation from the other types is based on the destruction of the nuclei of cranial cerebral nerves (IX, X, XII).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Erös
- Humángenetikai és Teratológiai Osztály, Országos Közegészségügyi Intézet-WHO Orökletes Artalmak Társadalmi Megelözése Együttmüködési Központ, Budapest
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
|
46
|
Abstract
The classification of hemifacial microsomia (HFM) aids in diagnosis, treatment planning, prognostic predictions and data evaluation. The aetiological and phenotypic heterogeneities of HFM, however, make its classification problematic. This study used data from 50 patients to examine the classification of HFM and to compare two systems: OMENS and SAT. The results were concordant with current literature and demonstrated the phenotypic heterogeneity of HFM. Essentially, both classifications embody the major craniofacial defects, but the OMENS system appears to be further refined by its differentiation between soft tissue and nerve defects, and between orbital and mandibular defects. Neither system, however, records deafness or grades auricular tags, although tags occurred in 34% of cases and two patients with otherwise 'normal' ears had tags. Therefore, it is suggested that auricular tags be graded as minor ear malformations. Furthermore, the OMENS system could be strengthened by the addition of an asterisk to the acronym in cases with serious non-craniofacial anomalies, for example OMENS*. This adds little complexity to the acronym, but immediately indicates when a patient's features lie towards the more generalised oculoauriculovertebral end of the phenotypic spectrum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R R Cousley
- School of Clinical Dentistry, Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Many children with the CHARGE association have facial paralysis and feeding and swallowing difficulties. Indeed, facial paralysis and pharyngeal incoordination may be important diagnostic indicators of CHARGE association [Davenport et al., 1986a; Mitchell et al., 1985]. We describe an individual with dysfunction of multiple cranial nerves (Möbius sequence) and CHARGE association, a previously unrecognized combination. Our review of 150 patients from the literature and 13 patients from this center with CHARGE association documented that dysfunction of cranial nerves is frequent in CHARGE association, and that often cranial nerve abnormalities are multiple. Such multiple cranial nerve abnormalities may be the primary underlying cause for the facial paralysis, feeding difficulties and sensorineural hearing loss seen in many individuals with CHARGE association.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K A Byerly
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
We studied the neuropathology of 7 infants who had primary respiratory problems unrelated to increased intracranial pressure. These infants ranged in age from newborn to 2 years. Five were male. In 2 of them the main neuropathological findings were in the brainstem with prominent neuroglial heterotopia in the subarachnoid space, and aplasia of the VI and VII cranial nerves. Two infants had abnormalities of the X and XII nerves together with neuronal heterotopia and migration failure of the inferior olivary nuclei. In 1 infant diagnosed with Ondine's curse, examination showed diffuse neuronal loss and gliosis in the medullary tegmentum. One infant had a unilateral infarction in the medulla and another showed extensive gliosis in the brainstem tegmentum along with a large infarction in the region of the anterior cerebral artery. These infants exhibited a spectrum of abnormalities including neuronal dysplasia, gliosis and hypoxic-ischemic changes. In the differential diagnosis of respiratory dysfunction in infants a rare consideration is a central etiology based on malformation of essential neuronal components of the brainstem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Mito
- Department of Pathology, University of Toronto, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
High doses of vitamin A cause birth defects in animals. Concern over vitamin A teratogenicity in humans has been prompted by reports of teratogenic effects of the vitamin A analogue, isotretinoin. The pattern of defects observed among isotretinoin- and vitamin A-exposed infants and animals suggests a possible mechanism involving cranial neural crest cell activity. Data from a case-control study were used to assess maternal use of vitamin A supplements alone and vitamin A-containing multivitamin supplements in relation to the occurrence of certain birth defects involving structures derived, at least in part, from cranial neural crest cells. Cases were 2,658 infants with such defects (primarily craniofacial and cardiac malformations). Controls were 2,609 infants with other malformations. Vitamin A supplementation was defined as daily use for at least 7 days of retinol alone or with vitamin D, or of fish oils. Information on vitamin A dose and nutrition was not available. The mothers of six controls used vitamin A supplements in each of the first three lunar months of pregnancy in comparison to the mothers of 15, 14, and 10 cases in lunar months 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Relative risk estimates and 95% confidence intervals were 2.5(1.0-6.2) for lunar month 1, 2.3(0.9-5.8) for lunar month 2, and 1.6(0.6-4.5) for lunar month 3. These findings should be considered tentative because no dose information was available, small numbers of cases and controls were exposed to vitamin A supplements, and relative risk estimates were not statistically significant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M M Werler
- Stone Epidemiology Unit, School of Public Health, Boston University School of Medicine, Brookline, Massachusetts 02146
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Hawkins SA, Nevin NC, Harding AE. Pontobulbar palsy and neurosensory deafness (Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere syndrome) with possible autosomal dominant inheritance. J Med Genet 1990; 27:176-9. [PMID: 2325091 PMCID: PMC1017000 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.27.3.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A female with the Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere syndrome is described. The patient's father, a paternal uncle, and possibly a paternal first cousin had neurosensory deafness and a paternal aunt had clinical symptoms indicative of the syndrome. This family raises the possibility that the disorder is genetically heterogeneous with autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant forms. Alternatively, it could be caused by a mutant gene on the X chromosome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A Hawkins
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University of Belfast
| | | | | |
Collapse
|