1
|
Thamim M, Agrahari AK, Gupta P, Thirumoorthy K. Rational Computational Approaches in Drug Discovery: Potential Inhibitors for Allosteric Regulation of Mutant Isocitrate Dehydrogenase-1 Enzyme in Cancers. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052315. [PMID: 36903561 PMCID: PMC10005488 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in homodimeric isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) enzymes at specific arginine residues result in the abnormal activity to overproduce D-2 hydroxyglutarate (D-2HG), which is often projected as solid oncometabolite in cancers and other disorders. As a result, depicting the potential inhibitor for D-2HG formation in mutant IDH enzymes is a challenging task in cancer research. The mutation in the cytosolic IDH1 enzyme at R132H, especially, may be associated with higher frequency of all types of cancers. So, the present work specifically focuses on the design and screening of allosteric site binders to the cytosolic mutant IDH1 enzyme. The 62 reported drug molecules were screened along with biological activity to identify the small molecular inhibitors using computer-aided drug design strategies. The designed molecules proposed in this work show better binding affinity, biological activity, bioavailability, and potency toward the inhibition of D-2HG formation compare to the reported drugs in the in silico approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masthan Thamim
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Agrahari
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Pawan Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule 424001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Krishnan Thirumoorthy
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Young R, Jones DE, Diacovich L, Witkowski A, Ryan RO. trans-3-Methylglutaconyl CoA isomerization-dependent protein acylation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 534:261-265. [PMID: 33280817 PMCID: PMC7785636 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.11.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
3-methylglutaconic (3MGC) aciduria is associated with a growing number of discrete inborn errors of metabolism. Herein, an antibody-based approach to detection/quantitation of 3MGC acid has been pursued. When trans-3MGC acid conjugated keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) was inoculated into rabbits a strong immune response was elicited. Western blot analysis provided evidence that immune serum, but not pre-immune serum, recognized 3MGC-conjugated bovine serum albumin (BSA). In competition ELISAs using isolated immune IgG, the limit of detection for free trans-3MGC acid was compared to that for cis-3MGC acid and four structurally related short-chain dicarboxylic acids. Surprisingly, cis-3MGC acid yielded a much lower limit of detection (∼0.1 mg/ml) than trans-3MGC acid (∼1.0 mg/ml) while all other dicarboxylic acids tested were poor competitors. The data suggest trans-3MGC- isomerized during, or after, conjugation to KLH such that the immunogen was actually comprised of KLH harboring a mixture of cis- and trans-3MGC haptens. To investigate this unexpected isomerization reaction, trans-3MGC CoA was prepared and incubated at 37 °C in the presence of BSA. Evidence was obtained that non-enzymatic isomerization of trans-3MGC CoA to cis-3MGC CoA precedes intramolecular catalysis to form cis-3MGC anhydride plus CoASH. Anhydride-dependent acylation of BSA generated 3MGCylated BSA, as detected by anti-3MGC immunoblot. The results presented provide an explanation for the unanticipated detection of 3MGCylated proteins in a murine model of primary 3MGC aciduria. Furthermore, non-enzymatic hydrolysis of cis-3MGC anhydride represents a potential source of cis-3MGC acid found in urine of subjects with 3MGC aciduria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Young
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mail Stop 0330, 1664 N. Virginia Street, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Dylan E Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mail Stop 0330, 1664 N. Virginia Street, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Lautaro Diacovich
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Andrzej Witkowski
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, CA, 94609, USA
| | - Robert O Ryan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mail Stop 0330, 1664 N. Virginia Street, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nagy L, Béke F, Juhász L, Kovács T, Juhász-Tóth É, Docsa T, Tóth A, Gergely P, Somsák L, Bai P. Glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor, 2,3-bis[(2E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enamido] butanedioic acid (BF142), improves baseline insulin secretion of MIN6 insulinoma cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236081. [PMID: 32960890 PMCID: PMC7508380 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), one of the most common metabolic diseases, is characterized by insulin resistance and inadequate insulin secretion of β cells. Glycogen phosphorylase (GP) is the key enzyme in glycogen breakdown, and contributes to hepatic glucose production during fasting or during insulin resistance. Pharmacological GP inhibitors are potential glucose lowering agents, which may be used in T2DM therapy. A natural product isolated from the cultured broth of the fungal strain No. 138354, called 2,3-bis(4-hydroxycinnamoyloxy)glutaric acid (FR258900), was discovered a decade ago. In vivo studies showed that FR258900 significantly reduced blood glucose levels in diabetic mice. We previously showed that GP inhibitors can potently enhance the function of β cells. The purpose of this study was to assess whether an analogue of FR258900 can influence β cell function. BF142 (Meso-Dimethyl 2,3-bis[(E)-3-(4-acetoxyphenyl)prop-2-enamido]butanedioate) treatment activated the glucose-stimulated insulin secretion pathway, as indicated by enhanced glycolysis, increased mitochondrial oxidation, significantly increased ATP production, and elevated calcium influx in MIN6 cells. Furthermore, BF142 induced mTORC1-specific phosphorylation of S6K, increased levels of PDX1 and insulin protein, and increased insulin secretion. Our data suggest that BF142 can influence β cell function and can support the insulin producing ability of β cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lilla Nagy
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Béke
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Juhász
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tünde Kovács
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Juhász-Tóth
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tibor Docsa
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Tóth
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Pál Gergely
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Somsák
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Péter Bai
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, Hungary
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Arafat ME, Ahmad MW, Shovan S, Dehzangi A, Dipta SR, Hasan MAM, Taherzadeh G, Shatabda S, Sharma A. Accurately Predicting Glutarylation Sites Using Sequential Bi-Peptide-Based Evolutionary Features. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E1023. [PMID: 32878321 PMCID: PMC7565944 DOI: 10.3390/genes11091023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Post Translational Modification (PTM) is defined as the alteration of protein sequence upon interaction with different macromolecules after the translation process. Glutarylation is considered one of the most important PTMs, which is associated with a wide range of cellular functioning, including metabolism, translation, and specified separate subcellular localizations. During the past few years, a wide range of computational approaches has been proposed to predict Glutarylation sites. However, despite all the efforts that have been made so far, the prediction performance of the Glutarylation sites has remained limited. One of the main challenges to tackle this problem is to extract features with significant discriminatory information. To address this issue, we propose a new machine learning method called BiPepGlut using the concept of a bi-peptide-based evolutionary method for feature extraction. To build this model, we also use the Extra-Trees (ET) classifier for the classification purpose, which, to the best of our knowledge, has never been used for this task. Our results demonstrate BiPepGlut is able to significantly outperform previously proposed models to tackle this problem. BiPepGlut achieves 92.0%, 84.8%, 95.6%, 0.82, and 0.88 in accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, Matthew's Correlation Coefficient, and F1-score, respectively. BiPepGlut is implemented as a publicly available online predictor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md. Easin Arafat
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, United International University, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (M.E.A.); (M.W.A.); (S.R.D.)
| | - Md. Wakil Ahmad
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, United International University, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (M.E.A.); (M.W.A.); (S.R.D.)
| | - S.M. Shovan
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology, Rajshahi 6204, Bangladesh; (S.M.S.); (M.A.M.H.)
| | - Abdollah Dehzangi
- Department of Computer Science, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ 08102, USA;
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ 08102, USA
| | - Shubhashis Roy Dipta
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, United International University, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (M.E.A.); (M.W.A.); (S.R.D.)
| | - Md. Al Mehedi Hasan
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology, Rajshahi 6204, Bangladesh; (S.M.S.); (M.A.M.H.)
| | - Ghazaleh Taherzadeh
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Swakkhar Shatabda
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, United International University, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (M.E.A.); (M.W.A.); (S.R.D.)
| | - Alok Sharma
- Institute for Integrated and Intelligent Systems, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
- Department of Medical Science Mathematics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
- Laboratory for Medical Science Mathematics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- School of Engineering and Physics, Faculty of Science Technology and Environment, University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wasim M, Mannan A, Ullah K, Yameen MA, Latif M, Ahmad T, Ullah M, Amirzada MI, Khan HU, Maheen S, Khan SA, Jamil QA, Bin Asad MHH, Hussain I. Effect of varying quantities of polymer on preparation and stability evaluation of carbamazepine cocrystals with dicarboxylic acid coformers. Pak J Pharm Sci 2020; 33:1755-1761. [PMID: 33612458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The current study is an attempt to explore the effect of varying quantities of hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) polymer on carbamazepine (CBZ) cocrystal formation with dicarboxylic acid coformers i.e., malonic acid (MA), succinic acid (SA), glutaric acid (GA), and adipic acid (AA). The cocrystals were first prepared without polymer by slurry crystallization method and then tried with different quantities of the polymer. The prepared samples were characterized by Powder X-ray Diffraction (XRPD). The characterization results indicate that in methanol pure carbamazepine-malonic (CBZ-MA) and carbamazepine-adipic acid (CBZ-AA) cocrystal can be prepared, while in ethanol and acetone pure carbamazepine-succinic (CBZ-SA) and carbamazepine-glutaric acid (CBZ-GA) cocrystals can be obtained respectively. The same cocrystals were tried using HPC polymer in three different quantities. The characterization results showed that a higher quantity of HPC polymer transforms CBZ-MA cocrystal polymorph-I to polymorph-II. The CBZ-SA and CBZ-GA cocrystal formation somehow inhibited as the concentration of HPC polymer increases. But on the other side, the formation of CBZ-AA cocrystal utterly not inhibited in the presence of varying quantities of HPC polymer. Furthermore, 11 different quantities of HPC were tried to know about the inhibitory concentration of HPC on CBZ-AA cocrystal formation. The CBZ-AA cocrystal preparation was not inhibited even at higher quantities of HPC compared to the coformer. Additionally, the effect of three different quantities of HPC on the thermal stability of the CBZ-AA cocrystal was investigated. Moreover, the stability of pure CBZ at 92% relative humidity (RH) condition was compared to CBZ-AA cocrystal with and without HPC polymer. The CBZ-AA cocrystal with and without HPC polymer was more stable than pure CBZ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Wasim
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Mannan
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Kalim Ullah
- Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arfat Yameen
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Latif
- Department of Zoology, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education Lahore, Multan Campus, Pakistan
| | - Taseer Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Majeed Ullah
- Department of Pharmacy, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, KPK, Pakistan
| | | | - Hafeez Ullah Khan
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Safirah Maheen
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Shujaat Ali Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Qazi Adnan Jamil
- Department of Pharmacy, Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hassham Hassan Bin Asad
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, KPK, Pakistan / Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Izhar Hussain
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, KPK, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gwon K, Han I, Lee S, Kim Y, Lee DN. Novel Metal-Organic Framework-Based Photocrosslinked Hydrogel System for Efficient Antibacterial Applications. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:20234-20242. [PMID: 32285658 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c03187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) can be applied in biology and medicine as drug delivery systems by carrying drugs on their surfaces or releasing bioactive ligands. To investigate the therapeutic potential of hydrogels that contain MOFs, three MOFs containing glutarate and 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene ligands were synthesized by the previously reported hydrothermal or solvothermal reactions: Cu-MOF 1, Co-MOF 2, and Zn-MOF 3. Bioactive MOF-embedded hydrogels (hydrogel@Cu-MOF 1, hydrogel@Co-MOF 2, and hydrogel@Zn-MOF 3) were prepared by UV light-mediated thiol-ene photopolymerization using diacrylated polyethylene glycol (PEG), 4-arm-thiolated PEG, and MOFs. The activities of the MOF-embedded hydrogels were tested against the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli and the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. These MOF-embedded hydrogels were observed to be very stable, based on the release test of MII ions, and both hydrogel@Cu-MOF 1 and hydrogel@Co-MOF 2 showed excellent antibacterial activity. Although, in human dermal fibroblasts, hydrogel@Cu-MOF 1 showed no cytotoxic effects, it exhibited 99.9% antibacterial effects at the minimum bactericidal concentration. Physical properties such as the surface area and dimension of MOFs with different central metals appeared to be more important than the chemical properties of the ligands in determining the effects on bacteria. These MOF-embedded hydrogels may be useful in antibacterial applications such as cosmetics, treatment of skin diseases, and drug delivery owing to their low cytotoxicity and high bactericidal activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kihak Gwon
- Ingenium College of Liberal Arts (Chemistry), Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Ihn Han
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonhwa Lee
- Ingenium College of Liberal Arts (Chemistry), Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmee Kim
- Institute of Nano-Bio Technology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Nam Lee
- Ingenium College of Liberal Arts (Chemistry), Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Strain SK, Groves MD, Emmett MR. Differentiation of 2-hydroxyglutarate enantiomers and its lactones by gas chromatography/electron ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2019; 33:1401-1409. [PMID: 31148247 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE 2-Hydroxyglutarate (2-hg) exists as enantiomers and can readily undergo cyclization to its lactone. Gas chromatography/electron ionization mass spectrometry (GC/EI-MS) has been used to separate 2-hg enantiomers in bodily fluids but the assay cannot simultaneously measure cyclic and acylic 2-hg enantiomers. Furthermore, the assignment of ion structures was not verified by complementary MS data. METHODS GC/EI-MS and product ion analysis were used to obtain MS and MS/MS spectra of 2-hg, deuterated and 13 C-labeled 2-hg, and 2-hg lactone. Ion structures and EI fragmentation mechanisms were determined by fragmentation pattern and isotopologue comparisons. Using the EI data, a GC/MS/MS assay was developed to separate and detect 2-hg enantiomers and 2-hg lactone enantiomers in blood and urine using a cyclodextrin capillary column. RESULTS A new ion structure was predicted for the 85 m/z fragment than what was previously hypothesized, and the 117 m/z ion was the only fragment unique to the linear 2-hg compound. MS/MS data suggested that the majority of the fragments were the result of secondary fragmentation. Finally, separation of serum and urine 2-hg and 2-hg lactone enantiomers was achieved, and the acyclic 2-hg compound was found to be the major compound detected, though the amount of lactone detected was considerable in a number of samples. CONCLUSIONS Unique EI fragmentation pathways for both 2-hg and the 2-hg lactone have been described. Subsequently, the GC/MS/MS assay presented herein has significant potential as a novel clinical assay as it separates and detects both 2-hg enantiomers and the 2-hg lactone enantiomers, a capability which has not been previously demonstrated by any other assay to date.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinji K Strain
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Morris D Groves
- Austin Brain Tumor Center, Texas Oncology/US Oncology Research, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Mark R Emmett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fredes Y, Chamorro L, Cabrera Z. Increased Selectivity of Novozym 435 in the Asymmetric Hydrolysis of a Substrate with High Hydrophobicity Through the Use of Deep Eutectic Solvents and High Substrate Concentrations. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24040792. [PMID: 30813241 PMCID: PMC6412981 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24040792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of the reaction medium and substrate concentration were studied on the selectivity of Novozym 435 using the asymmetric hydrolysis of dimethyl-3-phenylglutarate as a model reaction. Results show that the use of choline chloride ChCl:urea/phosphate buffer 50% (v/v) as a reaction medium increased the selectivity of Novozym 435 by 16% (e.e = 88%) with respect to the one in 100% phosphate buffer (e.e = 76%). Best results were obtained when high substrate concentrations (well above the solubility limit, 27-fold) and ChCl:urea/phosphate buffer 50% (v/v) as reaction medium at pH 7 and 30 °C were used. Under such conditions, the R-monoester was produced with an enantiomeric purity of 99%. Novozym 435 was more stable in ChCl:urea/phosphate buffer 50% (v/v) than in phosphate buffer, retaining a 50% of its initial activity after 27 h of incubation at pH 7 and 40 °C. Results suggest that the use of deep eutectic solvents (ChCl:urea/phosphate buffer) in an heterogeneous reaction system (high substrate concentration) is a viable and promising strategy for the synthesis of chiral drugs from highly hydrophobic substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yerko Fredes
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso; Avda. Brasil 2085 Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Lesly Chamorro
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso; Avda. Brasil 2085 Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Zaida Cabrera
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso; Avda. Brasil 2085 Valparaíso, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has emerged as an ideal system in which to study 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) metabolism. Unlike many mammalian tissues and cell lines, which primarily accumulate D- or L-2HG as the result of genetic mutations or metabolic stress, Drosophila larvae accumulate high concentrations of L-2HG during normal larval growth. As a result, flies represent one of the few model systems that allows for studies of endogenous L-2HG metabolism. Moreover, the Drosophila genome not only encodes key enzymes involved in the synthesis and degradation of D-2HG, but the fly has also been used as to investigate the in vivo effects of oncogenic isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH1/2) mutations. All of these studies, however, rely on mass spectrometry-based methods to distinguish between the D- and L-2HG enantiomers. While such approaches are common among labs studying mammalian cell culture, few Drosophila studies have attempted to resolve and measure the individual 2HG enantiomers. Here we describe a highly reproducible gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based protocol that allows for quantitative measurements of both 2HG enantiomers in Drosophila homogenates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongde Li
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xu X, Li Y, Lu X, Sun Y, Luo J, Zhang Y. Glutaryl Polyamidoamine Dendrimer for Overcoming Cisplatin-Resistance of Breast Cancer Cells. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2018; 18:6732-6739. [PMID: 29954488 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2018.15502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cisplatin has limited clinical applications due to drug resistance. PAMAM dendrimer was chosen as a vehicle to counteract cisplatin-resistance and its mechanism was assessed. METHODS Generation 5 Polyamidoamine dendrimer (G5) was modified by glutaric anhydride (GA) and then conjugated with cisplatin. The cisplatin release of G5-GA-cisplatin was evaluated at pH 5.5 and pH 7.4. The cytotoxicity of G5-GA-cisplatin and free cisplatin was compared in cisplatin-resistant breast cancer cell line MCF-7R. The intracellular platinum content of MCF-7R was determined using ICP-MS. The expression of Ctr1 and ATP7B of MCF-7R cells was also evaluated. RESULTS An average of 75 amino groups present in the G5 PAMAM surface were converted into glutaric acid (G5-GA75) and platinum loading was 350±21 μg per 1 mg of G5-GA75. G5-Ac75-cisplatin complex exhibited controlled release of cisplatin at different pH over a period of 96 h. After 96 h incubation with G5-Ac75-cisplatin, cell viability was 27.47±2.53%, 12.18±0.65% and 11.62±0.84% using platinum concentration of 1 μg/ml, 3 μg/ml and 5 μg/ml, respectively. Meanwhile, 46.33±5.06% cells survived even in the high platinum concentration of 5 μg/ml after 96 h incubation with free cisplatin. G5-GA75 led to 3-6 times higher cisplatin accumulation than free cisplatin in MCF-7R cells, because MCF-7R cells exhibited lower Ctr1 expression and higher ATP7B expression than MCF-7 cells. CONCLUSION The G5-GA75-cisplatin complex displayed greater anticancer activity than free cisplatin in the cisplatin-resistant breast cancer cell line MCF-7R. The low levels of Ctr1 and high levels of ATP7B in MCF-7R caused G5-GA75 to allow the accumulation of cisplatin, which in turn increased the cytotoxicity. Results indicated that glutaryl G5 PAMAM may be a potential carrier for cisplatin targeting in breast cancer.
Collapse
|
11
|
Xu X, Wu J, Liu Y, Saw PE, Tao W, Yu M, Zope H, Si M, Victorious A, Rasmussen J, Ayyash D, Farokhzad OC, Shi J. Multifunctional Envelope-Type siRNA Delivery Nanoparticle Platform for Prostate Cancer Therapy. ACS Nano 2017; 11:2618-2627. [PMID: 28240870 PMCID: PMC5626580 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b07195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
With the capability of specific silencing of target gene expression, RNA interference (RNAi) technology is emerging as a promising therapeutic modality for the treatment of cancer and other diseases. One key challenge for the clinical applications of RNAi is the safe and effective delivery of RNAi agents such as small interfering RNA (siRNA) to a particular nonliver diseased tissue (e.g., tumor) and cell type with sufficient cytosolic transport. In this work, we proposed a multifunctional envelope-type nanoparticle (NP) platform for prostate cancer (PCa)-specific in vivo siRNA delivery. A library of oligoarginine-functionalized and sharp pH-responsive polymers was synthesized and used for self-assembly with siRNA into NPs with the features of long blood circulation and pH-triggered oligoarginine-mediated endosomal membrane penetration. By further modification with ACUPA, a small molecular ligand specifically recognizing prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) receptor, this envelope-type nanoplatform with multifunctional properties can efficiently target PSMA-expressing PCa cells and silence target gene expression. Systemic delivery of the siRNA NPs can efficiently silence the expression of prohibitin 1 (PHB1), which is upregulated in PCa and other cancers, and significantly inhibit PCa tumor growth. These results suggest that this multifunctional envelope-type nanoplatform could become an effective tool for PCa-specific therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoding Xu
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jun Wu
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Yanlan Liu
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Phei Er Saw
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Wei Tao
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Mikyung Yu
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Harshal Zope
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Michelle Si
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Amanda Victorious
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jonathan Rasmussen
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Dana Ayyash
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Omid C. Farokhzad
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jinjun Shi
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nie H, Nie M, Xiao T, Wang Y, Tian X. Hexadecane degradation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa NY3 promoted by glutaric acid. Sci Total Environ 2017; 575:1423-1428. [PMID: 27717568 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
For further understanding of the roles of small organic acids commonly produced during alkane degradation, glutaric acid was found to be effective for promoting hexadecane degradation by P. aeruginosa NY3. Our results demonstrated that the synchronous metabolism of glutaric acid could increase both the growth rates and hexadecane degradation ability of P. aeruginosa NY3. Glutaric acid was proved to be able to increase the ratios of the concentrations of NAD+ and NADH inside strain NY3 cells, and subsequently accelerated cell growth rates through improving electron respiration rates. All the results of the activities of hexadecane monooxygenase, the expression levels of alkB1 and alkB2 gens and the bioconversion rate of hexadecane to 1-hexadecanol were confirmed that coexistence of glutaric acid could greatly increase the reaction rate of the first step of enzymeticlly degradation of hexadecane into hexadecanol. This also explained the promotion mechanism of glutaric acid on hexadecane degradation by P. aeruginosa strain from a certain point of view for the first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyun Nie
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Maiqian Nie
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ting Xiao
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoting Tian
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No. 13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhao X, Bansode SR, Ribeiro A, Abreu AS, Oliveira C, Parpot P, Gogate PR, Rathod VK, Cavaco-Paulo A. Ultrasound enhances lipase-catalyzed synthesis of poly (ethylene glutarate). Ultrason Sonochem 2016; 31:506-511. [PMID: 26964978 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The present work explores the best conditions for the enzymatic synthesis of poly (ethylene glutarate) for the first time. The start-up materials are the liquids; diethyl glutarate and ethylene glycol diacetate, without the need of addition of extra solvent. The reactions are catalyzed by lipase B from Candida antarctica immobilized on glycidyl methacrylate-ter-divinylbenzene-ter-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate at 40°C during 18h in water bath with mechanical stirring or 1h in ultrasonic bath followed by 6h in vacuum in both the cases for evaporation of ethyl acetate. The application of ultrasound significantly intensified the polyesterification reaction with reduction of the processing time from 24h to 7h. The same degree of polymerization was obtained for the same enzyme loading in less time of reaction when using the ultrasound treatment. The degree of polymerization for long-term polyesterification was improved approximately 8-fold due to the presence of sonication during the reaction. The highest degree of polymerization achieved was 31, with a monomer conversion of 96.77%. The ultrasound treatment demonstrated to be an effective green approach to intensify the polyesterification reaction with enhanced initial kinetics and high degree of polymerization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoman Zhao
- Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center for Functional Textiles, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Textile and Fiber Bioprocesses, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Sneha Ramrao Bansode
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Artur Ribeiro
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana S Abreu
- Institute of Polymers and Composites (IPC) and Institute of Nanostructures, Nanomodelling and Nanofabrication (I3N), University of Minho, Campus de Azuém, Guimarães 4800-058, Portugal
| | - César Oliveira
- Centre of Chemistry, Departament of Chemistry, Universidade do Minho, Campus Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Pier Parpot
- Centre of Chemistry, Departament of Chemistry, Universidade do Minho, Campus Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
| | - P R Gogate
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - V K Rathod
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Artur Cavaco-Paulo
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Textile and Fiber Bioprocesses, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sanphui P, Rajput L, Gopi SP, Desiraju GR. New multi-component solid forms of anti-cancer drug Erlotinib: role of auxiliary interactions in determining a preferred conformation. Acta Crystallogr B Struct Sci Cryst Eng Mater 2016; 72:291-300. [PMID: 27240760 DOI: 10.1107/s2052520616003607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Erlotinib is a BCS (biopharmaceutical classification system) class II drug used for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. There is an urgent need to obtain new solid forms of higher solubility to improve the bioavailability of the API (active pharmaceutical ingredient). In this context, cocrystals with urea, succinic acid, and glutaric acid and salts with maleic acid, adipic acid, and saccharin were prepared via wet granulation and solution crystallizations. Crystal structures of the free base (Z' = 2), cocrystals of erlotinib-urea (1:1), erlotinib-succinic acid monohydrate (1:1:1), erlotinib-glutaric acid monohydrate (1:1:1) and salts of erlotinib-adipic acid adipate (1:0.5:0.5) are determined and their hydrogen-bonding patterns are analyzed. Self recognition via the (amine) N-H...N (pyridine) hydrogen bond between the API molecules is replaced by several heterosynthons such as acid-pyridine, amide-pyridine and carboxylate-pyridinium in the new binary systems. Auxiliary interactions play an important role in determining the conformation of the API in the crystal. FT-IR spectroscopy is used to distinguish between the salts and cocrystals in the new multi-component systems. The new solid forms are characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to confirm their unique phase identity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Palash Sanphui
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, C. V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore, Karnatakla 560012, India
| | - Lalit Rajput
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, C. V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore, Karnatakla 560012, India
| | - Shanmukha Prasad Gopi
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, C. V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore, Karnatakla 560012, India
| | - Gautam R Desiraju
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, C. V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore, Karnatakla 560012, India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gaekens T, Guillaume M, Borghys H, De Zwart LL, de Vries R, Embrechts RCA, Vermeulen A, Megens AAHP, Leysen JE, Herdewijn P, Annaert PP, Atack JR. Lipophilic nalmefene prodrugs to achieve a one-month sustained release. J Control Release 2016; 232:196-202. [PMID: 27107723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nalmefene is an opioid antagonist which as a once-a-day tablet formulation has recently been approved for reducing ethanol intake in alcoholic subjects. In order to address the compliance issue in this patient population, a number of potential nalmefene prodrugs were synthesized with the aim of providing a formulation that could provide plasma drug concentrations in the region of 0.5-1.0ng/mL for a one-month period when dosed intramuscular to dogs or minipigs. In an initial series of studies, three different lipophilic nalmefene derivatives were evaluated: the palmitate (C16), the octadecyl glutarate diester (C18-C5) and the decyl carbamate (CB10). They were administered intramuscularly to dogs in a sesame oil solution at a dose of 1mg-eq. nalmefene/kg. The decyl carbamate was released relatively quickly from the oil depot and its carbamate bond was too stable to be used as a prodrug. The other two derivatives delivered a fairly constant level of 0.2-0.3ng nalmefene/mL plasma for one month and since there was no significant difference between these two, the less complex palmitate monoester was chosen to demonstrate that dog plasma nalmefene concentrations were dose-dependent at 1, 5 and 20mg-eq. nalmefene/kg. In a second set of experiments, the effect of the chain length of the fatty acid monoester promoieties was examined. The increasingly lipophilic octanoate (C8), decanoate (C10) and dodecanoate (C12) derivatives were evaluated in dogs and in minipigs, at a dose of 5mg-eq. nalmefene/kg and plasma nalmefene concentrations were measured over a four-week period. The pharmacokinetic profiles were very similar in both species with Cmax decreasing and Tmax increasing with increasing fatty acid chain length and the target plasma concentrations (0.5-1.0ng/mL over a month-long period) were achieved with the dodecanoate (C12) prodrug. These data therefore demonstrate that sustained plasma nalmefene concentrations can be achieved in both dog and minipig using nalmefene prodrugs and that the pharmacokinetic profile of nalmefene can be tuned by varying the length of the alkyl group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Gaekens
- API Small Molecule Development, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Michel Guillaume
- API Small Molecule Development, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Herman Borghys
- Neuroscience, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Loeckie L De Zwart
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ronald de Vries
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Roger C A Embrechts
- Drug Product Development, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - An Vermeulen
- Clinical Pharmacology, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Anton A H P Megens
- Neuroscience, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Josée E Leysen
- Neuroscience, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium; Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Research, VU University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, Box 1030, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter P Annaert
- Laboratory for Pharmacotechnology and Biopharmacy, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, O&N2, Herestraat 49-Box 921, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - John R Atack
- Neuroscience, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Shatalin YV, Shubinal VS. [Collagen and Taxifolin-based Material: Production and Properties]. Biofizika 2015; 60:583-588. [PMID: 26349224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The possibility of producing the material based on collagen and biologically active polyphenol taxifolin was explored, and the properties of the material were studied. The data on the dynamics of the release of polyphenol chemically linked to collagen are represented, and the metal-reducing activity of polyphenol released from the gel is determined. The effect of taxifolin, taxifolin glutarate and gel containing polyphenol on the production of reactive oxygen species by neutrophils stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate was examined. It was shown that polyphenol released from the gel material exerts antioxidant and metal-reducing properties, suggesting that unoxidized polyphenol linked to collagen.
Collapse
|
17
|
Arjunan V, Marchewka MK, Raj A, Yang H, Mohan S. Structural and vibrational spectral investigations of melaminium glutarate monohydrate by FTIR, FT-Raman and DFT methods. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2015; 135:540-550. [PMID: 25123944 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Revised: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Melaminium glutarate monohydrate has been synthesised and FTIR and FT-Raman spectral investigations are carried out. The molecular geometry and vibrational frequencies of melaminium glutarate monohydrate in the ground state have been determined by using B3LYP method with 6-31++G(**), 6-31++G and cc-pVDZ basis sets. The stability of the system, inter molecular hydrogen bonding and the electron donor-acceptor interactions of the complex have been investigated by using natural bonding orbital analysis. It reveals that the N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O intermolecular interactions significantly influence crystal packing of this molecular complex. The glutarate anion forms hydrogen bonds to the melaminium cation as the proton donor of the type N-H⋯O with a distance (N⋯O)=2.51 Å. It is also linked by other hydrogen bonds to the water molecule of the type O-H⋯O with (O⋯O)=2.82 Å and to the amino (NH2) group of melaminium cation of the type N-H⋯O with (N⋯O)=2.82 Å as the proton acceptor. The electrostatic potential of the complex is in the range +1.892e×10(-2) to -1.892e×10(-2). The limits of total electron density of the complex is +6.679e×10(-2) to -6.679e×10(-2).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Arjunan
- Department of Chemistry, Arignar Anna Govt. Arts & Science College, Karaikal 609 605, India.
| | - M K Marchewka
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Arushma Raj
- Department of Chemistry, Kanchi Mamunivar Centre for Post-Graduate Studies, Puducherry 605 008, India
| | - Haifeng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - S Mohan
- School of Sciences and Humanities, Vel Tech University, Avadi, Chennai 600 062, India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Shkir M, Abbas H. On the ground and excited state of glycine-glutaric acid: a new organic material. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2014; 125:453-457. [PMID: 24618203 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In current work, the experimental and theoretical investigation on glycine-glutaric acid (GGA) has been reported. Single crystals of GGA were grown by slow evaporation solution technique in an aqueous solution. Crystal structure and lattice parameters of GGA were confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction analysis. The ground and excited state properties of GGA were obtained within the framework of density functional theory. The calculated infrared spectrum and the S0→S1 transition energy were compared with the earlier reported experimental results and found in good agreement. HOMO-LUMO energy gap was calculated by using RHF/6-31G(d,p) and B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of theoretical calculations. Dipole moment of GGA obtained by RHF and B3LYP was found 11.84 and 10.87 D respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Shkir
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia; Crystal Growth Lab, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain.
| | - Haider Abbas
- Department of Physics, Manav Rachna College of Engineering, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tarhonskaya H, Rydzik AM, Leung IKH, Loik ND, Chan MC, Kawamura A, McCullagh JSO, Claridge TDW, Flashman E, Schofield CJ. Non-enzymatic chemistry enables 2-hydroxyglutarate-mediated activation of 2-oxoglutarate oxygenases. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3423. [PMID: 24594748 PMCID: PMC3959194 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate in cells results from mutations to isocitrate dehydrogenase that correlate with cancer. A recent study reports that (R)-, but not (S)-2-hydroxyglutarate, acts as a co-substrate for the hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylases via enzyme-catalysed oxidation to 2-oxoglutarate. Here we investigate the mechanism of 2-hydroxyglutarate-enabled activation of 2-oxoglutarate oxygenases, including prolyl hydroxylase domain 2, the most important human prolyl hydroxylase isoform. We observe that 2-hydroxyglutarate-enabled catalysis by prolyl hydroxylase domain 2 is not enantiomer-specific and is stimulated by ferrous/ferric ion and reducing agents including L-ascorbate. The results reveal that 2-hydroxyglutarate is oxidized to 2-oxoglutarate non-enzymatically, likely via iron-mediated Fenton-chemistry, at levels supporting in vitro catalysis by 2-oxoglutarate oxygenases. Succinic semialdehyde and succinate are also identified as products of 2-hydroxyglutarate oxidation. Overall, the results rationalize the reported effects of 2-hydroxyglutarate on catalysis by prolyl hydroxylases in vitro and suggest that non-enzymatic 2-hydroxyglutarate oxidation may be of biological interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Tarhonskaya
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Anna M. Rydzik
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Ivanhoe K. H. Leung
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Nikita D. Loik
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Mun Chiang Chan
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Akane Kawamura
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - James S. O. McCullagh
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Timothy D. W. Claridge
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Emily Flashman
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Vigorov AI, Demin AM, Nizova IA, Krasnov VP. [The synthesis of RGD peptide derivatives containing glutaric and adipic residues]. Bioorg Khim 2014; 40:157-65. [PMID: 25895334 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162014020149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A method of the synthesis of RGD peptide derivatives containing glutaric or adipic residues linked with α-amino group of L-arginine and allowing carrying out their coupling with other biomolecules and nanoparticles.
Collapse
|
21
|
Ghorai S, Wang B, Tivanski A, Laskin A. Hygroscopic properties of internally mixed particles composed of NaCl and water-soluble organic acids. Environ Sci Technol 2014; 48:2234-2241. [PMID: 24437520 DOI: 10.1021/es404727u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric aging of naturally emitted marine aerosol often leads to formation of internally mixed particles composed of sea salts and water-soluble organic compounds of anthropogenic origin. Mixing of sea salt and organic components has profound effects on the evolving chemical composition and hygroscopic properties of the resulted particles, which are poorly understood. Here, we have studied chemical composition and hygroscopic properties of laboratory generated NaCl particles mixed with malonic acid (MA) and glutaric acid (GA) at different molar ratios using micro-FTIR spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and X-ray elemental microanalysis. Hygroscopic properties of internally mixed NaCl and organic acid particles were distinctly different from pure components and varied significantly with the type and amount of organic compound present. Experimental results were in a good agreement with the AIM modeling calculations of gas/liquid/solid partitioning in studied systems. X-ray elemental microanalysis of particles showed that Cl/Na ratio decreased with increasing organic acid component in the particles with MA yielding lower ratios relative to GA. We attribute the depletion of chloride to the formation of sodium malonate and sodium glutarate salts resulted by HCl evaporation from dehydrating particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suman Ghorai
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lämmerhardt N, Merzsch S, Ledig J, Bora A, Waag A, Tornow M, Mischnick P. Toward three-dimensional microelectronic systems: directed self-assembly of silicon microcubes via DNA surface functionalization. Langmuir 2013; 29:8410-8416. [PMID: 23786592 DOI: 10.1021/la401558f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The huge and intelligent processing power of three-dimensional (3D) biological "processors" like the human brain with clock speeds of only 0.1 kHz is an extremely fascinating property, which is based on a massively parallel interconnect strategy. Artificial silicon microprocessors are 7 orders of magnitude faster. Nevertheless, they do not show any indication of intelligent processing power, mostly due to their very limited interconnectivity. Massively parallel interconnectivity can only be realized in three dimensions. Three-dimensional artificial processors would therefore be at the root of fabricating artificially intelligent systems. A first step in this direction would be the self-assembly of silicon based building blocks into 3D structures. We report on the self-assembly of such building blocks by molecular recognition, and on the electrical characterization of the formed assemblies. First, planar silicon substrates were functionalized with self-assembling monolayers of 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane for coupling of oligonucleotides (single stranded DNA) with glutaric aldehyde. The oligonucleotide immobilization was confirmed and quantified by hybridization with fluorescence-labeled complementary oligonucleotides. After the individual processing steps, the samples were analyzed by contact angle measurements, ellipsometry, atomic force microscopy, and fluorescence microscopy. Patterned DNA-functionalized layers were fabricated by microcontact printing (μCP) and photolithography. Silicon microcubes of 3 μm edge length as model objects for first 3D self-assembly experiments were fabricated out of silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafers by a combination of reactive ion etching (RIE) and selective wet etching. The microcubes were then surface-functionalized using the same protocol as on planar substrates, and their self-assembly was demonstrated both on patterned silicon surfaces (88% correctly placed cubes), and to cube aggregates by complementary DNA functionalization and hybridization. The yield of formed aggregates was found to be about 44%, with a relative fraction of dimers of some 30%. Finally, the electrical properties of the formed dimers were characterized using probe tips inside a scanning electron microscope.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nico Lämmerhardt
- Institute of Semiconductor Technology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hans-Sommer-Straße 66, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Jansen N, Ohlendorf B, Erhard A, Bruhn T, Bringmann G, Imhoff JF. Helicusin E, isochromophilone X and isochromophilone XI: new chloroazaphilones produced by the fungus Bartalinia robillardoides strain LF550. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:800-16. [PMID: 23481677 PMCID: PMC3705371 DOI: 10.3390/md11030800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial studies of the Mediterranean sponge Tethya aurantium led to the isolation of the fungus Bartalinia robillardoides strain LF550. The strain produced a number of secondary metabolites belonging to the chloroazaphilones. This is the first report on the isolation of chloroazaphilones of a fungal strain belonging to the genus Bartalinia. Besides some known compounds (helicusin A (1) and deacetylsclerotiorin (2)), three new chloroazaphilones (helicusin E (3); isochromophilone X (4) and isochromophilone XI (5)) and one new pentaketide (bartanolide (6)) were isolated. The structure elucidations were based on spectroscopic analyses. All isolated compounds revealed different biological activity spectra against a test panel of four bacteria: three fungi; two tumor cell lines and two enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nils Jansen
- Kiel Centre for Marine Natural Products at the Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research (GEOMAR), Kiel 24106, Germany; E-Mails: (N.J.); (B.O.); (A.E.)
| | - Birgit Ohlendorf
- Kiel Centre for Marine Natural Products at the Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research (GEOMAR), Kiel 24106, Germany; E-Mails: (N.J.); (B.O.); (A.E.)
| | - Arlette Erhard
- Kiel Centre for Marine Natural Products at the Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research (GEOMAR), Kiel 24106, Germany; E-Mails: (N.J.); (B.O.); (A.E.)
| | - Torsten Bruhn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany; E-Mails: (T.B.); (G.B.)
| | - Gerhard Bringmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany; E-Mails: (T.B.); (G.B.)
| | - Johannes F. Imhoff
- Kiel Centre for Marine Natural Products at the Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research (GEOMAR), Kiel 24106, Germany; E-Mails: (N.J.); (B.O.); (A.E.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +49-431-600-4450; Fax: +49-431-600-4452
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Brauburger K, Burckhardt G, Burckhardt BC. The sodium-dependent di- and tricarboxylate transporter, NaCT, is not responsible for the uptake of D-, L-2-hydroxyglutarate and 3-hydroxyglutarate into neurons. J Inherit Metab Dis 2011; 34:477-82. [PMID: 21264516 PMCID: PMC3063566 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-010-9268-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Concentrations of glutarate (GA) and its derivatives such as 3-hydroxyglutarate (3OHGA), D- (D-2OHGA) and L-2-hydroxyglutarate (L-2OHGA) are increased in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and urine of patients suffering from different forms of organic acidurias. It has been proposed that these derivatives cause neuronal damage in these patients, leading to dystonic and dyskinetic movement disorders. We have recently shown that these compounds are eliminated by the kidneys via the human organic anion transporters, OAT1 and OAT4, and the sodium-dependent dicarboxylate transporter 3, NaDC3. In neurons, where most of the damage occurs, a sodium-dependent citrate transporter, NaCT, has been identified. Therefore, we investigated the impact of GA derivatives on hNaCT by two-electrode voltage clamp and tracer uptake studies. None of these compounds induced substrate-associated currents in hNaCT-expressing Xenopus laevis oocytes nor did GA derivatives inhibit the uptake of citrate, the prototypical substrate of hNaCT. In contrast, D- and L-2OHGA, but not 3OHGA, showed affinities to NaDC3, indicating that D- and L-2OHGA impair the uptake of dicarboxylates into astrocytes thereby possibly interfering with their feeding of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates to neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Brauburger
- Zentrum Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Abt. Vegetative Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Burckhardt
- Zentrum Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Abt. Vegetative Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Birgitta C. Burckhardt
- Zentrum Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Abt. Vegetative Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Xu W, Yang H, Liu Y, Yang Y, Wang P, Kim SH, Ito S, Yang C, Wang P, Xiao MT, Liu LX, Jiang WQ, Liu J, Zhang JY, Wang B, Frye S, Zhang Y, Xu YH, Lei QY, Guan KL, Zhao SM, Xiong Y. Oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate is a competitive inhibitor of α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases. Cancer Cell 2011; 19:17-30. [PMID: 21251613 PMCID: PMC3229304 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2010.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2072] [Impact Index Per Article: 159.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
IDH1 and IDH2 mutations occur frequently in gliomas and acute myeloid leukemia, leading to simultaneous loss and gain of activities in the production of α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) and 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG), respectively. Here we demonstrate that 2-HG is a competitive inhibitor of multiple α-KG-dependent dioxygenases, including histone demethylases and the TET family of 5-methlycytosine (5mC) hydroxylases. 2-HG occupies the same space as α-KG does in the active site of histone demethylases. Ectopic expression of tumor-derived IDH1 and IDH2 mutants inhibits histone demethylation and 5mC hydroxylation. In glioma, IDH1 mutations are associated with increased histone methylation and decreased 5-hydroxylmethylcytosine (5hmC). Hence, tumor-derived IDH1 and IDH2 mutations reduce α-KG and accumulate an α-KG antagonist, 2-HG, leading to genome-wide histone and DNA methylation alterations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 20032, China
- Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 20032, China
| | - Hui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 20032, China
- Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 20032, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 20032, China
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 20032, China
| | - Ping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 20032, China
| | - Se-Hee Kim
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Shinsuke Ito
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Chen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Pu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 20032, China
- Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 20032, China
| | - Meng-Tao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 20032, China
- Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 20032, China
| | - Li-xia Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 20032, China
| | - Wen-qing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 20032, China
- Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 20032, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jin-ye Zhang
- Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 20032, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 20032, China
| | - Stephen Frye
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yan-hui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 20032, China
| | - Qun-ying Lei
- Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 20032, China
- Department of Biochemistry, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 20032, China
| | - Kun-Liang Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 20032, China
- Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 20032, China
- Department of Biochemistry, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 20032, China
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Correspondence: (K.-L.G.), (S.-m.Z.), (Y.X.)
| | - Shi-min Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 20032, China
- Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 20032, China
- Correspondence: (K.-L.G.), (S.-m.Z.), (Y.X.)
| | - Yue Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 20032, China
- Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 20032, China
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Correspondence: (K.-L.G.), (S.-m.Z.), (Y.X.)
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Riscob B, Shakir M, Sundar JK, Natarajan S, Wahab MA, Bhagavannarayana G. Synthesis, growth, crystal structure and characterization of a new organic material: glycine glutaric acid. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2011; 78:543-548. [PMID: 21163691 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2010.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Glycine glutaric acid, a new organic compound has been synthesized and good quality single crystals were grown by slow evaporation technique. The structure of the grown crystal was elucidated by using single crystal XRD. The presence of the functional groups was confirmed by using FT-IR spectroscopy. The optical transparency was studied by using UV-vis spectrophotometer and it was found that the crystal is having high optical transparency. The thermal stability of the crystal was studied by using thermo-gravimetric and differential thermal analyses and found that it is stable up to 150°C. The room temperature dielectric studies were also carried out over the wide frequency range: 10 mHz to 10 MHz.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Riscob
- National Physical Laboratory (CSIR), Dr. K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi 110 012, India
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Anderson RC, Huwe JK, Smith DJ, Stanton TB, Krueger NA, Callaway TR, Edrington TS, Harvey RB, Nisbet DJ. Effect of nitroethane, dimethyl-2-nitroglutarate and 2-nitro-methyl-propionate on ruminal methane production and hydrogen balance in vitro. Bioresour Technol 2010; 101:5345-5349. [PMID: 20194018 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.11.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Ruminal methanogenesis is considered a digestive inefficiency that results in the loss of 2-12% of the host's gross energy intake and contributes nearly 20% to the United States annual CH(4) emissions. Presently, the effects of the known CH(4) inhibitor, nitroethane, and two synthetic nitrocompounds, dimethyl-2-nitroglutarate and 2-nitro-methyl-propionate, on ruminal CH(4) production and fermentation were evaluated in vitro. After 24 h incubation at 39 degrees C under 100% CO(2), ruminal fluid cultures treated with 2.97 or 11.88 mumol ml(-1) of the respective nitrocompounds produced > 92% less CH(4) (P < 0.05) than non-treated controls. Quantification of fermentation end-products produced and H(2) balance estimates indicate that fermentation efficiencies were not compromised by the nitro-treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin C Anderson
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food & Feed Safety Research Unit, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, Texas 77845 USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kanawati B, Schmitt-Kopplin P. Exploring rearrangements along the fragmentation of glutaric acid negative ion: a combined experimental and theoretical study. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2010; 24:1198-1206. [PMID: 20301136 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Glutaric acid, a common short-chain aliphatic dicarboxylic acid, was investigated in the negative ion mode by subjecting its [M-H](-) ion to collision-induced dissociation (CID) experiments in an infinity ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) cell coupled to a hexapole-quadrupole-hexapole ion guide. A 12 Tesla magnet was used for high-resolution measurements. Two distinctive main pathways were observed in the MS/MS spectrum. The fragmentation pathways were also thoroughly investigated in a density functional theory (DFT) study involving a B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,p)//B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level of theory. Elimination of CO(2) from the [M-H](-) ion of the dicarboxylic acid takes place in a concerted mechanism, by which a 1,5 proton shift occurs from the intact carboxyl group to the methylene moiety located in the alpha position relative to the deprotonated carboxyl group. This concerted mechanism stabilizes the terminal negative charge and deprotonates the second carboxylic acid group. Water elimination from the [M-H](-) ion does not take place by means of a simple proton removal from the alpha methylene group - and OH(-) release from the carboxylate group to abstract an additional alpha proton thus leading to the formation of a deprotonated ketene anion. In the case of this dicarboxylic acid, a new mechanism was found for water elimination, which differs from that known for aliphatic monocarboxylic acids. An intramolecular interaction between the deprotonated and the intact carboxyl groups plays a key role in making a new energetically favourable mechanism. The DFT study also reveals that a combined loss of CO2 and H2O in the form of H2CO3 is possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Basem Kanawati
- Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr.1, D-85758 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Benmalti MEA, Krallafa A, Rekik N, Belhakem M. Theoretical study of the nuO-H IR spectra for the hydrogen bond dimers from the polarized spectra of glutaric and 1-naphthoic acid crystals: Fermi resonances effects. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2009; 74:58-66. [PMID: 19524484 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2009.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2008] [Revised: 05/02/2009] [Accepted: 05/11/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A full quantum theoretical model is proposed to study the nu(O-H) experimental IR line shapes of polarized crystalline glutaric and 1-naphthoic acid dimer crystals at room and liquid nitrogen temperatures. This work is an application of a previous model [M. E-A. Benmalti, D. Chamma, P. Blaise, and O. Henri-Rousseau, J. Mol. Struct. 785 (2006) 27-31] by accounting for Fermi resonances. The approach is dealing with the strong anharmonic coupling, Davydov coupling, multiple Fermi resonances between the first harmonics of some bending modes and the first excited state of the symmetric combination of the two nu(O-H) modes and the quantum direct and indirect relaxation. Numerical results show that mixing of all these effects allows to reproduce satisfactorily the main features of the experimental IR line shapes of crystalline hydrogenated and deuterated glutaric and 1-naphthoic acid crystals and are expected to provide efficient of Fermi resonances effects.
Collapse
|
30
|
Nessen MA, Kramer G, Back J, Baskin JM, Smeenk LEJ, de Koning LJ, van Maarseveen JH, de Jong L, Bertozzi CR, Hiemstra H, de Koster CG. Selective enrichment of azide-containing peptides from complex mixtures. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:3702-11. [PMID: 19402736 PMCID: PMC2761887 DOI: 10.1021/pr900257z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A general method is described to sequester peptides containing azides from complex peptide mixtures, aimed at facilitating mass spectrometric analysis to study different aspects of proteome dynamics. The enrichment method is based on covalent capture of azide-containing peptides by the azide-reactive cyclooctyne (ARCO) resin and is demonstrated for two different applications. Enrichment of peptides derived from cytochrome c treated with the azide-containing cross-linker bis(succinimidyl)-3-azidomethyl glutarate (BAMG) shows several cross-link containing peptides. Sequestration of peptides derived from an Escherichia coli proteome, pulse labeled with the bio-orthogonal amino acid azidohomoalanine as substitute for methionine, allows identification of numerous newly synthesized proteins. Furthermore, the method is found to be very specific, as after enrichment over 87% of all peptides contain (modified) azidohomoalanine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Merel A. Nessen
- Mass Spectrometry of Biomacromolecules, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, 1018WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands and Organic Synthesis, Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129, 1018WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gertjan Kramer
- Mass Spectrometry of Biomacromolecules, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, 1018WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands and Organic Synthesis, Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129, 1018WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Linde E. J. Smeenk
- Mass Spectrometry of Biomacromolecules, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, 1018WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands and Organic Synthesis, Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129, 1018WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leo J. de Koning
- Mass Spectrometry of Biomacromolecules, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, 1018WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands and Organic Synthesis, Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129, 1018WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H. van Maarseveen
- Mass Spectrometry of Biomacromolecules, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, 1018WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands and Organic Synthesis, Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129, 1018WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luitzen de Jong
- Mass Spectrometry of Biomacromolecules, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, 1018WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands and Organic Synthesis, Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129, 1018WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Henk Hiemstra
- Mass Spectrometry of Biomacromolecules, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, 1018WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands and Organic Synthesis, Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129, 1018WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris G. de Koster
- Mass Spectrometry of Biomacromolecules, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, 1018WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands and Organic Synthesis, Van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129, 1018WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kourtchev I, Copolovici L, Claeys M, Maenhaut W. Characterization of atmospheric aerosols at a forested site in central Europe. Environ Sci Technol 2009; 43:4665-4671. [PMID: 19673249 DOI: 10.1021/es803055w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Mass concentrations, mass size distributions, time series, and diel variations for organic tracers and major inorganic ions in aerosols from K-puszta, Hungary, during a 2003 summer period are reported. Emphasis was placed on alpha-beta-pinene secondary organic aerosol (SOA) tracers comprising cis-pinic acid, 3-hydroxyglutaric acid, and 3-methyl-1,2,3-butanetricarboxylic acid. Only cis-pinic acid and the d-limonene SOA tracer 3-carboxyheptanedioic acid exhibited diel variations with highest concentrations at night Malic acid was fairly well correlated with succinic and oxalic acid, pointing to a similar SOA formation process. No day-night variations were observed for the latter acids, suggesting that they are formed over relatively longtime scales. Of the ionic species sulfate, ammonium, and nitrate, only nitrate showed clear diel variations with highest concentrations at night. As to the size-segregated samples, the 2-methyltetrols were present in both the fine and coarse modes, while the C5-alkene triols and the alpha-/beta-pinene SOA tracers were only associated with the fine mode. The ionic species sulfate, ammonium, and nitrate made up for, on average, 24, 10, and 26% of the PM2.5 mass, while organic matter was responsible for 47% of that mass. Isoprene and alpha-pinene secondary organic carbon (SOC) accounted, on average, for, respectively, 6.8 and at least 4.8% of the PM2.5 organic carbon, but the contribution of isoprene SOC was more pronounced during daytime (9.6%), whereas that of alpha-pinene SOC was largest at night (at least 6.0%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Kourtchev
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp (Campus Drie Eiken), Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Iinuma Y, Böge O, Keywood M, Gnauk T, Herrmann H. Diaterebic acid acetate and diaterpenylic acid acetate: atmospheric tracers for secondary organic aerosol formation from 1,8-cineole oxidation. Environ Sci Technol 2009; 43:280-5. [PMID: 19238952 DOI: 10.1021/es802141v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Detailed organic speciation of summer time PM10 collected in Melbourne, Australia, indicated the presence of numerous monoterpene oxidation products that have previously been reported in the literature. In addition, two highly oxygenated compounds with molecular formulas C9H14O6 (MW 218) and C10H16O6 (MW 232), previously unreported, were detected during a period associated with high temperatures and bushfire smoke. These two compounds were also present in laboratory-produced secondary organic aerosol (SOA) through the reaction of OH radicals with 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol), which is emitted by Eucalyptus trees. The retention times and mass spectral behavior of the highly oxygenated compounds in high-performance liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to electrospray ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MS) in parallel to ion trap MS of agree perfectly between the ambient samples and the laboratory-produced SOA samples, suggesting that 1,8-cineole is the precursor of the highly oxygenated compounds. The proposed structure of the compound with molecular formula C10H16O6 was confirmed by synthesis of a reference compound. The two novel compounds were identified as diaterebic acid acetate (2-[1-(acetyloxy)-1-methylethyl]succinic acid, C9H14O6) and diaterpenylic acid acetate (3-[1-(acetyloxy)-1-methylethyl]glutaric acid, C10H16O6) based on the consideration of reaction mechanisms, the structure of a reference compound, and the interpretation of mass spectral data. Depending on the experimental conditions, the SOA yields determined in chamber experiments ranged between 16 and 20% for approximately 25 ppb of hydrocarbon consumed. The concentrations of these compounds were as high as 50 ng m(-3) during the summertime in Melbourne. This study demonstrates the importance and influence of local vegetation patterns on SOA chemical composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiteru Iinuma
- Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung, Permoserstr. 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Tseng YH, Mou Y, Chen PH, Tsai TWT, Hsieh CI, Mou CY, Chan JCC. Solid-state P-31 NMR study of the formation of hydroxyapatite in the presence of glutaric acid. Magn Reson Chem 2008; 46:330-334. [PMID: 18306172 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.2096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that glutaric acid can be used to prepare nanorods of hydroxyapatite under hydrothermal condition at 100 degrees C with a Ca(2+):glutaric acid molar ratio of 1:4. Frequency-switched Lee-Goldburg irradiation is employed to obtain high-resolution (31)P{(1)H} correlation spectra of the reaction mixture at two different reaction periods, from which it is shown that octacalcium phosphate is the precursor phase of the final hydroxyapatite product. In addition, the spectra show that a substantial amount of water molecules is trapped between the glutaric acid and the hydroxyapatite surface, indicating that water molecules may play a prominent role in the noncovalent interaction of the glutaric acid and the HAp surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Hung Tseng
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Vallières K, Petitclerc E, Laroche G. Covalent grafting of fibronectin onto plasma-treated PTFE: influence of the conjugation strategy on fibronectin biological activity. Macromol Biosci 2007; 7:738-45. [PMID: 17457945 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200600267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Surface coating of synthetic materials is often considered to improve biomedical devices biocompatibility. In this study, we covalently bound fibronectin (FN) onto ammonia plasma-treated PTFE via two crosslinkers, namely glutaric anhydride (GA) and sulfosuccinimidyl-4-(p-maleimidophenyl)butyrate (sulfo-SMPB). With respect to clean PTFE, cell adhesion increased markedly on both FN grafted surfaces, although it was twice higher on PTFE-GA-FN than on PTFE-SMPB-FN. ELISA experiments performed with a polyclonal antibody revealed that the amount of FN is identical on both surfaces while monoclonal antibody specific to the RGD binding site clearly demonstrated a greater availability when FN is surface grafted through GA. These results provide evidence of a variation in protein conformation correlated with the surface conjugation strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karine Vallières
- Unité de Biotechnologie et de Bioingénierie, Centre de recherche du CHUQ, Hôpital Saint-François d'Assise, 10 rue de l'Espinay, Québec, Canada, G1L 3L5
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Vallières K, Chevallier P, Sarra-Bournet C, Turgeon S, Laroche G. AFM imaging of immobilized fibronectin: does the surface conjugation scheme affect the protein orientation/conformation? Langmuir 2007; 23:9745-51. [PMID: 17705411 DOI: 10.1021/la701323q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Covalent grafting of biomolecules could potentially improve the biocompatibility of materials. However, these molecules have to be grafted in an active conformation to play their biological roles. The present work aims at verifying if the surface conjugation scheme of fibronectin (FN) affects the protein orientation/conformation and activity. FN was grafted onto plasma-treated fused silica using two different crosslinkers, glutaric anhydride (GA) or sulfosuccinimidyl 4-(p-maleimidophenyl)butyrate (SMPB). Fused silica was chosen as a model surface material because it presents a roughness well below the dimensions of FN, therefore allowing AFM analyses with appropriate depth resolution. Cell adhesion assays were performed to evaluate the bioactivity of grafted FN. Cell adhesion was found to be higher on GA-FN than on SMPB-FN. Since FN-radiolabeling assays allowed us to rule out a surface concentration effect (approximately 80 ng/cm2 of FN on both crosslinkers), it was hypothesized that FN adopted a more active conformation when grafted via GA. In this context, the FN conformation on both crosslinkers was investigated through AFM and contact angle analyses. Before FN grafting, GA- and SMPB-modified surfaces had a similar water contact angle, topography, and roughness. However, water contact angles of GA-FN and SMPB-FN surfaces clearly show differences in surface hydrophilicity, therefore indicating a dependence of protein organization toward the conjugation strategy. Furthermore, AFM results demonstrated that surface topography and roughness of both FN-conjugated surfaces were significantly different. Distribution analysis of FN height and diameter confirmed this observation as the protein dimensions were significantly larger on GA than SMPB. This study confirmed that the covalent immobilization scheme of biomolecules influences their conformation and, hence, their activity. Consequently, selecting the appropriate conjugation strategy is of paramount importance in retaining molecule bioactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karine Vallières
- Unité de Biotechnologie et de Bioingénierie, Centre de recherche du CHUQ, Hôpital Saint-François d'Assise, 10 rue de l'Espinay, Qué., Canada G1L 3L5
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
During the past 10 years, substantial progress has been made in the discovery and development of small molecule glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCP II) inhibitors. These inhibitors have provided the necessary tools to investigate the physiological role of GCP II as well as the potential therapeutic benefits of its inhibition in neurological disorders of glutamatergic dysregulation. This review article details key GCP II inhibitors discovered in the last decade and important findings from preclinical and clinical studies.
Collapse
|
37
|
Cook MJ, Rovis T. Rhodium-catalyzed enantioselective desymmetrization of meso-3,5-dimethyl glutaric anhydride: a general strategy to syn-deoxypolypropionate synthons. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:9302-3. [PMID: 17622150 DOI: 10.1021/ja073269s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Cook
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Tiraidis C, Alexacou KM, Zographos SE, Leonidas DD, Gimisis T, Oikonomakos NG. FR258900, a potential anti-hyperglycemic drug, binds at the allosteric site of glycogen phosphorylase. Protein Sci 2007; 16:1773-82. [PMID: 17600143 PMCID: PMC2203354 DOI: 10.1110/ps.072925607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
FR258900 has been discovered as a novel inhibitor of human liver glycogen phosphorylase a and proved to suppress hepatic glycogen breakdown and reduce plasma glucose concentrations in diabetic mice models. To elucidate the mechanism of inhibition, we have determined the crystal structure of the cocrystallized rabbit muscle glycogen phosphorylase b-FR258900 complex and refined it to 2.2 A resolution. The structure demonstrates that the inhibitor binds at the allosteric activator site, where the physiological activator AMP binds. The contacts from FR258900 to glycogen phosphorylase are dominated by nonpolar van der Waals interactions with Gln71, Gln72, Phe196, and Val45' (from the symmetry-related subunit), and also by ionic interactions from the carboxylate groups to the three arginine residues (Arg242, Arg309, and Arg310) that form the allosteric phosphate-recognition subsite. The binding of FR258900 to the protein promotes conformational changes that stabilize an inactive T-state quaternary conformation of the enzyme. The ligand-binding mode is different from those of the potent phenoxy-phthalate and acyl urea inhibitors, previously described, illustrating the broad specificity of the allosteric site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Costas Tiraidis
- Institute of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kumar CSSR, Leuschner C, Urbina M, Ozkaya T, Hormes J. Glutaric acid as a spacer facilitates improved intracellular uptake of LHRH-SPION into human breast cancer cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2007; 2:175-9. [PMID: 17722545 PMCID: PMC2673973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) bound directly to luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) have shown high efficiency for intracellular uptake to breast cancer cells, MDA-MB-435S.luc. We demonstrate in this communication that inclusion of a small spacer molecule such as glutaric acid (Glu) in between SPION and LHRH increases further receptor mediated intracellular uptake. LHRH-bound SPIONs with and without the spacer molecule were nontoxic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Challa SSR Kumar
- Center for Advanced Microstructures and Devices, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
- Correspondence: Challa SSR Kumar/Carola Leuschner, Center for Advanced Microstructures and Devices/Pennington Biomedical Research Center/6980 Jefferson Hwy, Baton Rouge, LA 70806, USA/6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA, Tel +1 225 578 9320 / +1 225 763 3197, Fax +1 225 578 6954 / +1 225 763 2525, Email
/
| | - Carola Leuschner
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
- Correspondence: Challa SSR Kumar/Carola Leuschner, Center for Advanced Microstructures and Devices/Pennington Biomedical Research Center/6980 Jefferson Hwy, Baton Rouge, LA 70806, USA/6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA, Tel +1 225 578 9320 / +1 225 763 3197, Fax +1 225 578 6954 / +1 225 763 2525, Email
/
| | - Michelle Urbina
- Center for Advanced Microstructures and Devices, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Tevhida Ozkaya
- Center for Advanced Microstructures and Devices, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
- Chemistry Department, Fatih University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Josef Hormes
- Center for Advanced Microstructures and Devices, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Koponen IK, Riipinen I, Hienola A, Kulmala M, Bilde M. Thermodynamic properties of malonic, succinic, and glutaric acids: evaporation rates and saturation vapor pressures. Environ Sci Technol 2007; 41:3926-33. [PMID: 17612170 DOI: 10.1021/es0611240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This work provides thermodynamic data, in particular, liquid-state saturation vapor pressures of three common slightly water soluble secondary organic aerosol components, namely, malonic, succinic, and glutaric acids. A modified tandem differential mobility analyzer system was used to measure evaporation rates of nanometer sized aqueous malonic, succinic, and glutaric acid droplets at relative humidities and temperatures relevant in the lower troposphere. Liquid phase saturation vapor pressures and other thermodynamic properties were derived from the measurements using a binary condensation model. The obtained expressions for liquid phase saturation vapor pressures compare well with extrapolated literature data. The importance of the choice of method for calculating activity coefficients is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ismo K Koponen
- Department of Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Irrespective of their pyridine nucleotide specificity, all glutamate dehydrogenases share a common chemical mechanism that involves an enzyme bound 'iminoglutarate' intermediate. Three compounds, structurally related to this intermediate, were tested for the inhibition of purified NADP-glutamate dehydrogenases from two Aspergilli, as also the bovine liver NAD(P)-glutamate dehydrogenase. 2-Methyleneglutarate, closely resembling iminoglutarate, was a potent competitive inhibitor of the glutamate dehydrogenase reaction. This is the first report of a non-aromatic structure with a better glutamate dehydrogenase inhibitory potency than aryl carboxylic acids such as isophthalate. A suitably located 2-methylene group to mimic the iminium ion could be exploited to design inhibitors of other amino acid dehydrogenases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajarshi Choudhury
- Biotechnology Group, SBB, Indian Institute of Technology, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
High-level quantum chemistry calculations have been used to examine the catalytic reactions of adenosylcobalamin-dependent glutamate mutase (GM) with the natural substrate (S)-glutamic acid. We have also examined the rearrangement of (S)-2-hydroxyglutaric acid, (S)-2-thiolglutaric acid, and 2-ketoglutaric acid, all of which have previously been shown to react as substrates or inhibitors of the enzyme. Our calculations support the notion that the 100-fold difference in kcat between glutamate and 2-hydroxyglutarate is associated with the relatively high energy of the glycolyl radical intermediate compared with the glycyl radical. More generally, calculations of radical stabilization energies for a variety of substituted glycyl radical analogues indicate that modifications at the radical center can profoundly affect the relative stability of the resulting radical, leading to important mechanistic consequences. We find that the formation of a thioglycolyl radical, derived from (S)-2-thiolglutaric acid, is highly dependent on the protonation state of sulfur. The neutral radical is found to be of stability similar to that of the glycolyl radical, whereas the S- form of the thioglycolyl radical is much more stable, thus providing a rationalization for the inhibition of the enzyme by the substrate analogue 2-thiolglutarate. Two possible rearrangement pathways have been examined for the reaction of GM with 2-ketoglutaric acid, for which previous experiments had suggested no rearrangement took place. The fragmentation-recombination pathway is associated with a fragmentation step that is very endothermic (by 102.2 kJ mol-1). In contrast, the addition-elimination pathway has significantly lower energy requirements. An alternative possibility, namely, that 2-ketoglutaric acid is bound in its hydrated form, 2,2-dihydroxyglutaric acid, also leads to a pathway with relatively low energy requirements, suggesting that some rearrangement might be expected under such circumstances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M Sandala
- School of Chemistry and ARC Centre of Excellence in Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Siriphannon P, Monvisade P, Jinawath S, Hemachandra K. Preparation and characterization of hydroxyapatite/poly(ethylene glutarate) biomaterials. J Biomed Mater Res A 2007; 81:381-91. [PMID: 17542004 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite/poly(ethylene glutarate) (HAp/PEG) biomaterial composites were prepared by ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of cyclic oligo(ethylene glutarate) (C-PEG) in porous HAp scaffolds. The HAp/C-PEG precomposites were prepared by immersing the porous HAp scaffolds in the mixture solution of C-PEG and dibutyl tinoxide catalyst overnight and polymerizing at 200 degrees C for 24, 48, and 72 h under vacuum. The successful ROP of C-PEG in the porous HAp scaffolds was corroborated by the signals of hydroxyl end-group of PEG shown in the (1)H NMR spectrum of the ROP-products extracted from the composites. PEG in the composites was present as a thin layer coating on the HAp grains and was evenly distributed throughout the samples. The PEG content was about 13-16 wt % and decreased with increasing polymerization time. Its molecular weight (M(w), weight average) measured by gel permeation chromatography was in the range of 4300-6800 g/mol. Compressive strength of the HAp/PEG composites was significantly increased from 3 MPa of the porous HAp scaffold to 11-15 MPa, depending on the PEG content in the composites. In vitro bioactivity of the HAp/PEG composites was studied by soaking in simulated body fluid (SBF) at 36.5 degrees C for 7-28 days. After prolonged soaking, the HAp nanocrystals precipitated from the SBF solution and formed as a layer of globular aggregates, coated on the composite surfaces. This result suggested that the HAp/PEG composite was a bioactive material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Punnama Siriphannon
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Chalongkrung Road, Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Collman JP, Yan YL, Lei J, Dinolfo PH. Efficient synthesis of trisimidazole and glutaric acid bearing porphyrins: ligands for active-site models of bacterial nitric oxide reductase. Org Lett 2006; 8:923-6. [PMID: 16494475 PMCID: PMC2042138 DOI: 10.1021/ol053118z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ligands (1) for active-site models of bacterial nitric oxide reductase (NOR) have been efficiently synthesized. These compounds (1) feature three imidazolyl moieties and one carboxylic acid residue at the FeB site, which represent the closest available synthetic model ligands of NOR active center. The stereo conformations of these ligands are established on the basis of steric effects and 1H NMR chemical shifts under the ring current effect of the porphyrin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James P Collman
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, California 94305-5080, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been the subject of intense research because of their roles in tumor metastasis and in the rise and spread of degenerative diseases such as osteo- and rheumatoid arthritis. A preliminary class of 140 druglike, small-molecule matrix metalloproteinase-3 inhibitors, intended as starting scaffolds for optimization and synthesis, has been designed in silico using a series of highly predictive three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship models, including comparative molecular field analysis and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis, with docking and scoring. Thalidomide was chosen as the skeleton on which to base the new lead series, as it moderately inhibits MMP-3, is antiangiogenic, and lends itself easily to structural modifications. Most of the new compounds demonstrate medium to high predicted biological activity and good bioavailability as estimated by the octanol-water partition coefficient ClogP. Compound 102 in particular exhibits extremely favorable predicted activity against MMP-3; is moderately bioavailable; satisfies Lipinski's Rule of Five; and shows promise for further optimization, synthesis, and experimental evaluation as a potential adjunct anticancer or antirheumatic therapeutic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Amin
- Department of Chemistry and Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Chan MN, Lee AKY, Chan CK. Responses of ammonium sulfate particles coated with glutaric acid to cyclic changes in relative humidity: hygroscopicity and Raman characterization. Environ Sci Technol 2006; 40:6983-9. [PMID: 17154005 DOI: 10.1021/es060928c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric particles, which may have an organic coating, exhibit cyclical phase changes of deliquescence and crystallization in response to changes in the ambient relative humidity(RH). Here, we measured the hygroscopicity and Raman spectra of solid ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4) particles initially coated with water-soluble glutaric acid in two consecutive cycles of deliquescence and crystallization utilizing an electrodynamic balance. (NH4)2SO4 particles with glutaric acid coating (49 wt % glutaric acid) had different hygroscopicity and morphology in the two cycles. Once the particles deliquesced, the dissolution of the solid (NH4)2SO4 core and the glutaric acid coating formed mixed (NH4)2SO4-glutaric acid solution droplets, which was confirmed by Raman characterization. Coating studies with either deliquescence or crystallization measurements, or one complete cycle of these two measurements may not fully assess the effects of the organic coatings on aerosol hygroscopicity. We also present an analysis on the kinetic and chemical effects of organic coating on aerosol hygroscopicity. Glutaric acid coating does not impede the evaporation and condensation rates of water molecules compared to the rates of (NH4)2S04 particles in the two cycles. The coating likely affects the hygroscopicity of aerosol particles through dissolution and its chemical interactions with (NH4)2S04.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Man Nin Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Yoon M, Patwardhan A, Qiao C, Mansoorabadi SO, Menefee AL, Reed GH, Marsh ENG. Reaction of adenosylcobalamin-dependent glutamate mutase with 2-thiolglutarate. Biochemistry 2006; 45:11650-7. [PMID: 16981724 PMCID: PMC2517135 DOI: 10.1021/bi061067n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the reaction of glutamate mutase with the glutamate analogue, 2-thiolglutarate. In the standard assay, 2-thiolglutarate behaves as a competitive inhibitor with a Ki of 0.05 mM. However, rather than simply binding inertly at the active site, 2-thiolglutarate elicits cobalt-carbon bond homolysis and the formation of 5'-deoxyadenosine. The enzyme exhibits a complicated EPR spectrum in the presence of 2-thiolglutarate that is markedly different from any previously observed with the enzyme. The spectrum was simulated well by assuming that it arises from electron-electron spin coupling between a thioglycolyl radical and low-spin Co2+ in cob(II)alamin. Analysis of the zero-field splitting parameters obtained from the simulations places the organic radical approximately 10 A from the cobalt and at a tilt angle of approximately 70 degrees to the normal of the corrin ring. This orientation is in good agreement with that expected from the crystal structure of glutamate mutase complexed with the substrate. 2-Thiolglutarate appears to react in a manner analogous to that of glutamate by first forming a thiolglutaryl radical at C-4 that then undergoes fragmentation to produce acrylate and the sulfur-stabilized thioglycolyl radical. The thioglycolyl radical accumulates on the enzyme, suggesting it is too stable to undergo further steps in the mechanism at a detectable rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miri Yoon
- Departments of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, WI 48109−1055, USA
| | - Anjali Patwardhan
- Departments of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, WI 48109−1055, USA
| | - Chunhua Qiao
- Departments of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, WI 48109−1055, USA
| | | | - Ann L. Menefee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, MI 53726−4087, USA
| | - George H. Reed
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, MI 53726−4087, USA
| | - E. Neil G. Marsh
- Departments of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, WI 48109−1055, USA
- Correspondence should be addressed to this author at: Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109−1055, USA Tel (734) 763 6096 FAX (734) 764 8815 e-mail
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Bae YH, Johnson PA, Florek CA, Kohn J, Moghe PV. Minute changes in composition of polymer substrates produce amplified differences in cell adhesion and motility via optimal ligand conditioning. Acta Biomater 2006; 2:473-82. [PMID: 16793356 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2006.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2005] [Revised: 03/15/2006] [Accepted: 04/17/2006] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We explored the interplay between substratum chemistry of polymeric materials and surface-adsorbed ligand concentration (human plasma fibronectin) in the control of cell adhesion and cell motility. We found that small changes in the chemical composition of a polymeric substratum had different effects on cellular motility--depending on the concentration of preadsorbed fibronectin. We used two tyrosine-derived polyarylates, poly(DTD diglycolate) and poly(DTD glutarate), as substrata for the seeding of NIH-3T3 fibroblasts. The only compositional difference between the two test polymers was that one single oxygen atom in the polymer backbone of poly(DTD diglycolate) had been substituted by a methylene group in the backbone of poly(DTD glutarate), The two polymers had closely matched hydrophobicity and physical properties. Flat, spin-coated surfaces of these polymers were pretreated with different concentrations of human plasma fibronectin (0-20 microg/ml). After seeding with NIH-3T3 fibroblasts, we examined the adhesion and motility behavior of these cells. We found that NIH-3T3 fibroblasts migrated significantly faster on poly(DTD diglycolate), but only when the polymer surfaces were pretreated with intermediate concentrations of fibronectin. Only at these intermediate levels of ligand conditioning, did the presence of an extra oxygen atom in the backbone of poly(DTD diglycolate) relative to poly(DTD glutarate) (i) alter the overall organization/concentration of the fibronectin; (ii) weaken cell attachment strength and inhibited excessive cell spreading; and (iii) promote cell motility kinetics. These findings indicate that the biological effect of minute changes in substratum chemistry is critically dependent on the level of surface-adsorbed cell-binding ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ho Bae
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Trask AV, Motherwell WDS, Jones W. Physical stability enhancement of theophylline via cocrystallization. Int J Pharm 2006; 320:114-23. [PMID: 16769188 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2005] [Revised: 03/26/2006] [Accepted: 04/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The crystal form adopted by the respiratory drug theophylline was modified using a crystal engineering strategy in order to search for a solid material with improved physical stability. Cocrystals, also referred to as crystalline molecular complexes, were prepared with theophylline and one of several dicarboxylic acids. Four cocrystals of theophylline are reported, one each with oxalic, malonic, maleic and glutaric acids. Crystal structures were obtained for each cocrystal material, allowing an examination of the hydrogen bonding and crystal packing features. The cocrystal design scheme was partly based upon a series of recently reported cocrystals of the molecular analogue, caffeine, and comparisons in packing features are drawn between the two cocrystal series. The theophylline cocrystals were subjected to relative humidity challenges in order to assess their stability in relation to crystalline theophylline anhydrate and the equivalent caffeine cocrystals. None of the cocrystals in this study converted into a hydrated cocrystal upon storage at high relative humidity. Furthermore, the theophylline:oxalic acid cocrystal demonstrated superior humidity stability to theophylline anhydrate under the conditions examined, while the other cocrystals appeared to offer comparable stability to that of theophylline anhydrate. The results demonstrate the feasibility of pharmaceutical cocrystal design based upon the crystallization preferences of a molecular analogue, and furthermore show that avoidance of hydrate formation and improvement in physical stability is possible via pharmaceutical cocrystallization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew V Trask
- Pfizer Institute for Pharmaceutical Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
The host-guest complexes of resorcin[4]arenes with small molecules in organic solutions are examined using modern NMR spectroscopic methods. The complexation of glutaric acid and beta-methyl d-glucopyranoside in chloroform were investigated through 2D COSY, 2D NOESY, 1D NOE, and diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy (DOSY) techniques. These methods indicate that the complex is a self-assembled capsule composed of six resorcinarenes that surround six guest molecules of glutaric acid or three molecules of beta-methyl d-glucopyranoside inside. The multiplicity of guest proton signals shows that the capsule provides an asymmetric magnetic environment that persists on the (1)H NMR time scale. The encapsulation of these guests and common solvents suggests that the phenomenon of reversible encapsulation in chemistry may be a century old.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Evan-Salem
- *School of Chemistry, The Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Inbal Baruch
- *School of Chemistry, The Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Liat Avram
- *School of Chemistry, The Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yoram Cohen
- *School of Chemistry, The Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Liam C. Palmer
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Julius Rebek
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|