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Gwokyalya R, Nanteza A, Wagaba H, Kayondo SI, Kazigaba D, Nakabonge G. Morphological and genetic characterization of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) in the Kayunga and Luwero districts of Uganda. BMC Plant Biol 2024; 24:355. [PMID: 38724929 PMCID: PMC11080175 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05064-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) is an economically valuable fruit tree in Uganda. However, the production of jackfruit in Uganda is low. Additionally, because of deforestation, genetic erosion of the resource is predicted before its exploitation for crop improvement and conservation. As a prerequisite for crop improvement and conservation, 100 A. heterophyllus tree isolates from the Kayunga and Luwero districts in Uganda were characterized using 16 morphological and 10 microsatellite markers. RESULTS The results from the morphological analysis revealed variations in tree height, diameter at breast height (DBH), and crown diameter, with coefficient of variation (CV) values of 20%, 41%, and 33%, respectively. Apart from the pulp taste, variation was also observed in qualitative traits, including tree vigor, trunk surface, branching density, tree growth habit, crown shape, leaf blade shape, fruit shape, fruit surface, flake shape, flake color, flake flavor and pulp consistency/texture. Genotyping revealed that the number of alleles amplified per microsatellite locus ranged from 2 to 5, with an average of 2.90 and a total of 29. The mean observed (Ho) and expected (He) heterozygosity were 0.71 and 0.57, respectively. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that 81% of the variation occurred within individual trees, 19% among trees within populations and 0% between the two populations. The gene flow (Nm) in the two populations was 88.72. The results from the 'partitioning around medoids' (PAM), principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and genetic cluster analysis further revealed no differentiation of the jackfruit populations. The Mantel test revealed a negligible correlation between the morphological and genetic distances. CONCLUSIONS Both morphological and genetic analyses revealed variation in jackfruit within a single interbreeding population. This diversity can be exploited to establish breeding and conservation strategies to increase the production of jackfruit and hence boost farmers' incomes. However, selecting germplasm based on morphology alone may be misleading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Racheal Gwokyalya
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
- National Crops Resources Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Organization, P.O. Box 7084, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ann Nanteza
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Henry Wagaba
- National Crops Resources Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Organization, P.O. Box 7084, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Siraj Ismail Kayondo
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Eastern African Hub, P.O. Box 34441, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Dan Kazigaba
- National Forestry Resources Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Organization, P.O. Box 1752, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Grace Nakabonge
- College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
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Keller B, Jung M, Bühlmann-Schütz S, Hodel M, Studer B, Broggini GAL, Patocchi A. The genetic basis of apple shape and size unraveled by digital phenotyping. G3 (Bethesda) 2024; 14:jkae045. [PMID: 38441135 PMCID: PMC11075547 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkae045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Great diversity of shape, size, and skin color is observed among the fruits of different apple genotypes. These traits are critical for consumers and therefore interesting targets for breeding new apple varieties. However, they are difficult to phenotype and their genetic basis, especially for fruit shape and ground color, is largely unknown. We used the FruitPhenoBox to digitally phenotype 525 genotypes of the apple reference population (apple REFPOP) genotyped for 303,148 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. From the apple images, 573 highly heritable features describing fruit shape and size as well as 17 highly heritable features for fruit skin color were extracted to explore genotype-phenotype relationships. Out of these features, seven principal components (PCs) and 16 features with the Pearson's correlation r < 0.75 (selected features) were chosen to carry out genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for fruit shape and size. Four PCs and eight selected features were used in GWAS for fruit skin color. In total, 69 SNPs scattered over all 17 apple chromosomes were significantly associated with round, conical, cylindrical, or symmetric fruit shapes and fruit size. Novel associations with major effect on round or conical fruit shapes and fruit size were identified on chromosomes 1 and 2. Additionally, 16 SNPs associated with PCs and selected features related to red overcolor as well as green and yellow ground color were found on eight chromosomes. The identified associations can be used to advance marker-assisted selection in apple fruit breeding to systematically select for desired fruit appearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beat Keller
- Division of Plant Breeding, Agroscope, Mueller-Thurgau-Strasse 29, Waedenswil 8820, Switzerland
| | - Michaela Jung
- Division of Plant Breeding, Agroscope, Mueller-Thurgau-Strasse 29, Waedenswil 8820, Switzerland
- Molecular Plant Breeding, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitaetstrasse 2, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Simone Bühlmann-Schütz
- Division of Plant Breeding, Agroscope, Mueller-Thurgau-Strasse 29, Waedenswil 8820, Switzerland
| | - Marius Hodel
- Division of Plant Breeding, Agroscope, Mueller-Thurgau-Strasse 29, Waedenswil 8820, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Studer
- Molecular Plant Breeding, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitaetstrasse 2, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni A L Broggini
- Molecular Plant Breeding, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitaetstrasse 2, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Patocchi
- Division of Plant Breeding, Agroscope, Mueller-Thurgau-Strasse 29, Waedenswil 8820, Switzerland
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Izquierdo JV, Canaveze Y, Machado SR, Amorim FW. Anatomical, histochemical, and developmental approaches reveal the long-term functioning of the floral nectary in Tocoyena formosa (Rubiaceae). Naturwissenschaften 2024; 111:25. [PMID: 38647683 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-024-01909-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Tocoyena formosa has a persistent floral nectary that continues producing nectar throughout flower and fruit development. This plant also presents an intriguing non-anthetic nectary derived from early-developing floral buds with premature abscised corolla. In this study, we characterize the structure, morphological changes, and functioning of T. formosa floral nectary at different developmental stages. We subdivided the nectary into four categories based on the floral and fruit development stage at which nectar production started: (i) non-anthetic nectary; (ii) anthetic nectary, which follows the regular floral development; (iii) pericarpial nectary, derived from pollinated flowers following fruit development; and (iv) post-anthetic nectary that results from non-pollinated flowers after anthesis. The nectary has a uniseriate epidermis with stomata, nectariferous parenchyma, and vascular bundles, with a predominating phloem at the periphery. The non-anthetic nectary presents immature tissues that release the exudate. The nectary progressively becomes more rigid as the flower and fruit develop. The main nectary changes during flower and fruit development comprised the thickening of the cuticle and epidermal cell walls, formation of cuticular epithelium, and an increase in the abundance of calcium oxalate crystals and phenolic cells near the vascular bundles. Projections of the outer periclinal walls toward the cuticle in the post-anthetic nectary suggest nectar reabsorption. The anatomical changes of the nectary allow it to function for an extended period throughout floral and fruit development. Hence, T. formosa nectary is a bivalent secretory structure that plays a crucial role in the reproductive and defensive interactions of this plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana V Izquierdo
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (CONICET), Córdoba, X5000ZAA, Argentina
- Laboratório de Ecologia da Polinização e Interações (LEPI), Departamento de Biodiversidade e Bioestatística, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (Unesp), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Yve Canaveze
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Silvia Rodrigues Machado
- Laboratorio de Pesquisas em Anatomia Vegetal, Departamento de Biodiversidade e Bioestatística, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (Unesp), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe W Amorim
- Laboratório de Ecologia da Polinização e Interações (LEPI), Departamento de Biodiversidade e Bioestatística, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (Unesp), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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4
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Romanov MS, Bobrov AVFC, Iovlev PS, Roslov MS, Zdravchev NS, Sorokin AN, Romanova ES, Kandidov MV. Fruit and seed structure in the ANA-grade angiosperms: Ancestral traits and specializations. Am J Bot 2024; 111:e16264. [PMID: 38031509 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE The representatives of the ANA-grade angiosperms demonstrate a diverse pattern of morphological characters, but their apocarpous gynoecium (except in Nymphaeaceae), composed of at least partly ascidiate carpels, the four-nucleate and four-celled female gametophyte, and the diploid endosperm (except in Amborella) are inferred to be plesiomorphies. Since the structure of fruits in Austrobaileyales is under-investigated, this research aims to fill this gap in these data, describing the carpological characters of ANA-grade taxa, and potentially illuminating the ancestral fruit and seed types of angiosperms. METHODS The pericarp and seed coat anatomy was studied with light microscopy. The character optimization was carried out using WinClada software. RESULTS The fruits of Austrobaileya, Trimenia, Kadsura, and Schisandra are determined to be apocarpous berries of the Schisandra type, with a parenchymatous pericarp and mesotestal (Austrobaileya) or exomesotestal seeds (other genera). Most inferred scenarios of fruit evolution indicate that the apocarpous berry is either the most probable plesiomorphic fruit type of all angiosperms, or that of all angiosperms except Amborellaceae. This inference suggests the early origin of the berry in fruit evolution. The plesiomorphic seed type of angiosperms according to reconstructed scenarios of seed type evolution was either a seed lacking a sclerenchymatous layer or an exotestal seed. CONCLUSIONS The current research indicates that an apocarpous berry, and not a follicle, is a probable plesiomorphic character of the ANA-grade taxa and of angiosperms as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail S Romanov
- Laboratory of Tropical Plants, Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden of Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya st., 4, Moscow, 127276, Russia
| | - Alexey V F Ch Bobrov
- Department of Biogeography, Geographical Faculty, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - Peter S Iovlev
- Laboratory of Tropical Plants, Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden of Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya st., 4, Moscow, 127276, Russia
| | - Maxim S Roslov
- Department of Biogeography, Geographical Faculty, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - Nikita S Zdravchev
- Laboratory of Tropical Plants, Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden of Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya st., 4, Moscow, 127276, Russia
| | - Alexey N Sorokin
- Laboratory of Tropical Plants, Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden of Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya st., 4, Moscow, 127276, Russia
| | - Ekaterina S Romanova
- Botanical Garden, Biological Faculty, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - Maxim V Kandidov
- Department of Biogeography, Geographical Faculty, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
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Aguirre L, Hendelman A, Hutton SF, McCandlish DM, Lippman ZB. Idiosyncratic and dose-dependent epistasis drives variation in tomato fruit size. Science 2023; 382:315-320. [PMID: 37856609 PMCID: PMC10602613 DOI: 10.1126/science.adi5222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Epistasis between genes is traditionally studied with mutations that eliminate protein activity, but most natural genetic variation is in cis-regulatory DNA and influences gene expression and function quantitatively. In this study, we used natural and engineered cis-regulatory alleles in a plant stem-cell circuit to systematically evaluate epistatic relationships controlling tomato fruit size. Combining a promoter allelic series with two other loci, we collected over 30,000 phenotypic data points from 46 genotypes to quantify how allele strength transforms epistasis. We revealed a saturating dose-dependent relationship but also allele-specific idiosyncratic interactions, including between alleles driving a step change in fruit size during domestication. Our approach and findings expose an underexplored dimension of epistasis, in which cis-regulatory allelic diversity within gene regulatory networks elicits nonlinear, unpredictable interactions that shape phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsey Aguirre
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Anat Hendelman
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Samuel F. Hutton
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, USA
| | | | - Zachary B. Lippman
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
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6
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Stevenson PR, Acosta-Rojas DC, Cárdenas S, Francisco Henao-Díaz L. Variation in fruit and seed dimensions is better explained by dispersal system than by leaf size in a tropical rainforest. Am J Bot 2023; 110:e16211. [PMID: 37459470 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Variation in fruit and seed traits could originate from selection pressures exerted by frugivores or other ecological factors (adaptive hypotheses) and developmental constraints (by-product hypotheses) or chance. METHODS We evaluated fruit and leaf traits for nearly 850 plant species from a rainforest in Tinigua Park, Colombia. Through a series of linear regressions controlling for the phylogenetic signal of the traits (minimum N = 542), we tested (1) whether the allometry between seed width and length depends on seed dispersal system (Mazer and Wheelwright's adaptive hypothesis of allometry for species dispersed in the guts of animals = endozoochory) and (2) whether fruit length is associated with leaf length (i.e., Herrera's by-product hypothesis derived from the assumption that both organs develop from homologous structures). RESULTS We found a strong negative allometric association between seed width and length for seeds of endozoochorous species, as expected; but also, for anemochorous species. We found a positive relationship between fruit and leaf length, but this relationship was not evident for zoochorous species. Fruit size was highly correlated with seed size. CONCLUSIONS The allometry between seed length and width varied among dispersal systems, supporting that fruit and seed morphology has been modified by interactions with frugivores and by the possibility to rotate for some wind dispersed species. We found some support for the hypothesis on developmental constraints because fruit and leaf size were positively correlated, but the predictive power of the relationship was low (10-15%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo R Stevenson
- Centro de Investigaciones Ecológicas La Macarena, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diana C Acosta-Rojas
- Centro de Investigaciones Ecológicas La Macarena, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Goethe Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sasha Cárdenas
- Centro de Investigaciones Ecológicas La Macarena, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - L Francisco Henao-Díaz
- Centro de Investigaciones Ecológicas La Macarena, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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7
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Chen X, Qin Y, Jia D. The fruit morphometric variation and fruit type evolution of the stone oaks (Fagaceae, Lithocarpus). BMC Plant Biol 2023; 23:229. [PMID: 37120523 PMCID: PMC10148511 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04237-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The great species diversity of Lithocarpus is associated with interspecific fruit morphological variation, represented by acorn (AC) and enclosed receptacle (ER) fruit types. Species representing both fruit types co-occur in the same forests and share two distribution centers in southern China and southeastern Asia. The predation selection hypothesis suggests that the fruit morphological mechanical trade-off between two fruit types could represent divergent dispersal strategies under varied predation pressures. By integrating phylogenetic construction with fruit morphometric study, we tried to verify the predation selection hypothesis and elucidate the fruit type evolution of Lithocarpus, which is critical in interpreting the distribution and diversification of the genus. RESULTS We identified the functional trade-off between the two fruit types: ER species have bigger seeds which are enclosed mainly by receptacle representing stronger physical defense; whereas the seeds of AC species are smaller and enclosed mainly by thin pericarp representing lower mechanical protection. Despite some reversals from ER back to AC, the ancestral state reconstruction in combination with thermal analysis supports the hypothesis that ER is the derived fruit type from AC-like ancestors independently across all clades. CONCLUSION Our results support the predation selection hypothesis by verifying the mechanical trade-off between the two fruit types. We propose a divergent selection theory for the two fruit types: the seed size and mechanical defense of AC species become smaller, whereas those of ER species become larger and require more morphological modifications in the receptacle. This signified the importance of the receptacle in differentiating the two fruit types and in the fruit morphological modification through evolutionary time. We found that the ER-type species evolved independently in all clades and across varied climates from tropical to warm temperate regions. As ER fruits are products of convergent evolution, we propose to examine the predation and dispersal variation between two fruit types in the future to verify whether predation selection is the reason behind fruit type evolution of the stone oaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan, China.
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology and Institute of Biodiversity, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650504, Yunnan, China.
| | - Yuanyi Qin
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan, China
| | - Dongrui Jia
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan, China
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Beiro-Valenzuela M, Serrano-García I, Monasterio RP, Moreno-Tovar MV, Hurtado-Fernández E, González-Fernández JJ, Hormaza JI, Pedreschi R, Olmo-García L, Carrasco-Pancorbo A. Characterization of the Polar Profile of Bacon and Fuerte Avocado Fruits by Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: Distribution of Non-structural Carbohydrates, Quinic Acid, and Chlorogenic Acid between Seed, Mesocarp, and Exocarp at Different Ripening Stages. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:5674-5685. [PMID: 36988630 PMCID: PMC10103167 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Avocado fruit growth and development, unlike that of other fruits, is characterized by the accumulation of oil and C7 sugars (in most fruits, the carbohydrates that prevail are C6). There are five essential carbohydrates which constitute 98% of the total content of soluble sugars in this fruit; these are fructose, glucose, sucrose, d-mannoheptulose, and perseitol, which together with quinic acid and chlorogenic acid have been the analytes under study in this work. After applying an efficient extraction procedure, a novel methodology based on hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry was applied to determine the levels of these seven substances in tissues─exocarp, seed, and mesocarp─from avocado fruits of two different varieties scarcely studied, Bacon and Fuerte, at three different ripening stages. Quantitative characterization of the selected tissues was performed, and the inter-tissue distribution of metabolites was described. For both varieties, d-mannoheptulose was the major component in the mesocarp and exocarp, whereas perseitol was predominant in the seed, followed by sucrose and d-mannoheptulose. Sucrose was found to be more abundant in seed tissues, with much lower concentrations in avocado mesocarp and exocarp. Quinic acid showed a predominance in the exocarp, and chlorogenic acid was exclusively determined in exocarp samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- María
Gemma Beiro-Valenzuela
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Ave. Fuentenueva s/n, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Irene Serrano-García
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Ave. Fuentenueva s/n, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Romina P. Monasterio
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Ave. Fuentenueva s/n, Granada 18071, Spain
- Facultad
de Ciencias Agrarias, Instituto de Biología Agrícola
de Mendoza (IBAM), UNCuyo—CONICET, Chacras de Coria, Mendoza 5505, Argentina
| | - María Virginia Moreno-Tovar
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Ave. Fuentenueva s/n, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Elena Hurtado-Fernández
- Department
of Biological and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, Avda. de las Universidades s/n, Dos Hermanas, Sevilla 41704, Spain
| | - José Jorge González-Fernández
- Institute
for Mediterranean and Subtropical Horticulture (IHSM La Mayora-UMA-CSIC), Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga 29750, Spain
| | - José Ignacio Hormaza
- Institute
for Mediterranean and Subtropical Horticulture (IHSM La Mayora-UMA-CSIC), Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga 29750, Spain
| | - Romina Pedreschi
- Facultad
de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Escuela de Agronomía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Calle San Francisco S/N, La Palma, Quillota 2260000, Chile
- Millennium
Institute Center for Genome Regulation (CRG), Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Lucía Olmo-García
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Ave. Fuentenueva s/n, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Alegría Carrasco-Pancorbo
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Ave. Fuentenueva s/n, Granada 18071, Spain
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9
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Ding H, Zhou G, Zhao L, Li X, Wang Y, Xia C, Xia Z, Wan Y. Genome-Wide Association Analysis of Fruit Shape-Related Traits in Areca catechu. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054686. [PMID: 36902116 PMCID: PMC10003628 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The areca palm (Areca catechu L.) is one of the most economically important palm trees in tropical areas. To inform areca breeding programs, it is critical to characterize the genetic bases of the mechanisms that regulate areca fruit shape and to identify candidate genes related to fruit-shape traits. However, few previous studies have mined candidate genes associated with areca fruit shape. Here, the fruits produced by 137 areca germplasms were divided into three categories (spherical, oval, and columnar) based on the fruit shape index. A total of 45,094 high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified across the 137 areca cultivars. Phylogenetic analysis clustered the areca cultivars into four subgroups. A genome-wide association study that used a mixed linear model identified the 200 loci that were the most significantly associated with fruit-shape traits in the germplasms. In addition, 86 candidate genes associated with areca fruit-shape traits were further mined. Among the proteins encoded by these candidate genes were UDP-glucosyltransferase 85A2, the ABA-responsive element binding factor GBF4, E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase SIAH1, and LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase ERECTA. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that the gene that encoded UDP-glycosyltransferase, UGT85A2, was significantly upregulated in columnar fruits as compared to spherical and oval fruits. The identification of molecular markers that are closely related to fruit-shape traits not only provides genetic data for areca breeding, but it also provides new insights into the shape formation mechanisms of drupes.
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Karremans AP, Bogarín D, Fernández Otárola M, Sharma J, Watteyn C, Warner J, Rodríguez Herrera B, Chinchilla IF, Carman E, Rojas Valerio E, Pillco Huarcaya R, Whitworth A. First evidence for multimodal animal seed dispersal in orchids. Curr Biol 2023; 33:364-371.e3. [PMID: 36521493 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Identifying the mechanisms for seed dispersal and persistence of species is a central aim of ecology. Seed dispersal by animals is an essential form of dissemination in many plant communities, including seeds of over 66% of neotropical canopy tree species.1,2 Besides physical dispersal, animals influence seed germination probabilities through scarification, breaking dormancy, and preventing rotting, so plants often invest important resources in attracting them. Orchids are predominantly adapted to wind dispersal, having dust-like seeds that are easily uplifted. Exceptions include bird-,3,4 cricket-,5,6 and mammal-dispersed7 species, featuring fleshy fruits with hard seeds that germinate after passing the animal's digestive system. Given the similarity in fruit and seed morphology, zoochory has also been suggested in Vanilla,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15 a pantropical genus of 118 species with vine-like growth.16,17,18 We test this prediction through in situ and ex situ experimentation using fruits of Vanilla planifolia, and wild relatives, from which vanillin-a widely used natural aroma and flavoring-is obtained. Seeds from dehiscent fruits are removed by male Euglossini collecting fragrances, a unique case in plants, and female Meliponini bees gathering nest-building materials, a first among monocots. By contrast, mammals, mostly rodents, consume the nutritious indehiscent fruits, passing the seeds up to 18 h after consumption. Protocorm formation in digested and undigested seeds proves that scarification in the gut is not strictly required for germination. Multimodal seed dispersal mechanisms are proven for the first time in Orchidaceae, with ectozoochory and endozoochory playing crucial roles in the unusually broad distribution of Vanilla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P Karremans
- Lankester Botanical Garden (JBL), University of Costa Rica (UCR), P.O. Box 302-7050, Cartago, Costa Rica; Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Evolutionary Ecology Group, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Diego Bogarín
- Lankester Botanical Garden (JBL), University of Costa Rica (UCR), P.O. Box 302-7050, Cartago, Costa Rica; Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Evolutionary Ecology Group, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mauricio Fernández Otárola
- Biodiversity and Tropical Ecology Research Center (CIBET), School of Biology, University of Costa Rica (UCR), 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica
| | - Jyotsna Sharma
- Department of Plant Science, Texas Tech University, P.O. Box 79409, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Charlotte Watteyn
- Lankester Botanical Garden (JBL), University of Costa Rica (UCR), P.O. Box 302-7050, Cartago, Costa Rica; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, Box 2411, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jorge Warner
- Lankester Botanical Garden (JBL), University of Costa Rica (UCR), P.O. Box 302-7050, Cartago, Costa Rica
| | - Bernal Rodríguez Herrera
- Biodiversity and Tropical Ecology Research Center (CIBET), School of Biology, University of Costa Rica (UCR), 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica
| | - Isler F Chinchilla
- Lankester Botanical Garden (JBL), University of Costa Rica (UCR), P.O. Box 302-7050, Cartago, Costa Rica
| | - Ernesto Carman
- Selva Costa Rica, P.O. Box 1-7100, Paraíso, Cartago, Costa Rica
| | - Emmanuel Rojas Valerio
- Reserva Biológica Tirimbina, Calle 126, Apdo. 41002 La Virgen de Sarapiquí, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Ruthmery Pillco Huarcaya
- Osa Conservation, Osa Peninsula, Apdo. 54-8203 Puerto Jiménez, Golfito, Costa Rica; Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco (UNSAAC), Av. de La Cultura 773, Apdo. 08000 Cusco, Perú
| | - Andy Whitworth
- Osa Conservation, Osa Peninsula, Apdo. 54-8203 Puerto Jiménez, Golfito, Costa Rica; Department of Biology, Center for Energy, Environment, and Sustainability, Wake Forest University, 1834 Wake Forest Road, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
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11
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Rojas TN, Zampini IC, Isla MI, Blendinger PG. Fleshy fruit traits and seed dispersers: which traits define syndromes? Ann Bot 2022; 129:831-838. [PMID: 34918034 PMCID: PMC9292605 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Fruit traits and their inter-relationships can affect foraging choices by frugivores, and hence the probability of mutualistic interactions. Certain combinations of fruit traits that determine the interaction with specific seed dispersers are known as dispersal syndromes. The dispersal syndrome hypothesis (DSH) states that seed dispersers influence the combination of fruit traits found in fruits. Therefore, fruit traits can predict the type of dispersers with which plant species interact. Here, we analysed whether relationships of fruit traits can be explained by the DSH. To do so, we estimated the inter-relationships between morphological, chemical and display groups of fruit traits. In addition, we tested the importance of each trait group defining seed dispersal syndromes. METHODS Using phylogenetically corrected fruit trait data and fruit-seed disperser networks, we tested the relationships among morphological, chemical and display fruit traits with Pearson's correlations and phenotypic integration indices. Then, we used perMANOVA to test if the fruit traits involved in the analysis supported the functional types of seed dispersers. KEY RESULTS Morphological traits showed strong intragroup relationships, in contrast to chemical and display traits whose intragroup trait relationships were weak or null. Accordingly, only the morphological group of traits supported three broad seed disperser functional types (birds, terrestrial mammals and bats), consistent with the DSH. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our results give some support to the DSH. Here, the three groups of traits interacted in different ways with seed disperser biology. Broad functional types of seed dispersers would adjust fruit consumption to anatomical limitations imposed by fruit morphology. Once this anatomical filter is sovercome, seed dispersers use almost all the range of variation in chemical and display fruit traits. This suggests that the effect of seed dispersers on fruit traits is modulated by hierarchical decisions. First, morphological constraints define which interactions can actually occur; subsequently, display and composition determine fruit preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iris Catiana Zampini
- Instituto de Bioprospección y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán & CONICET, San Lorenzo 1469, 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Miguel Lillo 2005, 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - María Inés Isla
- Instituto de Bioprospección y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán & CONICET, San Lorenzo 1469, 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Miguel Lillo 2005, 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Pedro G Blendinger
- Instituto de Ecología Regional, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán & CONICET, CC 34, 4107 Yerba Buena, Tucumán, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Miguel Lillo 2005, 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
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12
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Vazquez DV, Pereira da Costa JH, Godoy FNI, Cambiaso V, Rodríguez GR. Genetic basis of the lobedness degree in tomato fruit morphology. Plant Sci 2022; 319:111258. [PMID: 35487666 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fruit shape is a key trait in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Since most studies focused on proximo-distal fruit morphology, we hypothesized that unknown QTLs for medio-lateral direction ones could be found analysing segregating populations where major shape genes are fixed. We examined the diversity of fruit morphology in medio-lateral direction; defined divergent traits in cultivars carrying identical genetic constitution at LC and FAS genes; and identified QTLs for lobedness degree (LD) by a QTL-seq approach. We found that LC and FAS genes were not enough to explain LD variability in a large tomato collection. Then, we derived F2 populations crossing cultivars divergent for LD where LC and FAS were fixed (Yellow Stuffer x Heinz 1439 [F2YSxH] and Voyage x Old Brooks [F2VxOB]). By QTL-seq we identified a QTL for LD on chromosome 8 in both F2, which was validated in F2YSxH by interval mapping accounting for ~ 17% of the variability. Other two QTLs located on chromosomes 6 and 11 with epistasis explained ~ 61% of the variability in the F2VxOB. In conclusion, three novel QTLs with major effect for LD (ld6, ld8, and ld11) were identified through the study of diversity and genetic segregation in intraspecific tomato crosses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana V Vazquez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario (IICAR-CONICET-UNR), Campo Experimental Villarino, S2125ZAA Zavalla, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Campo Experimental Villarino, S2125ZAA Zavalla, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Javier H Pereira da Costa
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario (IICAR-CONICET-UNR), Campo Experimental Villarino, S2125ZAA Zavalla, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Campo Experimental Villarino, S2125ZAA Zavalla, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Federico N I Godoy
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario (IICAR-CONICET-UNR), Campo Experimental Villarino, S2125ZAA Zavalla, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Vladimir Cambiaso
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario (IICAR-CONICET-UNR), Campo Experimental Villarino, S2125ZAA Zavalla, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Campo Experimental Villarino, S2125ZAA Zavalla, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Gustavo R Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario (IICAR-CONICET-UNR), Campo Experimental Villarino, S2125ZAA Zavalla, Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Campo Experimental Villarino, S2125ZAA Zavalla, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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13
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Gan SR, Guo JC, Zhang YX, Wang XF, Huang LJ. "Phoenix in Flight": an unique fruit morphology ensures wind dispersal of seeds of the phoenix tree (Firmiana simplex (L.) W. Wight). BMC Plant Biol 2022; 22:113. [PMID: 35279080 PMCID: PMC8917737 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03494-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many seed plants produce winged diaspores that use wind to disperse their seeds. The morphology of these diaspores is directly related to the seed dispersal potential. The majority of winged diaspores have flat wings and only seeds; however, some angiosperms, such as Firmiana produce winged fruit with a different morphology, whose seed dispersal mechanisms are not yet fully understood. In this study, we observed the fruit development of F. simplex and determined the morphological characteristics of mature fruit and their effects on the flight performance of the fruit. RESULTS We found that the pericarp of F. simplex dehisced early and continued to unfold and expand during fruit development until ripening, finally formed a spoon-shaped wing with multiple alternate seeds on each edge. The wing caused mature fruit to spin stably during descent to provide a low terminal velocity, which was correlated with the wing loading and the distribution of seeds on the pericarp. When the curvature distribution of the pericarp surface substantially changed, the aerodynamic characteristics of fruit during descent altered, resulting in the inability of the fruit to spin. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the curved shape and alternate seed distribution are necessary for the winged diaspore of F. simplex to stabilize spinning during wind dispersal. These unique morphological characteristics are related to the early cracking of fruits during development, which may be an adaptation for the wind dispersal of seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Rui Gan
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jun-Cheng Guo
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yun-Xiao Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Lan-Jie Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China.
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14
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Romero MF, Salas RM, Gonzalez AM. Floral anatomy, embryology, seed, and fruit development in Cephalanthus (Naucleeae-Rubiaceae), with emphasis on C. glabratus. Protoplasma 2022; 259:237-261. [PMID: 33990859 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01664-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Information on the reproductive anatomy in genera of the tribe Naucleeae, particularly Cephalanthus, is scarce and fragmented. Of the six species in the genus, only the mature megagamethophyte of Cephalanthus occidentalis has been described. This study aims to provide information on embryological aspects in flowers of C. glabratus and to analyze the morphology and anatomy of the flowers, fruit, and seed in the six species of the genus. Cephalanthus glabratus have imperfect flowers: pistillate (PF) and staminate (SF). In the PF, the ovules are functional, while in the SF, they atrophy during the formation of the embryo sac. The mature ovule has a single integument, corresponds to the Phyllis type and the embryo sac is a Polygonum type, forming only in the PF. The presence of pollenkitt and secondary presentation of pollen were observed in the SF, as well as in the pollen formation previously described, whereas in the PF, they are absent, due to the collapse of the pollen grains inside the indehiscent anthers. The analysis of the ontogeny of the ovular excrescence in C. glabratus determined its funicular origin, calling it an aril. Its development is a pre-anthesis event, initiated during megasporogenesis. In seeds, the aril is a fleshy, white appendage which almost completely envelops the seeds of Cephalanthus, except for Cephalanthus natalensis where it is noticeably more reduced. Studies of the fruit in Cephalanthus species indicate that the infructescence is a dry schizocarp which separates into uni-seminated mericarps, except in C. natalensis that has fleshy indehiscent fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Florencia Romero
- Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste (UNNE-CONICET), Sargento Cabral 2131, C. C. 209, C. P. 3400, Corrientes, Argentina.
| | - Roberto Manuel Salas
- Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste (UNNE-CONICET), Sargento Cabral 2131, C. C. 209, C. P. 3400, Corrientes, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura (FaCENA-UNNE), Avenida Libertad 5470, C. P. 3400, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Ana Maria Gonzalez
- Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste (UNNE-CONICET), Sargento Cabral 2131, C. C. 209, C. P. 3400, Corrientes, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias (UNNE), Sargento Cabral 2131, C. P. 3400, Corrientes, Argentina
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15
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Zhang C, Cui L, Fang J. Genome-wide association study of the candidate genes for grape berry shape-related traits. BMC Plant Biol 2022; 22:42. [PMID: 35057757 PMCID: PMC8772106 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03434-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the breeding of new horticultural crops, fruit shape is an important selection characteristic. A variety of fruit shapes appeared during the gradual process of selection and domestication. However, few studies have been conducted on grape berry shape, especially studies related to mining candidate genes. To discover candidate genes related to grape berry shape, the present study first took the berry shape parameters analyzed by Tomato Analyzer as the target traits and used a genome-wide association analysis to analyze candidate genes. RESULTS In total, 122 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci had significant correlations with multiple berry shape traits in both years, and some candidate genes were further mined. These genes were mainly related to LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase (At1g05700 and At1g07650), transcription factors (GATA transcription factor 23-like, transcription factor VIP1, transcription initiation factor TFIID, and MADS-box transcription factor 6), ubiquitin ligases (F-box protein SKIP19 and RING finger protein 44), and plant hormones (indole-3-acetic acid-amido synthetase GH3.6 and ethylene-responsive transcription factor ERF061). In addition, some important SNP loci were associated with multiple berry-shape traits. The study further revealed some genes that control multiple traits simultaneously, indicating that these berry shape traits are subject to the coordinated regulation of some genes in controlling berry shape. CONCLUSIONS In the present work, we identified interesting genetic determinants of grape berry shape-related traits. The identification of molecular markers that are closely related to these berry-shape traits is of great significance for breeding specific berry-shaped grape varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Liwen Cui
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Jinggui Fang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
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16
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Cheng Z, Liu Z, Xu Y, Ma L, Chen J, Gou J, Su L, Wu W, Chen Y, Yu W, Wang P. Fine mapping and identification of the candidate gene BFS for fruit shape in wax gourd (Benincasa hispida). Theor Appl Genet 2021; 134:3983-3995. [PMID: 34480584 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03942-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Non-synonymous mutations in the BFS gene, which encodes the IQD protein, are responsible for the shape of wax gourd fruits. Fruit shape is an important agronomic trait in wax gourds. Therefore, in this study, we employed bulked segregant analysis (BSA) to identify a candidate gene for fruit shape in wax gourds within F2 populations derived by crossing GX-71 (long cylindrical fruit, fruit shape index = 4.56) and MY-1 (round fruit, fruit shape index = 1.06) genotypes. According to BSA, the candidate gene is located in the 17.18 Mb region on chromosome 2. Meanwhile, kompetitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) markers were used to reduce it to a 19.6 Kb region. Only one gene was present within the corresponding region of the reference genome, namely Bch02G016830 (designated BFS). Subsequently, BFS was sequenced in six wax gourd varieties with different fruit shapes. Sequence analysis revealed two non-synonymous mutations in the round wax gourd and one non-synonymous mutation in the cylindrical wax gourd. Quantitative real‑time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis further showed that the expression of BFS in round fruits was significantly higher than in long cylindrical fruits at the ovary formation stage. Therefore, BFS is a candidate gene for determination wax gourd shape. The predicted protein encoded by the BFS gene belongs to the IQ67-domain protein family, which have the structural characteristics of scaffold proteins and coordinate Ca2+ CaM signaling from the membrane to the nucleus. Ultimately, two derived cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (dCAPS) markers were developed to facilitate marker-assisted selection for wax gourds breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikui Cheng
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Zhengguo Liu
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Yuanchao Xu
- SinoDutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lianlian Ma
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Jieying Chen
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Jiquan Gou
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Liwen Su
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Wenting Wu
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Institute for New Rural Development, Guangxi University, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Wenjin Yu
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Guangxi, 530004, China.
- Institute of Vegetables, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangxi, 530004, China.
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17
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Tanaka Y, Watachi M, Nemoto W, Goto T, Yoshida Y, Yasuba KI, Ohno S, Doi M. Capsaicinoid biosynthesis in the pericarp of chili pepper fruits is associated with a placental septum-like transcriptome profile and tissue structure. Plant Cell Rep 2021; 40:1859-1874. [PMID: 34283265 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02750-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
CAP biosynthesis in the pericarp of chili pepper fruits occurs with an ambiguous boundary in the placental septum and pericarp. Capsaicinoid (CAP) is a pungent ingredient of chili pepper fruits. Generally, CAP biosynthesis is limited to the placental septum of fruits, but it has been reported that its biosynthesis occurs even in the pericarp of some extremely pungent varieties, resulting in a substantial increase in total content. To examine the mechanism of CAP biosynthesis in the pericarp, comparative transcriptome analysis of a variety that produces CAP in the pericarp (MY) and a variety that does not (HB) was carried out. RNA-seq revealed that 2264 genes were differentially expressed in the MY pericarp compared with the HB pericarp. PCA analysis and GO enrichment analysis indicated that the MY pericarp has a gene expression profile more like placental septum than the HB pericarp. The gene expression of CAP biosynthesis-related genes in the MY pericarp changed coordinately with the placental septum during fruit development. In most Capsicum accessions including HB, the distribution of slender epidermal cells producing CAP was limited to the placental septum, and the morphological boundary between the placental septum and pericarp was clear. In some extremely pungent varieties such as MY, slender epidermal cells ranged from the placental septum to the pericarp region, and the pericarp was morphologically similar to the placental septum, such as the absence of large sub-epidermal cells and abundant spaces in the parenchymal tissue. Our data suggest that CAP biosynthesis in the pericarp occurred with an ambiguous boundary in the placental septum and pericarp. These findings contribute to further enhancement of CAP production in chili pepper fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Tanaka
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Mayuko Watachi
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Wakana Nemoto
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tanjuro Goto
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yuichi Yoshida
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Yasuba
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Sho Ohno
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Motoaki Doi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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18
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Li X, Wang Y, Jin L, Chen Z, Jiang J, Jackson A. Development of fruit color in Rubus chingii Hu (Chinese raspberry): A story about novel offshoots of anthocyanin and carotenoid biosynthesis. Plant Sci 2021; 311:110996. [PMID: 34482908 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rubus chingii, is widely distributed in many Asian countries and well known for its medicinal and dietary properties. Diversity of fruit color in raspberry has been attributed to the presence of either anthocyanins or carotenoids. In this study, we investigated anthocyanins and carotenoids, and their biosynthesis by LC-MS/MS. Six anthocyanins mainly consisted of flavanol-anthocyanins while five carotenoids mainly consisted of β-citraurin esters. Flavanol-anthocyanins were produced from an offshoot of the anthocyanin biosynthesis, which started with biosynthesis of flavanols and anthocyanidin by leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR)/anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS/LDOX) respectively. β-citraurin esters were produced from cleavage of zeaxanthin and esterification by organic acid, which was an offshoot of the carotenoid biosynthesis. The offshoot started with biosynthesis of zeaxanthin and β-citraurin by carotene β-hydroxylase (CHYB/LUT5) and carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (CCD) respectively. During fruit ripening, biosynthesis of flavanols and anthocyanins was down-regulated by genes/proteins involved in phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis, while biosynthesis of β-citraurin esters was up-regulated by imbalanced expression of genes/proteins involved in β,β-ring and β, ε-ring hydroxylation. Thus, β-citraurin esters, instead of anthocyanins imparted reddish color to the ripe fruit. These pigments and their biosynthesis in R. chingii are totally different from what occurs in other raspberry species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobai Li
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China.
| | - Yin Wang
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Liang Jin
- Zhejiang Institute of Landscape Plants and Flowers, Hangzhou, 311251, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, China
| | - Jingyong Jiang
- Taizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Linhai, 317000, China
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Rey-Serra P, Mnejja M, Monfort A. Shape, firmness and fruit quality QTLs shared in two non-related strawberry populations. Plant Sci 2021; 311:111010. [PMID: 34482914 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The cultivated strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) is an octoploid species (2n = 8x = 56), appreciated widely for its fruit. There have been very few studies on fruit quality traits, which are known to be mostly polygenic and environmentally dependent. To identify higher genetic variability, two non-related populations were genotyped: an F1 population cross between 'FC50' and 'FD54' and an F2 population cross between 'Camarosa' and 'Dover', hybridizing both with IStraw35k and IStraw90k SNP arrays, respectively. The F1 genetic map was constructed with 14595 SNPs and the F2 map with 7977 SNPs. High collinearity was observed when comparing one genetic map with the other and on comparing both with the octoploid genome. To assess fruit variability, both populations were phenotyped for shape, firmness, taste and other fruit traits over the 2016-2019 period. With QTL analyses, 33 stable QTLs were mapped in the 'FC50xFD54' population, and three hotspot regions were found for shape traits in LG3A, LG4D and LG6D. In the '21AF' population, only eight stable QTLs were detected. Despite that, two major and stable QTLs were mapped in the same interval of confidence for both populations. A shared fruit shape ratio QTL which explained around 25 % of trait variance was mapped in LG3A, and a shared firmness QTL explaining 26.9 % of trait variance in LG7C. For the first time, two QTLs were discovered in LG3A and LG4A for a phenotype neck without achenes. When analysing two different mapping populations, in addition to finding specific QTL regions for the studied traits, a narrowing down of the interval of confidence for the shared QTLs is achieved. As a result of this study, a new set of SNPs for fruit firmness and shape is now available for use in MAS in strawberry breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pol Rey-Serra
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mourad Mnejja
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amparo Monfort
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Barcelona, Spain.
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Zhao J, Gong P, Liu H, Zhang M, He C. Multiple and integrated functions of floral C-class MADS-box genes in flower and fruit development of Physalis floridana. Plant Mol Biol 2021; 107:101-116. [PMID: 34424500 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01182-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This work reveals potentially multiple and integrated roles in flower and fruit development of floral C-class MADS-box genes in Physalis. The Physalis fruit features a morphological novelty, the Chinese lantern. Floral C-class MADS-domain AGAMOUS-like (AG-like) proteins can interact with the identified regulators of this novel structure. However, the developmental role of the floral C-class genes is unknown in Physalis. Here, we characterized two AG-like genes from Physalis floridana, designated PFAG1 and PFAG2. The two paralogous genes shared around 61.0% of sequence identity and had similar expression domains, with different expression levels in the floral and berry development. However, the genes had distinct expression patterns in leaf and calyx development. Protein-protein interaction analyses revealed that PFAG1 and PFAG2 could commonly or specifically dimerize with certain floral MADS-domain proteins as well as non-MADS-domain proteins involved in various floral developmental processes. Gene downregulation analyses demonstrated that PFAG1 may repress PFAG2, but PFAG2 did not affect PFAG1. Downregulating PFAG1 led to incomplete floral homeotic variation in the stamens and carpels, and alteration of petal coloration pattern, while downregulating PFAG2 did not result in any floral homeotic variation. PFAG1 affected pollen maturation, while PFAG2 affected female fertility. However, simultaneously downregulating PFAG1 and PFAG2 caused loss of the complete C-function, indicating that the two PFAG genes interact to determine the identity and functionality of androecia and gynoecia organs. Their potential roles in regulating fruit size and the Chinese lantern are also discussed. Our results reveal functional divergence of floral C-class MADS-box genes in Physalis, demonstrating that they may play multiple and integrated roles in flower and fruit development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Life Science College, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Pichang Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Hongyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mingshu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chaoying He
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Xu P, Wang Y, Sun F, Wu R, Du H, Wang Y, Jiang L, Wu X, Wu X, Yang L, Xing N, Hu Y, Wang B, Huang Y, Tao Y, Gao Q, Liang C, Li Y, Lu Z, Li G. Long-read genome assembly and genetic architecture of fruit shape in the bottle gourd. Plant J 2021; 107:956-968. [PMID: 34043857 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria, Cucurbitaceae) is an important horticultural crop exhibiting tremendous diversity in fruit shape. The genetic architecture of fruit shape variation in this species remains unknown. We assembled a long-read-based, high-quality reference genome (ZAAS_Lsic_2.0) with a contig N50 value over 390-fold greater than the existing reference genomes. We then focused on dissection of fruit shape using a one-step geometric morphometrics-based functional mapping approach. We identified 11 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) responsible for fruit shape (fsQTLs), reconstructed their visible effects and revealed syntenic relationships of bottle gourd fsQTLs with 12 fsQTLs previously reported in cucumber, melon or watermelon. Homologs of several well-known and newly identified fruit shape genes, including SUN, OFP, AP2 and auxin transporters, were comapped with bottle gourd QTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Xu
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fengshuo Sun
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Rongling Wu
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Center for Statistical Genetics, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Huilong Du
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhong Wang
- Institute of Vegetables, Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Libo Jiang
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohua Wu
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinyi Wu
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liming Yang
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Nailin Xing
- Institute of Vegetables, Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Yaowen Hu
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Baogen Wang
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunping Huang
- Institute of Vegetables, Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Ye Tao
- Biozeron Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chengzhi Liang
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanwei Li
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhongfu Lu
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guojing Li
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Bai Y, Jiang M, Xie T, Jiang C, Gu M, Zhou X, Yan X, Yuan Y, Huang L. Archaeobotanical evidence of the use of medicinal cannabis in a secular context unearthed from south China. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 275:114114. [PMID: 33848611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE As one of the first plants used by ancient people, cannabis has been used for medicinal purposes for thousands of years. The long history of medicinal cannabis use contrasts with the paucity of archaeobotanical records. Moreover, physical evidence of medicinal cannabis use in a secular context is much rarer than evidence of medicinal cannabis use in religious or ritual activities, which impedes our understanding of the history of medicinal cannabis use. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aims to provide archaeobotanical evidence of medicinal cannabis use and analyse the specific medicinal usage of cannabis in a secular context in ancient times. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant remains were collected from the Laoguanshan Cemetery of the Han Dynasty in Chengdu, South China, with the archaeological flotation process and were identified based on morphological and anatomical characteristics. The examination of the medicinal significance of the remains relied on the investigation of the documentation on unearthed medical bamboo slips, the diseases of the tomb occupants, the cemetery's cultural background and Chinese historical records. RESULTS The botanical remains were accurately identified as cannabis. More than 120 thousand fruits were found, which represents the largest amount of cannabis fruit remains that have been statistically analysed from any cemetery in the world thus far. The cannabis fruits are suspected to have been used for medical purposes in a secular context and were most likely used to stop severe bleeding of the uterus and treat lumbago and/or arthralgia. CONCLUSIONS The cannabis fruit remains reported here likely represent the first physical evidence of medicinal cannabis use for the treatment of metrorrhagia, severe lumbago, and/or arthralgia. This study emphasizes the importance of the evidence of the diseases suffered by the occupants of the tomb in determining the medicinal use of cannabis in a secular context and contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the ancient history of medicinal cannabis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjun Bai
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Ming Jiang
- Chengdu Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Chengdu, 610071, China
| | - Tao Xie
- Chengdu Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Chengdu, 610071, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Man Gu
- Institute of China History of Medicine and Medical Literature, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Xinying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Xue Yan
- Chengdu Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Chengdu, 610071, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Luqi Huang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
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Yang L, Liu L, Wang Z, Zong Y, Yu L, Li Y, Liao F, Chen M, Cai K, Guo W. Comparative anatomical and transcriptomic insights into Vaccinium corymbosum flower bud and fruit throughout development. BMC Plant Biol 2021; 21:289. [PMID: 34167466 PMCID: PMC8223347 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03067-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) is characterized by the production of berries that are smaller than most common fruits, and the underlying mechanisms of fruit size in blueberry remain elusive. V. corymbosum 'O'Neal' and 'Bluerain' are commercial southern highbush blueberry cultivars with large- and small-size fruits, respectively, which mature 'O'Neal' fruits are 1 ~ 2-fold heavier than those of 'Bluerain'. In this study, the ontogenetical patterns of 'O'Neal' and 'Bluerain' hypanthia and fruits were compared, and comparative transcriptomic analysis was performed during early fruit development. RESULTS V. corymbosum 'O'Neal' and 'Bluerain' hypanthia and fruits exhibited intricate temporal and spatial cell proliferation and expansion patterns. Cell division before anthesis and cell expansion after fertilization were the major restricting factors, and outer mesocarp was the key tissue affecting fruit size variation among blueberry genotypes. Comparative transcriptomic and annotation analysis of differentially expressed genes revealed that the plant hormone signal transduction pathway was enriched, and that jasmonate-related TIFYs genes might be the key components orchestrating other phytohormones and influencing fruit size during early blueberry fruit development. CONCLUSIONS These results provided detailed ontogenetic evidence for determining blueberry fruit size, and revealed the important roles of phytohormone signal transductions involving in early fruit development. The TIFY genes could be useful as markers for large-size fruit selection in the current breeding programs of blueberry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, P. R. China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, P. R. China.
| | - Liangmiao Liu
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, P. R. China
| | - Zhuoyi Wang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zong
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, P. R. China
| | - Lei Yu
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, P. R. China
| | - Yongqaing Li
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, P. R. China
| | - Fanglei Liao
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, P. R. China
| | - Manman Chen
- Zhejiang College of Security Technology, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, P. R. China
| | - Kailing Cai
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, P. R. China
| | - Weidong Guo
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, P. R. China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, P. R. China.
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Vidak M, Lazarević B, Petek M, Gunjača J, Šatović Z, Budor I, Carović-Stanko K. Multispectral Assessment of Sweet Pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) Fruit Quality Affected by Calcite Nanoparticles. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11060832. [PMID: 34204908 PMCID: PMC8227421 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of the most important vegetable crops in the world because of the nutritional value of its fruits and its economic importance. Calcium (Ca) improves the quality of sweet pepper fruits, and the application of calcite nanoparticles in agricultural practice has a positive effect on the morphological, physiological, and physicochemical properties of the whole plant. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of commercial calcite nanoparticles on yield, chemical, physical, morphological, and multispectral properties of sweet pepper fruits using a combination of conventional and novel image-based nondestructive methods of fruit quality analysis. In the field trial, two sweet pepper cultivars, i.e., Šorokšari and Kurtovska kapija, were treated with commercial calcite nanoparticles (at a concentration of 3% and 5%, calcite-based foliar fertilizer (positive control), and water (negative control) three times during vegetation). Sweet pepper fruits were harvested at the time of technological and physiological maturity. Significant differences were observed between pepper cultivars as well as between harvests times. In general, application of calcite nanoparticles reduced yield and increased fruit firmness. However, different effects of calcite nanoparticles were observed on almost all properties depending on the cultivar. In Šorokšari, calcite nanoparticles and calcite-based foliar fertilizers significantly increased N, P, K, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu at technological maturity, as well as P, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, and N at physiological maturity. However, in Kurtovska kapija, the treatments increased only Ca at technological maturity and only P at physiological maturity. The effect of treatments on fruit morphological properties was observed only at the second harvest. In Šorokšari, calcite nanoparticles (3% and 5%) increased the fruit length, minimal circle area, and minimal circle radius, and it decreased the fruit width and convex hull compared to the positive and negative controls, respectively. In Kurtovska kapija, calcite nanoparticles increased the fruit width and convex hull compared to the controls. At physiological maturity, lower anthocyanin and chlorophyll indices were found in Kurtovska kapija in both treatments with calcite nanoparticles, while in Šorokšari, the opposite effects were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Vidak
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding (CoE CroP-BioDiv), Svetošimunska Cesta 25, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.V.); (B.L.); (Z.Š.); (K.C.-S.)
| | - Boris Lazarević
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding (CoE CroP-BioDiv), Svetošimunska Cesta 25, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.V.); (B.L.); (Z.Š.); (K.C.-S.)
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska Cesta 25, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Marko Petek
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska Cesta 25, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Jerko Gunjača
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding (CoE CroP-BioDiv), Svetošimunska Cesta 25, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.V.); (B.L.); (Z.Š.); (K.C.-S.)
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska Cesta 25, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Zlatko Šatović
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding (CoE CroP-BioDiv), Svetošimunska Cesta 25, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.V.); (B.L.); (Z.Š.); (K.C.-S.)
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska Cesta 25, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Ivica Budor
- Agroledina j.d.o.o., Prigorska 32, Moravče, HR-10363 Belovar, Croatia;
| | - Klaudija Carović-Stanko
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding (CoE CroP-BioDiv), Svetošimunska Cesta 25, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.V.); (B.L.); (Z.Š.); (K.C.-S.)
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska Cesta 25, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
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Qiao H, Zhang H, Wang Z, Shen Y. Fig fruit ripening is regulated by the interaction between ethylene and abscisic acid. J Integr Plant Biol 2021; 63:553-569. [PMID: 33421307 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fleshy fruit ripening is typically regulated by ethylene in climacteric fruits and abscisic acid (ABA) in non-climacteric fruits. Common fig (Ficus carica) shows a dual-ripening mechanism, which is not fully understood. Here, we detected separate peaks of ethylene and ABA in fig fruits at the onset- and on-ripening stages, in conjunction with a sharp rise in glucose and fructose contents. In a newly-designed split-fruit system, exogenous ethylene failed to rescue fluridone-inhibited fruit ripening, whereas exogenous ABA rescued 2-amino-ethoxy-vinyl glycine (AVG)-inhibited fruit ripening. Transcriptome analysis revealed changes in the expression of genes key to both ABA and ethylene biosynthesis and perception during fig fruit ripening. At the de-greening stage, downregulation of FcACO2 or FcPYL8 retarded ripening, but downregulation of FcETR1/2 did not; unexpectedly, downregulation of FcAAO3 promoted ripening, but it inhibited ripening only before the de-greening stage. Furthermore, we detected an increase in ethylene emissions in the FcAAO3-RNAi ripening fruit and a decrease in ABA levels in the FcACO2-RNAi unripening fruit. Importantly, FcPYL8 can bind to ABA, suggesting that it functions as an ABA receptor. Our findings support the hypothesis that ethylene regulates the fig fruit ripening in an ABA-dependent manner. We propose a model for the role of the ABA-ethylene interaction in climacteric/non-climacteric processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Qiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Zhun Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yuanyue Shen
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
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Guan J, Xu Y, Yu Y, Fu J, Ren F, Guo J, Zhao J, Jiang Q, Wei J, Xie H. Genome structure variation analyses of peach reveal population dynamics and a 1.67 Mb causal inversion for fruit shape. Genome Biol 2021; 22:13. [PMID: 33402202 PMCID: PMC7784018 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-020-02239-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Structural variations (SVs), a major resource of genomic variation, can have profound consequences on phenotypic variation, yet the impacts of SVs remain largely unexplored in crops. RESULTS Here, we generate a high-quality de novo genome assembly for a flat-fruit peach cultivar and produce a comprehensive SV map for peach, as a high proportion of genomic sequence is occupied by heterozygous SVs in the peach genome. We conduct population-level analyses that indicate SVs have undergone strong purifying selection during peach domestication, and find evidence of positive selection, with a significant preference for upstream and intronic regions during later peach improvement. We perform a SV-based GWAS that identifies a large 1.67-Mb heterozygous inversion that segregates perfectly with flat-fruit shape. Mechanistically, this derived allele alters the expression of the PpOFP2 gene positioned near the proximal breakpoint of the inversion, and we confirm in transgenic tomatoes that PpOFP2 is causal for flat-fruit shape. CONCLUSIONS Thus, beyond introducing new genomics resources for peach research, our study illustrates how focusing on SV data can drive basic functional discoveries in plant science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiantao Guan
- Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaoguang Xu
- Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yu
- Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Fu
- Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Ren
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiying Guo
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbo Zhao
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Jiang
- Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianhua Wei
- Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hua Xie
- Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Musse M, Bidault K, Quellec S, Brunel B, Collewet G, Cambert M, Bertin N. Spatial and temporal evolution of quantitative magnetic resonance imaging parameters of peach and apple fruit - relationship with biophysical and metabolic traits. Plant J 2021; 105:62-78. [PMID: 33095963 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Fruits are complex organs that are spatially regulated during development. Limited phenotyping capacity at cell and tissue levels is one of the main obstacles to our understanding of the coordinated regulation of the processes involved in fruit growth and quality. In this study, the spatial evolution of biophysical and metabolic traits of peach and apple fruit was investigated during fruit development. In parallel, the multi-exponential relaxation times and apparent microporosity were assessed by quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The aim was to identify the possible relationships between MRI parameters and variations in the structure and composition of fruit tissues during development so that transverse relaxation could be proposed as a biomarker for the assessment of the structural and functional evolution of fruit tissues during growth. The study provides species-specific data on developmental and spatial variations in density, cell number and size distribution, insoluble and soluble compound accumulation and osmotic and water potential in the fruit mesocarp. Magnetic resonance imaging was able to capture tissue evolution and the development of pericarp heterogeneity by accessing information on cell expansion, water status and distribution at cell level, and microporosity. Changes in vacuole-related transverse relaxation rates were mostly explained by cell/vacuole size. The impact of cell solute composition, microporosity and membrane permeability on relaxation times is also discussed. The results demonstrate the usefulness of MRI as a tool to phenotype fruits and to access important physiological data during development, including information on spatial variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Musse
- INRAE UR OPAALE, 17, Rue de Cucillé, Rennes, 35044, France
| | - Kévin Bidault
- INRAE UR OPAALE, 17, Rue de Cucillé, Rennes, 35044, France
- INRAE UR1115 Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles - Site Agroparc, Avignon, 84914, France
| | | | - Béatrice Brunel
- INRAE UR1115 Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles - Site Agroparc, Avignon, 84914, France
| | | | | | - Nadia Bertin
- INRAE UR1115 Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles - Site Agroparc, Avignon, 84914, France
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Sen N, Biswas K, Sinha SN. Assessment of genetic divergence through cluster analysis of chilli varieties. J Biosci 2021; 46:52. [PMID: 34148875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Our study on genetic diversity was conducted with six chilli genotypes with inter- and intra-specific cross varieties of the three most popular chilli species (Capsicum annuum L., Capsicum chinense Jacq., and Capsicum frutescens L.). Twelve quantitative characters, viz. plant height (cm), primary branches, secondary branches, number of flowers, number of fruits/plant; dry fruit weight (g), fruit length (cm), fruit diameter (cm), pedicel length (cm), pericarp thickness (mm), seeds/fruit, and seed weight (g), were taken into consideration. The analysis of variance revealed considerable variability among the genotypes for the character studied. Cluster analysis was used for grouping of parental and hybrid chilli genotypes under the study grouped into five clusters. Cluster I had the maximum (12) and clusters IVand V had the minimum number (1) of genotypes. The inter-cluster D2 values ranged between 40.404 and 127.530. The minimum inter-cluster distance was between clusters III and IV (40.404). The maximum inter-cluster distance was observed between clusters II and V (127.53). Diversity pattern and other horticultural performance among the genotypes of new varieties were generated due to the cross between Local Line Mahadev Pramanick and Sukhia bullet and also the cross between Local Line Mahadev Pramanick and Habanero orange (cluster II) as well as single parental variety i.e. Habanero orange. These genotypes were identified as promising varieties with respect to various characters may be taken into consideration as better parents for an efficient hybridization programme of chilli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabarun Sen
- Environmental Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, West Bengal, India
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Akagi T, Onishi M, Masuda K, Kuroki R, Baba K, Takeshita K, Suzuki T, Niikawa T, Uchida S, Ise T. Explainable Deep Learning Reproduces a 'Professional Eye' on the Diagnosis of Internal Disorders in Persimmon Fruit. Plant Cell Physiol 2020; 61:1967-1973. [PMID: 32845307 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent rapid progress in deep neural network techniques has allowed recognition and classification of various objects, often exceeding the performance of the human eye. In plant biology and crop sciences, some deep neural network frameworks have been applied mainly for effective and rapid phenotyping. In this study, beyond simple optimizations of phenotyping, we propose an application of deep neural networks to make an image-based internal disorder diagnosis that is hard even for experts, and to visualize the reasons behind each diagnosis to provide biological interpretations. Here, we exemplified classification of calyx-end cracking in persimmon fruit by using five convolutional neural network models with various layer structures and examined potential analytical options involved in the diagnostic qualities. With 3,173 visible RGB images from the fruit apex side, the neural networks successfully made the binary classification of each degree of disorder, with up to 90% accuracy. Furthermore, feature visualizations, such as Grad-CAM and LRP, visualize the regions of the image that contribute to the diagnosis. They suggest that specific patterns of color unevenness, such as in the fruit peripheral area, can be indexes of calyx-end cracking. These results not only provided novel insights into indexes of fruit internal disorders but also proposed the potential applicability of deep neural networks in plant biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Akagi
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
| | - Masanori Onishi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Kanae Masuda
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
| | | | - Kohei Baba
- Kyusyu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | | | - Tetsuya Suzuki
- Gifu Prefectural Agricultural Technology Center, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takeshi Niikawa
- Gifu Prefectural Agricultural Technology Center, Gifu, Japan
| | | | - Takeshi Ise
- Field Science Education and Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
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30
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Mannino G, Campobenedetto C, Vigliante I, Contartese V, Gentile C, Bertea CM. The Application of a Plant Biostimulant Based on Seaweed and Yeast Extract Improved Tomato Fruit Development and Quality. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1662. [PMID: 33322680 PMCID: PMC7763504 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant biostimulants are under investigation as innovative products to improve plant production and fruit quality, without resulting in environmental and food contaminations. Here, the effects of the application of Expando, a biostimulant based on seaweed and yeast extracts, on plant productivity, fruit ripening times, and fruit quality of Solanum lycopersicum var. Micro-Tom were evaluated. After biostimulant treatment, a two-week reduction of ripening times and a concomitant enhancement of the production percentage during the earliest ripening times, in terms of both fruit yield (+110%) and size (+85%), were observed. Concerning fruit quality, proximate analysis showed that tomatoes treated with the biostimulant had better nutritional composition compared to untreated samples, since both the quality of unsatured fatty acids (C16:3ω3: +328%; C18:2ω6: -23%) and micronutrients essential for human health (Fe: +14%; Cu: +21%; Zn: +24%) were increased. From a nutraceutical point of view, despite strong changes in bioactive compound profile not being observed, an increase of the antioxidant properties was recorded in fruits harvested by plants treated with the biostimulant (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS): +38%; 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH): +11%). In conclusion, the biostimulant application was able to reduce the ripening times and fruit size, while slightly increasing nutritional and nutraceutical values, leading to more marketable tomato fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Mannino
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Innovation Centre, Plant Physiology Unit, University of Turin, 10135 Turin, Italy; (G.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Cristina Campobenedetto
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Innovation Centre, Plant Physiology Unit, University of Turin, 10135 Turin, Italy; (G.M.); (C.C.)
- Green Has Italia S.p.A, 12043 Canale (CN), Italy (I.V.); (V.C.)
| | - Ivano Vigliante
- Green Has Italia S.p.A, 12043 Canale (CN), Italy (I.V.); (V.C.)
| | | | - Carla Gentile
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Cinzia M. Bertea
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Innovation Centre, Plant Physiology Unit, University of Turin, 10135 Turin, Italy; (G.M.); (C.C.)
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31
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Fich EA, Fisher J, Zamir D, Rose JKC. Transpiration from Tomato Fruit Occurs Primarily via Trichome-Associated Transcuticular Polar Pores. Plant Physiol 2020; 184:1840-1852. [PMID: 33051266 PMCID: PMC7723074 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.01105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nonstomatal water loss by transpiration through the hydrophobic cuticle is ubiquitous in land plants, but the pathways along which this occurs have not been identified. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) provides an excellent system in which to study this phenomenon, as its fruit are astomatous and a major target for desiccation resistance to enhance shelf life. We screened a tomato core collection of 398 accessions from around the world and selected seven cultivars that collectively exhibited the lowest and highest degrees of transpirational water loss for a more detailed study. The transpirational differences between these lines reflected the permeances of their isolated cuticles, but this did not correlate with various measures of cuticle abundance or composition. Rather, we found that fruit cuticle permeance has a strong dependence on the abundance of microscopic polar pores. We further observed that these transcuticular pores are associated with trichomes and are exposed when the trichomes are dislodged, revealing a previously unreported link between fruit trichome density and transpirational water loss. During postharvest storage, limited self-sealing of the pores was detected for certain cultivars, in contrast with the stem scar, which healed relatively rapidly. The abundance of trichome-associated pores, together with their self-sealing capacity, presents a promising target for breeding or engineering efforts to reduce fruit transpirational water loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Fich
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Josef Fisher
- Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Dani Zamir
- Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Jocelyn K C Rose
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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Richter R, Rossmann S, Gabriel D, Töpfer R, Theres K, Zyprian E. Differential expression of transcription factor- and further growth-related genes correlates with contrasting cluster architecture in Vitis vinifera 'Pinot Noir' and Vitis spp. genotypes. Theor Appl Genet 2020; 133:3249-3272. [PMID: 32812062 PMCID: PMC7567691 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-020-03667-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is an economically important crop that needs to comply with high quality standards for fruit, juice and wine production. Intense plant protection is required to avoid fungal damage. Grapevine cultivars with loose cluster architecture enable reducing protective treatments due to their enhanced resilience against fungal infections, such as Botrytis cinerea-induced gray mold. A recent study identified transcription factor gene VvGRF4 as determinant of pedicel length, an important component of cluster architecture, in samples of two loose and two compact quasi-isogenic 'Pinot Noir' clones. Here, we extended the analysis to 12 differently clustered 'Pinot Noir' clones from five diverse clonal selection programs. Differential gene expression of these clones was studied in three different locations over three seasons. Two phenotypically opposite clones were grown at all three locations and served for standardization. Data were correlated with the phenotypic variation of cluster architecture sub-traits. A set of 14 genes with consistent expression differences between loosely and compactly clustered clones-independent from season and location-was newly identified. These genes have annotations related to cellular growth, cell division and auxin metabolism and include two more transcription factor genes, PRE6 and SEP1-like. The differential expression of VvGRF4 in relation to loose clusters was exclusively found in 'Pinot Noir' clones. Gene expression studies were further broadened to phenotypically contrasting F1 individuals of an interspecific cross and OIV reference varieties of loose cluster architecture. This investigation confirmed PRE6 and six growth-related genes to show differential expression related to cluster architecture over genetically divergent backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Richter
- Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof, Julius Kühn Institute, 76833, Siebeldingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Rossmann
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Doreen Gabriel
- Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Crop and Soil Science, Julius Kühn Institute, Bundesallee 58, 38116, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Reinhard Töpfer
- Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof, Julius Kühn Institute, 76833, Siebeldingen, Germany
| | - Klaus Theres
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eva Zyprian
- Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof, Julius Kühn Institute, 76833, Siebeldingen, Germany.
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Bonhomme V, Picq S, Ivorra S, Evin A, Pastor T, Bacilieri R, Lacombe T, Figueiral I, Terral JF, Bouby L. Eco-evo-devo implications and archaeobiological perspectives of trait covariance in fruits of wild and domesticated grapevines. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239863. [PMID: 33156832 PMCID: PMC7647109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenotypic changes that occurred during the domestication and diversification of grapevine are well known, particularly changes in seed morphology, but the functional causes and consequences behind these variations are poorly understood. Wild and domesticate grapes differ, among others, in the form of their pips: wild grapes produce roundish pips with short stalks and cultivated varieties have more elongated pips with longer stalks. Such variations of form are of first importance for archaeobotany since the pip form is, most often, the only remaining information in archaeological settings. This study aims to enlighten archaeobotanical record and grapevine pip development by better understanding how size and shape (co)variates between pip and berry in both wild and domesticated Vitis vinifera. The covariation of berry size, number of seeds per berry (“piposity”), pip size and pip shape were explored on 49 grapevine accessions sampled among Euro-Mediterranean traditional cultivars and wild grapevines. We show that for wild grapevine, the higher the piposity, the bigger the berry and the more elongated the pip. For both wild and domesticated grapevine, the longer is the pip, the more it has a “domesticated” shape. Consequences for archaeobotanical studies are tested and discussed, and these covariations allowed the inference of berry dimensions from archaeological pips from a Southern France Roman site. This systematic exploration sheds light on new aspects of pip-berry relationship, in both size and shape, on grapevine eco-evo-devo changes during domestication, and invites to explore further the functional ecology of grapevine pip and berry and notably the impact of cultivation practices and human selection on grapevine morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Bonhomme
- ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Équipe « Dynamique de la biodiversité, anthropo-écologie », CC065 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Sandrine Picq
- ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Équipe « Dynamique de la biodiversité, anthropo-écologie », CC065 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Natural Resources Canada, Québec, Canada
| | - Sarah Ivorra
- ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Équipe « Dynamique de la biodiversité, anthropo-écologie », CC065 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Allowen Evin
- ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Équipe « Dynamique de la biodiversité, anthropo-écologie », CC065 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Thierry Pastor
- ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Équipe « Dynamique de la biodiversité, anthropo-écologie », CC065 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Roberto Bacilieri
- UMR AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Equipe « Diversité, Adaptation et Amélioration de la Vigne », Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Lacombe
- UMR AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Equipe « Diversité, Adaptation et Amélioration de la Vigne », Montpellier, France
| | - Isabel Figueiral
- ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Équipe « Dynamique de la biodiversité, anthropo-écologie », CC065 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jean-Frédéric Terral
- ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Équipe « Dynamique de la biodiversité, anthropo-écologie », CC065 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Laurent Bouby
- ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Équipe « Dynamique de la biodiversité, anthropo-écologie », CC065 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Zhao W, Gao L, Li Y, Wang M, Zhang L, Zhao L. Yellow-fruited phenotype is caused by 573 bp insertion at 5' UTR of YFT1 allele in yft1 mutant tomato. Plant Sci 2020; 300:110637. [PMID: 33180715 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The yft1 tomato mutant has a yellow-fruited phenotype controlled by a recessive gene of YFT1 allele, which has been shown by map-based cloning to be a homolog of ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 2 (EIN2). Genetic lesion of YFT1 allele in yft1 is attributed to a 573 bp DNA fragment (IF573) insertion at 1,200 bp downstream of the transcription start site. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that YFT1 lesion resulted in 5,053 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in yft1 pericarp compared with the M82 wild type cultivar. These were annotated as being involved in ethylene synthesis, chromoplast development, and carotenoid synthesis. The YFT1 lesion caused a reduction in its own transcript levels in yft1 and impaired ethylene emission and signal transduction, delayed chromoplast development and decreased carotenoid accumulation. The molecular mechanism underlying the downregulated YFT1 allele in yft1 was examined at both RNA and DNA levels. The IF573 event appeared to introduce two negative regulatory sequences located at -272 to -173 bp and -172 to -73 bp in the YFT1 allele promoter, causing alterative splicing due to introduction of aberrant splicing sites, and breaking upstream open reading frames (uORF) structure in the 5'-UTR. Those results a new provided insight into molecular regulation of color formation in tomato fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Zhao
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China; Joint Tomato Research Institute, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yuhang Li
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China; Joint Tomato Research Institute, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Minghui Wang
- Bioinformatics Facility, Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Lida Zhang
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Lingxia Zhao
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China; Joint Tomato Research Institute, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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35
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Zhao L, Zhu H, Zhang K, Wang Y, Wu L, Chen C, Liu X, Yang S, Ren H, Yang L. The MIXTA-LIKE transcription factor CsMYB6 regulates fruit spine and tubercule formation in cucumber. Plant Sci 2020; 300:110636. [PMID: 33180714 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber fruit wart composed of tubercule and spine (trichome on fruit) is not only an important fruit quality trait in cucumber production, but also a well-studied model for plant cell-fate determination. The development of spine is closely related to the initiation and formation of tubercule. The spine differentiation regulator CsGL1 has been proved to be epistatic to the tubercule initiation factor CsTu, which is the only connection to be identified between spine and tubercule formations. Our previous studies found that the MIXTA-LIKE transcription factor CsMYB6 can suppress fruit spine initiation, which is independent of CsGL1. How the formation of spine and tubercule is regulated at the molecular level by CsMYB6 remains poorly understood. In this study, we characterized cucumber 35S:CsMYB6 transgenic plants, which displayed an obvious reduction in the number and size of fruit spines and tubecules. Molecular analyses showed that CsMYB6 directly interacted with the key spine formation factor CsTTG1 in regulating the formation of fruit spine, and CsTu in regulating the initiation of fruit tubercule, respectively. Based on these evidences, a novel regulatory network is proposed by which CsMYB6/CsTTG1 and CsMYB6/CsTu complexes play an important role in regulating epidermal development, including spine formation and tubercule initiation in cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Huayu Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Kaige Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yueling Wang
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Chongqing College Garden and Flower Engineering Research Center, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Special Plant Seedlings, Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, 402168, China
| | - Chunhua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Xingwang Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Breeding and Propagation of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Sen Yang
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Huazhong Ren
- Engineering Research Center of Breeding and Propagation of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Luming Yang
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
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Moriyama A, Yamaguchi C, Enoki S, Aoki Y, Suzuki S. Crosstalk Pathway between Trehalose Metabolism and Cytokinin Degradation for the Determination of the Number of Berries per Bunch in Grapes. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112378. [PMID: 33138306 PMCID: PMC7693805 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In grapes, the number of flowers per inflorescence determines the compactness of grape bunches. Grape cultivars with tight bunches and thin-skinned berries easily undergo berry splitting, especially in growing areas with heavy rainfall during the grapevine growing season, such as Japan. We report herein that grape cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase 5 (VvCKX5) determines the number of berries per inflorescence in grapes. The number of berries per bunch was inversely proportional to the VvCKX5 expression level in juvenile inflorescences among the cultivars tested. VvCKX5 overexpression drastically decreased the number of flower buds per inflorescence in Arabidopsis plants, suggesting that VvCKX5 might be one of the negative regulators of the number of flowers per inflorescence in grapes. Similarly, the overexpression of grape sister of ramose 3 (VvSRA), which encodes trehalose 6-phosphate phosphatase that catalyzes the conversion of trehalose-6-phosphate into trehalose, upregulated AtCKX7 expression in Arabidopsis plants, leading to a decrease in the number of flower buds per Arabidopsis inflorescence. VvCKX5 gene expression was upregulated in grapevine cultured cells and juvenile grape inflorescences treated with trehalose. Finally, injecting trehalose into swelling buds nearing bud break using a microsyringe decreased the number of berries per bunch by half. VvCKX5 overexpression in Arabidopsis plants had no effect on the number of secondary inflorescences from the main inflorescence, and similarly trehalose did not affect pedicel branching on grapevine inflorescences, suggesting that VvCKX5, as well as VvSRA-mediated trehalose metabolism, regulates flower formation but not inflorescence branching. These findings may provide new information on the crosstalk between VvSRA-mediated trehalose metabolism and VvCKX-mediated cytokinin degradation for determining the number of berries per bunch. Furthermore, this study is expected to contribute to the development of innovative cultivation techniques for loosening tight bunches.
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Rehman F, Gong H, Li Z, Zeng S, Yang T, Ai P, Pan L, Huang H, Wang Y. Identification of fruit size associated quantitative trait loci featuring SLAF based high-density linkage map of goji berry (Lycium spp.). BMC Plant Biol 2020; 20:474. [PMID: 33059596 PMCID: PMC7565837 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02567-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Goji (Lycium spp., 2n = 24) is a fruit bearing woody plant popular as a superfood for extensive medicinal and nutritional advantages. Fruit size associated attributes are important for evaluating small-fruited goji berry and plant architecture. The domestication traits are regulated quantitatively in crop plants but few studies have attempted on genomic regions corresponding to fruit traits. RESULTS In this study, we established high-resolution map using specific locus amplified fragment (SLAF) sequencing for de novo SNPs detection based on 305 F1 individuals derived from L. chinense and L. barbarum and performed quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis of fruit size related traits in goji berry. The genetic map contained 3495 SLAF markers on 12 LGs, spanning 1649.03 cM with 0.47 cM average interval. Female and male parents and F1 individuals` sequencing depth was 111.85-fold and 168.72-fold and 35.80-fold, respectively. The phenotype data were collected for 2 successive years (2018-2019); however, two-year mean data were combined in an extra year (1819). Total 117 QTLs were detected corresponding to multiple traits, of which 78 QTLs in 2 individual years and 36 QTLs in extra year. Six Promising QTLs (qFW10-6.1, qFL10-2.1, qLL10-2.1, qLD10-2.1, qLD12-4.1, qLA10-2.1) were discovered influencing fruit weight, fruit length and leaf related attributes covering an interval ranged from 27.32-71.59 cM on LG10 with peak LOD of 10.48 and 14.6% PVE. Three QTLs targeting fruit sweetness (qFS3-1, qFS5-2) and fruit firmness (qFF10-1) were also identified. Strikingly, various traits QTLs were overlapped on LG10, in particular, qFL10-2.1 was co-located with qLL10-2.1, qLD10-2.1 and qLA10-2.1 among stable QTLs, harbored tightly linked markers, while qLL10-1 was one major QTL with 14.21 highest LOD and 19.3% variance. As LG10 harbored important traits QTLs, we might speculate that it could be hotspot region regulating fruit size and plant architectures. CONCLUSIONS This report highlights the extremely saturated linkage map using SLAF-seq and novel loci contributing fruit size-related attributes in goji berry. Our results will shed light on domestication traits and further strengthen molecular and genetic underpinnings of goji berry; moreover, these findings would better facilitate to assemble the reference genome, determining potential candidate genes and marker-assisted breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazal Rehman
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Haiguang Gong
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Zhong Li
- Bairuiyuan Company, Yinchuan, 750000, Ningxia, China
| | - Shaohua Zeng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- GNNU-SCBG Joint Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Technology, College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Tianshun Yang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Peiyan Ai
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lizhu Pan
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Hongwen Huang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
- GNNU-SCBG Joint Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Technology, College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China.
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Shi P, Xu Z, Zhang S, Wang X, Ma X, Zheng J, Xing L, Zhang D, Ma J, Han M, Zhao C. Construction of a high-density SNP-based genetic map and identification of fruit-related QTLs and candidate genes in peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch]. BMC Plant Biol 2020; 20:438. [PMID: 32967617 PMCID: PMC7510285 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02557-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-density genetic mapping is a valuable tool for mapping loci that control specific traits for perennial fruit trees. Peach is an economically important fruit tree and a model Rosaceae species for genomic and genetic research. In peach, even though many molecular markers, genetic maps and QTL mappings have been reported, further research on the improvement of marker numbers, map densities, QTL accuracy and candidate gene identification is still warranted. RESULTS A high-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based peach linkage map was constructed using specific locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq). This genetic map consisted of 7998 SLAF markers, spanning 1098.79 cM with an average distance of 0.17 cM between adjacent markers. A total of 40 QTLs and 885 annotated candidate genes were detected for 10 fruit-related traits, including fruit weight (FW), fruit diameter (FD), percentage of red skin colour (PSC), eating quality (EQ), fruit flavour (FV), red in flesh (RF), red around pit (RP), adherence to pit (AP), fruit development period (FDP) and fruit fibre content (FFC). Eighteen QTLs for soluble solid content (SSC) were identified along LGs 1, 4, 5, and 6 in 2015 and 2016, and 540 genes were annotated in QTL intervals. Thirty-two QTLs for fruit acidity content (FA) were detected on LG1, and 2, 4, 5, 6, and 1232 candidate genes were identified. The expression profiles of 2 candidate genes for SSC and 4 for FA were analysed in parents and their offspring. CONCLUSIONS We constructed a high-density genetic map in peach based on SLAF-seq, which may contribute to the identification of important agronomic trait loci. Ninety QTLs for 12 fruit-related traits were identified, most of which overlapped with previous reports, and some new QTLs were obtained. A large number of candidate genes for fruit-related traits were screened and identified. These results may improve our understanding of the genetic control of fruit quality traits and provide useful information in marker-assisted selection for fruit quality in peach breeding programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Shi
- College of horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Ze Xu
- College of horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Shaoyu Zhang
- College of horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Xianju Wang
- College of horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Xiaofei Ma
- College of horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Jicheng Zheng
- College of horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Libo Xing
- College of horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Dong Zhang
- College of horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Juanjuan Ma
- College of horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Mingyu Han
- College of horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Caiping Zhao
- College of horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
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Huynh T, Tran L, Dao S. Real-Time Size and Mass Estimation of Slender Axi-Symmetric Fruit/Vegetable Using a Single Top View Image. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:s20185406. [PMID: 32967216 PMCID: PMC7570801 DOI: 10.3390/s20185406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Among the physical attributes of agricultural materials, mass, volume, and sizes have always been important quality parameters. Previous research focused mostly on volume estimation using stereo-based approaches, which rely on manual intervention or require a multiple-cameras set up or multiple-frames captures from different viewing angles to reconstruct the three-dimensional point-cloud information. These approaches are tedious and not suitable for practical machine vision systems. In this work, we only use a single camera mounted on the ceiling of the imaging chamber, which is directly above the fruit/vegetable to capture its top-view, two-dimensional image. We developed a method to estimate the mass/volume of agricultural products with axi-symmetrical shapes such as a carrot or a cucumber. The mass/volume is estimated as the sum of smaller standard blocks, such as chopped pyramids, an elliptical cone, or a conical cone. The computed mass/volume showed good agreement with analytical and experimental results. The weight estimation error is 95% for the case of the carrot and 96.7% for the cucumber. The method proved to be sufficiently accurate, easy to use, and rotationally invariant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tri Huynh
- School of Electrical Engineering, International University, Vietnam National University HCMC, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam;
| | - Ly Tran
- School of Industrial Engineering and Management, International University, Vietnam National University HCMC, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam;
| | - Son Dao
- School of Industrial Engineering and Management, International University, Vietnam National University HCMC, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +84-98-159-1145
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Wang X, Li H, Gao Z, Wang L, Ren Z. Localization of quantitative trait loci for cucumber fruit shape by a population of chromosome segment substitution lines. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11030. [PMID: 32620915 PMCID: PMC7334212 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68312-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cucumber fruit shape, a significant agronomic trait, is controlled by quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Feasibility of chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) is well demonstrated to map QTLs, especially the minor-effect ones. To detect and identify QTLs with CSSLs can provide new insights into the underlying mechanisms regarding cucumber fruit shape. In the present study, 71 CSSLs were built from a population of backcross progeny (BC4F2) by using RNS7 (a round-fruit cucumber) as the recurrent parent and CNS21 (a long-stick-fruit cucumber) as the donor parent in order to globally detect QTLs for cucumber fruit shape. With the aid of 114 InDel markers covering the whole cucumber genome, 21 QTLs were detected for fruit shape-related traits including ovary length, ovary diameter, ovary shape index, immature fruit length, immature fruit diameter, immature fruit shape index, mature fruit length, mature fruit diameter and mature fruit shape index, and 4 QTLs for other traits including fruit ground and flesh color, and seed size were detected as well. Together our results provide important resources for the subsequent theoretical and applied researches on cucumber fruit shape and other traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology; Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huang-Huai Region, Ministry of Agriculture; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology; Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huang-Huai Region, Ministry of Agriculture; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihui Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology; Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huang-Huai Region, Ministry of Agriculture; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology; Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huang-Huai Region, Ministry of Agriculture; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhonghai Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology; Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huang-Huai Region, Ministry of Agriculture; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
Aiming to understand Nature´s strategies that inspire new composite materials, the hierarchical levels of organization of the Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) mesocarp were investigated. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), microtomography (MicroCT) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) were used to deeply describe the cellular and fibrillary levels of organization. The mesocarp is the middle layer of the fruit which has developed several strategies to avoid its opening and protect its seed. Fibers have a different orientation in the three layers of the mesocarp, what reduces the anisotropy of the structure. Sclereids cells with thick cell walls fill the spaces between the fibers resembling a foam-filled structural composite. The mesocarp has several tubular channels and fractured surfaces which may work as sites for crack trapping and increase toughness. The thick and lignified cell wall of sclereids and fibers and the weak interface between cells can promote a longer and tortuous intercellular crack path. Additionally, fibers with high strength and stiffness due to microfibrils oriented along the main cell axis (µ = 0° to 17°) were identified in the innermost layer of the mesocarp. Such an understanding of each hierarchical level can inspire the development of new cellular composites with improved mechanical behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilia Sonego
- Department of Materials Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, via Washington Luiz, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering (PPGCEM), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), via Washington Luiz, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Claudia Fleck
- Materials Science and Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, 10623, Germany
| | - Luiz Antonio Pessan
- Department of Materials Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, via Washington Luiz, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering (PPGCEM), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), via Washington Luiz, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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Zhang H, Tan J, Zhang M, Huang S, Chen X. Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis of Two Bottle Gourd Accessions Differing in Fruit Size. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11040359. [PMID: 32230807 PMCID: PMC7230174 DOI: 10.3390/genes11040359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) is an important horticultural and medicinal crop with high nutritional value. This study aimed at examining the molecular regulation of fruit size in bottle gourd. We performed transcriptome sequencing of two bottle gourd cultivars differing in their fruit size. The average fruit length and weight of the cultivar Hang (39.48 cm/624.4 g) were higher than those of the cultivar USA (10.34 cm/152.8 g) at maturity. Transcriptome sequencing and assembly resulted in 89,347 unigenes. A total of 1250 differentially expressed genes (DEG) were found between the two cultivars, including 422 upregulated genes and 828 downregulated genes in Hang as compared to USA. Genes related to cell wall metabolism, phytohormones, cell cycle, and cell division showed significant differential expression between the two cultivars. DEGs encoding transcription factors (TF) from nine TF families were also identified. The ethylene response factor family was the most enriched among these families. Our study provides a basis for further investigations of the molecular regulation of fruit size in bottle gourd.
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Zakaria NI, Ismail MR, Awang Y, Megat Wahab PE, Berahim Z. Effect of Root Restriction on the Growth, Photosynthesis Rate, and Source and Sink Relationship of Chilli ( Capsicum annuum L.) Grown in Soilless Culture. Biomed Res Int 2020; 2020:2706937. [PMID: 32090071 PMCID: PMC7008264 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2706937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chilli (Capsicum annum L.) plant is a high economic value vegetable in Malaysia, cultivated in soilless culture containers. In soilless culture, the adoption of small container sizes to optimize the volume of the growing substrate could potentially reduce the production cost, but will lead to a reduction of plant growth and yield. By understanding the physiological mechanism of the growth reduction, several potential measures could be adopted to improve yield under restricted root conditions. The mechanism of growth reduction of plants subjected to root restriction remains unclear. This study was conducted to determine the physiological mechanism of growth reduction of root-restricted chilli plants grown in polyvinyl-chloride (PVC) column of two different volumes, 2392 cm3(root-restricted) and 9570 cm3(control) in soilless culture. Root restriction affected plant growth, physiological process, and yield of chilli plants. Root restriction reduced the photosynthesis rate and photochemical activity of PSII, and increased relative chlorophyll content. Limited root growth in root restriction caused an accumulation of high levels of sucrose in the stem and suggested a transition of the stem as a major sink organ for photoassimilate. Growth reduction in root restriction was not related to limited carbohydrate production, but due to the low sink demand from the roots. Reduction of the total yield per plant about, 23% in root restriction was concomitant, with a slightly increased harvest index which reflected an increased photoassimilate partitioning to the fruit production and suggested more efficient fruits production in the given small plant size of root restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Idayu Zakaria
- Laboratory of Climate-Smart Food Crop Production, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Razi Ismail
- Laboratory of Climate-Smart Food Crop Production, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yahya Awang
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Puteri Edaroyati Megat Wahab
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zulkarami Berahim
- Laboratory of Climate-Smart Food Crop Production, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Ding S, Zhang J, Yang L, Wang X, Fu F, Wang R, Zhang Q, Shan Y. Changes in Cuticle Components and Morphology of 'Satsuma' Mandarin ( Citrus unshiu) during Ambient Storage and Their Potential Role on Penicillium digitatum Infection. Molecules 2020; 25:E412. [PMID: 31963827 PMCID: PMC7024380 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the role of fruit cuticle in fungal infection, changes in cuticle composition and morphology of 'Satsuma' mandarin during ambient (at 25 °C) storage and their role in Penicillium digitatum infection were investigated. Results showed that the epicuticular wax yield increased from 1.11 μg cm-2 to 4.21 μg cm-2 during storage for 20 days and then decreased to 1.35 μg cm-2 as storage time prolonged to 40 days. Intracuticular wax content of fruits stored for 20 days showed a peak value that was 1.7-fold higher than that of fruits stored for 40 days. The contents of cutin monomers of fruits showed a decreased trend during storage, while their proportions in the cutin stayed stable. Acids were identified as the most abundant components in epicuticular wax independently of the storage time, followed by alkanes and terpenoids. Terpenoids were found as the predominant components in intracuticular wax during the whole storage, followed by alkanes and acids. The flattened platelets crystals of fruits at harvest changed into small granule-like wax ones after 10 days of storage then gradually distributed across the surface of the fruits as stored for 40 days. Results of in vitro tests showed that mycelial growth of Penicillium digitatum could be promoted by epicuticular wax and conidial germination could be inhibited by cutin at different storage stages. These results shed new light on the chemical basis for cuticle involvement in fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghua Ding
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Fruits and Vegetables Storage Processing and Quality Safety, Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (S.D.); (J.Z.); (L.Y.); (X.W.); (F.F.); (Q.Z.)
- Longping Branch Graduate School, Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Fruits and Vegetables Storage Processing and Quality Safety, Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (S.D.); (J.Z.); (L.Y.); (X.W.); (F.F.); (Q.Z.)
- Longping Branch Graduate School, Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Lvzhu Yang
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Fruits and Vegetables Storage Processing and Quality Safety, Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (S.D.); (J.Z.); (L.Y.); (X.W.); (F.F.); (Q.Z.)
- Longping Branch Graduate School, Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Fruits and Vegetables Storage Processing and Quality Safety, Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (S.D.); (J.Z.); (L.Y.); (X.W.); (F.F.); (Q.Z.)
- Longping Branch Graduate School, Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Fuhua Fu
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Fruits and Vegetables Storage Processing and Quality Safety, Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (S.D.); (J.Z.); (L.Y.); (X.W.); (F.F.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Rongrong Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Qun Zhang
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Fruits and Vegetables Storage Processing and Quality Safety, Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (S.D.); (J.Z.); (L.Y.); (X.W.); (F.F.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Yang Shan
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Fruits and Vegetables Storage Processing and Quality Safety, Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (S.D.); (J.Z.); (L.Y.); (X.W.); (F.F.); (Q.Z.)
- Longping Branch Graduate School, Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China
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Sinnott-Armstrong MA, Lee C, Clement WL, Donoghue MJ. Fruit syndromes in Viburnum: correlated evolution of color, nutritional content, and morphology in bird-dispersed fleshy fruits. BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:7. [PMID: 31931711 PMCID: PMC6956505 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1546-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PREMISE A key question in plant dispersal via animal vectors is where and why fruit colors vary between species and how color relates to other fruit traits. To better understand the factors shaping the evolution of fruit color diversity, we tested for the existence of syndromes of traits (color, morphology, and nutrition) in the fruits of Viburnum. We placed these results in a larger phylogenetic context and reconstructed ancestral states to assess how Viburnum fruit traits have evolved across the clade. RESULTS We find that blue Viburnum fruits are not very juicy, and have high lipid content and large, round endocarps surrounded by a small quantity of pulp. Red fruits display the opposite suite of traits: they are very juicy with low lipid content and smaller, flatter endocarps. The ancestral Viburnum fruit may have gone through a sequence of color changes before maturation (green to yellow to red to black), though our reconstructions are equivocal. In one major clade of Viburnum (Nectarotinus), fruits mature synchronously with reduced intermediate color stages. Most transitions between fruit colors occurred in this synchronously fruiting clade. CONCLUSIONS It is widely accepted that fruit trait diversity has primarily been driven by the differing perceptual abilities of bird versus mammal frugivores. Yet within a clade of largely bird-dispersed fruits, we find clear correlations between color, morphology, and nutrition. These correlations are likely driven by a shift from sequential to synchronous development, followed by diversification in color, nutrition, and morphology. A deeper understanding of fruit evolution within clades will elucidate the degree to which such syndromes structure extant fruit diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda A. Sinnott-Armstrong
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado—Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
| | - Chong Lee
- Department of Fisheries, Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881 USA
| | - Wendy L. Clement
- Department of Biology, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ 08628 USA
| | - Michael J. Donoghue
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
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Dalvi VC, de Faria GS, Azevedo AA. Calycinal secretory structures in Calolisianthus pedunculatus (Cham. & Schltdl) Gilg (Gentianaceae): anatomy, histochemistry, and functional aspects. Protoplasma 2020; 257:275-284. [PMID: 31502105 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01436-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Secretory structures were little studied in Gentianaceae. Glandular areas on the calyx dorsal region are commonly reported for Helieae species, the main tribe of Gentianaceae. So, the elucidation of nature of glandular areas is particularly relevant. Trichomes secreting mucilage, interpreted as colleters, are reported only for the sepals of Gentianinae species. We aimed to anatomically characterize and identify the nature of the calycinal secretory structures in Calolisianthus pedunculatus. Samples from floral buds, flowers, and fruits were collected, fixed, and processed following usual procedures for light and scanning electron microscopies. Histochemical tests were performed to determine the nature of the secretion. Glucose, fructose, and sucrose were measured with an ELISA reader. Colleters occur on the sepal ventral region and are composed of a multicellular secretory head and a stalk. These structures secrete polysaccharides and proteins, and the secretion is probably released through cuticle microchannels. Nectaries, on the other hand, occur on the sepal dorsal region. They are formed by 3-5 cells arranged in rosettes circling a central cell or pore. These structures also secrete polysaccharides (mainly fructose), lipids, and proteins. The identification of the secretory structures in the sepals of Calolisianthus pedunculatus highlights the importance of anatomical studies in this family. The interpretation of the glandular areas on the calyx of the Helieae species as nectaries has been proven, as well as the confirmation of colleters as common structures in the sepals of Gentianaceae. Besides the taxonomic and phylogenetic importance of nectars and colleters, we highlight the importance of the secretion for the protection of floral buds against dehydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valdnéa Casagrande Dalvi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano (IF Goiano, Campus Rio Verde), Rodovia Sul Goiana, Km 01, Zona Rural, Rio Verde, GO, 75901-970, Brazil.
| | - Giselle Santos de Faria
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Agrárias, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano (IF Goiano, Campus Rio Verde), Rodovia Sul Goiana, Km 01, Zona Rural, Rio Verde, GO, 75901-970, Brazil
| | - Aristéa Alves Azevedo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
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Pan Y, Wang Y, McGregor C, Liu S, Luan F, Gao M, Weng Y. Genetic architecture of fruit size and shape variation in cucurbits: a comparative perspective. Theor Appl Genet 2020; 133:1-21. [PMID: 31768603 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-019-03481-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The Cucurbitaceae family hosts many economically important fruit vegetables (cucurbits) such as cucumber, melon, watermelon, pumpkin/squash, and various gourds. The cucurbits are probably best known for the diverse fruit sizes and shapes, but little is known about their genetic basis and molecular regulation. Here, we reviewed the literature on fruit size (FS), shape (FSI), and fruit weight (FW) QTL identified in cucumber, melon, and watermelon, from which 150 consensus QTL for these traits were inferred. Genome-wide survey of the three cucurbit genomes identified 253 homologs of eight classes of fruit or grain size/weight-related genes cloned in Arabidopsis, tomato, and rice that encode proteins containing the characteristic CNR (cell number regulator), CSR (cell size regulator), CYP78A (cytochrome P450), SUN, OVATE, TRM (TONNEAU1 Recruiting Motif), YABBY, and WOX domains. Alignment of the consensus QTL with candidate gene homologs revealed widespread structure and function conservation of fruit size/shape gene homologs in cucurbits, which was exemplified with the fruit size/shape candidate genes CsSUN25-26-27a and CsTRM5 in cucumber, CmOFP1a in melon, and ClSUN25-26-27a in watermelon. In cucurbits, the andromonoecy (for 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase) and the carpel number (for CLAVATA3) loci are known to have pleiotropic effects on fruit shape, which may complicate identification of fruit size/shape candidate genes in these regions. The present work illustrates the power of comparative analysis in understanding the genetic architecture of fruit size/shape variation, which may facilitate QTL mapping and cloning for fruit size-related traits in cucurbits. The limitations and perspectives of this approach are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Pan
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yuhui Wang
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Cecilia McGregor
- Department of Horticulture and Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Shi Liu
- College of Horticulture and, Landscape Architecture at Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Feishi Luan
- College of Horticulture and, Landscape Architecture at Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Meiling Gao
- College of Life Science, Agriculture and Forestry, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006, China
| | - Yiqun Weng
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- USDA-ARS Vegetable Crops Research Unit, 1575 Linden Dr., Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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Du H, Yang J, Chen B, Zhang X, Zhang J, Yang K, Geng S, Wen C. Target sequencing reveals genetic diversity, population structure, core-SNP markers, and fruit shape-associated loci in pepper varieties. BMC Plant Biol 2019; 19:578. [PMID: 31870303 PMCID: PMC6929450 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2122-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The widely cultivated pepper (Capsicum spp.) is one of the most diverse vegetables; however, little research has focused on characterizing the genetic diversity and relatedness of commercial varieties grown in China. In this study, a panel of 92 perfect single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was identified using re-sequencing data from 35 different C. annuum lines. Based on this panel, a Target SNP-seq genotyping method was designed, which combined multiplex amplification of perfect SNPs with Illumina sequencing, to detect polymorphisms across 271 commercial pepper varieties. RESULTS The perfect SNPs panel had a high discriminating capacity due to the average value of polymorphism information content, observed heterozygosity, expected heterozygosity, and minor allele frequency, which were 0.31, 0.28, 0.4, and 0.31, respectively. Notably, the studied pepper varieties were morphologically categorized based on fruit shape as blocky-, long horn-, short horn-, and linear-fruited. The long horn-fruited population exhibited the most genetic diversity followed by the short horn-, linear-, and blocky-fruited populations. A set of 35 core SNPs were then used as kompetitive allele-specific PCR (KASPar) markers, another robust genotyping technique for variety identification. Analysis of genetic relatedness using principal component analysis and phylogenetic tree construction indicated that the four fruit shape populations clustered separately with limited overlaps. Based on STRUCTURE clustering, it was possible to divide the varieties into five subpopulations, which correlated with fruit shape. Further, the subpopulations were statistically different according to a randomization test and Fst statistics. Nine loci, located on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12, were identified to be significantly associated with the fruit shape index (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Target SNP-seq developed in this study appears as an efficient power tool to detect the genetic diversity, population relatedness and molecular breeding in pepper. Moreover, this study demonstrates that the genetic structure of Chinese pepper varieties is significantly influenced by breeding programs focused on fruit shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heshan Du
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center (BVRC), Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Jingjing Yang
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center (BVRC), Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center (BVRC), Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Xiaofen Zhang
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center (BVRC), Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center (BVRC), Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Sansheng Geng
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center (BVRC), Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing, 100097, China.
| | - Changlong Wen
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center (BVRC), Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing, 100097, China.
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Friis EM, Crane PR, Pedersen KR. The endothelium in seeds of early angiosperms. New Phytol 2019; 224:1419-1424. [PMID: 31240716 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Else Marie Friis
- Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, PO Box 50007, SE-104 05, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter R Crane
- Oak Spring Garden Foundation, 1776 Loughborough Lane, Upperville, VA, 20184, USA
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Kaj Raunsgaard Pedersen
- Department of Geoscience, University of Aarhus, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 2, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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