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Schaefer A, Yang B, Schroeder HA, Harit D, Humphry MS, Zeitlin L, Whaley KJ, Ravel J, Fischer WA, Lai SK. ZMapp reduces diffusion of Ebola viral particles in fresh human cervicovaginal mucus. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2352520. [PMID: 38713593 PMCID: PMC11100441 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2352520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Vaginal transmission from semen of male Ebola virus (EBOV) survivors has been implicated as a potential origin of Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreaks. While EBOV in semen must traverse cervicovaginal mucus (CVM) to reach target cells, the behaviour of EBOV in CVM is poorly understood. CVM contains substantial quantities of IgG, and arrays of IgG bound to a virion can develop multiple Fc-mucin bonds, immobilizing the IgG/virion complex in mucus. Here, we measured the real-time mobility of fluorescent Ebola virus-like-particles (VLP) in 50 CVM specimens from 17 women, with and without ZMapp, a cocktail of 3 monoclonal IgGs against EBOV. ZMapp-mediated effective trapping of Ebola VLPs in CVM from a subset of women across the menstrual cycle, primarily those with Lactobacillus crispatus dominant microbiota. Our work underscores the influence of the vaginal microbiome on IgG-mucin crosslinking against EBOV and identifies bottlenecks in the sexual transmission of EBOV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Schaefer
- UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Bing Yang
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Holly A. Schroeder
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dimple Harit
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mike S. Humphry
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Jacques Ravel
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - William A. Fischer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Samuel K. Lai
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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2
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Vaknin A, Grossman A, Durham ND, Lupovitz I, Goren S, Golani G, Roichman Y, Munro JB, Sorkin R. Ebola Virus Glycoprotein Strongly Binds to Membranes in the Absence of Receptor Engagement. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:1590-1601. [PMID: 38684073 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) is an enveloped virus that must fuse with the host cell membrane in order to release its genome and initiate infection. This process requires the action of the EBOV envelope glycoprotein (GP), encoded by the virus, which resides in the viral envelope and consists of a receptor binding subunit, GP1, and a membrane fusion subunit, GP2. Despite extensive research, a mechanistic understanding of the viral fusion process is incomplete. To investigate GP-membrane association, a key step in the fusion process, we used two approaches: high-throughput measurements of single-particle diffusion and single-molecule measurements with optical tweezers. Using these methods, we show that the presence of the endosomal Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1) receptor is not required for primed GP-membrane binding. In addition, we demonstrate this binding is very strong, likely attributed to the interaction between the GP fusion loop and the membrane's hydrophobic core. Our results also align with previously reported findings, emphasizing the significance of acidic pH in the protein-membrane interaction. Beyond Ebola virus research, our approach provides a powerful toolkit for studying other protein-membrane interactions, opening new avenues for a better understanding of protein-mediated membrane fusion events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Vaknin
- School of Chemistry, Raymond & Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Center for Physics and Chemistry of Living Systems, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Alon Grossman
- School of Chemistry, Raymond & Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Center for Physics and Chemistry of Living Systems, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Natasha D Durham
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Inbal Lupovitz
- School of Chemistry, Raymond & Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Center for Physics and Chemistry of Living Systems, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Shahar Goren
- School of Chemistry, Raymond & Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Center for Physics and Chemistry of Living Systems, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Gonen Golani
- Department of Physics and Haifa Research Center for Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - Yael Roichman
- School of Chemistry, Raymond & Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Center for Physics and Chemistry of Living Systems, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics & Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - James B Munro
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Raya Sorkin
- School of Chemistry, Raymond & Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Center for Physics and Chemistry of Living Systems, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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3
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Khan I, Li S, Tao L, Wang C, Ye B, Li H, Liu X, Ahmad I, Su W, Zhong G, Wen Z, Wang J, Hua RH, Ma A, Liang J, Wan XP, Bu ZG, Zheng YH. Tubeimosides are pan-coronavirus and filovirus inhibitors that can block their fusion protein binding to Niemann-Pick C1. Nat Commun 2024; 15:162. [PMID: 38167417 PMCID: PMC10762260 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44504-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 and filovirus enter cells via the cell surface angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) or the late-endosome Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1) as a receptor. Here, we screened 974 natural compounds and identified Tubeimosides I, II, and III as pan-coronavirus and filovirus entry inhibitors that target NPC1. Using in-silico, biochemical, and genomic approaches, we provide evidence that NPC1 also binds SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein on the receptor-binding domain (RBD), which is blocked by Tubeimosides. Importantly, NPC1 strongly promotes productive SARS-CoV-2 entry, which we propose is due to its influence on fusion in late endosomes. The Tubeimosides' antiviral activity and NPC1 function are further confirmed by infection with SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC), SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV. Thus, NPC1 is a critical entry co-factor for highly pathogenic human coronaviruses (HCoVs) in the late endosomes, and Tubeimosides hold promise as a new countermeasure for these HCoVs and filoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilyas Khan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Sunan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Lihong Tao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Chong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Bowei Ye
- Center for Bioinformatics and Quantitative Biology, Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Huiyu Li
- Center for Bioinformatics and Quantitative Biology, Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Iqbal Ahmad
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Wenqiang Su
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Gongxun Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhiyuan Wen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jinliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Rong-Hong Hua
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Ao Ma
- Center for Bioinformatics and Quantitative Biology, Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Jie Liang
- Center for Bioinformatics and Quantitative Biology, Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Xiao-Peng Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.
| | - Zhi-Gao Bu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.
| | - Yong-Hui Zheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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4
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Jain A, Govindan R, Berkman AR, Luban J, Díaz-Salinas MA, Durham ND, Munro JB. Regulation of Ebola GP conformation and membrane binding by the chemical environment of the late endosome. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011848. [PMID: 38055723 PMCID: PMC10727438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Interaction between the Ebola virus envelope glycoprotein (GP) and the endosomal membrane is an essential step during virus entry into the cell. Acidic pH and Ca2+ have been implicated in mediating the GP-membrane interaction. However, the molecular mechanism by which these environmental factors regulate the conformational changes that enable engagement of GP with the target membrane is unknown. Here, we apply fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) imaging to elucidate how the acidic pH, Ca2+ and anionic phospholipids in the late endosome promote GP-membrane interaction, thereby facilitating virus entry. We find that bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate (BMP), which is specific to the late endosome, is especially critical in determining the Ca2+-dependence of the GP-membrane interaction. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations suggested residues in GP that sense pH and induce conformational changes that make the fusion loop available for insertion into the membrane. We similarly confirm residues in the fusion loop that mediate GP's interaction with Ca2+, which likely promotes local conformational changes in the fusion loop and mediates electrostatic interactions with the anionic phospholipids. Collectively, our results provide a mechanistic understanding of how the environment of the late endosome regulates the timing and efficiency of virus entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aastha Jain
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ramesh Govindan
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alex R. Berkman
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Luban
- Program in Molecular Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marco A. Díaz-Salinas
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Natasha D. Durham
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - James B. Munro
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
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5
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Liu DX, Pahar B, Perry DL, Xu H, Cooper TK, Huzella LM, Hart RJ, Hischak AMW, Bernbaum J, St Claire M, Byrum R, Bennett RS, Warren T, Holbrook MR, Hensley LE, Crozier I, Schmaljohn CS. Depletion of Bone Marrow Hematopoietic Cells in Ebolavirus-Infected Rhesus Macaques: A Possible Cause of Hematologic Abnormalities in Ebolavirus Disease. Am J Pathol 2023; 193:2031-2046. [PMID: 37689386 PMCID: PMC10699128 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of long-recognized hematologic abnormalities in Ebolavirus (EBOV) disease (EVD) is unknown. From limited human sampling (of peripheral blood), it has been postulated that emergency hematopoiesis plays a role in severe EVD, but the systematic characterization of the bone marrow (BM) has not occurred in human disease or in nonhuman primate models. In a lethal rhesus macaque model of EVD, 18 sternal BM samples exposed to the Kikwit strain of EBOV were compared to those from uninfected controls (n = 3). Immunohistochemistry, RNAscope in situ hybridization, transmission electron microscopy, and confocal microscopy showed that EBOV infects BM monocytes/macrophages and megakaryocytes. EBOV exposure was associated with severe BM hypocellularity, including depletion of myeloid, erythroid, and megakaryocyte hematopoietic cells. These depletions were negatively correlated with cell proliferation (Ki67 expression) and were not associated with BM apoptosis during disease progression. In EBOV-infected rhesus macaques with terminal disease, BM showed marked hemophagocytosis, megakaryocyte emperipolesis, and the release of immature hematopoietic cells into the sinusoids. Collectively, these data demonstrate not only direct EBOV infection of BM monocytes/macrophages and megakaryocytes but also that disease progression is associated with hematopoietic failure, notably in peripheral cytopenia. These findings inform current pathophysiologic unknowns and suggest a crucial role for BM dysfunction and/or failure, including emergency hematopoiesis, as part of the natural history of severe human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David X Liu
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland.
| | - Bapi Pahar
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Donna L Perry
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Huanbin Xu
- Department of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Timothy K Cooper
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Louis M Huzella
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Randy J Hart
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Amanda M W Hischak
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - John Bernbaum
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Marisa St Claire
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Russell Byrum
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Richard S Bennett
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Travis Warren
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Michael R Holbrook
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Lisa E Hensley
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Ian Crozier
- Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Connie S Schmaljohn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
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6
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Vucetic A, Lafleur A, Côté M, Kobasa D, Chan M, Alvarez F, Piccirillo C, Dong G, Olivier M. Extracellular vesicle storm during the course of Ebola virus infection in primates. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1275277. [PMID: 38035334 PMCID: PMC10684970 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1275277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ebola virus (EBOV) is an RNA virus of the Filoviridae family that is responsible for outbreaks of hemorrhagic fevers in primates with a lethality rate as high as 90%. EBOV primarily targets host macrophages leading to cell activation and systemic cytokine storm, and fatal infection is associated with an inhibited interferon response, and lymphopenia. The EBOV surface glycoprotein (GP) has been shown to directly induce T cell depletion and can be secreted outside the virion via extracellular vesicles (EVs), though most studies are limited to epithelial cells and underlying mechanisms remain poorly elucidated. Methods To assess the role of GP on EBOV-induced dysregulation of host immunity, we first utilized EBOV virus-like particles (VLPs) expressing VP40 and NP either alone (Bald-VLP) or in conjunction with GP (VLP-GP) to investigate early inflammatory responses in THP-1 macrophages and in a murine model. We then sought to decipher the role of non-classical inflammatory mediators such as EVs over the course of EBOV infection in two EBOV-infected rhesus macaques by isolating and characterizing circulatory EVs throughout disease progression using size exclusion chromatography, nanoparticle tracking-analysis, and LC-MS/MS. Results While all VLPs could induce inflammatory mediators and recruit small peritoneal macrophages, pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine gene expression was exacerbated by the presence of GP. Further, quantification of EVs isolated from infected rhesus macaques revealed that the concentration of vesicles peaked in circulation at the terminal stage, at which time EBOV GP could be detected in host-derived exosomes. Moreover, comparative proteomics conducted across EV populations isolated from serum at various time points before and after infection revealed differences in host-derived protein content that were most significantly pronounced at the endpoint of infection, including significant expression of mediators of TLR4 signaling. Discussion These results suggest a dynamic role for EVs in the modification of disease states in the context of EBOV. Overall, our work highlights the importance of viral factors, such as the GP, and host derived EVs in the inflammatory cascade and pathogenesis of EBOV, which can be collectively further exploited for novel antiviral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Vucetic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Andrea Lafleur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Marceline Côté
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology and Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Darwyn Kobasa
- Special Pathogen Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Mable Chan
- Special Pathogen Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Fernando Alvarez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Federation of Clinical Immunology (FOCiS) Centres of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ciriaco Piccirillo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Federation of Clinical Immunology (FOCiS) Centres of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - George Dong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Olivier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Federation of Clinical Immunology (FOCiS) Centres of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
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7
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Kuroda M, Halfmann PJ, Kawaoka Y. Ebola Virus Infection Induces HCAR2 Expression Leading to Cell Death. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:S508-S513. [PMID: 37578011 PMCID: PMC10651187 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) induces cell death not only in infected permissive cells but also in nonpermissive, bystander cells by employing different mechanisms. Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCAR2) has been reported to be involved in apoptotic cell death. We previously reported an increase in the expression of HCAR2-specific mRNA in EBOV-infected individuals with fatal outcomes. Here, we report that infection with an EBOV lacking the VP30 gene (EBOVΔVP30) results in the upregulation of HCAR2 mRNA expression in human hepatocyte Huh7.0 cells stably expressing VP30. Transient overexpression of HCAR2 reduced the viability of Huh7.0 cells and human embryonic kidney cells. Phosphatidylserine externalization and cell membrane permeabilization by HCAR2 overexpression was also observed. Interestingly, coexpression of HCAR2 with EBOV VP40 further reduced cell viability in transfected cells compared to HCAR2 coexpression with other viral proteins. Our data suggest that HCAR2 may contribute to EBOV-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kuroda
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Peter J Halfmann
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Pandemic Preparedness, Infection, and Advanced Research Center, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Wu C, Wagner ND, Moyle AB, Feng A, Sharma N, Stubbs SH, Donahue C, Davey RA, Gross ML, Leung DW, Amarasinghe GK. Disruption of Ebola NP 0VP35 Inclusion Body-like Structures reduce Viral Infection. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:168241. [PMID: 37598728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Viral inclusion bodies (IBs) are potential sites of viral replication and assembly. How viral IBs form remains poorly defined. Here we describe a combined biophysical and cellular approach to identify the components necessary for IB formation during Ebola virus (EBOV) infection. We find that the eNP0VP35 complex containing Ebola nucleoprotein (eNP) and viral protein 35 (eVP35), the functional equivalents of nucleoprotein (N) and phosphoprotein (P) in non-segmented negative strand viruses (NNSVs), phase separates to form inclusion bodies. Phase separation of eNP0VP35 is reversible and modulated by ionic strength. The multivalency of eVP35, and not eNP, is also critical for phase separation. Furthermore, overexpression of an eVP35 peptide disrupts eNP0VP35 complex formation, leading to reduced frequency of IB formation and limited viral infection. Together, our results show that upon EBOV infection, the eNP0VP35 complex forms the minimum unit to drive IB formation and viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Nicole D Wagner
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Austin B Moyle
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Annie Feng
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nitin Sharma
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sarah H Stubbs
- Department of Microbiology, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Callie Donahue
- Department of Microbiology, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert A Davey
- Department of Microbiology, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael L Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daisy W Leung
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Gaya K Amarasinghe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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9
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Collados Rodríguez M, Maillard P, Journeaux A, Komarova AV, Najburg V, David RYS, Helynck O, Guo M, Zhong J, Baize S, Tangy F, Jacob Y, Munier-Lehmann H, Meurs EF. Novel Antiviral Molecules against Ebola Virus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14791. [PMID: 37834238 PMCID: PMC10573436 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with Ebola virus (EBOV) is responsible for hemorrhagic fever in humans with a high mortality rate. Combined efforts of prevention and therapeutic intervention are required to tackle highly variable RNA viruses, whose infections often lead to outbreaks. Here, we have screened the 2P2I3D chemical library using a nanoluciferase-based protein complementation assay (NPCA) and isolated two compounds that disrupt the interaction of the EBOV protein fragment VP35IID with the N-terminus of the dsRNA-binding proteins PKR and PACT, involved in IFN response and/or intrinsic immunity, respectively. The two compounds inhibited EBOV infection in cell culture as well as infection by measles virus (MV) independently of IFN induction. Consequently, we propose that the compounds are antiviral by restoring intrinsic immunity driven by PACT. Given that PACT is highly conserved across mammals, our data support further testing of the compounds in other species, as well as against other negative-sense RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mila Collados Rodríguez
- School of Infection & Immunity (SII), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences (MVLS), Sir Michael Stoker Building, MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
- Unité Hépacivirus et Immunité Innée, CNRS, UMR 3569, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; (P.M.); (E.F.M.)
| | - Patrick Maillard
- Unité Hépacivirus et Immunité Innée, CNRS, UMR 3569, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; (P.M.); (E.F.M.)
| | - Alexandra Journeaux
- Unit of Biology of Emerging Viral Infections, Institut Pasteur, 69007 Lyon, France; (A.J.); (S.B.)
| | - Anastassia V. Komarova
- Interactomics, RNA and Immunity Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France;
- Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; (V.N.); (R.-Y.S.D.); (F.T.)
- Université Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France;
| | - Valérie Najburg
- Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; (V.N.); (R.-Y.S.D.); (F.T.)
- Université Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France;
| | - Raul-Yusef Sanchez David
- Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; (V.N.); (R.-Y.S.D.); (F.T.)
- Blizard Institute—Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Olivier Helynck
- Unité de Chimie et Biocatalyse, CNRS, UMR 3523, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, 75015 Paris, France; (O.H.); (H.M.-L.)
| | - Mingzhe Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Unit of Viral Hepatitis, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200023, China; (M.G.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jin Zhong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Unit of Viral Hepatitis, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200023, China; (M.G.); (J.Z.)
| | - Sylvain Baize
- Unit of Biology of Emerging Viral Infections, Institut Pasteur, 69007 Lyon, France; (A.J.); (S.B.)
| | - Frédéric Tangy
- Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; (V.N.); (R.-Y.S.D.); (F.T.)
- Université Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France;
| | - Yves Jacob
- Université Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France;
- Unité Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, CNRS, UMR 3569, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Hélène Munier-Lehmann
- Unité de Chimie et Biocatalyse, CNRS, UMR 3523, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, 75015 Paris, France; (O.H.); (H.M.-L.)
| | - Eliane F. Meurs
- Unité Hépacivirus et Immunité Innée, CNRS, UMR 3569, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; (P.M.); (E.F.M.)
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10
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Garnett L, Tran KN, Schiffman Z, Muise KA, Fletcher QE, Dzal YA, Leung A, Albietz A, Warner BM, Griffin BD, Kobasa D, Willis CKR, Strong JE. Adipose Tissues from Human and Bat-Derived Cell Lines Support Ebola Virus Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:1827. [PMID: 37766234 PMCID: PMC10537186 DOI: 10.3390/v15091827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus is a zoonotic pathogen with a geographic range covering diverse ecosystems that are home to many potential reservoir species. Although researchers have detected Ebola virus RNA and serological evidence of previous infection in different rodents and bats, the infectious virus has not been isolated. The field is missing critical knowledge about where the virus is maintained between outbreaks, either because the virus is rarely encountered, overlooked during sampling, and/or requires specific unknown conditions that regulate viral expression. This study assessed adipose tissue as a previously overlooked tissue capable of supporting Ebola virus infection. Adipose tissue is a dynamic endocrine organ helping to regulate and coordinate homeostasis, energy metabolism, and neuroendocrine and immune functions. Through in vitro infection of human and bat (Eptesicus fuscus) brown adipose tissue cultures using wild-type Ebola virus, this study showed high levels of viral replication for 28 days with no qualitative indicators of cytopathic effects. In addition, alterations in adipocyte metabolism following long-term infection were qualitatively observed through an increase in lipid droplet number while decreasing in size, a harbinger of lipolysis or adipocyte browning. The finding that bat and human adipocytes are susceptible to Ebola virus infection has important implications for potential tissue tropisms that have not yet been investigated. Additionally, the findings suggest how the metabolism of this tissue may play a role in pathogenesis, viral transmission, and/or zoonotic spillover events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Garnett
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Kaylie N. Tran
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Zachary Schiffman
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Kristina A. Muise
- Department of Biology and Centre for Forest Interdisciplinary Research, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2E9, Canada
| | - Quinn E. Fletcher
- Department of Biology and Centre for Forest Interdisciplinary Research, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2E9, Canada
| | - Yvonne A. Dzal
- Department of Biology and Centre for Forest Interdisciplinary Research, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2E9, Canada
| | - Anders Leung
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Alix Albietz
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Bryce M. Warner
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Bryan D. Griffin
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Darwyn Kobasa
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Craig K. R. Willis
- Department of Biology and Centre for Forest Interdisciplinary Research, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2E9, Canada
| | - James E. Strong
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
- Pediatrics & Child Health, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1S1, Canada
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11
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Ramanathan P, Tigabu B, Santos RI, Ilinykh PA, Kuzmina N, Vogel OA, Thakur N, Ahmed H, Wu C, Amarasinghe GK, Basler CF, Bukreyev A. Ebolavirus Species-Specific Interferon Antagonism Mediated by VP24. Viruses 2023; 15:1075. [PMID: 37243162 PMCID: PMC10222226 DOI: 10.3390/v15051075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the Ebolavirus genus demonstrate a marked differences in pathogenicity in humans with Ebola (EBOV) being the most pathogenic, Bundibugyo (BDBV) less pathogenic, and Reston (RESTV) is not known to cause a disease in humans. The VP24 protein encoded by members of the Ebolavirus genus blocks type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling through interaction with host karyopherin alpha nuclear transporters, potentially contributing to virulence. Previously, we demonstrated that BDBV VP24 (bVP24) binds with lower affinities to karyopherin alpha proteins relative to EBOV VP24 (eVP24), and this correlated with a reduced inhibition in IFN-I signaling. We hypothesized that modification of eVP24-karyopherin alpha interface to make it similar to bVP24 would attenuate the ability to antagonize IFN-I response. We generated a panel of recombinant EBOVs containing single or combinations of point mutations in the eVP24-karyopherin alpha interface. Most of the viruses appeared to be attenuated in both IFN-I-competent 769-P and IFN-I-deficient Vero-E6 cells in the presence of IFNs. However, the R140A mutant grew at reduced levels even in the absence of IFNs in both cell lines, as well as in U3A STAT1 knockout cells. Both the R140A mutation and its combination with the N135A mutation greatly reduced the amounts of viral genomic RNA and mRNA suggesting that these mutations attenuate the virus in an IFN-I-independent attenuation. Additionally, we found that unlike eVP24, bVP24 does not inhibit interferon lambda 1 (IFN-λ1), interferon beta (IFN-β), and ISG15, which potentially explains the lower pathogenicity of BDBV relative to EBOV. Thus, the VP24 residues binding karyopherin alpha attenuates the virus by IFN-I-dependent and independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palaniappan Ramanathan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Bersabeh Tigabu
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Rodrigo I. Santos
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Philipp A. Ilinykh
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Natalia Kuzmina
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Olivia A. Vogel
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Naveen Thakur
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Hamza Ahmed
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gaya K. Amarasinghe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Christopher F. Basler
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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12
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Gao J, Guo Z, Li W, Zhang X, Zhang XE, Cui Z. Ebola virus disrupts the inner blood-retinal barrier by induction of vascular endothelial growth factor in pericytes. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011077. [PMID: 36652443 PMCID: PMC9847965 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) causes severe hemorrhagic fever in humans with high mortality. In Ebola virus disease (EVD) survivors, EBOV persistence in the eyes may break through the inner blood-retinal barrier (iBRB), leading to ocular complications and EVD recurrence. However, the mechanism by which EBOV affects the iBRB remains unclear. Here, we used the in vitro iBRB model to simulate EBOV in retinal tissue and found that Ebola virus-like particles (EBO-VLPs) could disrupt the iBRB. Cytokine screening revealed that EBO-VLPs stimulate pericytes to secrete vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to cause iBRB breakdown. VEGF downregulates claudin-1 to disrupt the iBRB. Ebola glycoprotein is crucial for VEGF stimulation and iBRB breakdown. Furthermore, EBO-VLPs caused iBRB breakdown by stimulating VEGF in rats. This study provides a mechanistic insight into that EBOV disrupts the iBRB, which will assist in developing new strategies to treat EBOV persistence in EVD survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengyuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xian-En Zhang
- Faculty of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zongqiang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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13
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Nsio J, Ardiet DL, Coulborn RM, Grellety E, Albela M, Grandesso F, Kitenge R, Ngwanga DL, Matady B, Manangama G, Mossoko M, Ngwama JK, Mbala P, Luquero F, Porten K, Ahuka-Mundeke S. Differential symptomology of possible and confirmed Ebola virus disease infection in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis 2023; 23:91-102. [PMID: 36370717 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00584-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In its earliest phases, Ebola virus disease's rapid-onset, high fever, and gastrointestinal symptoms are largely indistinguishable from other infectious illnesses. We aimed to characterise the clinical indicators associated with Ebola virus disease to improve outbreak response. METHODS In this retrospective analysis, we assessed routinely collected data from individuals with possible Ebola virus disease attending 30 Ebola health facilities in two provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo between Aug 1, 2018, and Aug 28, 2019. We used logistic regression analysis to model the probability of Ebola infection across 34 clinical variables and four types of possible Ebola virus disease exposures: contact with an individual known to have Ebola virus disease, attendance at any funeral, health facility consultation, or consultation with an informal health practitioner. FINDINGS Data for 24 666 individuals were included. If a patient presented to care in the early symptomatic phase (ie, days 0-2), Ebola virus disease positivity was most associated with previous exposure to an individual with Ebola virus disease (odds ratio [OR] 11·9, 95% CI 9·1-15·8), funeral attendance (2·1, 1·6-2·7), or health facility consultations (2·1, 1·6-2·8), rather than clinical parameters. If presentation occurred on day 3 or later (after symptom onset), bleeding at an injection site (OR 33·9, 95% CI 12·7-101·3), bleeding gums (7·5, 3·7-15·4), conjunctivitis (2·4, 1·7-3·4), asthenia (1·9, 1·5-2·3), sore throat (1·8, 1·3-2·4), dysphagia (1·8, 1·4-2·3), and diarrhoea (1·6, 1·3-1·9) were additional strong predictors of Ebola virus disease. Some Ebola virus disease-specific signs were less prevalent among vaccinated individuals who were positive for Ebola virus disease when compared with the unvaccinated, such as dysphagia (-47%, p=0·0024), haematemesis (-90%, p=0·0131), and bleeding gums (-100%, p=0·0035). INTERPRETATION Establishing the exact time an individual first had symptoms is essential to assessing their infection risk. An individual's exposure history remains of paramount importance, especially in the early phase. Ebola virus disease vaccination reduces symptom severity and should also be considered when assessing the likelihood of infection. These findings about symptomatology should be translated into practice during triage and should inform testing and quarantine procedures. FUNDING Médecins Sans Frontières and its research affiliate Epicentre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justus Nsio
- General Direction of Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Denis-Luc Ardiet
- Department of Epidemiology, Intervention, and Training, Epicentre, Paris, France.
| | - Rebecca M Coulborn
- Department of Epidemiology, Intervention, and Training, Epicentre, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Grellety
- Department of Epidemiology, Intervention, and Training, Epicentre, Paris, France
| | - Manuel Albela
- Medical Department, Médecins sans Frontières, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Grandesso
- Department of Epidemiology, Intervention, and Training, Epicentre, Paris, France
| | - Richard Kitenge
- National Program of Emergencies and Humanitarian Actions, Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Dolla L Ngwanga
- Extended Program of Immunization, Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Bibiche Matady
- National Program of Emergencies and Humanitarian Actions, Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Guyguy Manangama
- Department of Emergencies, Médecins sans Frontières, Paris, France
| | - Mathias Mossoko
- General Direction of Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - John Kombe Ngwama
- General Direction of Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Placide Mbala
- Department of Epidemiology, Institut National de la Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Francisco Luquero
- Department of Epidemiology, Intervention, and Training, Epicentre, Paris, France
| | - Klaudia Porten
- Department of Epidemiology, Intervention, and Training, Epicentre, Paris, France
| | - Steve Ahuka-Mundeke
- Department of Virology, Institut National de la Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Département de Biologie Médicale, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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14
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Sundaram M, Schmidt JP, Han BA, Drake JM, Stephens PR. Traits, phylogeny and host cell receptors predict Ebolavirus host status among African mammals. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010993. [PMID: 36542657 PMCID: PMC9815631 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We explore how animal host traits, phylogenetic identity and cell receptor sequences relate to infection status and mortality from ebolaviruses. We gathered exhaustive databases of mortality from Ebolavirus after exposure and infection status based on PCR and antibody tests. We performed ridge regressions predicting mortality and infection as a function of traits, phylogenetic eigenvectors and separately host receptor sequences. We found that mortality from Ebolavirus had a strong association to life history characteristics and phylogeny. In contrast, infection status related not just to life history and phylogeny, but also to fruit consumption which suggests that geographic overlap of frugivorous mammals can lead to spread of virus in the wild. Niemann Pick C1 (NPC1) receptor sequences predicted infection statuses of bats included in our study with very high accuracy, suggesting that characterizing NPC1 in additional species is a promising avenue for future work. We combine the predictions from our mortality and infection status models to differentiate between species that are infected and also die from Ebolavirus versus species that are infected but tolerate the virus (possible reservoirs of Ebolavirus). We therefore present the first comprehensive estimates of Ebolavirus reservoir statuses for all known terrestrial mammals in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mekala Sundaram
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - John Paul Schmidt
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Barbara A. Han
- Cary Institute of Ecosystems Studies, Millbrook, New York, United States of America
| | - John M. Drake
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Patrick R. Stephens
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
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15
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Husby ML, Amiar S, Prugar LI, David EA, Plescia CB, Huie KE, Brannan JM, Dye JM, Pienaar E, Stahelin RV. Phosphatidylserine clustering by the Ebola virus matrix protein is a critical step in viral budding. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e51709. [PMID: 36094794 PMCID: PMC9638875 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202051709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS) is a critical lipid factor in the assembly and spread of numerous lipid-enveloped viruses. Here, we describe the ability of the Ebola virus (EBOV) matrix protein eVP40 to induce clustering of PS and promote viral budding in vitro, as well as the ability of an FDA-approved drug, fendiline, to reduce PS clustering and subsequent virus budding and entry. To gain mechanistic insight into fendiline inhibition of EBOV replication, multiple in vitro assays were run including imaging, viral budding and viral entry assays. Fendiline lowers PS content in mammalian cells and PS in the plasma membrane, where the ability of VP40 to form new virus particles is greatly lower. Further, particles that form from fendiline-treated cells have altered particle morphology and cannot significantly infect/enter cells. These complementary studies reveal the mechanism by which EBOV matrix protein clusters PS to enhance viral assembly, budding, and spread from the host cell while also laying the groundwork for fundamental drug targeting strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica L Husby
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Molecular PharmacologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease (PI4D)Purdue University, West LafayetteWest LafayetteINUSA
| | - Souad Amiar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Molecular PharmacologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease (PI4D)Purdue University, West LafayetteWest LafayetteINUSA
| | - Laura I Prugar
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases USAMRIIDFort DetrickFrederickMDUSA
| | - Emily A David
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Molecular PharmacologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
| | - Caroline B Plescia
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Molecular PharmacologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
| | - Kathleen E Huie
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases USAMRIIDFort DetrickFrederickMDUSA
| | - Jennifer M Brannan
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases USAMRIIDFort DetrickFrederickMDUSA
| | - John M Dye
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases USAMRIIDFort DetrickFrederickMDUSA
| | - Elsje Pienaar
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease (PI4D)Purdue University, West LafayetteWest LafayetteINUSA
- Weldon School of Biomedical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
| | - Robert V Stahelin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Molecular PharmacologyPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteINUSA
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease (PI4D)Purdue University, West LafayetteWest LafayetteINUSA
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16
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Wanninger TG, Millian DE, Saldarriaga OA, Maruyama J, Saito T, Reyna RA, Taniguchi S, Arroyave E, Connolly ME, Stevenson HL, Paessler S. Macrophage infection, activation, and histopathological findings in ebolavirus infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1023557. [PMID: 36310868 PMCID: PMC9597316 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1023557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages contribute to Ebola virus disease through their susceptibility to direct infection, their multi-faceted response to ebolaviruses, and their association with pathological findings in tissues throughout the body. Viral attachment and entry factors, as well as the more recently described influence of cell polarization, shape macrophage susceptibility to direct infection. Moreover, the study of Toll-like receptor 4 and the RIG-I-like receptor pathway in the macrophage response to ebolaviruses highlight important immune signaling pathways contributing to the breadth of macrophage responses. Lastly, the deep histopathological catalogue of macrophage involvement across numerous tissues during infection has been enriched by descriptions of tissues involved in sequelae following acute infection, including: the eye, joints, and the nervous system. Building upon this knowledge base, future opportunities include characterization of macrophage phenotypes beneficial or deleterious to survival, delineation of the specific roles macrophages play in pathological lesion development in affected tissues, and the creation of macrophage-specific therapeutics enhancing the beneficial activities and reducing the deleterious contributions of macrophages to the outcome of Ebola virus disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy G. Wanninger
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Daniel E. Millian
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Omar A. Saldarriaga
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Junki Maruyama
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Takeshi Saito
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Rachel A. Reyna
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Satoshi Taniguchi
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Esteban Arroyave
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Melanie E. Connolly
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Heather L. Stevenson
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Slobodan Paessler
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
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17
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Liu X, Pappas EJ, Husby ML, Motsa BB, Stahelin RV, Pienaar E. Mechanisms of phosphatidylserine influence on viral production: A computational model of Ebola virus matrix protein assembly. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102025. [PMID: 35568195 PMCID: PMC9218153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) infections continue to pose a global public health threat, with high mortality rates and sporadic outbreaks in Central and Western Africa. A quantitative understanding of the key processes driving EBOV assembly and budding could provide valuable insights to inform drug development. Here, we use a computational model to evaluate EBOV matrix assembly. Our model focuses on the assembly kinetics of VP40, the matrix protein in EBOV, and its interaction with phosphatidylserine (PS) in the host cell membrane. It has been shown that mammalian cells transfected with VP40-expressing plasmids are capable of producing virus-like particles (VLPs) that closely resemble EBOV virions. Previous studies have also shown that PS levels in the host cell membrane affects VP40 association with the plasma membrane inner leaflet and that lower membrane PS levels result in lower VLP production. Our computational findings indicate that PS may also have a direct influence on VP40 VLP assembly and budding, where a higher PS level will result in a higher VLP budding rate and filament dissociation rate. Our results further suggest that the assembly of VP40 filaments follow the nucleation-elongation theory, where initialization and oligomerization of VP40 are two distinct steps in the assembly process. Our findings advance the current understanding of VP40 VLP formation by identifying new possible mechanisms of PS influence on VP40 assembly. We propose that these mechanisms could inform treatment strategies targeting PS alone or in combination with other VP40 assembly steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Ethan J Pappas
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Monica L Husby
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Balindile B Motsa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Robert V Stahelin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Elsje Pienaar
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
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18
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Ghaemi M, Shojafar M, Zabihinpour Z, Asgari Y. On the possibility of oscillating in the Ebola virus dynamics and investigating the effect of the lifetime of T lymphocytes. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265065. [PMID: 35275959 PMCID: PMC8916666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) targets immune cells and tries to inactivate dendritic cells and interferon molecules to continue its replication process. Since EBOV detailed mechanism has not been identified so far, it would be useful to understand the growth and spread of EBOV dynamics based on mathematical methods and simulation approaches. Computational approaches such as Cellular Automata (CA) have the advantage of simplicity over solving complicated differential equations. The spread of Ebola virus in lymph nodes is studied using a simplified Cellular Automata model with only four parameters. In addition to considering healthy and infected cells, this paper also considers T lymphocytes as well as cell movement ability during the simulation in order to investigate different scenarios in the dynamics of an EBOV system. It is shown that the value of the probability of death of T cells affects the number of infected cells significantly in the steady-state. For a special case of parameters set, the system shows oscillating dynamics. The results were in good agreement with an ordinary differential equation-based model which indicated CA method in combination with experimental discoveries could help biologists find out more about the EBOV mechanism and hopefully to control the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Ghaemi
- Department of Chemistry, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail: (MG); (YA)
| | - Mina Shojafar
- Department of Chemistry, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Zabihinpour
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran
| | - Yazdan Asgari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail: (MG); (YA)
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19
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Liu CH, Hu YT, Wong SH, Lin LT. Therapeutic Strategies against Ebola Virus Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030579. [PMID: 35336986 PMCID: PMC8954160 DOI: 10.3390/v14030579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the 2014–2016 epidemic, Ebola virus (EBOV) has spread to several countries and has become a major threat to global health. EBOV is a risk group 4 pathogen, which imposes significant obstacles for the development of countermeasures against the virus. Efforts have been made to develop anti-EBOV immunization and therapeutics, with three vaccines and two antibody-based therapeutics approved in recent years. Nonetheless, the high fatality of Ebola virus disease highlights the need to continuously develop antiviral strategies for the future management of EBOV outbreaks in conjunction with vaccination programs. This review aims to highlight potential EBOV therapeutics and their target(s) of inhibition, serving as a summary of the literature to inform readers of the novel candidates available in the continued search for EBOV antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hsuan Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
| | - Yee-Tung Hu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
| | - Shu Hui Wong
- International Ph.D. Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
| | - Liang-Tzung Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Correspondence:
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20
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Murin CD, Gilchuk P, Crowe JE, Ward AB. Structural Biology Illuminates Molecular Determinants of Broad Ebolavirus Neutralization by Human Antibodies for Pan-Ebolavirus Therapeutic Development. Front Immunol 2022; 12:808047. [PMID: 35082794 PMCID: PMC8784787 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.808047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have proven effective for the treatment of ebolavirus infection in humans, with two mAb-based drugs Inmazeb™ and Ebanga™ receiving FDA approval in 2020. While these drugs represent a major advance in the field of filoviral therapeutics, they are composed of antibodies with single-species specificity for Zaire ebolavirus. The Ebolavirus genus includes five additional species, two of which, Bundibugyo ebolavirus and Sudan ebolavirus, have caused severe disease and significant outbreaks in the past. There are several recently identified broadly neutralizing ebolavirus antibodies, including some in the clinical development pipeline, that have demonstrated broad protection in preclinical studies. In this review, we describe how structural biology has illuminated the molecular basis of broad ebolavirus neutralization, including details of common antigenic sites of vulnerability on the glycoprotein surface. We begin with a discussion outlining the history of monoclonal antibody therapeutics for ebolaviruses, with an emphasis on how structural biology has contributed to these efforts. Next, we highlight key structural studies that have advanced our understanding of ebolavirus glycoprotein structures and mechanisms of antibody-mediated neutralization. Finally, we offer examples of how structural biology has contributed to advances in anti-viral medicines and discuss what opportunities the future holds, including rationally designed next-generation therapeutics with increased potency, breadth, and specificity against ebolaviruses.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antiviral Agents/immunology
- Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
- Drug Combinations
- Ebolavirus/drug effects
- Ebolavirus/immunology
- Ebolavirus/physiology
- Epitopes/chemistry
- Epitopes/immunology
- Glycoproteins/chemistry
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/drug therapy
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/virology
- Humans
- Models, Molecular
- Protein Domains/immunology
- Viral Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles D. Murin
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Pavlo Gilchuk
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - James E. Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Andrew B. Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
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21
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Locke M, Lythe G, López-García M, Muñoz-Fontela C, Carroll M, Molina-París C. Quantification of Type I Interferon Inhibition by Viral Proteins: Ebola Virus as a Case Study. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122441. [PMID: 34960709 PMCID: PMC8705787 DOI: 10.3390/v13122441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) are cytokines with both antiviral properties and protective roles in innate immune responses to viral infection. They induce an antiviral cellular state and link innate and adaptive immune responses. Yet, viruses have evolved different strategies to inhibit such host responses. One of them is the existence of viral proteins which subvert type I IFN responses to allow quick and successful viral replication, thus, sustaining the infection within a host. We propose mathematical models to characterise the intra-cellular mechanisms involved in viral protein antagonism of type I IFN responses, and compare three different molecular inhibition strategies. We study the Ebola viral protein, VP35, with this mathematical approach. Approximate Bayesian computation sequential Monte Carlo, together with experimental data and the mathematical models proposed, are used to perform model calibration, as well as model selection of the different hypotheses considered. Finally, we assess if model parameters are identifiable and discuss how such identifiability can be improved with new experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macauley Locke
- Department of Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (M.L.); (G.L.); (M.L.-G.)
| | - Grant Lythe
- Department of Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (M.L.); (G.L.); (M.L.-G.)
| | - Martín López-García
- Department of Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (M.L.); (G.L.); (M.L.-G.)
| | - César Muñoz-Fontela
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Straße 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany;
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg, Bernhard Nocht Straße 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Miles Carroll
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK;
| | - Carmen Molina-París
- Department of Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (M.L.); (G.L.); (M.L.-G.)
- T-6, Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
- Correspondence:
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22
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Lee HN, McWilliams IL, Lewkowicz AP, Engel K, Ireland DDC, Kelley-Baker L, Thacker S, Piccardo P, Manangeeswaran M, Verthelyi D. Characterization of the therapeutic effect of antibodies targeting the Ebola glycoprotein using a novel BSL2-compliant rVSVΔG-EBOV-GP infection model. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:2076-2089. [PMID: 34674613 PMCID: PMC8583756 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1997075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) infections cause haemorrhagic fever, multi-organ failure and death, and survivors can experience neurological sequelae. Licensing of monoclonal antibodies targeting EBOV glycoprotein (EBOV-GP) improved its prognosis, however, this treatment is primarily effective during early stages of disease and its effectiveness in reducing neurological sequela remains unknown. Currently, the need for BSL4 containment hinders research and therapeutic development; development of an accessible BSL-2 in vivo mouse model would facilitate preclinical studies to screen and select therapeutics. Previously, we have shown that a subcutaneous inoculation with replicating EBOV-GP pseudotyped vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSVΔG-EBOV-GP or VSV-EBOV) in neonatal mice causes transient viremia and infection of the mid and posterior brain resulting in overt neurological symptoms and death. Here, we demonstrate that the model can be used to test therapeutics that target the EBOV-GP, by using an anti-EBOV-GP therapeutic (SAB-139) previously shown to block EBOV infection in mice and primates. We show that SAB-139 treatment decreases the severity of neurological symptoms and improves survival when administered before (1 day prior to infection) or up to 3 dpi, by which time animals have high virus titres in their brains. Improved survival was associated with reduced viral titres, microglia loss, cellular infiltration/activation, and inflammatory responses in the brain. Interestingly, SAB-139 treatment significantly reduced the severe VSV-EBOV-induced long-term neurological sequalae although convalescent mice showed modest evidence of abnormal fear responses. Together, these data suggest that the neonatal VSV-EBOV infection system can be used to facilitate assessment of therapeutics targeting EBOV-GP in the preclinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Na Lee
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research-III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Ian L. McWilliams
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research-III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Aaron P. Lewkowicz
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research-III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Kaliroi Engel
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research-III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Derek D. C. Ireland
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research-III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Logan Kelley-Baker
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research-III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Seth Thacker
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research-III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Pedro Piccardo
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Mohanraj Manangeeswaran
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research-III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Daniela Verthelyi
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research-III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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23
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Paparisto E, Hunt NR, Labach DS, Coleman MD, Di Gravio EJ, Dodge MJ, Friesen NJ, Côté M, Müller A, Hoenen T, Barr SD. Interferon-Induced HERC5 Inhibits Ebola Virus Particle Production and Is Antagonized by Ebola Glycoprotein. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092399. [PMID: 34572049 PMCID: PMC8472148 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Survival following Ebola virus (EBOV) infection correlates with the ability to mount an early and robust interferon (IFN) response. The host IFN-induced proteins that contribute to controlling EBOV replication are not fully known. Among the top genes with the strongest early increases in expression after infection in vivo is IFN-induced HERC5. Using a transcription- and replication-competent VLP system, we showed that HERC5 inhibits EBOV virus-like particle (VLP) replication by depleting EBOV mRNAs. The HERC5 RCC1-like domain was necessary and sufficient for this inhibition and did not require zinc finger antiviral protein (ZAP). Moreover, we showed that EBOV (Zaire) glycoprotein (GP) but not Marburg virus GP antagonized HERC5 early during infection. Our data identify a novel ‘protagonist–antagonistic’ relationship between HERC5 and GP in the early stages of EBOV infection that could be exploited for the development of novel antiviral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermela Paparisto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, Dental Sciences Building Room 3007, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; (E.P.); (N.R.H.); (D.S.L.); (M.D.C.); (E.J.D.G.); (M.J.D.); (N.J.F.)
| | - Nina R. Hunt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, Dental Sciences Building Room 3007, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; (E.P.); (N.R.H.); (D.S.L.); (M.D.C.); (E.J.D.G.); (M.J.D.); (N.J.F.)
| | - Daniel S. Labach
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, Dental Sciences Building Room 3007, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; (E.P.); (N.R.H.); (D.S.L.); (M.D.C.); (E.J.D.G.); (M.J.D.); (N.J.F.)
| | - Macon D. Coleman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, Dental Sciences Building Room 3007, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; (E.P.); (N.R.H.); (D.S.L.); (M.D.C.); (E.J.D.G.); (M.J.D.); (N.J.F.)
| | - Eric J. Di Gravio
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, Dental Sciences Building Room 3007, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; (E.P.); (N.R.H.); (D.S.L.); (M.D.C.); (E.J.D.G.); (M.J.D.); (N.J.F.)
| | - Mackenzie J. Dodge
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, Dental Sciences Building Room 3007, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; (E.P.); (N.R.H.); (D.S.L.); (M.D.C.); (E.J.D.G.); (M.J.D.); (N.J.F.)
| | - Nicole J. Friesen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, Dental Sciences Building Room 3007, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; (E.P.); (N.R.H.); (D.S.L.); (M.D.C.); (E.J.D.G.); (M.J.D.); (N.J.F.)
| | - Marceline Côté
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Roger-Guindon Hall Room 4214, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5 , Canada;
| | - Andreas Müller
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald—Insel Riems, Germany; (A.M.); (T.H.)
| | - Thomas Hoenen
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald—Insel Riems, Germany; (A.M.); (T.H.)
| | - Stephen D. Barr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, Dental Sciences Building Room 3007, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; (E.P.); (N.R.H.); (D.S.L.); (M.D.C.); (E.J.D.G.); (M.J.D.); (N.J.F.)
- Correspondence:
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24
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Lee-Cruz L, Lenormand M, Cappelle J, Caron A, De Nys H, Peeters M, Bourgarel M, Roger F, Tran A. Mapping of Ebola virus spillover: Suitability and seasonal variability at the landscape scale. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009683. [PMID: 34424896 PMCID: PMC8425568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The unexpected Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa in 2014 involving the Zaire ebolavirus made clear that other regions outside Central Africa, its previously documented niche, were at risk of future epidemics. The complex transmission cycle and a lack of epidemiological data make mapping areas at risk of the disease challenging. We used a Geographic Information System-based multicriteria evaluation (GIS-MCE), a knowledge-based approach, to identify areas suitable for Ebola virus spillover to humans in regions of Guinea, Congo and Gabon where Ebola viruses already emerged. We identified environmental, climatic and anthropogenic risk factors and potential hosts from a literature review. Geographical data layers, representing risk factors, were combined to produce suitability maps of Ebola virus spillover at the landscape scale. Our maps show high spatial and temporal variability in the suitability for Ebola virus spillover at a fine regional scale. Reported spillover events fell in areas of intermediate to high suitability in our maps, and a sensitivity analysis showed that the maps produced were robust. There are still important gaps in our knowledge about what factors are associated with the risk of Ebola virus spillover. As more information becomes available, maps produced using the GIS-MCE approach can be easily updated to improve surveillance and the prevention of future outbreaks. Ebola virus disease is a highly pathogenic disease transmitted from wildlife to humans. It was first described in 1976 and its distribution remained restricted to Central Africa until 2014, when an outbreak in West Africa, causing more than 28,000 cases and more than 11,000 deaths, took place. Anthropogenic factors, such as bushmeat hunting, trade and consumption, and environmental and climatic factors, may promote the contact between humans and infected animals, such as bats, primates and duikers, increasing the risk of virus transmission to the human population. In this study, we used the spatial multicriteria evaluation framework to gather all available information on risk factors and animal species susceptible to infection, and produce maps of areas suitable for Ebola virus spillover in regions in Guinea, Congo and Gabon. The resulting maps highlighted high spatial and temporal variability in the suitability for Ebola virus spillover. Data from reported cases of Ebola virus transmission from wild animals to humans were used to validate the maps. The approach developed is capable of integrating a wide diversity of risk factors, and provides a flexible and simple tool for surveillance, which can be updated as more data and knowledge on risk factors become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Lee-Cruz
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR TETIS, Montpellier, France
- TETIS, Univ Montpellier, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Maxime Lenormand
- TETIS, Univ Montpellier, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Julien Cappelle
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Alexandre Caron
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- Faculdade Veterinaria, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Hélène De Nys
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Martine Peeters
- TransVIHMI, IRD, INSERM, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Mathieu Bourgarel
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - François Roger
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Annelise Tran
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR TETIS, Montpellier, France
- TETIS, Univ Montpellier, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
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Hulseberg CE, Kumar R, Di Paola N, Larson P, Nagle ER, Richardson J, Hanson J, Wauquier N, Fair JN, Makuwa M, Mulembakani P, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Schoepp RJ, Sanchez-Lockhart M, Palacios GF, Kuhn JH, Kugelman JR. Molecular analysis of the 2012 Bundibugyo virus disease outbreak. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100351. [PMID: 34467242 PMCID: PMC8385243 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Bundibugyo virus (BDBV) is one of four ebolaviruses known to cause disease in humans. Bundibugyo virus disease (BVD) outbreaks occurred in 2007-2008 in Bundibugyo District, Uganda, and in 2012 in Isiro, Province Orientale, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The 2012 BVD outbreak resulted in 38 laboratory-confirmed cases of human infection, 13 of whom died. However, only 4 BDBV specimens from the 2012 outbreak have been sequenced. Here, we provide BDBV sequences from seven additional patients. Analysis of the molecular epidemiology and evolutionary dynamics of the 2012 outbreak with these additional isolates challenges the current hypothesis that the outbreak was the result of a single spillover event. In addition, one patient record indicates that BDBV's initial emergence in Isiro occurred 50 days earlier than previously accepted. Collectively, this work demonstrates how retrospective sequencing can be used to elucidate outbreak origins and provide epidemiological contexts to a medically relevant pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E. Hulseberg
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Raina Kumar
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Nicholas Di Paola
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Peter Larson
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Elyse R. Nagle
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Joshua Richardson
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jarod Hanson
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Nadia Wauquier
- Metabiota, Inc., Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Joseph N. Fair
- Metabiota, Inc., Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Maria Makuwa
- Metabiota, Inc., Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | | | - Randal J. Schoepp
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Mariano Sanchez-Lockhart
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Gustavo F. Palacios
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jens H. Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Kugelman
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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27
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Gaythorpe K, Morris A, Imai N, Stewart M, Freeman J, Choi M. Chainchecker: An application to visualise and explore transmission chains for Ebola virus disease. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247002. [PMID: 33606709 PMCID: PMC7894960 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
2020 saw the continuation of the second largest outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in history. Determining epidemiological links between cases is a key part of outbreak control. However, due to the large quantity of data and subsequent data entry errors, inconsistencies in potential epidemiological links are difficult to identify. We present chainchecker, an online and offline shiny application which visualises, curates and verifies transmission chain data. The application includes the calculation of exposure windows for individual cases of EVD based on user defined incubation periods and user specified symptom profiles. It has an upload function for viral hemorrhagic fever data and utility for additional entries. This data may then be visualised as a transmission tree with inconsistent links highlighted. Finally, there is utility for cluster analysis and the ability to highlight nosocomial transmission. chainchecker is a R shiny application which has an offline version for use with VHF (viral hemorrhagic fever) databases or linelists. The software is available at https://shiny.dide.imperial.ac.uk/chainchecker which is a web-based application that links to the desktop application available for download and the github repository, https://github.com/imperialebola2018/chainchecker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy Gaythorpe
- Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Aaron Morris
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Miles Stewart
- Applied Physic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Freeman
- Applied Physic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mary Choi
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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28
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Rogers KJ, Shtanko O, Stunz LL, Mallinger LN, Arkee T, Schmidt ME, Bohan D, Brunton B, White JM, Varga SM, Butler NS, Bishop GA, Maury W. Frontline Science: CD40 signaling restricts RNA virus replication in Mϕs, leading to rapid innate immune control of acute virus infection. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 109:309-325. [PMID: 32441445 PMCID: PMC7774454 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4hi0420-285rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Many acute viral infections target tissue Mϕs, yet the mechanisms of Mϕ-mediated control of viruses are poorly understood. Here, we report that CD40 expressed by peritoneal Mϕs restricts early infection of a broad range of RNA viruses. Loss of CD40 expression enhanced virus replication as early as 12-24 h of infection and, conversely, stimulation of CD40 signaling with an agonistic Ab blocked infection. With peritoneal cell populations infected with the filovirus, wild-type (WT) Ebola virus (EBOV), or a BSL2 model virus, recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus encoding Ebola virus glycoprotein (rVSV/EBOV GP), we examined the mechanism conferring protection. Here, we demonstrate that restricted virus replication in Mϕs required CD154/CD40 interactions that stimulated IL-12 production through TRAF6-dependent signaling. In turn, IL-12 production resulted in IFN-γ production, which induced proinflammatory polarization of Mϕs, protecting the cells from infection. These CD40-dependent events protected mice against virus challenge. CD40-/- mice were exquisitely sensitive to intraperitoneal challenge with a dose of rVSV/EBOV GP that was sublethal to CD40+/+ mice, exhibiting viremia within 12 h of infection and rapidly succumbing to infection. This study identifies a previously unappreciated role for Mϕ-intrinsic CD40 signaling in controlling acute virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai J. Rogers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Olena Shtanko
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Laura L. Stunz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Laura N. Mallinger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Tina Arkee
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Megan E. Schmidt
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Dana Bohan
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Bethany Brunton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Judith M. White
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Steve M. Varga
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Noah S. Butler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Gail A. Bishop
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Wendy Maury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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29
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Lee J, Kreutzberger AJB, Odongo L, Nelson EA, Nyenhuis DA, Kiessling V, Liang B, Cafiso DS, White JM, Tamm LK. Ebola virus glycoprotein interacts with cholesterol to enhance membrane fusion and cell entry. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2021; 28:181-189. [PMID: 33462517 PMCID: PMC7992113 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-020-00548-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol serves critical roles in enveloped virus fusion by modulating membrane properties. The glycoprotein (GP) of Ebola virus (EBOV) promotes fusion in the endosome, a process that requires the endosomal cholesterol transporter NPC1. However, the role of cholesterol in EBOV fusion is unclear. Here we show that cholesterol in GP-containing membranes enhances fusion and the membrane-proximal external region and transmembrane (MPER/TM) domain of GP interacts with cholesterol via several glycine residues in the GP2 TM domain, notably G660. Compared to wild-type (WT) counterparts, a G660L mutation caused a more open angle between MPER and TM domains in an MPER/TM construct, higher probability of stalling at hemifusion for GP2 proteoliposomes and lower cell entry of virus-like particles (VLPs). VLPs with depleted cholesterol show reduced cell entry, and VLPs produced under cholesterol-lowering statin conditions show less frequent entry than respective controls. We propose that cholesterol-TM interactions affect structural features of GP2, thereby facilitating fusion and cell entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwoo Lee
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Alex J B Kreutzberger
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Laura Odongo
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Nelson
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - David A Nyenhuis
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Volker Kiessling
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Binyong Liang
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - David S Cafiso
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Judith M White
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Lukas K Tamm
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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30
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Stewart CM, Phan A, Bo Y, LeBlond ND, Smith TKT, Laroche G, Giguère PM, Fullerton MD, Pelchat M, Kobasa D, Côté M. Ebola virus triggers receptor tyrosine kinase-dependent signaling to promote the delivery of viral particles to entry-conducive intracellular compartments. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009275. [PMID: 33513206 PMCID: PMC7875390 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Filoviruses, such as the Ebola virus (EBOV) and Marburg virus (MARV), are causative agents of sporadic outbreaks of hemorrhagic fevers in humans. To infect cells, filoviruses are internalized via macropinocytosis and traffic through the endosomal pathway where host cathepsin-dependent cleavage of the viral glycoproteins occurs. Subsequently, the cleaved viral glycoprotein interacts with the late endosome/lysosome resident host protein, Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1). This interaction is hypothesized to trigger viral and host membrane fusion, which results in the delivery of the viral genome into the cytoplasm and subsequent initiation of replication. Some studies suggest that EBOV viral particles activate signaling cascades and host-trafficking factors to promote their localization with host factors that are essential for entry. However, the mechanism through which these activating signals are initiated remains unknown. By screening a kinase inhibitor library, we found that receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors potently block EBOV and MARV GP-dependent viral entry. Inhibitors of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), tyrosine protein kinase Met (c-Met), and the insulin receptor (InsR)/insulin like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) blocked filoviral GP-mediated entry and prevented growth of replicative EBOV in Vero cells. Furthermore, inhibitors of c-Met and InsR/IGF1R also blocked viral entry in macrophages, the primary targets of EBOV infection. Interestingly, while the c-Met and InsR/IGF1R inhibitors interfered with EBOV trafficking to NPC1, virus delivery to the receptor was not impaired in the presence of the EGFR inhibitor. Instead, we observed that the NPC1 positive compartments were phenotypically altered and rendered incompetent to permit viral entry. Despite their different mechanisms of action, all three RTK inhibitors tested inhibited virus-induced Akt activation, providing a possible explanation for how EBOV may activate signaling pathways during entry. In sum, these studies strongly suggest that receptor tyrosine kinases initiate signaling cascades essential for efficient post-internalization entry steps. Ebola virus (EBOV) and Marburg virus (MARV) are zoonotic pathogens that can cause severe hemorrhagic fevers in humans and non-human primates. They are members of the growing Filoviridae family that also includes three other species of Ebolaviruses known to be highly pathogenic in humans. While vaccines for EBOV are being deployed and showed high efficacy, pan-filoviral treatment is still lacking. To infect cells, EBOV requires the endosomal/lysosomal resident protein Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1). Accordingly, viral particles require extensive trafficking within endosomal pathways for entry and delivery of the viral genome into the host cell cytoplasm. Here, we used chemical biology to reveal that EBOV triggers receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)-dependent signaling to traffic to intracellular vesicles that contain the receptor and are conducive to entry. The characterization of host trafficking factors and signaling pathways that are potentially triggered by the virus are important as these could be targeted for antiviral therapies. In our study, we identified several RTK inhibitors, some of which are FDA-approved drugs, that potently block EBOV infection. Since all filoviruses known to date, even Měnglà virus that was recently discovered in bats in China, use NPC1 as their entry receptor, these inhibitors have the potential to be effective pan-filovirus antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina M. Stewart
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Centre for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Alexandra Phan
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Centre for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Yuxia Bo
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Centre for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Nicholas D. LeBlond
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Centre for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Tyler K. T. Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Centre for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Geneviève Laroche
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Patrick M. Giguère
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Morgan D. Fullerton
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Centre for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Martin Pelchat
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Darwyn Kobasa
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Marceline Côté
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Centre for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- * E-mail:
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31
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León Machado JA, Steimle V. The MHC Class II Transactivator CIITA: Not (Quite) the Odd-One-Out Anymore among NLR Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1074. [PMID: 33499042 PMCID: PMC7866136 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II transactivator (CIITA), which is the master regulator of MHC class II gene expression. CIITA is the founding member of the mammalian nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich-repeat (NLR) protein family but stood apart for a long time as the only transcriptional regulator. More recently, it was found that its closest homolog, NLRC5 (NLR protein caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD)-containing 5), is a regulator of MHC-I gene expression. Both act as non-DNA-binding activators through multiple protein-protein interactions with an MHC enhanceosome complex that binds cooperatively to a highly conserved combinatorial cis-acting module. Thus, the regulation of MHC-II expression is regulated largely through the differential expression of CIITA. In addition to the well-defined role of CIITA in MHC-II GENE regulation, we will discuss several other aspects of CIITA functions, such as its role in cancer, its role as a viral restriction element contributing to intrinsic immunity, and lastly, its very recently discovered role as an inhibitor of Ebola and SARS-Cov-2 virus replication. We will briefly touch upon the recently discovered role of NLRP3 as a transcriptional regulator, which suggests that transcriptional regulation is, after all, not such an unusual feature for NLR proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Viktor Steimle
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boul., Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada;
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32
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Bosworth A, Rickett NY, Dong X, Ng LFP, García-Dorival I, Matthews DA, Fletcher T, Jacobs M, Thomson EC, Carroll MW, Hiscox JA. Analysis of an Ebola virus disease survivor whose host and viral markers were predictive of death indicates the effectiveness of medical countermeasures and supportive care. Genome Med 2021; 13:5. [PMID: 33430949 PMCID: PMC7798020 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-020-00811-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ebola virus disease (EVD) is an often-fatal infection where the effectiveness of medical countermeasures is uncertain. During the West African outbreak (2013-2016), several patients were treated with different types of anti-viral therapies including monoclonal antibody-based cocktails that had the potential to neutralise Ebola virus (EBOV). However, at the time, the efficacy of these therapies was uncertain. Given the scale of the outbreak, several clinical phenotypes came to the forefront including the ability of the same virus to cause recrudescence in the same patient-perhaps through persisting in immune privileged sites. Several key questions remained including establishing if monoclonal antibody therapy was effective in humans with severe EVD, whether virus escape mutants were selected during treatment, and what is the potential mechanism(s) of persistence. This was made possible through longitudinal samples taken from a UK patient with EVD. METHODS Several different sample types, plasma and cerebrospinal fluid, were collected and sequenced using Illumina-based RNAseq. Sequence reads were mapped both to EBOV and the human genome and differential gene expression analysis used to identify changes in the abundance of gene transcripts as infection progressed. Digital Cell Quantitation analysis was used to predict the immune phenotype in samples derived from blood. RESULTS The findings were compared to equivalent data from West African patients. The study found that both virus and host markers were predictive of a fatal outcome. This suggested that the extensive supportive care, and most likely the application of the medical countermeasure ZMab (a monoclonal antibody cocktail), contributed to survival of the UK patient. The switch from progression to a 'fatal' outcome to a 'survival' outcome could be seen in both the viral and host markers. The UK patient also suffered a recrudescence infection 10 months after the initial infection. Analysis of the sequencing data indicated that the virus entered a period of reduced or minimal replication, rather than other potential mechanisms of persistence-such as defective interfering genomes. CONCLUSIONS The data showed that comprehensive supportive care and the application of medical countermeasures are worth pursuing despite an initial unfavourable prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Bosworth
- Public Health England, Manor Farm Road, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
- Clinical Virology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
- Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, National Institute for Health Research, Liverpool, UK
| | - Natasha Y Rickett
- Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, National Institute for Health Research, Liverpool, UK
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Xiaofeng Dong
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lisa F P Ng
- Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, National Institute for Health Research, Liverpool, UK
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Infectious Disease Horizontal Technology Centre (ID HTC), A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Isabel García-Dorival
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - David A Matthews
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Tom Fletcher
- Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, National Institute for Health Research, Liverpool, UK
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Michael Jacobs
- Department of Infection, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Emma C Thomson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Miles W Carroll
- Public Health England, Manor Farm Road, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK.
- Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, National Institute for Health Research, Liverpool, UK.
- Nufield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Julian A Hiscox
- Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, National Institute for Health Research, Liverpool, UK.
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
- Infectious Disease Horizontal Technology Centre (ID HTC), A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.
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33
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Tampere M, Pettke A, Salata C, Wallner O, Koolmeister T, Cazares-Körner A, Visnes T, Hesselman MC, Kunold E, Wiita E, Kalderén C, Lightowler M, Jemth AS, Lehtiö J, Rosenquist Å, Warpman-Berglund U, Helleday T, Mirazimi A, Jafari R, Puumalainen MR. Novel Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Inhibitors Targeting Host Factors Essential for Replication of Pathogenic RNA Viruses. Viruses 2020; 12:E1423. [PMID: 33322045 PMCID: PMC7762994 DOI: 10.3390/v12121423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent RNA virus outbreaks such as Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Ebola virus (EBOV) have caused worldwide health emergencies highlighting the urgent need for new antiviral strategies. Targeting host cell pathways supporting viral replication is an attractive approach for development of antiviral compounds, especially with new, unexplored viruses where knowledge of virus biology is limited. Here, we present a strategy to identify host-targeted small molecule inhibitors using an image-based phenotypic antiviral screening assay followed by extensive target identification efforts revealing altered cellular pathways upon antiviral compound treatment. The newly discovered antiviral compounds showed broad-range antiviral activity against pathogenic RNA viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, EBOV and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV). Target identification of the antiviral compounds by thermal protein profiling revealed major effects on proteostasis pathways and disturbance in interactions between cellular HSP70 complex and viral proteins, illustrating the supportive role of HSP70 on many RNA viruses across virus families. Collectively, this strategy identifies new small molecule inhibitors with broad antiviral activity against pathogenic RNA viruses, but also uncovers novel virus biology urgently needed for design of new antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Tampere
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.T.); (A.P.); (O.W.); (T.K.); (A.C.-K.); (T.V.); (M.C.H.); (E.K.); (E.W.); (C.K.); (M.L.); (A.-S.J.); (J.L.); (Å.R.); (U.W.-B.); (T.H.); (R.J.)
- National Veterinary Institute, SE-756 51 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Aleksandra Pettke
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.T.); (A.P.); (O.W.); (T.K.); (A.C.-K.); (T.V.); (M.C.H.); (E.K.); (E.W.); (C.K.); (M.L.); (A.-S.J.); (J.L.); (Å.R.); (U.W.-B.); (T.H.); (R.J.)
| | - Cristiano Salata
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Olov Wallner
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.T.); (A.P.); (O.W.); (T.K.); (A.C.-K.); (T.V.); (M.C.H.); (E.K.); (E.W.); (C.K.); (M.L.); (A.-S.J.); (J.L.); (Å.R.); (U.W.-B.); (T.H.); (R.J.)
| | - Tobias Koolmeister
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.T.); (A.P.); (O.W.); (T.K.); (A.C.-K.); (T.V.); (M.C.H.); (E.K.); (E.W.); (C.K.); (M.L.); (A.-S.J.); (J.L.); (Å.R.); (U.W.-B.); (T.H.); (R.J.)
| | - Armando Cazares-Körner
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.T.); (A.P.); (O.W.); (T.K.); (A.C.-K.); (T.V.); (M.C.H.); (E.K.); (E.W.); (C.K.); (M.L.); (A.-S.J.); (J.L.); (Å.R.); (U.W.-B.); (T.H.); (R.J.)
| | - Torkild Visnes
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.T.); (A.P.); (O.W.); (T.K.); (A.C.-K.); (T.V.); (M.C.H.); (E.K.); (E.W.); (C.K.); (M.L.); (A.-S.J.); (J.L.); (Å.R.); (U.W.-B.); (T.H.); (R.J.)
| | - Maria Carmen Hesselman
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.T.); (A.P.); (O.W.); (T.K.); (A.C.-K.); (T.V.); (M.C.H.); (E.K.); (E.W.); (C.K.); (M.L.); (A.-S.J.); (J.L.); (Å.R.); (U.W.-B.); (T.H.); (R.J.)
| | - Elena Kunold
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.T.); (A.P.); (O.W.); (T.K.); (A.C.-K.); (T.V.); (M.C.H.); (E.K.); (E.W.); (C.K.); (M.L.); (A.-S.J.); (J.L.); (Å.R.); (U.W.-B.); (T.H.); (R.J.)
| | - Elisee Wiita
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.T.); (A.P.); (O.W.); (T.K.); (A.C.-K.); (T.V.); (M.C.H.); (E.K.); (E.W.); (C.K.); (M.L.); (A.-S.J.); (J.L.); (Å.R.); (U.W.-B.); (T.H.); (R.J.)
| | - Christina Kalderén
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.T.); (A.P.); (O.W.); (T.K.); (A.C.-K.); (T.V.); (M.C.H.); (E.K.); (E.W.); (C.K.); (M.L.); (A.-S.J.); (J.L.); (Å.R.); (U.W.-B.); (T.H.); (R.J.)
| | - Molly Lightowler
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.T.); (A.P.); (O.W.); (T.K.); (A.C.-K.); (T.V.); (M.C.H.); (E.K.); (E.W.); (C.K.); (M.L.); (A.-S.J.); (J.L.); (Å.R.); (U.W.-B.); (T.H.); (R.J.)
| | - Ann-Sofie Jemth
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.T.); (A.P.); (O.W.); (T.K.); (A.C.-K.); (T.V.); (M.C.H.); (E.K.); (E.W.); (C.K.); (M.L.); (A.-S.J.); (J.L.); (Å.R.); (U.W.-B.); (T.H.); (R.J.)
| | - Janne Lehtiö
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.T.); (A.P.); (O.W.); (T.K.); (A.C.-K.); (T.V.); (M.C.H.); (E.K.); (E.W.); (C.K.); (M.L.); (A.-S.J.); (J.L.); (Å.R.); (U.W.-B.); (T.H.); (R.J.)
| | - Åsa Rosenquist
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.T.); (A.P.); (O.W.); (T.K.); (A.C.-K.); (T.V.); (M.C.H.); (E.K.); (E.W.); (C.K.); (M.L.); (A.-S.J.); (J.L.); (Å.R.); (U.W.-B.); (T.H.); (R.J.)
| | - Ulrika Warpman-Berglund
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.T.); (A.P.); (O.W.); (T.K.); (A.C.-K.); (T.V.); (M.C.H.); (E.K.); (E.W.); (C.K.); (M.L.); (A.-S.J.); (J.L.); (Å.R.); (U.W.-B.); (T.H.); (R.J.)
| | - Thomas Helleday
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.T.); (A.P.); (O.W.); (T.K.); (A.C.-K.); (T.V.); (M.C.H.); (E.K.); (E.W.); (C.K.); (M.L.); (A.-S.J.); (J.L.); (Å.R.); (U.W.-B.); (T.H.); (R.J.)
| | - Ali Mirazimi
- National Veterinary Institute, SE-756 51 Uppsala, Sweden;
- Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rozbeh Jafari
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.T.); (A.P.); (O.W.); (T.K.); (A.C.-K.); (T.V.); (M.C.H.); (E.K.); (E.W.); (C.K.); (M.L.); (A.-S.J.); (J.L.); (Å.R.); (U.W.-B.); (T.H.); (R.J.)
| | - Marjo-Riitta Puumalainen
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden; (M.T.); (A.P.); (O.W.); (T.K.); (A.C.-K.); (T.V.); (M.C.H.); (E.K.); (E.W.); (C.K.); (M.L.); (A.-S.J.); (J.L.); (Å.R.); (U.W.-B.); (T.H.); (R.J.)
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Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic is a global crisis that threatens our way of life. As of November 18, 2020, SARS-CoV-2 has claimed more than 1,342,709 lives, with a global mortality rate of ~2.4% and a recovery rate of ~69.6%. Understanding the interaction of cellular targets with the SARS-CoV-2 infection is crucial for therapeutic development. Therefore, the aim of this study was to perform a comparative analysis of transcriptomic signatures of infection of SARS-CoV-2 compared to other respiratory viruses (EBOV, H1N1, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV), to determine a unique anti-SARS-CoV-2 gene signature. We identified for the first time that molecular pathways for heparin-binding, RAGE, miRNA, and PLA2 inhibitors were associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The NRCAM and SAA2 genes, which are involved in severe inflammatory responses, and the FGF1 and FOXO1 genes, which are associated with immune regulation, were found to be associated with the cellular gene response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Moreover, several cytokines, most significantly IL-8 and IL-6, demonstrated key associations with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Interestingly, the only response gene that was shared among the five viral infections was SERPINB1. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis shed light on genes with high interaction activity that SARS-CoV-2 shares with other viral infections. The findings showed that the genetic pathways associated with rheumatoid arthritis, the AGE-RAGE signaling system, malaria, hepatitis B, and influenza A were of high significance. We found that the virogenomic transcriptome of infection, gene modulation of host antiviral responses, and GO terms of SARS-CoV-2 and EBOV were more similar than to SARS, H1N1, and MERS. This work compares the virogenomic signatures of highly pathogenic viruses and provides valid targets for potential therapy against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alsamman M Alsamman
- Department of Genome Mapping, Molecular Genetics and Genome Mapping Laboratory, Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hatem Zayed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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Kotliar D, Lin AE, Logue J, Hughes TK, Khoury NM, Raju SS, Wadsworth MH, Chen H, Kurtz JR, Dighero-Kemp B, Bjornson ZB, Mukherjee N, Sellers BA, Tran N, Bauer MR, Adams GC, Adams R, Rinn JL, Melé M, Schaffner SF, Nolan GP, Barnes KG, Hensley LE, McIlwain DR, Shalek AK, Sabeti PC, Bennett RS. Single-Cell Profiling of Ebola Virus Disease In Vivo Reveals Viral and Host Dynamics. Cell 2020; 183:1383-1401.e19. [PMID: 33159858 PMCID: PMC7707107 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) causes epidemics with high mortality yet remains understudied due to the challenge of experimentation in high-containment and outbreak settings. Here, we used single-cell transcriptomics and CyTOF-based single-cell protein quantification to characterize peripheral immune cells during EBOV infection in rhesus monkeys. We obtained 100,000 transcriptomes and 15,000,000 protein profiles, finding that immature, proliferative monocyte-lineage cells with reduced antigen-presentation capacity replace conventional monocyte subsets, while lymphocytes upregulate apoptosis genes and decline in abundance. By quantifying intracellular viral RNA, we identify molecular determinants of tropism among circulating immune cells and examine temporal dynamics in viral and host gene expression. Within infected cells, EBOV downregulates STAT1 mRNA and interferon signaling, and it upregulates putative pro-viral genes (e.g., DYNLL1 and HSPA5), nominating pathways the virus manipulates for its replication. This study sheds light on EBOV tropism, replication dynamics, and elicited immune response and provides a framework for characterizing host-virus interactions under maximum containment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Kotliar
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; FAS Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Aaron E Lin
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Harvard Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - James Logue
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Travis K Hughes
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Chemistry, Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences (IMES), and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nadine M Khoury
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Siddharth S Raju
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; FAS Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Marc H Wadsworth
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Chemistry, Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences (IMES), and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Han Chen
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jonathan R Kurtz
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Bonnie Dighero-Kemp
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Zach B Bjornson
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Brian A Sellers
- Trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology, Autoimmunity, and Inflammation, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Nancy Tran
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Matthew R Bauer
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Gordon C Adams
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ricky Adams
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - John L Rinn
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Marta Melé
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Life Sciences Department, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Catalonia 08034, Spain
| | - Stephen F Schaffner
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Garry P Nolan
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kayla G Barnes
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Lisa E Hensley
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - David R McIlwain
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Alex K Shalek
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Chemistry, Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences (IMES), and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Pardis C Sabeti
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Richard S Bennett
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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MESH Headings
- Antigen Presentation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/physiology
- Betacoronavirus/physiology
- COVID-19
- Cathepsins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cathepsins/physiology
- Cell Line
- Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- DNA Transposable Elements/genetics
- DNA Transposable Elements/physiology
- Ebolavirus/physiology
- Gene Knockout Techniques
- Gene Silencing
- Genes, MHC Class II/genetics
- Genes, MHC Class II/physiology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/prevention & control
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/virology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/physiology
- Humans
- Pandemics/prevention & control
- Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- SARS-CoV-2
- Transcriptional Activation/genetics
- Virus Attachment
- Virus Replication/physiology
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37
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Liao LE, Carruthers J, Smither SJ, Weller SA, Williamson D, Laws TR, García-Dorival I, Hiscox J, Holder BP, Beauchemin CAA, Perelson AS, López-García M, Lythe G, Barr JN, Molina-París C. Quantification of Ebola virus replication kinetics in vitro. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1008375. [PMID: 33137116 PMCID: PMC7660928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mathematical modelling has successfully been used to provide quantitative descriptions of many viral infections, but for the Ebola virus, which requires biosafety level 4 facilities for experimentation, modelling can play a crucial role. Ebola virus modelling efforts have primarily focused on in vivo virus kinetics, e.g., in animal models, to aid the development of antivirals and vaccines. But, thus far, these studies have not yielded a detailed specification of the infection cycle, which could provide a foundational description of the virus kinetics and thus a deeper understanding of their clinical manifestation. Here, we obtain a diverse experimental data set of the Ebola virus infection in vitro, and then make use of Bayesian inference methods to fully identify parameters in a mathematical model of the infection. Our results provide insights into the distribution of time an infected cell spends in the eclipse phase (the period between infection and the start of virus production), as well as the rate at which infectious virions lose infectivity. We suggest how these results can be used in future models to describe co-infection with defective interfering particles, which are an emerging alternative therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Liao
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA 87545
| | - Jonathan Carruthers
- Department of Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | | | - Simon A. Weller
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Diane Williamson
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Thomas R. Laws
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Isabel García-Dorival
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK
| | - Julian Hiscox
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK
| | - Benjamin P. Holder
- Department of Physics, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, USA 49401
| | - Catherine A. A. Beauchemin
- Department of Physics, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada M5B 2K3
- Interdisciplinary Theoretical and Mathematical Sciences (iTHEMS) Research Program at RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan, 351-0198
| | - Alan S. Perelson
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA 87545
| | - Martín López-García
- Department of Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Grant Lythe
- Department of Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - John N. Barr
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Carmen Molina-París
- Department of Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- * E-mail:
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38
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Jain V, Charlett A, Brown CS. Meta-analysis of predictive symptoms for Ebola virus disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008799. [PMID: 33095771 PMCID: PMC7641466 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION One of the leading challenges in the 2013-2016 West African Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak was how best to quickly identify patients with EVD, separating them from those without the disease, in order to maximise limited isolation bed capacity and keep health systems functioning. METHODOLOGY We performed a systematic literature review to identify all published data on EVD clinical symptoms in adult patients. Data was dual extracted, and random effects meta-analysis performed for each symptom to identify symptoms with the greatest risk for EVD infection. RESULTS Symptoms usually presenting late in illness that were more than twice as likely to predict a diagnosis of Ebola, were confusion (pOR 3.04, 95% CI 2.18-4.23), conjunctivitis (2.90, 1.92-4.38), dysphagia (1.95, 1.13-3.35) and jaundice (1.86, 1.20-2.88). Early non-specific symptoms of diarrhoea (2.99, 2.00-4.48), fatigue (2.77, 1.59-4.81), vomiting (2.69, 1.76-4.10), fever (1.97, 1.10-4.52), muscle pain (1.65, 1.04-2.61), and cough (1.63, 1.24-2.14), were also strongly associated with EVD diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS The existing literature fails to provide a unified position on the symptoms most predictive of EVD, but highlights some early and late stage symptoms that in combination will be useful for future risk stratification. Confirmation of these findings across datasets (or ideally an aggregation of all individual patient data) will aid effective future clinical assessment, risk stratification tools and emergency epidemic response planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vageesh Jain
- North East and North Central London Health Protection Team, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
- Institute for Global Health, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Andre Charlett
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Colin S. Brown
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
- King’s Sierra Leone Partnership, King’s Centre for Global Health, King’s Health Partners and King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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39
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Kang YL, Chou YY, Rothlauf PW, Liu Z, Soh TK, Cureton D, Case JB, Chen RE, Diamond MS, Whelan SPJ, Kirchhausen T. Inhibition of PIKfyve kinase prevents infection by Zaire ebolavirus and SARS-CoV-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:20803-20813. [PMID: 32764148 PMCID: PMC7456157 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2007837117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus entry is a multistep process. It initiates when the virus attaches to the host cell and ends when the viral contents reach the cytosol. Genetically unrelated viruses can subvert analogous subcellular mechanisms and use similar trafficking pathways for successful entry. Antiviral strategies targeting early steps of infection are therefore appealing, particularly when the probability for successful interference through a common step is highest. We describe here potent inhibitory effects on content release and infection by chimeric vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) containing the envelope proteins of Zaire ebolavirus (VSV-ZEBOV) or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (VSV-SARS-CoV-2) elicited by Apilimod and Vacuolin-1, small-molecule inhibitors of the main endosomal phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate/phosphatidylinositol 5-kinase, PIKfyve. We also describe potent inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 strain 2019-nCoV/USA-WA1/2020 by Apilimod. These results define tools for studying the intracellular trafficking of pathogens elicited by inhibition of PIKfyve kinase and suggest the potential for targeting this kinase in developing small-molecule antivirals against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Lin Kang
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Yi-Ying Chou
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Paul W Rothlauf
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Zhuoming Liu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Timothy K Soh
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - David Cureton
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Inc. Duluth, GA 30096
| | - James Brett Case
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Rita E Chen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Sean P J Whelan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110;
| | - Tom Kirchhausen
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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40
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Whitworth C, Mu Y, Houston H, Martinez-Smith M, Noble-Wang J, Coulliette-Salmond A, Rose L. Persistence of Bacteriophage Phi 6 on Porous and Nonporous Surfaces and the Potential for Its Use as an Ebola Virus or Coronavirus Surrogate. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:e01482-20. [PMID: 32591388 PMCID: PMC7440805 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01482-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The infection of health care workers during the 2013 to 2016 Ebola outbreak raised concerns about fomite transmission. In the wake of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, investigations are ongoing to determine the role of fomites in coronavirus transmission as well. The bacteriophage phi 6 has a phospholipid envelope and is commonly used in environmental studies as a surrogate for human enveloped viruses. The persistence of phi 6 was evaluated as a surrogate for Ebola virus (EBOV) and coronaviruses on porous and nonporous hospital surfaces. Phi 6 was suspended in a body fluid simulant and inoculated onto 1-cm2 coupons of steel, plastic, and two fabric curtain types. The coupons were placed at two controlled absolute humidity (AH) levels: a low AH of 3.0 g/m3 and a high AH of 14.4 g/m3 Phi 6 declined at a lower rate on all materials under low-AH conditions, with a decay rate of 0.06-log10 PFU/day to 0.11-log10 PFU/day, than under the higher AH conditions, with a decay rate of 0.65-log10 PFU/h to 1.42-log10 PFU/day. There was a significant difference in decay rates between porous and nonporous surfaces at both low AH (P < 0.0001) and high AH (P < 0.0001). Under these laboratory-simulated conditions, phi 6 was found to be a conservative surrogate for EBOV under low-AH conditions in that it persisted longer than Ebola virus in similar AH conditions. Additionally, some coronaviruses persist longer than phi 6 under similar conditions; therefore, phi 6 may not be a suitable surrogate for coronaviruses.IMPORTANCE Understanding the persistence of enveloped viruses helps inform infection control practices and procedures in health care facilities and community settings. These data convey to public health investigators that enveloped viruses can persist and remain infective on surfaces, thus demonstrating a potential risk for transmission. Under these laboratory-simulated Western indoor hospital conditions, we assessed the suitability of phi 6 as a surrogate for environmental persistence research related to enveloped viruses, including EBOV and coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Whitworth
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yi Mu
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hollis Houston
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Marla Martinez-Smith
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Judith Noble-Wang
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Angela Coulliette-Salmond
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Laura Rose
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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41
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Su Z, Chang Q, Drelich A, Shelite T, Judy B, Liu Y, Xiao J, Zhou C, He X, Jin Y, Saito T, Tang S, Soong L, Wakamiya M, Fang X, Bukreyev A, Ksiazek T, Russell WK, Gong B. Annexin A2 depletion exacerbates the intracerebral microhemorrhage induced by acute rickettsia and Ebola virus infections. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0007960. [PMID: 32687500 PMCID: PMC7392349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral microhemorrhages (CMHs) are small foci of hemorrhages in the cerebrum. Acute infections induced by some intracellular pathogens, including rickettsia, can result in CMHs. Annexin a2 (ANXA2) has been documented to play a functional role during intracellular bacterial adhesion. Here we report that ANXA2-knockout (KO) mice are more susceptible to CMHs in response to rickettsia and Ebola virus infections, suggesting an essential role of ANXA2 in protecting vascular integrity during these intracellular pathogen infections. Proteomic analysis via mass spectrometry of whole brain lysates and brain-derived endosomes from ANXA2-KO and wild-type (WT) mice post-infection with R. australis revealed that a variety of significant proteins were differentially expressed, and the follow-up function enrichment analysis had identified several relevant cell-cell junction functions. Immunohistology study confirmed that both infected WT and infected ANXA2-KO mice were subjected to adherens junctional protein (VE-cadherin) damages. However, key blood-brain barrier (BBB) components, tight junctional proteins ZO-1 and occludin, were disorganized in the brains from R. australis-infected ANXA2-KO mice, but not those of infected WT mice. Similar ANXA2-KO dependent CMHs and fragments of ZO-1 and occludin were also observed in Ebola virus-infected ANXA2-KO mice, but not found in infected WT mice. Overall, our study revealed a novel role of ANXA2 in the formation of CMHs during R. australis and Ebola virus infections; and the underlying mechanism is relevant to the role of ANXA2-regulated tight junctions and its role in stabilizing the BBB in these deadly infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengchen Su
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Qing Chang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Aleksandra Drelich
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Thomas Shelite
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Barbara Judy
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yakun Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jie Xiao
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Changchen Zhou
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xi He
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yang Jin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tais Saito
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shaojun Tang
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lynn Soong
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Maki Wakamiya
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xiang Fang
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Thomas Ksiazek
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - William K. Russell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bin Gong
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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42
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Rogers KJ, Shtanko O, Vijay R, Mallinger LN, Joyner CJ, Galinski MR, Butler NS, Maury W. Acute Plasmodium Infection Promotes Interferon-Gamma-Dependent Resistance to Ebola Virus Infection. Cell Rep 2020; 30:4041-4051.e4. [PMID: 32209467 PMCID: PMC7172281 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During the 2013-2016 Ebola virus (EBOV) epidemic, a significant number of patients admitted to Ebola treatment units were co-infected with Plasmodium falciparum, a predominant agent of malaria. However, there is no consensus on how malaria impacts EBOV infection. The effect of acute Plasmodium infection on EBOV challenge was investigated using mouse-adapted EBOV and a biosafety level 2 (BSL-2) model virus. We demonstrate that acute Plasmodium infection protects from lethal viral challenge, dependent upon interferon gamma (IFN-γ) elicited as a result of parasite infection. Plasmodium-infected mice lacking the IFN-γ receptor are not protected. Ex vivo incubation of naive human or mouse macrophages with sera from acutely parasitemic rodents or macaques programs a proinflammatory phenotype dependent on IFN-γ and renders cells resistant to EBOV infection. We conclude that acute Plasmodium infection can safeguard against EBOV by the production of protective IFN-γ. These findings have implications for anti-malaria therapies administered during episodic EBOV outbreaks in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai J Rogers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Olena Shtanko
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Rahul Vijay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Laura N Mallinger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Chester J Joyner
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Mary R Galinski
- Malaria Host-Pathogen Interaction Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Noah S Butler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Wendy Maury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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43
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Das DK, Bulow U, Diehl WE, Durham ND, Senjobe F, Chandran K, Luban J, Munro JB. Conformational changes in the Ebola virus membrane fusion machine induced by pH, Ca2+, and receptor binding. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000626. [PMID: 32040508 PMCID: PMC7034923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ebola virus (EBOV) envelope glycoprotein (GP) is a membrane fusion machine required for virus entry into cells. Following endocytosis of EBOV, the GP1 domain is cleaved by cellular cathepsins in acidic endosomes, removing the glycan cap and exposing a binding site for the Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1) receptor. NPC1 binding to cleaved GP1 is required for entry. How this interaction translates to GP2 domain-mediated fusion of viral and endosomal membranes is not known. Here, using a bulk fluorescence dequenching assay and single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (smFRET)-imaging, we found that acidic pH, Ca2+, and NPC1 binding synergistically induce conformational changes in GP2 and permit virus-liposome lipid mixing. Acidic pH and Ca2+ shifted the GP2 conformational equilibrium in favor of an intermediate state primed for NPC1 binding. Glycan cap cleavage on GP1 enabled GP2 to transition from a reversible intermediate to an irreversible conformation, suggestive of the postfusion 6-helix bundle; NPC1 binding further promoted transition to the irreversible conformation. Thus, the glycan cap of GP1 may allosterically protect against inactivation of EBOV by premature triggering of GP2. The Ebola virus envelope glycoprotein is a membrane fusion machine required for the virus to enter into host cells. This study presents direct observation of the conformational changes that the envelope glycoprotein undergoes during the membrane fusion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyendu Kumar Das
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine and Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India
- * E-mail: (JBM); (DKD)
| | - Uriel Bulow
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine and Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - William E. Diehl
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Natasha D. Durham
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine and Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Fernando Senjobe
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine and Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Luban
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - James B. Munro
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine and Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JBM); (DKD)
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Bokelmann M, Edenborough K, Hetzelt N, Kreher P, Lander A, Nitsche A, Vogel U, Feldmann H, Couacy-Hymann E, Kurth A. Utility of primary cells to examine NPC1 receptor expression in Mops condylurus, a potential Ebola virus reservoir. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0007952. [PMID: 31961874 PMCID: PMC6994141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The significance of the integral membrane protein Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1) in the ebolavirus entry process has been determined using various cell lines derived from humans, non-human primates and fruit bats. Fruit bats have long been purported as the potential reservoir host for ebolaviruses, however several studies provide evidence that Mops condylurus, an insectivorous microbat, is also an ebolavirus reservoir. NPC1 receptor expression in the context of ebolavirus replication in microbat cells remains unstudied. In order to study Ebola virus (EBOV) cellular entry and replication in M. condylurus, we derived primary and immortalized cell cultures from 12 different organs. The NPC1 receptor expression was characterized by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry comparing the expression levels of M. condylurus primary and immortalized cells, HeLa cells, human embryonic kidney cells and cells from a European microbat species. EBOV replication kinetics was studied for four representative cell cultures using qRT-PCR. The aim was to elucidate the suitability of primary and immortalized cells from different tissues for studying NPC1 receptor expression levels and their potential influence on EBOV replication. The NPC1 receptor expression level in M. condylurus primary cells differed depending on the organ they were derived from and was for most cell types significantly lower than in human cell lines. Immortalized cells showed for most cell types higher expression levels than their corresponding primary cells. Concluding from our infection experiments with EBOV we suggest a potential correlation between NPC1 receptor expression level and virus replication rate in vitro. Although there have been Ebola virus (EBOV) outbreaks for more than 40 years, the animal natural reservoir that maintains this virus in nature has not been identified. Viruses and their respective reservoirs coevolve over millions of years, often without causing diseases in the reservoir itself. Upon entering a new host, infection can have devastating consequences, as in the case of EBOV. To gain entry into cells prior to replication, all ebolaviruses utilize the cellular receptor Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1). In this study the authors focus their work on the Angolan free-tailed bat (Mops condylurus) as a potential reservoir for EBOV. Cells from various organs of this bat were isolated in culture and tested for the presence of NPC1. Most bat cell types had a lower amount of NPC1 compared to the tested human cells. These bat cells were also less efficiently infected by EBOV, indicating adaptation to EBOV. These results suggest low levels of virus replication in the respective tissues of M. condylurus and might be indicative of a virus-natural reservoir relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Bokelmann
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kathryn Edenborough
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole Hetzelt
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Kreher
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Angelika Lander
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Nitsche
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Vogel
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | | | - Andreas Kurth
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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45
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Durham ND, Howard AR, Govindan R, Senjobe F, Fels JM, Diehl WE, Luban J, Chandran K, Munro JB. Real-Time Analysis of Individual Ebola Virus Glycoproteins Reveals Pre-Fusion, Entry-Relevant Conformational Dynamics. Viruses 2020; 12:v12010103. [PMID: 31952255 PMCID: PMC7019799 DOI: 10.3390/v12010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ebola virus (EBOV) envelope glycoprotein (GP) mediates the fusion of the virion membrane with the membrane of susceptible target cells during infection. While proteolytic cleavage of GP by endosomal cathepsins and binding of the cellular receptor Niemann-Pick C1 protein (NPC1) are essential steps for virus entry, the detailed mechanisms by which these events promote membrane fusion remain unknown. Here, we applied single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) imaging to investigate the structural dynamics of the EBOV GP trimeric ectodomain, and the functional transmembrane protein on the surface of pseudovirions. We show that in both contexts, pre-fusion GP is dynamic and samples multiple conformations. Removal of the glycan cap and NPC1 binding shift the conformational equilibrium, suggesting stabilization of conformations relevant to viral fusion. Furthermore, several neutralizing antibodies enrich alternative conformational states. This suggests that these antibodies neutralize EBOV by restricting access to GP conformations relevant to fusion. This work demonstrates previously unobserved dynamics of pre-fusion EBOV GP and presents a platform with heightened sensitivity to conformational changes for the study of GP function and antibody-mediated neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha D. Durham
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA;
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine and Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA; (A.R.H.); (F.S.)
- Correspondence: (N.D.D.); (J.B.M.)
| | - Angela R. Howard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine and Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA; (A.R.H.); (F.S.)
| | - Ramesh Govindan
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA;
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine and Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA; (A.R.H.); (F.S.)
| | - Fernando Senjobe
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine and Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA; (A.R.H.); (F.S.)
| | - J. Maximilian Fels
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (J.M.F.); (K.C.)
| | - William E. Diehl
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; (W.E.D.); (J.L.)
| | - Jeremy Luban
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; (W.E.D.); (J.L.)
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (J.M.F.); (K.C.)
| | - James B. Munro
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA;
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine and Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA; (A.R.H.); (F.S.)
- Correspondence: (N.D.D.); (J.B.M.)
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46
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Lin AE, Diehl WE, Cai Y, Finch CL, Akusobi C, Kirchdoerfer RN, Bollinger L, Schaffner SF, Brown EA, Saphire EO, Andersen KG, Kuhn JH, Luban J, Sabeti PC. Reporter Assays for Ebola Virus Nucleoprotein Oligomerization, Virion-Like Particle Budding, and Minigenome Activity Reveal the Importance of Nucleoprotein Amino Acid Position 111. Viruses 2020; 12:E105. [PMID: 31952352 PMCID: PMC7019320 DOI: 10.3390/v12010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
For highly pathogenic viruses, reporter assays that can be rapidly performed are critically needed to identify potentially functional mutations for further study under maximal containment (e.g., biosafety level 4 [BSL-4]). The Ebola virus nucleoprotein (NP) plays multiple essential roles during the viral life cycle, yet few tools exist to study the protein under BSL-2 or equivalent containment. Therefore, we adapted reporter assays to measure NP oligomerization and virion-like particle (VLP) production in live cells and further measured transcription and replication using established minigenome assays. As a proof-of-concept, we examined the NP-R111C substitution, which emerged during the 2013‒2016 Western African Ebola virus disease epidemic and rose to high frequency. NP-R111C slightly increased NP oligomerization and VLP budding but slightly decreased transcription and replication. By contrast, a synthetic charge-reversal mutant, NP-R111E, greatly increased oligomerization but abrogated transcription and replication. These results are intriguing in light of recent structures of NP oligomers, which reveal that the neighboring residue, K110, forms a salt bridge with E349 on adjacent NP molecules. By developing and utilizing multiple reporter assays, we find that the NP-111 position mediates a complex interplay between NP's roles in protein structure, virion budding, and transcription and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron E. Lin
- Harvard Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; (S.F.S.); (E.A.B.)
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - William E. Diehl
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; (W.E.D.); (J.L.)
| | - Yingyun Cai
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (Y.C.); (C.L.F.); (L.B.); (J.H.K.)
| | - Courtney L. Finch
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (Y.C.); (C.L.F.); (L.B.); (J.H.K.)
| | - Chidiebere Akusobi
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02120, USA;
| | | | - Laura Bollinger
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (Y.C.); (C.L.F.); (L.B.); (J.H.K.)
| | - Stephen F. Schaffner
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; (S.F.S.); (E.A.B.)
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Brown
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; (S.F.S.); (E.A.B.)
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Kristian G. Andersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA;
- Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jens H. Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (Y.C.); (C.L.F.); (L.B.); (J.H.K.)
| | - Jeremy Luban
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; (W.E.D.); (J.L.)
| | - Pardis C. Sabeti
- Harvard Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; (S.F.S.); (E.A.B.)
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
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47
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Rogers KJ, Brunton B, Mallinger L, Bohan D, Sevcik KM, Chen J, Ruggio N, Maury W. IL-4/IL-13 polarization of macrophages enhances Ebola virus glycoprotein-dependent infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007819. [PMID: 31825972 PMCID: PMC6905523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ebolavirus (EBOV) outbreaks, while sporadic, cause tremendous morbidity and mortality. No therapeutics or vaccines are currently licensed; however, a vaccine has shown promise in clinical trials. A critical step towards development of effective therapeutics is a better understanding of factors that govern host susceptibility to this pathogen. As macrophages are an important cell population targeted during virus replication, we explore the effect of cytokine polarization on macrophage infection. METHODS/MAIN FINDINGS We utilized a BSL2 EBOV model virus, infectious, recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus encoding EBOV glycoprotein (GP) (rVSV/EBOV GP) in place of its native glycoprotein. Macrophages polarized towards a M2-like anti-inflammatory state by combined IL-4 and IL-13 treatment were more susceptible to rVSV/EBOV GP, but not to wild-type VSV (rVSV/G), suggesting that EBOV GP-dependent entry events were enhanced by these cytokines. Examination of RNA expression of known surface receptors that bind and internalize filoviruses demonstrated that IL-4/IL-13 stimulated expression of the C-type lectin receptor DC-SIGN in human macrophages and addition of the competitive inhibitor mannan abrogated IL-4/IL-13 enhanced infection. Two murine DC-SIGN-like family members, SIGNR3 and SIGNR5, were upregulated by IL-4/IL-13 in murine macrophages, but only SIGNR3 enhanced virus infection in a mannan-inhibited manner, suggesting that murine SIGNR3 plays a similar role to human DC-SIGN. In vivo IL-4/IL-13 administration significantly increased virus-mediated mortality in a mouse model and transfer of ex vivo IL-4/IL-13-treated murine peritoneal macrophages into the peritoneal cavity of mice enhanced pathogenesis. SIGNIFICANCE These studies highlight the ability of macrophage polarization to influence EBOV GP-dependent virus replication in vivo and ex vivo, with M2a polarization upregulating cell surface receptor expression and thereby enhancing virus replication. Our findings provide an increased understanding of the host factors in macrophages governing susceptibility to filoviruses and identify novel murine receptors mediating EBOV entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai J. Rogers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA United States of America
| | - Bethany Brunton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA United States of America
| | - Laura Mallinger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA United States of America
| | - Dana Bohan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA United States of America
| | - Kristina M. Sevcik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA United States of America
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA United States of America
| | - Natalie Ruggio
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA United States of America
| | - Wendy Maury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Du X, Zuo X, Meng F, Wu F, Zhao X, Li C, Cheng G, Qin FXF. Combinatorial screening of a panel of FDA-approved drugs identifies several candidates with anti-Ebola activities. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 522:862-868. [PMID: 31806372 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV), pathogen of Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF), is an enveloped filamental RNA virus. Recently, the EHF crisis occurred in the Democratic Republic of the Congo again highlights the urgency for its clinical treatments. However, no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved therapeutics are currently available. Drug repurposing screening is a time- and cost-effective approach for identifying anti-EBOV therapeutics. Here, by combinatorial screening using pseudovirion and minigenome replicon systems we have identified several FDA-approved drugs with significant anti-EBOV activities. These potential candidates include azithromycin, clomiphene, chloroquine, digitoxin, epigallocatechin-gallate, fluvastatin, tetrandrine and tamoxifen. Mechanistic studies revealed that fluvastatin inhibited EBOV pseudovirion entry by blocking the pathway of mevalonate biosynthesis, while the inhibitory effect of azithromycin on EBOV maybe due to its intrinsic cationic amphiphilic structure altering the homeostasis of later endosomal vesicle similar as tamoxifen. Moreover, based on structure and pathway analyses, the anti-EBOV activity has been extended to other family members of statins, such as simvastatin, and multiple other cardiac glycoside drugs, some of which exhibited even stronger activities. More importantly, in searching for drug interaction, we found various synergy between several anti-EBOV drug combinations, showing substantial and powerful synergistic against EBOV infection. In conclusion, our work illustrates a successful and productive approach to identify new mechanisms and targets for treating EBOV infection by combinatorial screening of FDA-approved drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Du
- Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Xiangyang Zuo
- Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Fang Meng
- Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Fei Wu
- Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Chunfeng Li
- Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Genhong Cheng
- Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - F Xiao-Feng Qin
- Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.
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Lane TR, Massey C, Comer JE, Anantpadma M, Freundlich JS, Davey RA, Madrid PB, Ekins S. Repurposing the antimalarial pyronaridine tetraphosphate to protect against Ebola virus infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007890. [PMID: 31751347 PMCID: PMC6894882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent outbreaks of the Ebola virus (EBOV) have focused attention on the dire need for antivirals to treat these patients. We identified pyronaridine tetraphosphate as a potential candidate as it is an approved drug in the European Union which is currently used in combination with artesunate as a treatment for malaria (EC50 between 420 nM—1.14 μM against EBOV in HeLa cells). Range-finding studies in mice directed us to a single 75 mg/kg i.p. dose 1 hr after infection which resulted in 100% survival and statistically significantly reduced viremia at study day 3 from a lethal challenge with mouse-adapted EBOV (maEBOV). Further, an EBOV window study suggested we could dose pyronaridine 2 or 24 hrs post-exposure to result in similar efficacy. Analysis of cytokine and chemokine panels suggests that pyronaridine may act as an immunomodulator during an EBOV infection. Our studies with pyronaridine clearly demonstrate potential utility for its repurposing as an antiviral against EBOV and merits further study in larger animal models with the added benefit of already being used as a treatment against malaria. To date there is no approved drug for Ebola Virus infection. Our approach has been to assess drugs that are already approved for other uses in various countries. Using computational models, we have previously identified three such drugs and demonstrated their activity against the Ebola virus in vitro. We now report on the in vitro absorption, metabolism, distribution, excretion and pharmacokinetic properties of one of these molecules, namely the antimalarial pyronaridine. We justify efficacy testing in the mouse model of ebola infection. We also demonstrate that a single dose of this drug is 100% effective against the virus. This study provides important preclinical evaluation of this already approved drug and justifies its selection for larger animal efficacy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R. Lane
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Christopher Massey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Jason E. Comer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
- Institutional Office of Regulated Nonclinical Studies, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Manu Anantpadma
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Joel S. Freundlich
- Departments of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience & Medicine, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Pathogens, Rutgers University–New Jersey Medical School, NJ, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Davey
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | | | - Sean Ekins
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Raleigh, NC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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50
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Chan M, Leung A, Griffin BD, Vendramelli R, Tailor N, Tierney K, Audet J, Kobasa D. Generation and Characterization of a Mouse-Adapted Makona Variant of Ebola Virus. Viruses 2019; 11:E987. [PMID: 31717793 PMCID: PMC6893688 DOI: 10.3390/v11110987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) is a zoonotic pathogen that poses a significant threat to public health, causing sporadic yet devastating outbreaks that have the potential to spread worldwide, as demonstrated during the 2013-2016 West African outbreak. Mouse models of infection are important tools for the development of therapeutics and vaccines. Exposure of immunocompetent mice to clinical isolates of EBOV is nonlethal; consequently, EBOV requires prior adaptation in mice to cause lethal disease. Until now, the only immunocompetent EBOV mouse model was based on the Mayinga variant, which was isolated in 1976. Here, we generated a novel mouse-adapted (MA)-EBOV based on the 2014 Makona isolate by inserting EBOV/Mayinga-MA mutations into the EBOV/Makona genome, followed by serial passaging of the rescued virus in suckling mice. The resulting EBOV/Makona-MA causes lethal disease in adult immunocompetent mice within 6 to 9 days and has a lethal dose (LD50) of 0.004 plaque forming units (PFU). Two additional mutations emerged after mouse-adaptation in the viral nucleoprotein (NP) and membrane-associated protein VP24. Using reverse genetics, we found the VP24 mutation to be critical for EBOV/Makona-MA virulence. EBOV/Makona-MA infected mice that presented with viremia, high viral burden in organs, increased release of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, and lymphopenia. Our mouse model will help advance pre-clinical development of countermeasures against contemporary EBOV variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mable Chan
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada; (M.C.); (A.L.); (B.D.G.); (R.V.); (N.T.); (K.T.); (J.A.)
| | - Anders Leung
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada; (M.C.); (A.L.); (B.D.G.); (R.V.); (N.T.); (K.T.); (J.A.)
| | - Bryan D. Griffin
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada; (M.C.); (A.L.); (B.D.G.); (R.V.); (N.T.); (K.T.); (J.A.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Robert Vendramelli
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada; (M.C.); (A.L.); (B.D.G.); (R.V.); (N.T.); (K.T.); (J.A.)
| | - Nikesh Tailor
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada; (M.C.); (A.L.); (B.D.G.); (R.V.); (N.T.); (K.T.); (J.A.)
| | - Kevin Tierney
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada; (M.C.); (A.L.); (B.D.G.); (R.V.); (N.T.); (K.T.); (J.A.)
| | - Jonathan Audet
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada; (M.C.); (A.L.); (B.D.G.); (R.V.); (N.T.); (K.T.); (J.A.)
| | - Darwyn Kobasa
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3R2, Canada; (M.C.); (A.L.); (B.D.G.); (R.V.); (N.T.); (K.T.); (J.A.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada
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