1
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Zhang W, Leng F, Wang X, Ramirez RN, Park J, Benoist C, Hur S. FOXP3 recognizes microsatellites and bridges DNA through multimerization. Nature 2023; 624:433-441. [PMID: 38030726 PMCID: PMC10719092 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06793-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
FOXP3 is a transcription factor that is essential for the development of regulatory T cells, a branch of T cells that suppress excessive inflammation and autoimmunity1-5. However, the molecular mechanisms of FOXP3 remain unclear. Here we here show that FOXP3 uses the forkhead domain-a DNA-binding domain that is commonly thought to function as a monomer or dimer-to form a higher-order multimer after binding to TnG repeat microsatellites. The cryo-electron microscopy structure of FOXP3 in a complex with T3G repeats reveals a ladder-like architecture, whereby two double-stranded DNA molecules form the two 'side rails' bridged by five pairs of FOXP3 molecules, with each pair forming a 'rung'. Each FOXP3 subunit occupies TGTTTGT within the repeats in a manner that is indistinguishable from that of FOXP3 bound to the forkhead consensus motif (TGTTTAC). Mutations in the intra-rung interface impair TnG repeat recognition, DNA bridging and the cellular functions of FOXP3, all without affecting binding to the forkhead consensus motif. FOXP3 can tolerate variable inter-rung spacings, explaining its broad specificity for TnG-repeat-like sequences in vivo and in vitro. Both FOXP3 orthologues and paralogues show similar TnG repeat recognition and DNA bridging. These findings therefore reveal a mode of DNA recognition that involves transcription factor homomultimerization and DNA bridging, and further implicates microsatellites in transcriptional regulation and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiang Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fangwei Leng
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xi Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ricardo N Ramirez
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jinseok Park
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christophe Benoist
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sun Hur
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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2
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Zhang XH, Wei MM, Yuan DD, Wu W, Li L. [Research progress on the role of FOXOs family in cancer]. Sheng Li Xue Bao 2022; 74:843-855. [PMID: 36319107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Forkhead box class O proteins (FOXOs) family consists of highly conserved transcription factors, including FOXO1, FOXO3, FOXO4 and FOXO6. Each member of the FOXOs family is ubiquitously expressed and involved in regulating many biological activities such as tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and oxidative stress. The activity of FOXOs is mainly regulated by post-translational modification, and its inactivation is mainly mediated by the over-activation of its upstream modifying enzymes, which provides a possibility to use drugs to recover its activity. It is worth noting that FOXOs can not only inhibit, but also promote the occurrence and development of human tumors due to the complex effects of FOXOs. This review will summarize the structure and activity regulation of FOXOs, and discuss their tumor inhibiting effects by limiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis, as well as their tumor promoting effects by maintaining cell homeostasis, promoting metastasis and inducing drug resistance, so as to provide new ideas for the pathological research of related diseases and open up new ways to promote broader prevention and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Hong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Meng-Meng Wei
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Dong-Dong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Le Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
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3
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Reynolds N, Aceves NM, Liu JL, Compton JR, Leary DH, Freitas BT, Pegan SD, Doctor KZ, Wu FY, Hu X, Legler PM. The SARS-CoV-2 SSHHPS Recognized by the Papain-like Protease. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:1483-1502. [PMID: 34019767 PMCID: PMC8171221 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Viral proteases are highly specific and recognize conserved cleavage site sequences of ∼6-8 amino acids. Short stretches of homologous host-pathogen sequences (SSHHPS) can be found spanning the viral protease cleavage sites. We hypothesized that these sequences corresponded to specific host protein targets since >40 host proteins have been shown to be cleaved by Group IV viral proteases and one Group VI viral protease. Using PHI-BLAST and the viral protease cleavage site sequences, we searched the human proteome for host targets and analyzed the hit results. Although the polyprotein and host proteins related to the suppression of the innate immune responses may be the primary targets of these viral proteases, we identified other cleavable host proteins. These proteins appear to be related to the virus-induced phenotype associated with Group IV viruses, suggesting that information about viral pathogenesis may be extractable directly from the viral genome sequence. Here we identify sequences cleaved by the SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease (PLpro) in vitro within human MYH7 and MYH6 (two cardiac myosins linked to several cardiomyopathies), FOXP3 (an X-linked Treg cell transcription factor), ErbB4 (HER4), and vitamin-K-dependent plasma protein S (PROS1), an anticoagulation protein that prevents blood clots. Zinc inhibited the cleavage of these host sequences in vitro. Other patterns emerged from multispecies sequence alignments of the cleavage sites, which may have implications for the selection of animal models and zoonosis. SSHHPS/nsP is an example of a sequence-specific post-translational silencing mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathanael
D. Reynolds
- Center
for Bio/molecular Science and Engineering (CBMSE), U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | | | - Jinny L. Liu
- Center
for Bio/molecular Science and Engineering (CBMSE), U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Jaimee R. Compton
- Center
for Bio/molecular Science and Engineering (CBMSE), U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Dagmar H. Leary
- Center
for Bio/molecular Science and Engineering (CBMSE), U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Brendan T. Freitas
- Center
for Drug Discovery, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Scott D. Pegan
- Center
for Drug Discovery, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Katarina Z. Doctor
- Navy
Center for Applied Research in AI (NCARAI) Information Technology
Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave., Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Fred Y. Wu
- Indiana
University Health Systems, Indiana University
School of Medicine, Bloomington, Indiana 47401, United States
| | - Xin Hu
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of
Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United
States
| | - Patricia M. Legler
- Center
for Bio/molecular Science and Engineering (CBMSE), U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, Washington, DC 20375, United States
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4
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Li J, Dai S, Chen X, Liang X, Qu L, Jiang L, Guo M, Zhou Z, Wei H, Zhang H, Chen Z, Chen L, Chen Y. Mechanism of forkhead transcription factors binding to a novel palindromic DNA site. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:3573-3583. [PMID: 33577686 PMCID: PMC8034652 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Forkhead transcription factors bind a canonical consensus DNA motif, RYAAAYA (R = A/G, Y = C/T), as a monomer. However, the molecular mechanisms by which forkhead transcription factors bind DNA as a dimer are not well understood. In this study, we show that FOXO1 recognizes a palindromic DNA element DIV2, and mediates transcriptional regulation. The crystal structure of FOXO1/DIV2 reveals that the FOXO1 DNA binding domain (DBD) binds the DIV2 site as a homodimer. The wing1 region of FOXO1 mediates the dimerization, which enhances FOXO1 DNA binding affinity and complex stability. Further biochemical assays show that FOXO3, FOXM1 and FOXI1 also bind the DIV2 site as homodimer, while FOXC2 can only bind this site as a monomer. Our structural, biochemical and bioinformatics analyses not only provide a novel mechanism by which FOXO1 binds DNA as a homodimer, but also shed light on the target selection of forkhead transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Shuyan Dai
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Xiaojuan Chen
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Xujun Liang
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Lingzhi Qu
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Longying Jiang
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Ming Guo
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Zhan Zhou
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Hudie Wei
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Huajun Zhang
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Zhuchu Chen
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Molecular and Computational Biology Program, Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Yongheng Chen
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
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5
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Wang L, Guo Y, Pan M, Li X, Huang D, Liu Y, Wu C, Zhang W, Mai K. Functions of Forkhead Box O on Glucose Metabolism in Abalone Haliotis discus hannai and Its Responses to High Levels of Dietary Lipid. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020297. [PMID: 33672704 PMCID: PMC7924355 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The forkhead box O (FoxO) subfamily is a member of the forkhead transcription factor family. It has regulation functions in glucose metabolism in mammals and fish. In the present study, a gene of the foxo homolog in abalone Haliotis discus hannai was cloned. A conservative forkhead (FH) domain and a transactivation (FoxO-TAD) domain were identified. Abalone foxo-specific siRNA (small interfering RNA) was injected to investigate the functions of foxo on glucose metabolism. Knockdown of foxo inhibited expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (pepck) and significantly increased expressions of hexokinase (hk) and pyruvate kinase (pk), but it failed to inhibit the relative mRNA level of glucose-6-phosphatase (g6pase). Then, a 100-day feeding trial was conducted to investigate the response of foxo and glucose metabolism in abalone fed with 1.57% (LFD, low-fat diet), 3.82% (MFD, middle-fat diet) and 6.72% (HFD, high-fat diet) of dietary lipid, respectively. The insulin-signaling pathway (AKT) was depressed and FoxO was activated by the HFD, but it did not inhibit glycolysis (hk) or improved gluconeogenesis significantly (pepck and g6pase). At the same time, impaired hepatopancreas glycogen storage raised hemolymph glucose levels. In conclusion, abalone foxo can be regulated by dietary lipid and can regulate gluconeogenesis or glycolysis in response to changes of dietary lipid levels, in which glycogen metabolism plays an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), the Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (L.W.); (Y.G.); (M.P.); (X.L.); (D.H.); (Y.L.); (K.M.)
| | - Yanlin Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), the Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (L.W.); (Y.G.); (M.P.); (X.L.); (D.H.); (Y.L.); (K.M.)
| | - Mingzhu Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), the Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (L.W.); (Y.G.); (M.P.); (X.L.); (D.H.); (Y.L.); (K.M.)
| | - Xinxin Li
- The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), the Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (L.W.); (Y.G.); (M.P.); (X.L.); (D.H.); (Y.L.); (K.M.)
| | - Dong Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), the Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (L.W.); (Y.G.); (M.P.); (X.L.); (D.H.); (Y.L.); (K.M.)
| | - Yue Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), the Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (L.W.); (Y.G.); (M.P.); (X.L.); (D.H.); (Y.L.); (K.M.)
| | - Chenglong Wu
- School of Life Science, Huzhou University, 759 East 2nd Road, Huzhou 313000, China
- Correspondence: (C.W.); (W.Z.); Tel.: +86-532-8203-2145 (W.Z.)
| | - Wenbing Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), the Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (L.W.); (Y.G.); (M.P.); (X.L.); (D.H.); (Y.L.); (K.M.)
- Correspondence: (C.W.); (W.Z.); Tel.: +86-532-8203-2145 (W.Z.)
| | - Kangsen Mai
- The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), the Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (L.W.); (Y.G.); (M.P.); (X.L.); (D.H.); (Y.L.); (K.M.)
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6
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Tavian D, Missaglia S, Michelini S, Maltese PE, Manara E, Mordente A, Bertelli M. FOXC2 Disease Mutations Identified in Lymphedema Distichiasis Patients Impair Transcriptional Activity and Cell Proliferation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145112. [PMID: 32698337 PMCID: PMC7404146 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
FOXC2 is a member of the human forkhead-box gene family and encodes a regulatory transcription factor. Mutations in FOXC2 have been associated with lymphedema distichiasis (LD), an autosomal dominant disorder that primarily affects the limbs. Most patients also show extra eyelashes, a condition known as distichiasis. We previously reported genetic and clinical findings in six unrelated families with LD. Half the patients showed missense mutations, two carried frameshift mutations and a stop mutation was identified in a last patient. Here we analyzed the subcellular localization and transactivation activity of the mutant proteins, showing that all but one (p.Y109*) localized to the nucleus. A significant reduction of transactivation activity was observed in four mutants (p.L80F, p.H199Pfs*264, p.I213Tfs*18, p.Y109*) compared with wild type FOXC2 protein, while only a partial loss of function was associated with p.V228M. The mutant p.I213V showed a very slight increase of transactivation activity. Finally, immunofluorescence analysis revealed that some mutants were sequestered into nuclear aggregates and caused a reduction of cell viability. This study offers new insights into the effect of FOXC2 mutations on protein function and shows the involvement of aberrant aggregation of FOXC2 proteins in cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Tavian
- Laboratory of Cellular Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, CRIBENS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20145 Milan, Italy;
- Psychology Department, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-72348731
| | - Sara Missaglia
- Laboratory of Cellular Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, CRIBENS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20145 Milan, Italy;
- Psychology Department, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Milan, Italy
| | - Sandro Michelini
- Department of Vascular Rehabilitation, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, 00148 Rome, Italy;
| | - Paolo Enrico Maltese
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, International Association of Medical Genetics, MAGI’s Lab s.r.l., 38068 Rovereto, Italy; (P.E.M.); (M.B.)
| | | | - Alvaro Mordente
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio ed Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Facoltà di Scienze della Formazione, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Bertelli
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, International Association of Medical Genetics, MAGI’s Lab s.r.l., 38068 Rovereto, Italy; (P.E.M.); (M.B.)
- MAGI EUREGIO, 39100 Bolzano, Italy;
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7
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Wang A, Yang M, Liang R, Zhu F, Zhu F, Liu X, Han Y, Lin R, Wang X, Li D, Li H, Yuan X, Zhao H, Li B. Mouse Double Minute 2 Homolog-Mediated Ubiquitination Facilitates Forkhead Box P3 Stability and Positively Modulates Human Regulatory T Cell Function. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1087. [PMID: 32636834 PMCID: PMC7318079 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg cells) are essential for maintaining immune tolerance, and the dysfunction of Treg cells may cause autoimmune diseases and tumors. Forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) is the key transcription factor controlling Treg cell development and suppressive function. Mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2), an E3 ubiquitin ligase, has been identified as an oncoprotein that mediates the ubiquitination and degradation of tumor suppressor p53; however, whether it has functions in Treg cells remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that MDM2 positively regulates human Treg cell suppressive function via its mediated ubiquitination and stabilization of FOXP3. Knockdown of MDM2 with shRNA in human primary Treg cells leads to the impaired ability of FOXP3 to regulate the expression levels of downstream genes and the attenuated suppressive capacity of Treg cells, due to FOXP3 instability. Consistently, MDM2 overexpression in human Treg cells enhances FOXP3 stability and Treg cell suppressive capacity. Mechanistically, MDM2 interacts with FOXP3, and mainly mediates monoubiquitination and polyubiquitination of FOXP3, thus stabilizing the protein level of FOXP3. We have also found lysine residues in FOXP3 required for MDM2-mediated ubiquitination. In addition, TCR/CD28 signaling upregulates the expression level of MDM2 and its mediated FOXP3 ubiquitination in human Treg cells. Therefore, our findings reveal that MDM2 in Treg cells could be a potential therapeutic target for treating autoimmune diseases and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiting Wang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Unit of Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengdi Yang
- Department of Internal Oncology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Liang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangming Zhu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Unit of Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fuxiang Zhu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Unit of Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinnan Liu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yichao Han
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruirong Lin
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hecheng Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojun Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Internal Oncology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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8
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Ren J, Liu Y, Wang S, Wang Y, Li W, Chen S, Cui D, Yang S, Li MY, Feng B, Lai PBS, Chen GG. The FKH domain in FOXP3 mRNA frequently contains mutations in hepatocellular carcinoma that influence the subcellular localization and functions of FOXP3. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:5484-5495. [PMID: 32198183 PMCID: PMC7170510 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) is a biomarker for regulatory T cells and can also be expressed in cancer cells, but its function in cancer appears to be divergent. The role of hepatocyte-expressed FOXP3 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is unknown. Here, we collected tumor samples and clinical information from 115 HCC patients and used five human cancer cell lines. We examined FOXP3 mRNA sequences for mutations, used a luciferase assay to assess promoter activities of FOXP3's target genes, and employed mouse tumor models to confirm in vitro results. We detected mutations in the FKH domain of FOXP3 mRNAs in 33% of the HCC tumor tissues, but in none of the adjacent nontumor tissues. None of the mutations occurred at high frequency, indicating that they occurred randomly. Notably, the mutations were not detected in the corresponding regions of FOXP3 genomic DNA, and many of them resulted in amino acid substitutions in the FKH region, altering FOXP3's subcellular localization. FOXP3 delocalization from the nucleus to the cytoplasm caused loss of transcriptional regulation of its target genes, inactivated its tumor-inhibitory capability, and changed cellular responses to histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. More complex FKH mutations appeared to be associated with worse prognosis in HCC patients. We conclude that mutations in the FKH domain of FOXP3 mRNA frequently occur in HCC and that these mutations are caused by errors in transcription and are not derived from genomic DNA mutations. Our results suggest that transcriptional mutagenesis of FOXP3 plays a role in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Ren
- Department of Surgery, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Research Institute (SZRI), Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Surgery, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore 169610
| | - Wende Li
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Siyu Chen
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Dexuan Cui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shengli Yang
- Union Hospital Tumour Center, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Ming-Yue Li
- Department of Surgery, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510320, China
| | - Bo Feng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul B S Lai
- Department of Surgery, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - George G Chen
- Department of Surgery, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Research Institute (SZRI), Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, China; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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9
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Newman JA, Aitkenhead H, Gavard AE, Rota IA, Handel AE, Hollander GA, Gileadi O. The crystal structure of human forkhead box N1 in complex with DNA reveals the structural basis for forkhead box family specificity. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:2948-2958. [PMID: 31914405 PMCID: PMC7062188 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box N1 (FOXN1) is a member of the forkhead box family of transcription factors and plays an important role in thymic epithelial cell differentiation and development. FOXN1 mutations in humans and mice give rise to the "nude" phenotype, which is marked by athymia. FOXN1 belongs to a subset of the FOX family that recognizes an alternative forkhead-like (FHL) consensus sequence (GACGC) that is different from the more widely recognized forkhead (FKH) sequence RYAAAYA (where R is purine, and Y is pyrimidine). Here, we present the FOXN1 structure in complex with DNA containing an FHL motif at 1.6 Å resolution, in which the DNA sequence is recognized by a mixture of direct and water-mediated contacts provided by residues in an α-helix inserted in the DNA major groove (the recognition helix). Comparisons with the structure of other FOX family members revealed that the FKH and FHL DNA sequences are bound in two distinct modes, with partially different registers for the protein DNA contacts. We identified a single alternative rotamer within the recognition helix itself as an important determinant of DNA specificity and found protein sequence features in the recognition helix that could be used to predict the specificity of other FOX family members. Finally, we demonstrate that the C-terminal region of FOXN1 is required for high-affinity DNA binding and that FOXN1 has a significantly reduced affinity for DNA that contains 5'-methylcytosine, which may have implications for the role of FOXN1 in thymic involution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Newman
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Hazel Aitkenhead
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Angeline E Gavard
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Ioanna A Rota
- Department of Paediatrics and the Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Adam E Handel
- Department of Paediatrics and the Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Georg A Hollander
- Department of Paediatrics and the Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom; Paediatric Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Children's Hospital Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Opher Gileadi
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom.
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10
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Wu GC, Jeng SR, Pan YT, Li HW, Ku WL, Lin CJ, Chang CF. The germline-specific expression of Foxl3a and its paralogous Foxl3b are associated with male gonadal differentiation in the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2019; 277:56-65. [PMID: 30878349 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Unlike its paralog Foxl2, which is well known for its role in ovarian development in vertebrates, the function of Foxl3 is still unclear. Foxl3 is an ancient duplicated copy of Foxl2. It is present as a single copy in ray-finned fish. But, due to repeated losses, it is absent in most tetrapods. Our transcriptomic data, however, show that two Foxl3s (Foxl3a and its paralog Foxl3b) are present in Japanese eel. Foxl3a is predominantly expressed in the pituitary, and Foxl3b is predominantly expressed in the gills. Both Foxl3s show a sex-dimorphic expression, being higher expression in testes than in ovaries. Moreover, Foxl3a and Foxl3b were exclusively expressed during gonadal differentiation in control eels (100% male). Conversely, Foxl3a and Foxl3b significantly decreased after gonadal differentiation in E2-treated eels (100% female). Furthermore, in accordance the difference in adhesive ability between somatic cells and germline cells in testes, Foxl3s showed a high expression in suspension cells (putative germline cells) and low expression in adhesive cells (putative somatic cells). In situ hybridization further showed that Foxl3a and Foxl3b were expressed in the testicular germline cells. In addition, Foxl3s expression was not changed by sex steroids in in vitro testes culture. Taken together, our results suggest that the teleost-specific Foxl3 paralog was repeatedly lost in most fish after the third round of whole genome duplication. The two germline-expressed Foxl3s had higher expression levels in males than in females during gonadal differentiation in Japanese eel. These results demonstrated that Foxl3s might play an important role in germline sexual fate determination from ancient fish to modern fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Chung Wu
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan; Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan.
| | - Shan-Ru Jeng
- Department of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Tin Pan
- Department of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan
| | - Hau-Wen Li
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lun Ku
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ju Lin
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Fong Chang
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan; Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan.
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11
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Chen X, Wei H, Li J, Liang X, Dai S, Jiang L, Guo M, Qu L, Chen Z, Chen L, Chen Y. Structural basis for DNA recognition by FOXC2. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:3752-3764. [PMID: 30722065 PMCID: PMC6468292 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The FOXC family of transcription factors (FOXC1 and FOXC2) plays essential roles in the regulation of embryonic, ocular, and cardiac development. Mutations and abnormal expression of FOXC proteins are implicated in genetic diseases as well as cancer. In this study, we determined two crystal structures of the DNA-binding domain (DBD) of human FOXC2 protein, in complex with different DNA sites. The FOXC2-DBD adopts the winged-helix fold with helix H3 contributing to all the base specific contacts, while the N-terminus, wing 1, and the C-terminus of FOXC2-DBD all make additional contacts with the phosphate groups of DNA. Our structural, biochemical, and bioinformatics analyses allow us to revise the previously proposed DNA recognition mechanism and provide a model of DNA binding for the FOXC proteins. In addition, our structural analysis and accompanying biochemical assays provide a molecular basis for understanding disease-causing mutations in FOXC1 and FOXC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics and Laboratory of Structural Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics and College of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Hudie Wei
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics and Laboratory of Structural Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Jun Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics and Laboratory of Structural Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Xujun Liang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics and Laboratory of Structural Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Shuyan Dai
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics and Laboratory of Structural Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Longying Jiang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics and Laboratory of Structural Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Ming Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics and Laboratory of Structural Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Lingzhi Qu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics and Laboratory of Structural Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Zhuchu Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics and Laboratory of Structural Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Molecular and Computational Biology Program, Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Yongheng Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics and Laboratory of Structural Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics and College of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
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12
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Abstract
Forkhead box O (FOXO) proteins are a family of transcription factors with four members in mammals, namely FOXO1, FOXO3a, FOXO4, and FOXO6. FOXO factors, originally identified as downstream regulators of the insulin pathway, are known to bind to the promoters of a broad variety of target genes and control several processes of key importance for cellular homeostasis including cellular energy production, oxidative stress resistance, and cell viability and proliferation. Accordingly, deregulation of FOXO proteins has been shown to play an essential role in metabolic disorders, human longevity, and the suppression of tumors. As the activity of these transcription factors is controlled by posttranslational modifications, inactivation of FOXOs occurs mostly due to the overactivation of their upstream modifying enzymes providing a wealth of possibilities for restoring FOXO activity pharmaceutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Link
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier, Madrid, Spain.
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13
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Hecel A, Wątły J, Rowińska-Żyrek M, Świątek-Kozłowska J, Kozłowski H. Histidine tracts in human transcription factors: insight into metal ion coordination ability. J Biol Inorg Chem 2018; 23:81-90. [PMID: 29218639 PMCID: PMC5756558 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-017-1512-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Consecutive histidine repeats are chosen both by nature and by molecular biologists due to their high affinity towards metal ions. Screening of the human genome showed that transcription factors are extremely rich in His tracts. In this work, we examine two of such His-rich regions from forkhead box and MAFA proteins-MB3 (contains 18 His) and MB6 (with 21 His residues), focusing on the affinity and binding modes of Cu2+ and Zn2+ towards the two His-rich regions. In the case of Zn2+ species, the availability of imidazole nitrogen donors enhances metal complex stability. Interestingly, an opposite tendency is observed for Cu2+ complexes at above physiological pH, in which amide nitrogens participate in binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Hecel
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Joanna Wątły
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | | | - Henryk Kozłowski
- Public Higher Medical Professional School in Opole, Katowicka 68, 45-060, Opole, Poland.
- Wroclaw Research Centre EIT+, Stabłowicka 147, 54-066, Wrocław, Poland.
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14
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Zhao G, Fu Y, Cai Z, Yu F, Gong Z, Dai R, Hu Y, Zeng L, Xu Q, Kong W. Unspliced XBP1 Confers VSMC Homeostasis and Prevents Aortic Aneurysm Formation via FoxO4 Interaction. Circ Res 2017; 121:1331-1345. [PMID: 29089350 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.311450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Although not fully understood, the phenotypic transition of vascular smooth muscle cells exhibits at the early onset of the pathology of aortic aneurysms. Exploring the key regulators that are responsible for maintaining the contractile phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) may confer vascular homeostasis and prevent aneurysmal disease. XBP1 (X-box binding protein 1), which exists in a transcriptionally inactive unspliced form (XBP1u) and a spliced active form (XBP1s), is a key component in response to endoplasmic reticular stress. Compared with XBP1s, little is known about the role of XBP1u in vascular homeostasis and disease. OBJECTIVE We aim to investigate the role of XBP1u in VSMC phenotypic switching and the pathogenesis of aortic aneurysms. METHODS AND RESULTS XBP1u, but not XBP1s, was markedly repressed in the aorta during the early onset of aortic aneurysm in both angiotensin II-infused apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE-/-) and CaPO4 (calcium phosphate)-induced C57BL/6J murine models, in parallel with a decrease in smooth muscle cell contractile apparatus proteins. In vivo studies revealed that XBP1 deficiency in smooth muscle cells caused VSMC dedifferentiation, enhanced vascular inflammation and proteolytic activity, and significantly aggravated both thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms in mice. XBP1 deficiency, but not an inhibition of XBP1 splicing, induced VSMC switching from the contractile phenotype to a proinflammatory and proteolytic phenotype. Mechanically, in the cytoplasm, XBP1u directly associated with the N terminus of FoxO4 (Forkhead box protein O 4), a recognized repressor of VSMC differentiation via the interaction and inhibition of myocardin. Blocking the XBP1u-FoxO4 interaction facilitated nuclear translocation of FoxO4, repressed smooth muscle cell marker genes expression, promoted proinflammatory and proteolytic phenotypic transitioning in vitro, and stimulated aortic aneurysm formation in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed the pivotal role of the XBP1u-FoxO4-myocardin axis in maintaining the VSMC contractile phenotype and providing protection from aortic aneurysm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guizhen Zhao
- From the Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, P. R. China (G.Z., Y.F., Z.C., F.Y., Z.G., R.D., W.K.); and BHF Centre, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Science, King's College London, United Kingdom (Y.H., L.Z., Q.X.)
| | - Yi Fu
- From the Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, P. R. China (G.Z., Y.F., Z.C., F.Y., Z.G., R.D., W.K.); and BHF Centre, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Science, King's College London, United Kingdom (Y.H., L.Z., Q.X.)
| | - Zeyu Cai
- From the Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, P. R. China (G.Z., Y.F., Z.C., F.Y., Z.G., R.D., W.K.); and BHF Centre, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Science, King's College London, United Kingdom (Y.H., L.Z., Q.X.)
| | - Fang Yu
- From the Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, P. R. China (G.Z., Y.F., Z.C., F.Y., Z.G., R.D., W.K.); and BHF Centre, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Science, King's College London, United Kingdom (Y.H., L.Z., Q.X.)
| | - Ze Gong
- From the Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, P. R. China (G.Z., Y.F., Z.C., F.Y., Z.G., R.D., W.K.); and BHF Centre, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Science, King's College London, United Kingdom (Y.H., L.Z., Q.X.)
| | - Rongbo Dai
- From the Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, P. R. China (G.Z., Y.F., Z.C., F.Y., Z.G., R.D., W.K.); and BHF Centre, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Science, King's College London, United Kingdom (Y.H., L.Z., Q.X.)
| | - Yanhua Hu
- From the Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, P. R. China (G.Z., Y.F., Z.C., F.Y., Z.G., R.D., W.K.); and BHF Centre, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Science, King's College London, United Kingdom (Y.H., L.Z., Q.X.)
| | - Lingfang Zeng
- From the Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, P. R. China (G.Z., Y.F., Z.C., F.Y., Z.G., R.D., W.K.); and BHF Centre, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Science, King's College London, United Kingdom (Y.H., L.Z., Q.X.)
| | - Qingbo Xu
- From the Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, P. R. China (G.Z., Y.F., Z.C., F.Y., Z.G., R.D., W.K.); and BHF Centre, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Science, King's College London, United Kingdom (Y.H., L.Z., Q.X.)
| | - Wei Kong
- From the Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, P. R. China (G.Z., Y.F., Z.C., F.Y., Z.G., R.D., W.K.); and BHF Centre, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Science, King's College London, United Kingdom (Y.H., L.Z., Q.X.).
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15
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Fan H, Yu G, Liu Y, Zhang X, Liu J, Zhang Y, Rollins JA, Sun F, Pan H. An atypical forkhead-containing transcription factor SsFKH1 is involved in sclerotial formation and is essential for pathogenicity in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Mol Plant Pathol 2017; 18:963-975. [PMID: 27353472 PMCID: PMC6638265 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is a necrotrophic plant pathogen with a worldwide distribution. The sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum are pigmented multicellular structures formed from the aggregation of vegetative hyphae. These survival structures play a central role in the life and infection cycles of this pathogen. Here, we characterized an atypical forkhead (FKH)-box-containing protein, SsFKH1, involved in sclerotial development and virulence. To investigate the role of SsFkh1 in S. sclerotiorum, the partial sequence of SsFkh1 was cloned and RNA interference (RNAi)-based gene silencing was employed to alter the expression of SsFkh1. RNA-silenced mutants with significantly reduced SsFkh1 RNA levels exhibited slow hyphal growth and sclerotial developmental defects. In addition, the expression levels of a set of putative melanin biosynthesis-related laccase genes and a polyketide synthase-encoding gene were significantly down-regulated in silenced strains. Disease assays demonstrated that pathogenicity in RNAi-silenced strains was significantly compromised with the development of a smaller infection lesion on tomato leaves. Collectively, the results suggest that SsFkh1 is involved in hyphal growth, virulence and sclerotial formation in S. sclerotiorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huidong Fan
- College of Plant SciencesJilin UniversityChangchun130062China
| | - Gang Yu
- College of Plant SciencesJilin UniversityChangchun130062China
| | - Yanzhi Liu
- College of Plant SciencesJilin UniversityChangchun130062China
| | - Xianghui Zhang
- College of Plant SciencesJilin UniversityChangchun130062China
| | - Jinliang Liu
- College of Plant SciencesJilin UniversityChangchun130062China
| | - Yanhua Zhang
- College of Plant SciencesJilin UniversityChangchun130062China
| | | | - Fengjie Sun
- School of Science and TechnologyGeorgia Gwinnett CollegeLawrencevilleGA30024USA
| | - Hongyu Pan
- College of Plant SciencesJilin UniversityChangchun130062China
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16
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Li J, Jiang L, Liang X, Qu L, Wu D, Chen X, Guo M, Chen Z, Chen L, Chen Y. DNA-binding properties of FOXP3 transcription factor. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2017; 49:792-799. [PMID: 28910978 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmx079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
FOXP3, a lineage-specific forkhead (FKH) transcription factor, plays essential roles in the development and function of regulatory T cells. However, the DNA-binding properties of FOXP3 are not well understood. In this study, FOXP3 fragments containing different domains were purified, and their DNA-binding properties were investigated using electrophoretic mobility shift assay and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Both the FKH and leucine-zipper domains were required for optimal DNA binding for FOXP3. FOXP3 protein not only binds with DNA sequences containing one FKH consensus sequence, but also binds with DNA sequences with two direct repeats of consensus sequences separated by three-nucleotides (DRE3). Our results shed lights on the mechanisms by which FOXP3 recognizes cognate DNA elements, and would facilitate further structural and functional studies of FOXP3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health & Laboratory of Structural Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- College of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Longying Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health & Laboratory of Structural Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Xujun Liang
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health & Laboratory of Structural Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Lingzhi Qu
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health & Laboratory of Structural Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Daichao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health & Laboratory of Structural Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Xiaojuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health & Laboratory of Structural Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- College of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Ming Guo
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health & Laboratory of Structural Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Zhuchu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health & Laboratory of Structural Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health & Laboratory of Structural Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Department of Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Yongheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health & Laboratory of Structural Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- College of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510000, China
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17
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Chen B, Wang H, Wu Z, Duan B, Bai P, Zhang K, Li W, Zheng J, Xing J. Conformational stabilization of FOX-DNA complex architecture to sensitize prostate cancer chemotherapy. Amino Acids 2017; 49:1247-1254. [PMID: 28474127 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2426-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The forkhead box (FOX) transcription factor is a family of tumor suppressors that negatively regulates the tumorigenesis activity of prostate cancer; stabilization of FOX-DNA complex architecture has been recognized as a new and promising strategy for sensitizing cancer chemotherapy. Here, we described a systematic method that combined in silico analysis and in vitro assay to investigate the intermolecular interaction between FOX DNA-binding domain (DBD) and its cognate DNA partner. The structural and energetic information harvested from the molecular investigation were used to guide high-throughput virtual screening against a structurally diverse, nonredundant library of natural product compounds, aiming at discovery of novel small-molecule medicines that can conformationally stabilize and promote FOX-DNA recognition and interaction. The screening identified a number of theoretically promising hits, which were then examined by using fluorescence anisotropy assay to determine their binding potency for FOX DBD domain. The antitumor activity of identified high-affinity compounds was also tested at cellular level. Structural dynamics analysis found that the small-molecule stabilizers can shift the conformational equilibrium of FOX DBD to DNA-bound state, thus promoting the protein domain to bind tightly with its DNA partner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Chen
- Department of Urology and Center of Urology, Xiamen Urinary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiqiang Wang
- Department of Urology and Center of Urology, Xiamen Urinary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhun Wu
- Department of Urology and Center of Urology, Xiamen Urinary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Duan
- Department of Urology and Center of Urology, Xiamen Urinary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, People's Republic of China
| | - Peide Bai
- Department of Urology and Center of Urology, Xiamen Urinary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaiyan Zhang
- Department of Urology and Center of Urology, Xiamen Urinary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Urology and Center of Urology, Xiamen Urinary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxin Zheng
- Department of Urology and Center of Urology, Xiamen Urinary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinchun Xing
- Department of Urology and Center of Urology, Xiamen Urinary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003, People's Republic of China.
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Reinapae A, Jalakas K, Avvakumov N, Lõoke M, Kristjuhan K, Kristjuhan A. Recruitment of Fkh1 to replication origins requires precisely positioned Fkh1/2 binding sites and concurrent assembly of the pre-replicative complex. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006588. [PMID: 28141805 PMCID: PMC5308776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In budding yeast, activation of many DNA replication origins is regulated by their chromatin environment, whereas others fire in early S phase regardless of their chromosomal location. Several location-independent origins contain at least two divergently oriented binding sites for Forkhead (Fkh) transcription factors in close proximity to their ARS consensus sequence. To explore whether recruitment of Forkhead proteins to replication origins is dependent on the spatial arrangement of Fkh1/2 binding sites, we changed the spacing and orientation of the sites in early replication origins ARS305 and ARS607. We followed recruitment of the Fkh1 protein to origins by chromatin immunoprecipitation and tested the ability of these origins to fire in early S phase. Our results demonstrate that precise spatial and directional arrangement of Fkh1/2 sites is crucial for efficient binding of the Fkh1 protein and for early firing of the origins. We also show that recruitment of Fkh1 to the origins depends on formation of the pre-replicative complex (pre-RC) and loading of the Mcm2-7 helicase, indicating that the origins are regulated by cooperative action of Fkh1 and the pre-RC. These results reveal that DNA binding of Forkhead factors does not depend merely on the presence of its binding sites but on their precise arrangement and is strongly influenced by other protein complexes in the vicinity. In this study, we explore the mechanisms that determine activation of DNA replication origins in early S phase. It has been shown that a subset of replication origins is regulated by Forkhead family transcription factors that ensure their firing at the beginning of S phase. However, the recruitment of Forkhead factors to replication origins is not a straightforward process–there are thousands of Forkhead binding sites in the genome and their presence does not guarantee that Forkheads actually bind these sites. We show that recruitment of Fkh1 protein to DNA replication origins requires precise arrangement of Forkhead binding sites and depends on formation of pre-replicative complexes at the origins. These results clarify the mechanisms of Forkhead-dependent regulation of early DNA replication origins and also reveal that mere presence of consensus binding sites is not sufficient for recruitment of Forkhead proteins to their target loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Reinapae
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kristiina Jalakas
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Nikita Avvakumov
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Marko Lõoke
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kersti Kristjuhan
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Arnold Kristjuhan
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- * E-mail:
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19
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Brown PJ, Gascoyne DM, Lyne L, Spearman H, Felce SL, McFadden N, Chakravarty P, Barrans S, Lynham S, Calado DP, Ward M, Banham AH. N-terminally truncated FOXP1 protein expression and alternate internal FOXP1 promoter usage in normal and malignant B cells. Haematologica 2016; 101:861-71. [PMID: 27056922 PMCID: PMC5004466 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2016.142141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong FOXP1 protein expression is a poor risk factor in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and has been linked to an activated B-cell-like subtype, which preferentially expresses short FOXP1 (FOXP1S) proteins. However, both short isoform generation and function are incompletely understood. Here we prove by mass spectrometry and N-terminal antibody staining that FOXP1S proteins in activated B-cell-like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma are N-terminally truncated. Furthermore, a rare strongly FOXP1-expressing population of normal germinal center B cells lacking the N-terminus of the regular long protein (FOXP1L) was identified. Exon-targeted silencing and transcript analyses identified three alternate 5' non-coding exons [FOXP1-Ex6b(s), FOXP1-Ex7b and FOXP1-Ex7c], downstream of at least two predicted promoters, giving rise to FOXP1S proteins. These were differentially controlled by B-cell activation and methylation, conserved in murine lymphoma cells, and significantly correlated with FOXP1S protein expression in primary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma samples. Alternatively spliced isoforms lacking exon 9 (e.g. isoform 3) did not encode FOXP1S, and an alternate long human FOXP1 protein (FOXP1AL) likely generated from a FOXP1-Ex6b(L) transcript was detected. The ratio of FOXP1L:FOXP1S isoforms correlated with differential expression of plasmacytic differentiation markers in U-2932 subpopulations, and altering this ratio was sufficient to modulate CD19 expression in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cell lines. Thus, the activity of multiple alternate FOXP1 promoters to produce multiple protein isoforms is likely to regulate B-cell maturation.
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MESH Headings
- Alternative Splicing
- Animals
- Antigens, CD19/genetics
- Antigens, CD19/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Exons
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/chemistry
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Mice
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs/genetics
- Protein Isoforms
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Repressor Proteins/chemistry
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Brown
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford University, London, UK
| | - Duncan M Gascoyne
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford University, London, UK
| | - Linden Lyne
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford University, London, UK
| | - Hayley Spearman
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford University, London, UK
| | - Suet Ling Felce
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford University, London, UK
| | - Nora McFadden
- Immunity and Cancer Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, UK
| | - Probir Chakravarty
- Computational Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, UK
| | - Sharon Barrans
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, HMDS, Leeds Cancer Centre, Kings College London, UK
| | - Steven Lynham
- Centre of Excellence for Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, UK
| | - Dinis P Calado
- Immunity and Cancer Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, UK Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Kings College London, UK
| | - Malcolm Ward
- Centre of Excellence for Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, UK
| | - Alison H Banham
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford University, London, UK
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20
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Abstract
FOXO3 has been shown to be a critical transcription factor for folliculogenesis in mammals, while the information on its roles in reproduction of nonmammalian vertebrates remains scarce. In this study, two foxo3 homologs, namely foxo3a and foxo3b, were identified in a teleost, the orange-spotted grouper Epinephelus coioides. foxo3a was mainly expressed in the central nervous system, ovary, and gut whereas foxo3b was expressed ubiquitously in tissues examined. In contrast to the dominant expression of mammalian FOXO3 in germ cells but barely detectable in ovarian follicular cells, immunoreactive Foxo3a and Foxo3b were identified both in the ovarian germ cells and follicular cells. The immunointensities of both Foxo3a and Foxo3b in ovarian follicular cells during vitellogenesis were significantly increased stage-dependently, and co-localized with Cyp19a1a. In the nucleus of ovarian follicular cells, both Foxo3a and Foxo3b immunostaining could be detected at the vitellogenic stages. Transient transfection and EMSA showed that Foxo3a and Foxo3b upregulated cyp19a1a promoter activities in vitro through a conserved Foxo-binding site, with the latter being a more potent activator. However, ChIP analysis showed that only Foxo3b binds to cyp19a1a proximal promoter region containing the conserved Foxo-binding site in the vitellogenic ovary. Taken together, these results suggested that Foxo3a and Foxo3b are involved in the ovarian development possibly through regulating the ovarian germ cells as well as follicular cells, and Foxo3b but not Foxo3a may activate cyp19a1a in the ovarian follicular cells during vitellogenesis in the orange-spotted grouper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongyou Liu
- Institute of Aquatic Economic AnimalsSchool of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China Department of Histology and EmbryologyZunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Institute of Aquatic Economic AnimalsSchool of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Boyang Shi
- Institute of Aquatic Economic AnimalsSchool of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Huijie Lu
- Institute of Aquatic Economic AnimalsSchool of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihong Zhang
- Department of BiologySchool of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Weimin Zhang
- Institute of Aquatic Economic AnimalsSchool of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China Department of BiologySchool of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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21
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Han B, Qu Y, Jin Y, Yu Y, Deng N, Wawrowsky K, Zhang X, Li N, Bose S, Wang Q, Sakkiah S, Abrol R, Jensen TW, Berman BP, Tanaka H, Johnson J, Gao B, Hao J, Liu Z, Buttyan R, Ray PS, Hung MC, Giuliano AE, Cui X. FOXC1 Activates Smoothened-Independent Hedgehog Signaling in Basal-like Breast Cancer. Cell Rep 2015; 13:1046-58. [PMID: 26565916 PMCID: PMC4806384 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The mesoderm- and epithelial-mesenchymal transition-associated transcription factor FOXC1 is specifically overexpressed in basal-like breast cancer (BLBC), but its biochemical function is not understood. Here, we demonstrate that FOXC1 controls cancer stem cell (CSC) properties enriched in BLBC cells via activation of Smoothened (SMO)-independent Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. This non-canonical activation of Hh is specifically mediated by Gli2. Furthermore, we show that the N-terminal domain of FOXC1 (aa 1-68) binds directly to an internal region (aa 898-1168) of Gli2, enhancing the DNA-binding and transcription-activating capacity of Gli2. FOXC1 expression correlates with that of Gli2 and its targets in human breast cancers. Moreover, FOXC1 overexpression reduces sensitivity to anti-Hedgehog (Hh) inhibitors in BLBC cells and xenograft tumors. Together, these findings reveal FOXC1-mediated non-canonical Hh signaling that determines the BLBC stem-like phenotype and anti-Hh sensitivity, supporting inhibition of FOXC1 pathways as potential approaches for improving BLBC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingchen Han
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Ying Qu
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Yanli Jin
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Yi Yu
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Nan Deng
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Research Center, Samuel Oschin Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Kolja Wawrowsky
- Department of BioMedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Research Center, Samuel Oschin Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Na Li
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Shikha Bose
- Department of Pathology, Samuel Oschin Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Sugunadevi Sakkiah
- Department of BioMedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Ravinder Abrol
- Department of BioMedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Tor W Jensen
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Benjamin P Berman
- Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Hisashi Tanaka
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Jeffrey Johnson
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Bowen Gao
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Jijun Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Zhenqiu Liu
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Research Center, Samuel Oschin Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Ralph Buttyan
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Partha S Ray
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Molecular Medicine and Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Armando E Giuliano
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Xiaojiang Cui
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Samuel Oschin Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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22
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Wang H, Zhang W, Li C, Lv Z, Jin C. Identification and characterization of a novel Foxo transcription factors in Apostichopus japonicus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2015; 44:164-171. [PMID: 25689491 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The forkhead box O (Foxo) transcription factors are involved in multiple signaling pathways and play key roles in immunoregulation in vertebrates. In the present study, we firstly identified a novel Foxo gene in Apostichopus japonicus coelomocytes using transcriptome sequencing and RACE approaches (denoted as AjFoxo). The full-length cDNA of AjFoxo was of 2248 bp with a 5' untranslated region (UTR) of 177 bp, a 3' UTR of 367 bp and an ORF of 1704 bp encoding a polypeptide of 567 amino acid residues. The highly conserved forkhead domain was also identified in AjFoxo with remarkably higher degree of structural conservation. AjFoxo transcripts could be detected in all examined tissues with predominant expression in the coelomocytes and muscle, and slightly weak in the tissues of tentacle, intestine and respiratory trees. Concerning the time-course expression of AjFoxo in coelomocytes, the relative expression of AjFoxo was dramatically decreased to 0.44-fold at 48 h compared with that in the control group after Vibrio splendidus challenge, which was consistent with that of AjIκB. RNA interference of AjFoxo in primary coelomocytes also significantly depressed the relative expression of AjIκB with a 0.37-fold decrease compared with control group. Taken together, these results indicated that AjFoxo was a novel immune regulator and might be involved in the processes of anti-bacteria response in sea cucumber through activating the transcription of AjIκB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihong Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315211, PR China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315211, PR China.
| | - Chenghua Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315211, PR China.
| | - Zhimeng Lv
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315211, PR China
| | - Chunhua Jin
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315211, PR China
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23
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Abitbol M, Bossé P, Thomas A, Tiret L. A deletion in FOXN1 is associated with a syndrome characterized by congenital hypotrichosis and short life expectancy in Birman cats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120668. [PMID: 25781316 PMCID: PMC4363148 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An autosomal recessive syndrome characterized by congenital hypotrichosis and short life expectancy has been described in the Birman cat breed (Felis silvestris catus). We hypothesized that a FOXN1 (forkhead box N1) loss-of-function allele, associated with the nude phenotype in humans, mice and rats, may account for the syndrome observed in Birman cats. To the best of our knowledge, spontaneous mutations in FOXN1 have never been described in non-human, non-rodent mammalian species. We identified a recessive c.1030_1033delCTGT deletion in FOXN1 in Birman cats. This 4-bp deletion was associated with the syndrome when present in two copies. Percentage of healthy carriers in our French panel of genotyped Birman cats was estimated to be 3.2%. The deletion led to a frameshift and a premature stop codon at position 547 in the protein. In silico, the truncated FOXN1 protein was predicted to lack the activation domain and critical parts of the forkhead DNA binding domain, both involved in the interaction between FOXN1 and its targets, a mandatory step to promote normal hair and thymic epithelial development. Our results enlarge the panel of recessive FOXN1 loss-of-function alleles described in mammals. A DNA test is available; it will help owners avoid matings at risk and should prevent the dissemination of this morbid mutation in domestic felines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Abitbol
- U955 IMRB, INSERM, Équipe 10, Créteil, France
- BNMS—Génétique Médicale Comparée des Affections Neuromusculaires, École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Philippe Bossé
- U955 IMRB, INSERM, Équipe 10, Créteil, France
- BNMS—Génétique Médicale Comparée des Affections Neuromusculaires, École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Laurent Tiret
- U955 IMRB, INSERM, Équipe 10, Créteil, France
- BNMS—Génétique Médicale Comparée des Affections Neuromusculaires, École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
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24
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Abstract
RecG is a potent, atypical, monomeric DNA helicase. It simultaneously couples ATP hydrolysis to duplex unwinding and rewinding, and to the displacement of proteins bound to the DNA. A model is presented for the localization of the enzyme to the inner membrane via its binding to SSB. Upon fork stalling, SSB targets the enzyme to the fork where it can act. RecG displays a strong preference for processing the fork in the regression direction, that is, away from the site of damage that initially led to fork arrest. Regression is mediated by strong binding of the wedge domain to the fork arms as well as to parental duplex DNA by the helicase domains. Once RecG has regressed the fork, it will dissociate leaving the now relaxed, Holliday junction-like DNA, available for further processing by enzymes such as RuvAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero R Bianco
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA; Center for Single Molecule Biophysics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
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25
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Song W, Li Q, Wang L, Wang L. Modulation of FoxO1 expression by miR-21 to promote growth of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Cell Physiol Biochem 2015; 35:184-90. [PMID: 25591761 DOI: 10.1159/000369686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal primary tumors in humans, with undetermined tumorigenesis. Although previous work by us, and by others, has clearly demonstrated an involvement of miR-21 in the growth of PDAC, the underlying mechanism has not been clarified. METHODS Here we analyzed the regulation of FoxO1 by miR-21 in vitro and in vivo, using luciferase-reporter assay and pancreatic intraductal infusion of antisense of miR-21, respectively. RESULTS We found that overexpression of miR-21 in PDAC cells decreased FoxO1 protein levels, whereas inhibition of miR-21 increased FoxO1 levels. Further, miR-21 bound to FoxO1 mRNA to prevent its translation through its 3'UTR. Moreover, administration of antisense of miR-21 through an intraductal infusion system significantly decreased miR-21 levels and increased FoxO1 levels in implanted PDAC, resulting in a significant decrease in PDAC growth. CONCLUSION Taken together, our data highlight miR-21/FoxO1 axis as a novel therapeutic target for inhibiting the growth of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Song
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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26
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Chen Y, Chen C, Zhang Z, Liu CC, Johnson ME, Espinoza CA, Edsall LE, Ren B, Zhou XJ, Grant SFA, Wells AD, Chen L. DNA binding by FOXP3 domain-swapped dimer suggests mechanisms of long-range chromosomal interactions. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:1268-82. [PMID: 25567984 PMCID: PMC4333414 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku1373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
FOXP3 is a lineage-specific transcription factor that is required for regulatory T cell development and function. In this study, we determined the crystal structure of the FOXP3 forkhead domain bound to DNA. The structure reveals that FOXP3 can form a stable domain-swapped dimer to bridge DNA in the absence of cofactors, suggesting that FOXP3 may play a role in long-range gene interactions. To test this hypothesis, we used circular chromosome conformation capture coupled with high throughput sequencing (4C-seq) to analyze FOXP3-dependent genomic contacts around a known FOXP3-bound locus, Ptpn22. Our studies reveal that FOXP3 induces significant changes in the chromatin contacts between the Ptpn22 locus and other Foxp3-regulated genes, reflecting a mechanism by which FOXP3 reorganizes the genome architecture to coordinate the expression of its target genes. Our results suggest that FOXP3 mediates long-range chromatin interactions as part of its mechanisms to regulate specific gene expression in regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongheng Chen
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, XiangYa Hospital & State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China Molecular and Computational Biology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Chunxia Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Chun-Chi Liu
- Molecular and Computational Biology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Matthew E Johnson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Lee E Edsall
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Bing Ren
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Xianghong Jasmine Zhou
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, XiangYa Hospital & State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China Molecular and Computational Biology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Struan F A Grant
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andrew D Wells
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lin Chen
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, XiangYa Hospital & State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China Molecular and Computational Biology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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Koyama T, Rodrigues MA, Athanasiadis A, Shingleton AW, Mirth CK. Nutritional control of body size through FoxO-Ultraspiracle mediated ecdysone biosynthesis. eLife 2014; 3:e03091. [PMID: 25421296 PMCID: PMC4337420 DOI: 10.7554/elife.03091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite their fundamental importance for body size regulation, the mechanisms that stop growth are poorly understood. In Drosophila melanogaster, growth ceases in response to a peak of the molting hormone ecdysone that coincides with a nutrition-dependent checkpoint, critical weight. Previous studies indicate that insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS)/Target of Rapamycin (TOR) signaling in the prothoracic glands (PGs) regulates ecdysone biosynthesis and critical weight. Here we elucidate a mechanism through which this occurs. We show that Forkhead Box class O (FoxO), a negative regulator of IIS/TOR, directly interacts with Ultraspiracle (Usp), part of the ecdysone receptor. While overexpressing FoxO in the PGs delays ecdysone biosynthesis and critical weight, disrupting FoxO-Usp binding reduces these delays. Further, feeding ecdysone to larvae eliminates the effects of critical weight. Thus, nutrition controls ecdysone biosynthesis partially via FoxO-Usp prior to critical weight, ensuring that growth only stops once larvae have achieved a target nutritional status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Koyama
- Development, Evolution and the Environment
Laboratory, Instituto Gulbenkian de
Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Marisa A Rodrigues
- Development, Evolution and the Environment
Laboratory, Instituto Gulbenkian de
Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Alekos Athanasiadis
- Protein-Nucleic Acids Interactions Laboratory,
Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência,
Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Alexander W Shingleton
- Department of Biology, Lake Forest
College, Lake
Forest, United States
- Department of Zoology, Michigan State
University, East
Lansing, United States
| | - Christen K Mirth
- Development, Evolution and the Environment
Laboratory, Instituto Gulbenkian de
Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
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Ji Z, Mohammed H, Webber A, Ridsdale J, Han N, Carroll JS, Sharrocks AD. The forkhead transcription factor FOXK2 acts as a chromatin targeting factor for the BAP1-containing histone deubiquitinase complex. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:6232-42. [PMID: 24748658 PMCID: PMC4041447 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There are numerous forkhead transcription factors in mammalian cells but we know little about the molecular functions of the majority of these. FOXK2 is a ubiquitously expressed family member suggesting an important function across multiple cell types. Here, we show that FOXK2 binds to the SIN3A and PR-DUB complexes. The PR-DUB complex contains the important tumour suppressor protein, the deubiquitinase BAP1. FOXK2 recruits BAP1 to DNA, promotes local histone deubiquitination and causes changes in target gene activity. Our results therefore provide an important link between BAP1 and the transcription factor FOXK2 and demonstrate how BAP1 can be recruited to specific regulatory loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongling Ji
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Hisham Mohammed
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Aaron Webber
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Jenna Ridsdale
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Namshik Han
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Jason S Carroll
- Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Andrew D Sharrocks
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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Sanchez AMJ, Candau RB, Bernardi H. FoxO transcription factors: their roles in the maintenance of skeletal muscle homeostasis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:1657-71. [PMID: 24232446 PMCID: PMC11113648 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1513-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Forkhead box class O family member proteins (FoxOs) are highly conserved transcription factors with important roles in cellular homeostasis. The four FoxO members in humans, FoxO1, FoxO3, FoxO4, and FoxO6, are all expressed in skeletal muscle, but the first three members are the most studied in muscle. In this review, we detail the multiple modes of FoxO regulation and discuss the central role of these proteins in the control of skeletal muscle plasticity. FoxO1 and FoxO3 are key factors of muscle energy homeostasis through the control of glycolytic and lipolytic flux, and mitochondrial metabolism. They are also key regulators of protein breakdown, as they modulate the activity of several actors in the ubiquitin–proteasome and autophagy–lysosomal proteolytic pathways, including mitochondrial autophagy, also called mitophagy. FoxO proteins have also been implicated in the regulation of the cell cycle, apoptosis, and muscle regeneration. Depending of their activation level, FoxO proteins can exhibit ambivalent functions. For example, a basal level of FoxO factors is necessary for cellular homeostasis and these proteins are required for adaptation to exercise. However, exacerbated activation may occur in the course of several diseases, resulting in metabolic disorders and atrophy. A better understanding of the precise functions of these transcriptions factors should thus lead to the development of new therapeutic approaches to prevent or limit the muscle wasting that prevails in numerous pathological states, such as immobilization, denervated conditions, neuromuscular disease, aging, AIDS, cancer, and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M. J. Sanchez
- INRA, UMR866 Dynamique Musculaire Et Métabolisme, Université Montpellier 1, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France
- Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Université Montpellier 1, 700 avenue du Pic Saint Loup, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Robin B. Candau
- INRA, UMR866 Dynamique Musculaire Et Métabolisme, Université Montpellier 1, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France
- Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Université Montpellier 1, 700 avenue du Pic Saint Loup, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Henri Bernardi
- INRA, UMR866 Dynamique Musculaire Et Métabolisme, Université Montpellier 1, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France
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Ogawa C, Tone Y, Tsuda M, Peter C, Waldmann H, Tone M. TGF-β-mediated Foxp3 gene expression is cooperatively regulated by Stat5, Creb, and AP-1 through CNS2. J Immunol 2014; 192:475-83. [PMID: 24298014 PMCID: PMC3905572 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Foxp3 plays an important role in the development and the function of regulatory T cells (Treg). Both the induction and maintenance of Foxp3 gene expression are controlled by several regulatory regions including two enhancers in the conserved noncoding sequences (CNS). The functions of Enhancer 1 in CNS1 are well established, whereas those of Enhancer 2 in CNS2 remain unclear. Although CNS2 contains enhancer activity, methylated CpG sequences in this region prevent Foxp3 gene expression in Foxp3(-) T cells. These sequences are, however, demethylated in Foxp3(+) Treg by mechanisms as yet unknown. To investigate the role of CNS2, we have determined the Enhancer 2 core sequence by luciferase reporter assays in the absence of methylation to exclude the inhibitory effect and shown that transcription factors AP-1, Stat5, and Creb cooperate in regulating Enhancer 2 activity. We have then determined the methylation sensitivity of each of the transcription factors. AP-1 was found to be methylation sensitive as has previously been described for Creb. However, Stat5 was active even when its binding site in CNS2 was methylated. Stat5 binding to Enhancer 2 occurred early and preceded that of AP-1 and Creb during Treg induction. In addition, Stat5 activation is itself dependent on TGF-β signaling through Smad3-mediated blockade of Socs3 expression. These findings suggest that Stat5 is a key regulator for opening up the CNS2 region during induced Treg induction, whereas AP-1 and Creb maintain Enhancer 2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Ogawa
- Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, 90048 USA
| | - Yukiko Tone
- Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, 90048 USA
| | - Masato Tsuda
- Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, 90048 USA
| | - Christian Peter
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Herman Waldmann
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Masahide Tone
- Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, 90048 USA
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Kataoka H, Mori T, Yamamoto T, Sawada M, Kuroboshi H, Tatsumi H, Iwasaku K, Kitawaki J. Outcome of fertility-sparing treatment with medroxyprogesterone acetate for atypical hyperplasia and endometrial carcinoma in young Japanese women. EUR J GYNAECOL ONCOL 2014; 35:11-15. [PMID: 24654454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To review the outcome in patients with atypical endometrial hyperplasia (AEH) and endometrial cancer (EC) who received MPA treatment in the present hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients with AEH or EC were administered MPA for 12 weeks followed by endometrial curettage. The rates of effect, recurrence, pregnancy, and complications were evaluated. The changes in progesterone receptors and FOXO-1, known as a target of MPA treatment, were examined by immunostaining. RESULTS Four of seven patients with endometrial cancer and three of three patients with AH had complete response. Four of seven patients had recurred within one year after the treatment and had to undergo hysterectomy. None of the patients showed changes in progesterone receptors. Although six of seven patients were negative for FOXO-1 before and after treatment, all the patients showed increased developments of FOXO-1 during MPA treatment. CONCLUSION Progestin as a fertility-preserving treatment is expected to be effective for endometrial cancer, but judicious use might be required because it shows high rate of recurrence. Further studies regarding the mechanism may be necessary to achieve high efficacy.
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Fendler A, Jung M, Stephan C, Erbersdobler A, Jung K, Yousef GM. The antiapoptotic function of miR-96 in prostate cancer by inhibition of FOXO1. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80807. [PMID: 24260486 PMCID: PMC3834337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are small molecules that regulate gene expression posttranscriptionally. In a previous study, we identified miR-96 to be upregulated in prostate cancer specimens in comparison to normal adjacent tissue and to be an independent marker of biochemical relapse in a multivariate prediction model. Therefore, we investigated the functional role of miR-96 in prostate carcinogenesis. LNCaP and DU145 prostate cancer cells were transiently transfected with miR-96 precursors and phenotypic changes were analyzed. The miR-96 increased proliferation and impaired apoptosis induced by camptothecine in these cells. In silico target prediction analysis identified FOXO1 as potential pro-apoptotic miR-96 target. miR-96 was able to bind to both bindings sites in the FOXO1 3' UTR in a luciferase reporter gene assay. Overexpression of miR-96 in LNCaP cells resulted in a reduced FOXO1 expression. Overexpression of FOXO1 induced a strong apoptotic phenotype that was partially rescued by coexpression of miR-96. RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry of 69 prostate cancer specimens revealed a downregulation of FOXO1 and an inverse correlation of miR-96 and FOXO1 protein expression. In conclusion, we show that miR-96 can regulate apoptosis in prostate cancer, by inhibiting the FOXO1 transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Fendler
- Department of Urology, Charité – University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Urologic Research, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Monika Jung
- Department of Urology, Charité – University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Stephan
- Department of Urology, Charité – University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Urologic Research, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Klaus Jung
- Department of Urology, Charité – University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Urologic Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - George M. Yousef
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, and the Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Nakahira K, Morita A, Kim NS, Yanagihara I. Phosphorylation of FOXP3 by LCK downregulates MMP9 expression and represses cell invasion. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77099. [PMID: 24155921 PMCID: PMC3796550 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Forkhead Box P3 (FOXP3) is a member of the forkhead/winged helix family of the transcription factors and plays an important role not only as a master gene in T-regulatory cells, but also as a tumor suppressor. In this study, we identified lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (LCK), which correlates with cancer malignancy, as a binding partner of FOXP3. FOXP3 downregulated LCK-induced MMP9, SKP2, and VEGF-A expression. We observed that LCK phosphorylated Tyr-342 of FOXP3 by immunoprecipitation and in vitro kinase assay, and the replacement of Tyr-342 with phenylalanine (Y342F) abolished the ability to suppress MMP9 expression. Although FOXP3 decreased the invasive ability induced by LCK in MCF-7 cells, Y342F mutation in FOXP3 diminished this suppressive effect. Thus we demonstrate for the first time that LCK upregulates FOXP3 by tyrosine phosphorylation, resulting in decreased MMP9, SKP2, and VEGF-A expression, and suppressed cellular invasion. We consider that further clarification of transcriptional mechanism of FOXP3 may facilitate the development of novel therapeutic approaches to suppress cancer malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Nakahira
- Department of Developmental Medicine, Research Institute, Osaka Medical Center for Maternal and Child Health, Izumi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akihiro Morita
- Department of Developmental Medicine, Research Institute, Osaka Medical Center for Maternal and Child Health, Izumi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nam-Soon Kim
- Biomedical Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Itaru Yanagihara
- Department of Developmental Medicine, Research Institute, Osaka Medical Center for Maternal and Child Health, Izumi, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Haflidadóttir BS, Larne O, Martin M, Persson M, Edsjö A, Bjartell A, Ceder Y. Upregulation of miR-96 enhances cellular proliferation of prostate cancer cells through FOXO1. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72400. [PMID: 23951320 PMCID: PMC3741168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant expression of miR-96 in prostate cancer has previously been reported. However, the role and mechanism of action of miR-96 in prostate cancer has not been determined. In this study, the diagnostic and prognostic properties of miR-96 expression levels were investigated by qRT-PCR in two well documented prostate cancer cohorts. The miR-96 expression was found to be significantly higher in prostate cancer patients and correlate with WHO grade, and decreased overall survival time; patients with low levels of miR-96 lived 1.5 years longer than patients with high miR-96 levels. The therapeutic potential was further investigated in vitro, showing that ectopic levels of miR-96 enhances growth and cellular proliferation in prostate cancer cells, implying that miR-96 has oncogenic properties in this setting. We demonstrate that miR-96 expression decreases the transcript and protein levels of FOXO1 by binding to one of two predicted binding sites in the FOXO1 3'UTR sequence. Blocking this binding site completely inhibited the growth enhancement conveyed by miR-96. This finding was corroborated in a large external prostate cancer patient cohort where miR-96 expression inversely correlated to FOXO1 expression. Taken together these findings indicate that miR-96 plays a key role in prostate cancer cellular proliferation and can enhance prostate cancer progression. This knowledge might be utilized for the development of novel therapeutic tools for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivia Larne
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Myriam Martin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Medical Protein Chemistry, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Margareta Persson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anders Edsjö
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Molecular Pathology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anders Bjartell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Urological Cancers, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Yvonne Ceder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Sen P, Yang Y, Navarro C, Silva I, Szafranski P, Kolodziejska KE, Dharmadhikari AV, Mostafa H, Kozakewich H, Kearney D, Cahill JB, Whitt M, Bilic M, Margraf L, Charles A, Goldblatt J, Gibson K, Lantz PE, Garvin AJ, Petty J, Kiblawi Z, Zuppan C, McConkie-Rosell A, McDonald MT, Peterson-Carmichael SL, Gaede JT, Shivanna B, Schady D, Friedlich PS, Hays SR, Palafoll IV, Siebers-Renelt U, Bohring A, Finn LS, Siebert JR, Galambos C, Nguyen L, Riley M, Chassaing N, Vigouroux A, Rocha G, Fernandes S, Brumbaugh J, Roberts K, Ho-Ming L, Lo IFM, Lam S, Gerychova R, Jezova M, Valaskova I, Fellmann F, Afshar K, Giannoni E, Muhlethaler V, Liang J, Beckmann JS, Lioy J, Deshmukh H, Srinivasan L, Swarr DT, Sloman M, Shaw-Smith C, van Loon RL, Hagman C, Sznajer Y, Barrea C, Galant C, Detaille T, Wambach JA, Cole FS, Hamvas A, Prince LS, Diderich KEM, Brooks AS, Verdijk RM, Ravindranathan H, Sugo E, Mowat D, Baker ML, Langston C, Welty S, Stankiewicz P. Novel FOXF1 mutations in sporadic and familial cases of alveolar capillary dysplasia with misaligned pulmonary veins imply a role for its DNA binding domain. Hum Mutat 2013; 34:801-11. [PMID: 23505205 PMCID: PMC3663886 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins (ACD/MPV) is a rare and lethal developmental disorder of the lung defined by a constellation of characteristic histopathological features. Nonpulmonary anomalies involving organs of gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and genitourinary systems have been identified in approximately 80% of patients with ACD/MPV. We have collected DNA and pathological samples from more than 90 infants with ACD/MPV and their family members. Since the publication of our initial report of four point mutations and 10 deletions, we have identified an additional 38 novel nonsynonymous mutations of FOXF1 (nine nonsense, seven frameshift, one inframe deletion, 20 missense, and one no stop). This report represents an up to date list of all known FOXF1 mutations to the best of our knowledge. Majority of the cases are sporadic. We report four familial cases of which three show maternal inheritance, consistent with paternal imprinting of the gene. Twenty five mutations (60%) are located within the putative DNA-binding domain, indicating its plausible role in FOXF1 function. Five mutations map to the second exon. We identified two additional genic and eight genomic deletions upstream to FOXF1. These results corroborate and extend our previous observations and further establish involvement of FOXF1 in ACD/MPV and lung organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Sen
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Klein SL, Neilson KM, Orban J, Yaklichkin S, Hoffbauer J, Mood K, Daar IO, Moody SA. Conserved structural domains in FoxD4L1, a neural forkhead box transcription factor, are required to repress or activate target genes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61845. [PMID: 23610594 PMCID: PMC3627651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
FoxD4L1 is a forkhead transcription factor that expands the neural ectoderm by down-regulating genes that promote the onset of neural differentiation and up-regulating genes that maintain proliferative neural precursors in an immature state. We previously demonstrated that binding of Grg4 to an Eh-1 motif enhances the ability of FoxD4L1 to down-regulate target neural genes but does not account for all of its repressive activity. Herein we analyzed the protein sequence for additional interaction motifs and secondary structure. Eight conserved motifs were identified in the C-terminal region of fish and frog proteins. Extending the analysis to mammals identified a high scoring motif downstream of the Eh-1 domain that contains a tryptophan residue implicated in protein-protein interactions. In addition, secondary structure prediction programs predicted an α-helical structure overlapping with amphibian-specific Motif 6 in Xenopus, and similarly located α-helical structures in other vertebrate FoxD proteins. We tested functionality of this site by inducing a glutamine-to-proline substitution expected to break the predicted α-helical structure; this significantly reduced FoxD4L1’s ability to repress zic3 and irx1. Because this mutation does not interfere with Grg4 binding, these results demonstrate that at least two regions, the Eh-1 motif and a more C-terminal predicted α-helical/Motif 6 site, additively contribute to repression. In the N-terminal region we previously identified a 14 amino acid motif that is required for the up-regulation of target genes. Secondary structure prediction programs predicted a short β-strand separating two acidic domains. Mutant constructs show that the β-strand itself is not required for transcriptional activation. Instead, activation depends upon a glycine residue that is predicted to provide sufficient flexibility to bring the two acidic domains into close proximity. These results identify conserved predicted motifs with secondary structures that enable FoxD4L1 to carry out its essential functions as both a transcriptional repressor and activator of neural genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L. Klein
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Karen M. Neilson
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - John Orban
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sergey Yaklichkin
- Penn Center for Bioinformatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Hoffbauer
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Kathy Mood
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, NIH, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ira O. Daar
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, NIH, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sally A. Moody
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Yang M, Wei H, Zhao T, Wang X, Zhang A, Zhou H. Characterization of Foxp3 gene from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus): a rapamycin-inducible transcription factor in teleost immune system. Dev Comp Immunol 2012; 38:98-107. [PMID: 22613483 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we cloned grass carp foxp3 (gcfoxp3) gene including 5' flanking region and determined its expression profiles in vivo under immunosuppressive conditions. Sequence analysis revealed that the promoter of gcfoxp3 contains AP-1, AML-1/Runx1, NF-κb and GATA-3 binding sites, which positively or negatively regulate mammalian foxp3 expression. In addition, the intron II of gcfoxp3 contains some putative binding sites including AP-1, NFAT, Smad3, RAR, CREB/ATF and FOXO1, which are corresponding to their locations in the proximal intronic enhancers of human foxp3. In an in vivo model of grass carp, an immunosuppressive agent rapamycin was showed to stimulate gcfoxp3 mRNA expression in thymus, gill, head kidney and spleen after bacterial challenge. Moreover, rapamycin increased gcFoxp3 protein levels with an additive manner in the infected fish. These findings support the involvement of fish Foxp3 in immune response and highlight a possible signaling pathway that regulates teleost Foxp3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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Qin CR, Yao JL, Zhu WJ, Wu WQ, Xie JS. FOXE1 polyalanine tract length screening by MLPA in idiopathic premature ovarian failure. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2011; 9:158. [PMID: 22177572 PMCID: PMC3286416 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-9-158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND FOXE1 is one of the candidate genes for genetic predisposition to premature ovarian failure (POF) and it contains an alanine tract. Our purpose is to assess the influence of length of the alanine tract of FOXE1 on genetic susceptibility to POF. METHODS The group studied consisted of 110 Chinese patients with idiopathic POF and 110 women from normal controls. The polyalanine tract and flanking sequence of FOXE1 was screened using the Multiple Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA) technique and directly sequenced. RESULTS Three variants of FOXE1-polyalanine length, containing 12, 14, or 16 alanine residues, and 5 different genotypes were identified. There were significantly lower frequencies of the 14/14 genotypes in cases with POF (X2 = 119.73, P = 0.001), as compared with the controls. The incidence of 16/16 genotypes of FOXE1-polyalanine was significantly higher in patients with POF (X2 = 3.403, P = 0.001) in comparison to the controls. The FOXE1 14 alanine allele was significantly less common in the POF patient group (186/220) than the controls (216/220) (X2 = 25.923, P = 0.0001). The FOXE1 16 alanine allele was significantly more common in the POF patient group (28/220) than the controls (4/220) (X2 = 19.412, P = 0.0001). CONCLUSION This finding provides evidence that polyalanine repeat expansions in FOXE1 may be responsible for the genetic aetiology of POF in Chinese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-rong Qin
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, the Affiliated Shenzhen City Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Ji-long Yao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, the Affiliated Shenzhen City Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Wen-jie Zhu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, the Affiliated Shenzhen City Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Wei-qing Wu
- Department of Central Laboratory, the Affiliated Shenzhen City Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Jian-sheng Xie
- Department of Central Laboratory, the Affiliated Shenzhen City Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, PR China
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Wu CH, Chen S, Shortreed MR, Kreitinger GM, Yuan Y, Frey BL, Zhang Y, Mirza S, Cirillo LA, Olivier M, Smith LM. Sequence-specific capture of protein-DNA complexes for mass spectrometric protein identification. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26217. [PMID: 22028835 PMCID: PMC3197616 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of gene transcription is fundamental to the existence of complex multicellular organisms such as humans. Although it is widely recognized that much of gene regulation is controlled by gene-specific protein-DNA interactions, there presently exists little in the way of tools to identify proteins that interact with the genome at locations of interest. We have developed a novel strategy to address this problem, which we refer to as GENECAPP, for Global ExoNuclease-based Enrichment of Chromatin-Associated Proteins for Proteomics. In this approach, formaldehyde cross-linking is employed to covalently link DNA to its associated proteins; subsequent fragmentation of the DNA, followed by exonuclease digestion, produces a single-stranded region of the DNA that enables sequence-specific hybridization capture of the protein-DNA complex on a solid support. Mass spectrometric (MS) analysis of the captured proteins is then used for their identification and/or quantification. We show here the development and optimization of GENECAPP for an in vitro model system, comprised of the murine insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1 (IGFBP1) promoter region and FoxO1, a member of the forkhead rhabdomyosarcoma (FoxO) subfamily of transcription factors, which binds specifically to the IGFBP1 promoter. This novel strategy provides a powerful tool for studies of protein-DNA and protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hsien Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Siyuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Shortreed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Gloria M. Kreitinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Brian L. Frey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Yi Zhang
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Shama Mirza
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Lisa A. Cirillo
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Michael Olivier
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Lloyd M. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Genome Center of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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McKeone R, Vieira H, Gregory-Evans K, Gregory-Evans CY, Denny P. Foxf2: a novel locus for anterior segment dysgenesis adjacent to the Foxc1 gene. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25489. [PMID: 22022403 PMCID: PMC3192754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anterior segment dysgenesis (ASD) is characterised by an abnormal migration of neural crest cells or an aberrant differentiation of the mesenchymal cells during the formation of the eye's anterior segment. These abnormalities result in multiple tissue defects affecting the iris, cornea and drainage structures of the iridocorneal angle including the ciliary body, trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal. In some cases, abnormal ASD development leads to glaucoma, which is usually associated with increased intraocular pressure. Haploinsufficiency through mutation or chromosomal deletion of the human FOXC1 transcription factor gene or duplications of the 6p25 region is associated with a spectrum of ocular abnormalities including ASD. However, mapping data and phenotype analysis of human deletions suggests that an additional locus for this condition may be present in the same chromosomal region as FOXC1. DHPLC screening of ENU mutagenised mouse archival tissue revealed five novel mouse Foxf2 mutations. Re-derivation of one of these (the Foxf2W174R mouse lineage) resulted in heterozygote mice that exhibited thinning of the iris stroma, hyperplasia of the trabecular meshwork, small or absent Schlemm's canal and a reduction in the iridocorneal angle. Homozygous E18.5 mice showed absence of ciliary body projections, demonstrating a critical role for Foxf2 in the developing eye. These data provide evidence that the Foxf2 gene, separated from Foxc1 by less than 70 kb of genomic sequence (250 kb in human DNA), may explain human abnormalities in some cases of ASD where FOXC1 has been excluded genetically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard McKeone
- MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Helena Vieira
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Gregory-Evans
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Cheryl Y. Gregory-Evans
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Paul Denny
- MRC Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Georges A, Benayoun BA, Marongiu M, Dipietromaria A, L'Hôte D, Todeschini AL, Auer J, Crisponi L, Veitia RA. SUMOylation of the Forkhead transcription factor FOXL2 promotes its stabilization/activation through transient recruitment to PML bodies. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25463. [PMID: 22022399 PMCID: PMC3192040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background FOXL2 is a transcription factor essential for ovarian development and maintenance. It is mutated in the genetic condition called Blepharophimosis Ptosis Epicantus inversus Syndrome (BPES) and in cases of isolated premature ovarian failure. We and others have previously shown that FOXL2 undergoes several post-translational modifications. Methods and Principal Findings Here, using cells in culture, we show that interference with FOXL2 SUMOylation leads to a robust inhibition of its transactivation ability, which correlates with a decreased stability. Interestingly, FOXL2 SUMOylation promotes its transient recruitment to subnuclear structures that we demonstrate to be PML (Promyelocytic Leukemia) Nuclear Bodies. Since PML bodies are known to be sites where post-translational modifications of nuclear factors take place, we used tandem mass spectrometry to identify new post-translational modifications of FOXL2. Specifically, we detected four phosphorylated, one sulfated and three acetylated sites. Conclusions By analogy with other transcription factors, we propose that PML Nuclear Bodies might transiently recruit FOXL2 to the vicinity of locally concentrated enzymes that could be involved in the post-translational maturation of FOXL2. FOXL2 acetylation, sulfation, phosphorylation as well as other modifications yet to be discovered might alter the transactivation capacity of FOXL2 and/or its stability, thus modulating its global intracellular activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Georges
- Programme de Pathologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Institut Jacques Monod, UMR 7592 CNRS-Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
- Université Paris-Diderot/Paris VII, Paris, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Bérénice A. Benayoun
- Programme de Pathologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Institut Jacques Monod, UMR 7592 CNRS-Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
- Université Paris-Diderot/Paris VII, Paris, France
| | - Mara Marongiu
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Aurélie Dipietromaria
- Programme de Pathologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Institut Jacques Monod, UMR 7592 CNRS-Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
- Université Paris-Diderot/Paris VII, Paris, France
- Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI, Orsay, France
| | - David L'Hôte
- Programme de Pathologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Institut Jacques Monod, UMR 7592 CNRS-Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
- Université Paris-Diderot/Paris VII, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Laure Todeschini
- Programme de Pathologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Institut Jacques Monod, UMR 7592 CNRS-Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
- Université Paris-Diderot/Paris VII, Paris, France
| | - Jana Auer
- Faculté de Médecine Cochin-Port-Royal, Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Paris, France
| | - Laura Crisponi
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Reiner A. Veitia
- Programme de Pathologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Institut Jacques Monod, UMR 7592 CNRS-Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
- Université Paris-Diderot/Paris VII, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Kuo FT, Bentsi-Barnes IK, Barlow GM, Pisarska MD. Mutant Forkhead L2 (FOXL2) proteins associated with premature ovarian failure (POF) dimerize with wild-type FOXL2, leading to altered regulation of genes associated with granulosa cell differentiation. Endocrinology 2011; 152:3917-29. [PMID: 21862621 PMCID: PMC3176639 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Premature ovarian failure in the autosomal dominant disorder blepharophimosis-ptosis-epicanthus inversus is due to mutations in the gene encoding Forkhead L2 (FOXL2), producing putative truncated proteins. We previously demonstrated that FOXL2 is a transcriptional repressor of the steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR), P450SCC (CYP11A), P450aromatase (CYP19), and cyclin D2 (CCND2) genes, markers of ovarian follicle proliferation and differentiation. Furthermore, we found that mutations of FOXL2 may regulate wild-type FOXL2, leading to loss of transcriptional repression of CYP19, similar to StAR. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying these premature ovarian failure-associated mutations remain largely unknown. Therefore, we examined the effects of a FOXL2 mutant protein on the transcriptional repression of the CYP19 promoter by the full-length protein. We found that mutant FOXL2 exerts a dominant-negative effect on the repression of CYP19 by wild-type FOXL2. Both wild-type and mutant FOXL2 and can form homo- and heterodimers. We identified a minimal -57-bp human CYP19 promoter containing two potential FOXL2-binding regions and found that both wild-type and mutant FOXL2 can bind to either of these regions. Mutational analysis revealed that either site is sufficient for transcriptional repression by wild-type FOXL2, and the dominant-negative effect of mutant FOXL2, but these are eliminated when both sites are mutated. These findings confirm that mutant FOXL2 exerts a dominant-negative effect on wild-type FOXL2's activity as a transcriptional repressor of key genes in ovarian follicle differentiation and suggest that this is likely due to heterodimer formation and possibly also competition for DNA binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Ting Kuo
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8635 West Third Street, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
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43
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Bandukwala HS, Wu Y, Feurer M, Chen Y, Barbosa B, Ghosh S, Stroud JC, Benoist C, Mathis D, Rao A, Chen L. Structure of a domain-swapped FOXP3 dimer on DNA and its function in regulatory T cells. Immunity 2011; 34:479-91. [PMID: 21458306 PMCID: PMC3085397 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2010] [Revised: 12/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor FOXP3 is essential for the suppressive function of regulatory T cells that are required for maintaining self-tolerance. We have solved the crystal structure of the FOXP3 forkhead domain as a ternary complex with the DNA-binding domain of the transcription factor NFAT1 and a DNA oligonucleotide from the interleukin-2 promoter. A striking feature of this structure is that FOXP3 forms a domain-swapped dimer that bridges two molecules of DNA. Structure-guided or autoimmune disease (IPEX)-associated mutations in the domain-swap interface diminished dimer formation by the FOXP3 forkhead domain without compromising FOXP3 DNA binding. These mutations also eliminated T cell-suppressive activity conferred by FOXP3, both in vitro and in a murine model of autoimmune diabetes in vivo. We conclude that FOXP3-mediated suppressor function requires dimerization through the forkhead domain and that mutations in the dimer interface can lead to the systemic autoimmunity observed in IPEX patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hozefa S. Bandukwala
- Immune Disease Institute and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Yongqing Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Markus Feurer
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Yongheng Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Bianca Barbosa
- Immune Disease Institute and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Srimoyee Ghosh
- Immune Disease Institute and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - James C. Stroud
- Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | | | - Diane Mathis
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Anjana Rao
- Immune Disease Institute and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
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Zhang Z, Chi H, Niu C, Bøgwald J, Dalmo RA. Molecular cloning and characterization of Foxp3 in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2011; 30:902-909. [PMID: 21276855 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Foxp3 is a T cell-specific transcription factor and plays a key role in the development of Treg cells and in the immune regulatory process during inflammation. Here we report cloning and characterization of the full-length cDNA of Atlantic salmon Foxp3, which possesses a Forkhead domain, a zinc finger domain and a leucine-zipper domain as its counterpart in mammals. Foxp3 is highly expressed in thymus. Furthermore, regulated expression was observed in head kidney cells in response to β-glucan and mitogens (LPS and ConA), and in the head kidney, spleen and liver after intraperitoneal injection of live Aeromonas salmonicida. In addition, transfection of CHSE-214 cells with salmon Foxp3 fused with a C-termial RFP tag, resulted in the expression of the transgene in and close to the nuclei upon stimulation. Taken together, these results suggest the presence of a Foxp3 gene in Atlantic salmon that may be an important transcription factor in immune regulation, and further research may reveal the existence of Treg-like T cells in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuobing Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 100875 Beijing, China
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45
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Reimers-Kipping S, Hevers W, Pääbo S, Enard W. Humanized Foxp2 specifically affects cortico-basal ganglia circuits. Neuroscience 2010; 175:75-84. [PMID: 21111790 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
It has been proposed that two amino acid substitutions in the transcription factor FOXP2 have been positively selected during human evolution and influence aspects of speech and language. Recently it was shown that when these substitutions are introduced into the endogenous Foxp2 gene of mice, they increase dendrite length and long-term depression (LTD) in medium spiny neurons of the striatum. Here we investigated if these effects are found in other brain regions. We found that neurons in the cerebral cortex, the thalamus and the striatum have increased dendrite lengths in the humanized mice whereas neurons in the amygdala and the cerebellum do not. In agreement with previous work we found increased LTD in medium spiny neurons, but did not detect alterations of synaptic plasticity in Purkinje cells. We conclude that although Foxp2 is expressed in many brain regions and has multiple roles during mammalian development, the evolutionary changes that occurred in the protein in human ancestors specifically affect brain regions that are connected via cortico-basal ganglia circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Reimers-Kipping
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6,D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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46
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Murakami H, Aiba H, Nakanishi M, Murakami-Tonami Y. Regulation of yeast forkhead transcription factors and FoxM1 by cyclin-dependent and polo-like kinases. Cell Cycle 2010; 9:3233-42. [PMID: 20716958 DOI: 10.4161/cc.9.16.12599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the forkhead-box (Fox) family of transcription factors are present in many eukaryotes. More than 100 such proteins that share homology in the winged-helix DNA-binding domain have been identified in higher eukaryotes. This family of transcription factors is implicated in the regulation of a variety of cellular processes, including the cell cycle, apoptosis, DNA repair, stress resistance and metabolism. A subfamily of Fox proteins are required to activate expression of the genes encoding B-type cyclins, Cdc25 and Polo-like kinase (Plk) during the mitotic cell cycle and meiosis in organisms from yeast to mammals. These proteins are activators of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1). Cdk1 and Plk phosphorylate Fox and its associated proteins at different sites, resulting in activation or repression of Fox transcriptional activity, depending on the target genes. In addition to their documented transcriptional functions, Fox proteins are involved in the regulation of pre-mRNA processing, at least in yeast. In this review, we will focus on the role of Fox proteins in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe and budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in addition to the role of FoxM1 in mammals in the cell cycle and in pre-mRNA processing, as revealed in recent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Murakami
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan.
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47
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Smith GR, Shanley DP. Modelling the response of FOXO transcription factors to multiple post-translational modifications made by ageing-related signalling pathways. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11092. [PMID: 20567500 PMCID: PMC2886341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
FOXO transcription factors are an important, conserved family of regulators of cellular processes including metabolism, cell-cycle progression, apoptosis and stress resistance. They are required for the efficacy of several of the genetic interventions that modulate lifespan. FOXO activity is regulated by multiple post-translational modifications (PTMs) that affect its subcellular localization, half-life, DNA binding and transcriptional activity. Here, we show how a mathematical modelling approach can be used to simulate the effects, singly and in combination, of these PTMs. Our model is implemented using the Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML), generated by an ancillary program and simulated in a stochastic framework. The use of the ancillary program to generate the SBML is necessary because the possibility that many regulatory PTMs may be added, each independently of the others, means that a large number of chemically distinct forms of the FOXO molecule must be taken into account, and the program is used to generate them. Although the model does not yet include detailed representations of events upstream and downstream of FOXO, we show how it can qualitatively, and in some cases quantitatively, reproduce the known effects of certain treatments that induce various single and multiple PTMs, and allows for a complex spatiotemporal interplay of effects due to the activation of multiple PTM-inducing treatments. Thus, it provides an important framework to integrate current knowledge about the behaviour of FOXO. The approach should be generally applicable to other proteins experiencing multiple regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham R. Smith
- Henry Wellcome Laboratory for Biogerontology, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Daryl P. Shanley
- Henry Wellcome Laboratory for Biogerontology, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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48
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Anjum I, Eiberg H, Baig SM, Tommerup N, Hansen L. A mutation in the FOXE3 gene causes congenital primary aphakia in an autosomal recessive consanguineous Pakistani family. Mol Vis 2010; 16:549-55. [PMID: 20361012 PMCID: PMC2846847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Aphakia is the complete absence of any lens in the eye, either due to surgical removal of the lens as a result of a perforating wound or ulcer, or due to a congenital anomaly. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the molecular genetics for a large consanguineous Pakistani family with a clear aphakia phenotype. METHODS The initial homozygosity screening of the family was extended to all the known autosomal recessive cataract loci in order to exclude the possibility of surgical cataract removal leading to aphakia. The screening was performed using polymorphic nucleotide repeat markers, followed by DNA sequencing of a possible candidate gene, the forkhead box protein E3 gene (FOXE3). The identified mutation was counter-checked by a diagnostic restriction enzyme digest of all the family members, and an analysis of the normal population. RESULTS The initial homozygosity screening of 13 known autosomal recessive loci resulted in negative LOD (logarithm of odds) scores. The aphakia phenotype suggested a mutation in FOXE3 close to the AR-locus 1p34.3-p32.2, and sequence analyses revealed the nonsense mutation c.720C>A, changing cysteine 240 to a stop codon. Segregation in the family was shown by diagnostic restriction enzyme digest, and marker analysis of another aphakia family from Madagascar carrying the same mutation excluded the presence of a founder mutation. Clinical re-examination of the family was not possible due to the escalating security concerns and internal displacement of the population in this region of Pakistan which has prevailed for many months. CONCLUSIONS FOXE3 is responsible for the early developmental arrest of the lens placode, and the complete loss of a functional FOXE3 protein results in primary aphakia. It can also be deduced that this mutation is quite primitive in origin since the same mutation is responsible for the same phenotypic outcome in two families of geographically different descent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iram Anjum
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan
- The Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research, ICMM, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Hans Eiberg
- Section IV, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Shahid Mahmood Baig
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Niels Tommerup
- The Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research, ICMM, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Section IV, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Lars Hansen
- The Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research, ICMM, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Section IV, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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Fetterman CD, Mirzayans F, Walter MA. Characterization of a novel FOXC1 mutation, P297S, identified in two individuals with anterior segment dysgenesis. Clin Genet 2010; 76:296-9. [PMID: 19793056 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2009.01210.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Benayoun BA, Caburet S, Dipietromaria A, Georges A, D'Haene B, Pandaranayaka PJE, L'Hôte D, Todeschini AL, Krishnaswamy S, Fellous M, De Baere E, Veitia RA. Functional exploration of the adult ovarian granulosa cell tumor-associated somatic FOXL2 mutation p.Cys134Trp (c.402C>G). PLoS One 2010; 5:e8789. [PMID: 20098707 PMCID: PMC2808356 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The somatic mutation in the FOXL2 gene c.402C>G (p.Cys134Trp) has recently been identified in the vast majority of adult ovarian granulosa cell tumors (OGCTs) studied. In addition, this mutation seems to be specific to adult OGCTs and is likely to be a driver of malignant transformation. However, its pathogenic mechanisms remain elusive. Methodology/Principal Findings We have sequenced the FOXL2 open reading frame in a panel of tumor cell lines (NCI-60, colorectal carcinoma cell lines, JEG-3, and KGN cells). We found the FOXL2 c.402C>G mutation in the adult OGCT-derived KGN cell line. All other cell lines analyzed were negative for the mutation. In order to gain insights into the pathogenic mechanism of the p.Cys134Trp mutation, the subcellular localization and mobility of the mutant protein were studied and found to be no different from those of the wild type (WT). Furthermore, its transactivation ability was in most cases similar to that of the WT protein, including in conditions of oxidative stress. A notable exception was an artificial promoter known to be coregulated by FOXL2 and Smad3, suggesting a potential modification of their interaction. We generated a 3D structural model of the p.Cys134Trp variant and our analysis suggests that homodimer formation might also be disturbed by the mutation. Conclusions/Significance Here, we confirm the specificity of the FOXL2 c.402C>G mutation in adult OGCTs and begin the exploration of its molecular significance. This is the first study demonstrating that the p.Cys134Trp mutant does not have a strong impact on FOXL2 localization, solubility, and transactivation abilities on a panel of proven target promoters, behaving neither as a dominant-negative nor as a loss-of-function mutation. Further studies are required to understand the specific molecular effects of this outstanding FOXL2 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bérénice A. Benayoun
- Programme de Pathologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot/Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Caburet
- Programme de Pathologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot/Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Dipietromaria
- Programme de Pathologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot/Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Adrien Georges
- Programme de Pathologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot/Paris 7, Paris, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Barbara D'Haene
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - David L'Hôte
- Programme de Pathologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot/Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Laure Todeschini
- Programme de Pathologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot/Paris 7, Paris, France
| | | | - Marc Fellous
- Département de Génétique et Développement, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Elfride De Baere
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Reiner A. Veitia
- Programme de Pathologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot/Paris 7, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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