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Abstract
To investigate the potential role of interleukin-18 (IL-18) in immunomodulation during tumorigenesis of esophageal carcinoma and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism, we employed IL-18 knockout mice for this purpose. Carcinogen 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO) was administrated in drinking water to induce occurrence of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). T cell activation as indicated by the surface CD molecules was analyzed with flow cytometry. The serous content of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) along with other cytokines was determined by inflammatory human cytokine cytometric bead array. The cytotoxicity assay was performed by co-culture of tumor cells with immune cells and relative cell viability was determined by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay. Apoptotic cells were stained with Annexin-V/propidium iodide (PI) and analyzed by flow cytometry. Cell proliferation was measured with Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Our data demonstrated that deficiency of IL-18 promoted the progression and development of 4NQO-induced ESCC. Loss of IL-18 suppressed the activation of T cells in the esophagus. Deficiency of IL-18 inhibited the IFN-γ production by CD8+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Absence of IL-18 inhibited the cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells and NK cell in vitro. Moreover, deficiency of IL-18 promoted the apoptosis of CD8+ T cells and inhibited the proliferation of CD8+ T cells in vitro. Our data elucidated the immunomodulatory role of IL-18 during tumorigenesis of ESCC, whose deficiency compromised antitumor immunity and contributed to immune escape of esophageal carcinoma. Our results also indicated the therapeutic potential of exogenous IL-18 against ESCC, which warrants further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiantao Li
- Hebei Medical University, No. 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, China
- Hebei General Hospital, No. 348 West Heping Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, China
| | - Gang Qiu
- Hebei General Hospital, No. 348 West Heping Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, China
| | - Baoshuan Fang
- Hebei General Hospital, No. 348 West Heping Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050051, China
| | - Xiaohui Dai
- Hebei Medical University, No. 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, China
| | - Jianhui Cai
- Hebei Medical University, No. 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050017, China.
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Impellizzeri D, Siracusa R, Cordaro M, Peritore AF, Gugliandolo E, Mancuso G, Midiri A, Di Paola R, Cuzzocrea S. Therapeutic potential of dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS)-induced colitis in mice by targeting IL-1β and IL-18. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 155:150-161. [PMID: 29963998 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-18 belong to the IL-1 family of ligands, and their receptors are members of the IL-1 receptor family. Both cytokines drive an extensive range of pro-inflammatory networks in many cell types using common signal transduction cascades. Anyway, differences in signaling pathways exist. With this aim in mind, we investigated by using transgenic mice the mechanisms through the simultaneous deficiency of both IL-1β and IL-18 could be more protective compared to blocking the single cytokine IL-1β or IL-18 during colitis. Colitis was provoked in mice by instillation of dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS) in the colon. The results indicated that single knockout (KO) mice of IL-1β or IL-18, and double KO mice of both IL-1β and IL-18 were hyporesponsive to DNBS-induced colitis compared to wild type (WT) mice, in which double KO were less sensitive than single KO mice. Moreover, treatment with Anakinra (IL-1R antagonist) also ameliorated colitis, in views of macroscopic and histological alteration, infiltration of neutrophils or Th1 cells, oxidative and nitrosative stress. Anakinra more significantly reduced cyclooxygenase (COX-2) and nuclear factor (NF-κB) levels as well as IKB-α degradation compared to blocking IL-18. On the contrary, the absence of IL-18 reduced p-ERK and p-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs) in a more significant way compared to blocking IL-1β. Thus, the double KO increased the protective effects against colon inflammation maybe because different converging inflammatory pathways are being inhibited. In conclusion, the blocking of both IL-1β and IL-18 function may be advantageous in the treatment of IBD or inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Chemical Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalba Siracusa
- Department of Chemical Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Marika Cordaro
- Department of Chemical Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Alessio Filippo Peritore
- Department of Chemical Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Enrico Gugliandolo
- Department of Chemical Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mancuso
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Angelina Midiri
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Rosanna Di Paola
- Department of Chemical Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester Royal Infirmary, School of Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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Toldo S, Mezzaroma E, O'Brien L, Marchetti C, Seropian IM, Voelkel NF, Van Tassell BW, Dinarello CA, Abbate A. Interleukin-18 mediates interleukin-1-induced cardiac dysfunction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 306:H1025-31. [PMID: 24531812 PMCID: PMC3962640 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00795.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Patients with heart failure (HF) have enhanced systemic IL-1 activity, and, in the experimental mouse model, IL-1 induces left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction. Whether the effects of IL-1 are direct or mediated by an inducible cytokine, such as IL-18, is unknown. Recombinant human IL-18-binding protein (IL-18BP) or an IL-18-blocking antibody (IL-18AB) was used to neutralize endogenous IL-18 after challenge with the plasma of patients with HF or with recombinant murine IL-1β in adult male mice. Plasma levels of IL-18 and IL-6 (a key mediator of IL-1-induced systemic effects) and LV fractional shortening were measured in mice sedated with pentobarbital sodium (30-50 mg/kg). Mice with genetic deletion of IL-18 or IL-18 receptors were compared with matching wild-type mice. A group of mice received murine IL-18 to evaluate the effects on LV fractional shortening. Plasma from HF patients and IL-1β induced LV systolic dysfunction that was prevented by pretreatment with IL-18AB or IL-18BP. IL-1β failed to induce LV systolic dysfunction in mice with genetic deletion of IL-18 signaling. IL-1β induced a significant increase in plasma IL-18 and IL-6 levels. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of IL-18 signaling failed to block the induction of IL-6 by IL-1β. In conclusion, IL-1 induces a release of active IL-18 in the mouse that mediates the LV systolic dysfunction but not the induction of IL-6. IL-18 blockade may therefore represent a novel and more targeted therapeutic approach to treat HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Toldo
- VCU Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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Hoshino T, Okamoto M, Sakazaki Y, Kato S, Young HA, Aizawa H. Role of proinflammatory cytokines IL-18 and IL-1beta in bleomycin-induced lung injury in humans and mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2009; 41:661-670. [PMID: 19265174 PMCID: PMC10283344 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2008-0182oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Administration of several chemotherapeutic drugs, such as bleomycin, busulfan, and gefitinib, often induces lethal lung injury. However, the precise mechanisms responsible for this drug-induced lung injury are still unclear. In the present study, we examined the role of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-18 and IL-1beta in the mechanism of bleomycin-induced lung injury. We performed immunohistochemical analysis of IL-18 and IL-18 receptor (R) alpha chain expression in the lungs of five patients with bleomycin-induced lethal lung injury. Enhanced expression of both IL-18 and IL-18Ralpha was observed in the lungs of all five patients with bleomycin-induced lung injury. To support the data obtained from patient samples, the levels of IL-1beta and IL-18 mRNA and protein, pulmonary inflammation, and lung fibrosis were examined in mouse models of bleomycin-induced lung injury. Intravenous administration of bleomycin induced the expression of IL-1beta and IL-18 in the serum and lungs of wild-type C57BL/6 mice. IL-18-producing F4/80(+) neutrophils, but not CD3(+) T cells, were greatly increased in the lungs of treated mice. Moreover, bleomycin-induced lung injury was significantly attenuated in caspase-1(-/-), IL-18(-/-), and IL-18Ralpha(-/-) mice in comparison with control mice. Thus, our results provide evidence for an important role of IL-1beta and IL-18 in chemotherapy-induced lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Hoshino
- Division of Respirology, Neurology, and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan.
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Pejnovic N, Vratimos A, Lee SH, Popadic D, Takeda K, Akira S, Chan WL. Increased atherosclerotic lesions and Th17 in interleukin-18 deficient apolipoprotein E-knockout mice fed high-fat diet. Mol Immunol 2009; 47:37-45. [PMID: 19201478 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 12/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports show T helper 17 (Th17) cells are involved in the pathogenesis of various chronic inflammatory diseases formerly categorized as Th1-mediated disorders. Interleukin-18 (IL-18) induces Th1 cells to produce interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) which is proatherogenic, while cholesterol causes atherosclerosis and stimulates intact rat aortae to produce prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), a strong regulator of IL-23 that expands Th17. We wanted to test whether Th17 is proatherogenic and whether cholesterol can induce the alternative Th17 pathway in IL-18 deficient apolipoprotein E-knockout (ApoE(-/-)) mice that have reduced Th1 cells, if they are fed high-cholesterol diet. IL-18(+/+)ApoE(-/-) and IL-18(-/-)ApoE(-/-) mice aged 5 weeks were fed high-cholesterol diet (HCD) and control littermates of IL-18(-/-)ApoE(-/-) low-cholesterol diet (LCD) for 12 weeks. At termination, cryosectioned aortic arches were stained for lesion measurement and immunohistochemistry. We found that serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels were significantly higher in IL-18(-/-)ApoE(-/-) mice on HCD and they also had significantly increased atherosclerosis compared with 18(+/+)ApoE(-/-) mice or IL-18(-/-)ApoE(-/-) mice on LCD. Increased atherosclerosis correlates with enhanced Th17-cells, IL-23-producing vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and macrophages, and thin fibrous cap in lesions, the morphology indicative of unstable plaques prone to rupture. In vitro, cholesterol significantly enhances VSMCs explanted from IL-18(-/-)ApoE(-/-) but not IL-18(+/+)ApoE(-/-) aorta to produce IL-23 and homocysteine mediates secretion. This study suggests that in IL-18 deficiency, cholesterol in HCD synergize mechanistically with homocysteine to accelerate atherosclerosis via the alternative IL-23/Th17 pathway, demonstrating a new role for Th17 in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Pejnovic
- Translational Medicine & Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary, University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
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Price JD, Simpfendorfer KR, Mantena RR, Holden J, Heath WR, van Rooijen N, Strugnell RA, Wijburg OLC. Gamma interferon-independent effects of interleukin-12 on immunity to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Infect Immun 2007; 75:5753-62. [PMID: 17875635 PMCID: PMC2168367 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00971-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2007] [Revised: 08/20/2007] [Accepted: 09/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-18 are both central to the induction of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), and various roles for IL-12 and IL-18 in control of intracellular microbial infections have been demonstrated. We used IL-12p40(-/-) and IL-18(-/-) mice to further investigate the role of IL-12 and IL-18 in control of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. While C57BL/6 and IL-18(-/-) mice were able to resolve attenuated S. enterica serovar Typhimurium infections, the IL-12p40(-/-) mice succumbed to a high bacterial burden after 60 days. Using ovalbumin (OVA)-specific T-cell receptor transgenic T cells (OT-II cells), we demonstrated that following oral infection with recombinant S. enterica serovar Typhimurium expressing OVA, the OT-II cells proliferated in the mesenteric lymph nodes of C57BL/6 and IL-18(-/-) mice but not in IL-12p40(-/-) mice. In addition, we demonstrated by flow cytometry that equivalent or increased numbers of T cells produced IFN-gamma in IL-12p40(-/-) mice compared with the numbers of T cells that produced IFN-gamma in C57BL/6 and IL-18(-/-) mice. Finally, we demonstrated that removal of macrophages from S. enterica serovar Typhimurium-infected C57BL/6 and IL-12p40(-/-) mice did not affect the bacterial load, suggesting that impaired control of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium infection in the absence of IL-12p40 is not due to reduced macrophage bactericidal activities, while IL-18(-/-) mice did rely on the presence of macrophages for control of the infection. Our results suggest that IL-12p40, but not IL-18, is critical to resolution of infections with attenuated S. enterica serovar Typhimurium and that especially the effects of IL-12p40 on proliferative responses of CD4+ T cells, but not the ability of these cells to produce IFN-gamma, are important in the resolution of infection by this intracellular bacterial pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Price
- CRC for Vaccine Technology and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC3010, Australia
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Pedra JHF, Sutterwala FS, Sukumaran B, Ogura Y, Qian F, Montgomery RR, Flavell RA, Fikrig E. ASC/PYCARD and caspase-1 regulate the IL-18/IFN-gamma axis during Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection. J Immunol 2007; 179:4783-91. [PMID: 17878377 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.7.4783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate intracellular pathogen that resides within neutrophils and can cause fever, pancytopenia, or death. IFN-gamma plays a critical role in the control of A. phagocytophilum; however, the mechanisms that regulate IFN-gamma production remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that apoptotic specklike protein with a caspase-activating recruiting domain (ASC)/PYCARD, a central adaptor molecule in the Nod-like receptor (NLR) pathway, regulates the IL-18/IFN-gamma axis during A. phagocytophilum infection through its effect on caspase-1. Caspase-1- and asc-null mice were more susceptible than control animals to A. phagocytophilum infection due to the absence of IL-18 secretion and reduced IFN-gamma levels in the peripheral blood. Moreover, caspase-1 and ASC deficiency reduced CD4+ T cell-mediated IFN-gamma after in vitro restimulation with A. phagocytophilum. The NLR family member IPAF/NLRC4, but not NALP3/NLRP3, was partially required for IFN-gamma production in response to A. phagocytophilum. Taken together, our data demonstrate that ASC and caspase-1 are critical for IFN-gamma-mediated control of A. phagocytophilum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao H F Pedra
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Wiersinga WJ, Wieland CW, van der Windt GJW, de Boer A, Florquin S, Dondorp A, Day NP, Peacock SJ, van der Poll T. Endogenous interleukin-18 improves the early antimicrobial host response in severe melioidosis. Infect Immun 2007; 75:3739-46. [PMID: 17517876 PMCID: PMC1951987 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00080-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Melioidosis is caused by the soil saprophyte Burkholderia pseudomallei and is endemic in Southeast Asia. The pathogenesis of melioidosis is still largely unknown, although gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) seems to play an obligatory role in host defense. Previously, we have shown that IFN-gamma production in melioidosis is controlled in part by interleukin-18 (IL-18). The aim of the present study was to determine the role of IL-18 in the immune response to B. pseudomallei. For this the following investigations were performed. (i) Plasma IL-18 and blood monocyte IL-18 mRNA levels were elevated in 34 patients with culture-proven melioidosis compared to the levels in 32 local healthy controls; in addition, IL-18 binding protein levels were markedly elevated in patients, strongly correlating with mortality. (ii) IL-18 gene-deficient (IL-18 knockout [KO]) mice showed accelerated mortality after intranasal infection with a lethal dose of B. pseudomallei, which was accompanied by enhanced bacterial growth in their lungs, livers, spleens, kidneys, and blood at 24 and 48 h postinfection, compared to wild-type mice. In addition, IL-18 KO mice displayed evidence of enhanced hepatocellular injury and renal insufficiency. Together, these data indicate that the enhanced production of IL-18 in melioidosis is an essential part of a protective immune response to this severe infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Joost Wiersinga
- Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, Room G2-132, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Srinivasan A, Salazar-Gonzalez RM, Jarcho M, Sandau MM, Lefrancois L, McSorley SJ. Innate Immune Activation of CD4 T Cells inSalmonella-Infected Mice Is Dependent on IL-18. J Immunol 2007; 178:6342-9. [PMID: 17475863 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.10.6342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Production of IFN-gamma by CD4 T cells is generally thought to be mediated by TCR triggering, however, Ag-nonspecific activation of effector CD8 T cells has been reported in infection models. In this study, we demonstrate that Ag-experienced CD4 T cells in the spleen of Salmonella-infected mice acquire the capacity to rapidly secrete IFN-gamma in response to stimulation with bacterial lysate or LPS. This innate responsiveness of T cells was transient and most apparent during, and immediately following, active Salmonella infection. Furthermore, innate T cell production of IFN-gamma in response to bacterial lysate or LPS was Ag independent and could be induced in Listeria-infected mice and in the absence of MHC class II expression. IL-18 was required for maximal innate responsiveness of CD4 T cells in Salmonella-infected mice and for optimal bacterial clearance in vivo. These data demonstrate that CD4 T cells acquire the capacity to respond to innate stimuli during active bacterial infection, a process that may contribute significantly to amplifying effector responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Srinivasan
- Department of Medicine, and Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Translational Research, University of Minnesota Medical School, McGuire Translational Research Facility, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Abstract
Role of IL-18 on proliferation and survival of CD8+ T cells, activated by immobilized anti-CD3 antibody (anti-CD3), was examined. Proliferation and survival of activated T cells, especially that of CD8+ T cells, were impaired by IL-18 deficiency [IL-18 knockout (KO)]. After 3 days of culture with anti-CD3, the number of living CD8+ T cells from IL-18KO mice was approximately 25% of that from wild-type (WT) mice but was increased to the same level as WT cells by the addition of IL-18. The expression of IL-18 receptors (IL-18Rs), particularly IL-18Rbeta chain, in naïve CD8+ T cells was very low but elevated after stimulation with anti-CD3. Blockade of IL-18R by anti-IL-18R antibody on activated WT CD8+ T cells resulted in reduction of living cells, suggesting that IL-18 promotes survival of proliferating CD8+ T cells. Levels of Bcl-2 in activated IL-18KO CD8+ T cells were lower than those in WT cells but were raised by exogenous IL-18. Blockade of IL-18R on WT CD8+ T cells decreased the expression of surface markers CD122 and CD94, which are related to cell viability, and the expression of these markers was increased by exogenous IL-18 in IL-18KO cells. These results suggest that IL-18 acts directly on activated CD8+ T cells through IL-18Rs and promotes their survival to expand the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences and Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
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Sawaki J, Tsutsui H, Hayashi N, Yasuda K, Akira S, Tanizawa T, Nakanishi K. Type 1 cytokine/chemokine production by mouse NK cells following activation of their TLR/MyD88-mediated pathways. Int Immunol 2007; 19:311-20. [PMID: 17289654 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxl148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that IL-18R- and toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated signalings share a common signal pathway mediated by signal adaptor, MyD88, and that IL-18 synergizes with IL-12 for IFN-gamma production by NK cells. Here, we investigated whether TLR agonists can replace IL-18 for production of IFN-gamma by NK cells. Freshly isolated NK cells possessed functional LPS receptor composed of TLR4/MD2 complex and of CD14, and also expressed other various tlrs. Hepatic CD3(-)DX5(+) NK cells produced IFN-gamma in response to TLR2 or TLR7 agonists only when co-stimulated with IL-12, indicating that TLR agonists synergize with IL-12 for IFN-gamma. The tlr2(-/-) or tlr7(-/-) NK cells could not produce IFN-gamma in response to IL-12 plus TLR2 or TLR7 ligands, respectively, indicating requirement of the corresponding TLRs. Furthermore, upon stimulation with these combinations, wild-type NK cells produced type 1 chemokines, such as CCL3, CCL4 and CCL5 as well. NK cells from bacterium (e.g. Propionibacterium acnes)-inoculated rag2(-/-) mice, when compared with those from naive mice, exhibited significantly enhanced capacity to produce these CC chemokines and IFN-gamma, suggesting that microbial infection enhances responsiveness of NK cells to TLR agonists. These results indicate that upon microbial infection, macrophages produce IL-12 that renders NK cells highly responsive to TLR agonists to produce IFN-gamma and chemokines, which might in turn recruit and fully activate macrophages, leading to the development of inflammatory foci presumably necessary for efficient microbial eradication. Thus, NK cells, like T cells, induce orchestrated immune responses in collaboration with macrophages to show potent host defense effects during early infectious phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Sawaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1, Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan
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Duan RS, Zhang XM, Mix E, Quezada HC, Adem A, Zhu J. IL-18 deficiency inhibits both Th1 and Th2 cytokine production but not the clinical symptoms in experimental autoimmune neuritis. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 183:162-7. [PMID: 17218016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Revised: 11/15/2006] [Accepted: 12/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
IL-18 deficient (IL-18-/-) mice were used to investigate the role of IL-18 in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) which was induced by immunization of the mice with P0 protein peptide 180-199. The clinical course was not different between IL-18-/- and wild-type mice. The splenic mononuclear cell (MNC) proliferation was also similar in both animal groups. However, the percentages of IFN-gamma, IL-10 and IL-12 positive cells were decreased among infiltrating MNC of cauda equine in IL-18-/- mice. This indicates that IL-18 deficiency inhibits the production of both Th1 and Th2 cytokines in the target organ of mice with EAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Sheng Duan
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Zhang XM, Duan RS, Chen Z, Quezada HC, Mix E, Winblad B, Zhu J. IL-18 deficiency aggravates kainic acid-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration in C57BL/6 mice due to an overcompensation by IL-12. Exp Neurol 2007; 205:64-73. [PMID: 17316614 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2006] [Revised: 01/11/2007] [Accepted: 01/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The role of interleukin-18 (IL-18) in excitotoxic neurodegeneration is largely unknown. To address this issue, we used kainic acid (KA)-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration in IL-18 knockout (KO) mice. One day after KA administration, clinical symptoms and histopathological changes did not differ between IL-18 KO mice and wild-type mice. However, 7 days after KA application the hippocampal neurodegeneration was markedly severe in IL-18 KO mice as demonstrated by increased locomotion and prominent histopathological changes including neuronal cell loss, microglia activation and astrogliosis. Surprisingly, when wild-type mice received recombinant mouse IL-18 (rmIL-18) in advance, after KA treatment both the clinical and pathological signs were dose-dependently aggravated compared to mice without rmIL-18 pre-treatment. To clarify the mechanism behind this, we assessed the expression of the IL-18 associated cytokines IL-12, IL-1beta, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in the hippocampus by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. IL-12 and IFN-gamma expression was strongly increased in IL-18 KO mice when compared to wild-type mice 7 days after KA treatment in agreement with increased microglia activation. These results suggest that the role of IL-18 in excitotoxic injury in IL-18 deficient mice may be overcompensated by increased IL-12 secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Mei Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital in Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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14
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Colston JT, Boylston WH, Feldman MD, Jenkinson CP, de la Rosa SD, Barton A, Trevino RJ, Freeman GL, Chandrasekar B. Interleukin-18 knockout mice display maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy in response to pressure overload. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 354:552-8. [PMID: 17250807 PMCID: PMC1847636 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2006] [Accepted: 01/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-18 is a cardiotropic proinflammatory cytokine chronically elevated in the serum of patients with cardiac hypertrophy (LVH). The purpose of this study was to examine the role of IL-18 in pressure-overload hypertrophy using wild type (WT) and IL-18 -/- (null) mice. Adult male C57Bl/6 mice underwent transaortic constriction (TAC) for 7days or sham surgery. Heart weight/body weight ratios showed blunted hypertrophy in IL-18 null TAC mice compared to WT TAC animals. Microarray analyses indicated differential expression of hypertrophy-related genes in WT versus IL-18 nulls. Northern, Western, and EMSA analyses showed Akt and GATA4 were increased in WT but unchanged in IL-18 null mice. Our results demonstrate blunted hypertrophy with reduced expression of contractile-, hypertrophy-, and remodeling-associated genes following pressure overload in IL-18 null mice, and suggest that IL-18 plays a critical role in the hypertrophic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T. Colston
- Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - William H. Boylston
- Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Marc D. Feldman
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Chris P. Jenkinson
- Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Sam D. de la Rosa
- Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Amanda Barton
- Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Rodolfo J. Trevino
- Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Gregory L. Freeman
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Bysani Chandrasekar
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- David Miller
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
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16
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Seino H, Ueda H, Kokai M, Tsuji NM, Kashiwamura S, Morita Y, Okamura H. IL-18 mediates the formation of stress-induced, histamine-dependent gastric lesions. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2007; 292:G262-7. [PMID: 16959946 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00588.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A role of IL-18 in the induction of gastric lesions by water immersion and restraint stress (WRS) was investigated. When wild-type BALB/c mice were exposed to WRS, levels of IL-18 in the serum and stomach increased rapidly with the development of acute gastric lesions. In IL-18-deficient mice [IL-18 knockout (KO) mice] similarly exposed to WRS, no gastric lesions were observed, but the administration of IL-18 before exposure to WRS resulted in the induction of WRS-induced gastric lesions. WRS enhanced gastric histidine decarboxylase (HDC) activity with concomitant increases in gastric histamine content. In IL-18 KO mice, the WRS-induced elevation of gastric HDC activity and histamine levels was much less than that in wild-type mice, but it was augmented by prior administration of IL-18. Treatment of wild-type mice with cimetidine, a histamine H2 receptor antagonist, inhibited the formation of WRS-induced gastric lesions with no effect on the induction of gastric IL-18 by WRS. Levels of corticosterone, one of the stress indicators, were lower in IL-18 KO mice than in wild-type mice. The glucocorticoid receptor antagonist mifepristone had no effect on gastric IL-18 and histamine levels but aggravated the stress-induced gastric lesions, indicating that corticosterone was not involved in the IL-18-mediated formation of stress-induced gastric lesions. These results indicate that IL-18 is involved in the induction of gastric lesions by WRS through augmentation of HDC activity and production of histamine in the stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Seino
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
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17
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Wyburn K, Wu H, Chen G, Yin J, Eris J, Chadban S. Interleukin-18 affects local cytokine expression but does not impact on the development of kidney allograft rejection. Am J Transplant 2006; 6:2612-21. [PMID: 17049054 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2006.01536.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-18 is predominantly a macrophage-derived cytokine with a key role in inflammation and cell-mediated immunity. Having previously demonstrated IL-18 upregulation in a rat model of kidney rejection, here we examined IL-18 in a fully MHC-mismatched murine model of acute kidney rejection using IL-18-deficient recipients (IL-18-/-) and animals administered neutralizing IL-18 binding protein (IL-18BP). Gene expression of IL-18 and its receptor were significantly upregulated in allografts compared to isografts, as was the cellular infiltrate (T cells and macrophages) (p < 0.001). Allografts developed kidney dysfunction (p < 0.05) and tubulitis (p < 0.01) not observed in controls. There was a significant reduction in gene expression of IL-18 downstream pro-inflammatory molecules (iNOS, TNFalpha and IFNgamma) in IL-18-/- recipients (p < 0.01), and IL-18BP-treated animals. The CD4+ infiltrate and IL-4 mRNA expression was greater in the IL-18-/- recipients than wild-type (WT) allografts and IL-18BP-treated animals (p < 0.05), suggesting a Th2-bias which was supported by IFNgamma and IL-4 ELISPOT data and an increased eosinophil accumulation (p < 0.001). Neither IL-18 deficiency nor neutralization prevented renal dysfunction or tubulitis. This study demonstrates increased production of IL-18 in murine kidney allograft rejection and provides evidence that IL-18-induced pathways of inflammation are active. However, neither IL-18 deficiency nor neutralization was protective against the development of allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wyburn
- Collaborative Transplant Laboratory, The University of Sydney & Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
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18
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Lewis EC, Dinarello CA. Responses of IL-18- and IL-18 receptor-deficient pancreatic islets with convergence of positive and negative signals for the IL-18 receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:16852-7. [PMID: 17075045 PMCID: PMC1636543 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0607917103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic islets contain cells that produce IL-18 and cells that express IL-18 receptors. In experimentally induced diabetes, islet failure correlates with IL-18 levels and diabetes is delayed with blockade of endogenous IL-18. We studied islet-derived IL-18 and responses to IL-18 in a mouse model of islet allograft transplantation. In vitro, IL-18-stimulated islets produced nitric oxide, which closely matched islet apoptosis. By neutralizing IL-18 activity with IL-18 binding protein (IL-18BP), we observed that islets produce bioactive IL-18. In vivo, transgenic mice overproducing IL-18BP (IL-18BP-Tg) exhibited delayed hyperglycemia induced by beta cell toxic streptozotocin. Similarly, cultured IL-18BP-Tg islets were protected from streptozotocin-induced apoptosis. In the transplant model, islets grafted from WT to IL-18BP-Tg mice achieved prolonged normoglycemia (P = 0.031). Improved graft function was also observed by using IL-18-deficient islets transplanted into WT recipients, demonstrating that endogenous, islet-derived IL-18 mediates IL-18-driven graft damage. Unexpectedly, islets from mice deficient in IL-18 receptor alpha chain (IL-18R) exhibited rapid graft failure (P = 0.024; IL-18- versus IL-18R-deficient grafts in WT recipients). In related studies, IL-18R-deficient splenocytes and macrophages produced 2- to 3-fold greater amounts of IL-18, TNFalpha, macrophage inflammatory protein 1, macrophage inflammatory protein 2, and IFNgamma upon stimulation with Con A, Toll-like receptor 2 agonist, or anti-CD3 antibodies. These data reveal a role for islet-derived IL-18 activity during inflammation-mediated islet injury. Importantly, discrepancies between IL-18- and IL-18R-deficient cells suggest that IL-18Ralpha chain is used by an inflammation-suppressing signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli C. Lewis
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262
| | - Charles A. Dinarello
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, B168, Denver, CO 80262. E-mail:
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19
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Moreno SE, Alves-Filho JC, Alfaya TM, da Silva JS, Ferreira SH, Liew FY. IL-12, but not IL-18, is critical to neutrophil activation and resistance to polymicrobial sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture. J Immunol 2006; 177:3218-24. [PMID: 16920961 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.5.3218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response resulting from local infection due, at least in part, to impaired neutrophil migration. IL-12 and IL-18 play an important role in neutrophil migration. We have investigated the mechanism and relative role of IL-12 and IL-18 in polymicrobial sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in mice. Wild-type (WT) and IL-18(-/-) mice were resistant to sublethal CLP (SL-CLP) sepsis. In contrast, IL-12(-/-) mice were susceptible to SL-CLP sepsis with high bacteria load in peritoneal cavity and systemic inflammation (serum TNF-alpha and lung neutrophil infiltration). The magnitude of these events was similar to those observed in WT mice with lethal CLP sepsis. The inability of IL-12(-/-) mice to restrict the infection was not due to impairment of neutrophil migration, but correlated with decrease of phagocytosis, NO production, and microbicidal activities of their neutrophils, and with reduction of systemic IFN-gamma synthesis. Consistent with this observation, IFN-gamma(-/-) mice were as susceptible to SL-CLP as IL-12(-/-) mice. Moreover, addition of IFN-gamma to cultures of neutrophils from IL-12(-/-) mice restored their phagocytic, microbicidal activities and NO production. Mortality of IL-12(-/-) mice to SL-CLP was prevented by treatment with IFN-gamma. Thus we show that IL-12, but not IL-18, is critical to an efficient host defense in polymicrobial sepsis. IL-12 acts through induction of IFN-gamma and stimulation of phagocytic and microbicidal activities of neutrophils, rather than neutrophil migration per se. Our data therefore provide further insight into the defense mechanism against this critical area of infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana E Moreno
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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20
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French AR, Holroyd EB, Yang L, Kim S, Yokoyama WM. IL-18 acts synergistically with IL-15 in stimulating natural killer cell proliferation. Cytokine 2006; 35:229-34. [PMID: 17052916 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2006.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2006] [Revised: 07/29/2006] [Accepted: 08/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Mature natural killer (NK) cells are able to vigorously proliferate in response to infectious stimuli such as viral infections. The factors driving NK cell proliferation under these circumstances are only beginning to be characterized. NK cells constitutively express interleukin-18 receptor alpha and are stimulated by IL-18 to produce IFNgamma. Although IL-18 alone is not sufficient to drive NK cell proliferation, we demonstrate that IL-18 is able to act synergistically with IL-15 in stimulating in vitro NK cell proliferation. Furthermore using a NK cell line, we show that this effect occurs through direct stimulation of NK cells by IL-18 rather than through a secondary signal generated by an intermediary cell type. This raises the possibility that IL-18 may act synergistically with IL-15 in driving pathogen-induced NK cell proliferation in addition to its contribution in enhancing IL-12 stimulation of NK cell IFNgamma production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R French
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8208, 660 South Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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21
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Raupach B, Peuschel SK, Monack DM, Zychlinsky A. Caspase-1-mediated activation of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and IL-18 contributes to innate immune defenses against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection. Infect Immun 2006; 74:4922-6. [PMID: 16861683 PMCID: PMC1539628 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00417-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Caspase-1 (Casp-1) mediates the processing of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and IL-18 to their mature forms. Casp-1-deficient mice succumb more rapidly to Salmonella challenge than do wild-type animals. Both Casp-1 substrates, IL-18 and IL-1beta, are relevant for control of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. We used IL-18-/- and IL-1beta-/- mice in addition to administration of recombinant IL-18 to Casp-1-/- mice to demonstrate that IL-18 is important for resistance to the systemic infection but not for resistance to the intestinal phase of the infection. This suggests that IL-1beta is critical for the intestinal phase of the disease. Thus, we show that Casp-1 is essential for host innate immune defense against S. enterica serovar Typhimurium and that Casp-1 substrates are required at distinct times and anatomical sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bärbel Raupach
- Department of Cellular Microbiology, Max-Planck-Institut für Infektionsbiologie, Schumannstrasse 21/22, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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22
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Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) orchestrates acquired resistance in intracellular Leishmania donovani infection in the liver, inducing gamma interferon and, in turn, macrophage activation and parasite killing. Nevertheless, testing in IL-18(-/-) mice compared to wild-type mice and in IL-12p40(-/-) compared to IL-12p35(-/-) mice also suggested both early-acting (IL-18) and late-acting (IL-23) antileishmanial effects independent of IL-12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry W Murray
- Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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23
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Mullen AB, Lawrence CE, McFarlane E, Wei XQ, Carter KC. Endogenous interleukin-18 is involved in immunity to Leishmania donovani but its absence does not adversely influence the therapeutic activity of sodium stibogluconate. Immunology 2006; 119:348-54. [PMID: 16879623 PMCID: PMC1819581 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02438.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunity to Leishmania donovani is associated with an interleukin (IL)-12 driven T helper 1 (Th1) response. In addition, the ability to respond to chemotherapy with sodium stibogluconate (SSG) requires a fully competent immune response and both Th1 and Th2 responses have been shown to positively influence the outcome of drug treatment. In the present study, the influence of IL-18, which can modulate both interferon (IFN)-gamma and IL-4 production, on the outcome of primary L. donovani infection and SSG therapy following infection was assessed using BALB/c IL-18-deficient and wild type mice. IL-18 deficiency was associated with an increased susceptibility to L. donovani infection, evident by day 40 post infection, resulting in higher parasite burdens in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow compared with wild type control animals. Infected IL-18-deficient mice had significantly lower splenocyte concanavalin A (ConA) induced IFN-gamma production as well as lower serum IL-12 and IFN-gamma levels, indicating a reduced Th1 response. However, drug treatment was equally effective in both mouse strains and restored serum IL-12 and IFN-gamma levels, and IFN-gamma production by ConA stimulated splenocytes of IL-18-deficient mice, to levels equivalent to similarly treated wild type mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B Mullen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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24
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Nembrini C, Abel B, Kopf M, Marsland BJ. Strong TCR signaling, TLR ligands, and cytokine redundancies ensure robust development of type 1 effector T cells. J Immunol 2006; 176:7180-8. [PMID: 16751361 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.12.7180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
T cell effector function is a central mechanism of adaptive immunity, and accordingly, protection of the host against pathogens. One of the primary effector molecules produced by T cells in response to such pathogens is the cytokine, IFN-gamma. Although the signaling pathways associated with the production of IFN-gamma are well established, disparate in vivo and in vitro results indicate that distinct pathways may become more prominent dependent upon the nature of the infection, inflammatory milieu and tissue localization. We have examined the roles and requirements of the major IFN-gamma-inducing pathways in vivo and in vitro, specifically: strength of TCR signal; paracrine release of IL-12, IL-23, and IL-18; and autocrine production of IFN-gamma. Our data show a dynamic interaction between these activation pathways, which allows the host a degree of flexibility and redundancy in the induction of IFN-gamma. Upon strong signaling through the TCR, IL-12, IL-18, and IL-23 play negligible roles in the induction of IFN-gamma, whereas autocrine IFN-gamma is an important component in sustaining its own secretion. However, the absence of any one of these factors during a weaker TCR signal, results in strikingly impaired T cell IFN-gamma production. Of note, TLR-activated dendritic cells (DCs) were capable of overcoming the absence of a strong TCR signal, IL-12, IL-23, or IL-18 revealing an important additional mechanism for ensuring a robust IFN-gamma response. Our findings clarify the hierarchical requirements of the major IFN-gamma inducing pathways and highlight the important role TLR ligand-activated DCs have to preserve them.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/metabolism
- Antigens, Viral/physiology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/physiology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Glycoproteins/physiology
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-12/deficiency
- Interleukin-12/genetics
- Interleukin-12/physiology
- Interleukin-18/deficiency
- Interleukin-18/genetics
- Interleukin-18/physiology
- Ligands
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Peptide Fragments/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Th1 Cells/cytology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Th1 Cells/virology
- Toll-Like Receptors/metabolism
- Toll-Like Receptors/physiology
- Viral Proteins/metabolism
- Viral Proteins/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Nembrini
- Institute of Integrative Biology, Molecular Biomedicine, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich-Schlieren, Switzerland
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25
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Netea MG, Joosten LAB, Lewis E, Jensen DR, Voshol PJ, Kullberg BJ, Tack CJ, van Krieken H, Kim SH, Stalenhoef AF, van de Loo FA, Verschueren I, Pulawa L, Akira S, Eckel RH, Dinarello CA, van den Berg W, van der Meer JWM. Deficiency of interleukin-18 in mice leads to hyperphagia, obesity and insulin resistance. Nat Med 2006; 12:650-6. [PMID: 16732281 DOI: 10.1038/nm1415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2006] [Accepted: 04/25/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Here we report the presence of hyperphagia, obesity and insulin resistance in knockout mice deficient in IL-18 or IL-18 receptor, and in mice transgenic for expression of IL-18 binding protein. Obesity of Il18-/- mice resulted from accumulation of fat tissue based on increased food intake. Il18-/- mice also had hyperinsulinemia, consistent with insulin resistance and hyperglycemia. Insulin resistance was secondary to obesity induced by increased food intake and occurred at the liver level as well as at the muscle and fat-tissue level. The molecular mechanisms responsible for the hepatic insulin resistance in the Il18-/- mice involved an enhanced expression of genes associated with gluconeogenesis in the liver of Il18-/- mice, resulting from defective phosphorylation of STAT3. Recombinant IL-18 (rIL-18) administered intracerebrally inhibited food intake. In addition, rIL-18 reversed hyperglycemia in Il18-/- mice through activation of STAT3 phosphorylation. These findings indicate a new role of IL-18 in the homeostasis of energy intake and insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Nijmegen University Center for Infectious Diseases, Geert Grooteplein 8, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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26
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Ueno N, Kashiwamura SI, Ueda H, Okamura H, Tsuji NM, Hosohara K, Kotani J, Marukawa S. Role of interleukin 18 in nitric oxide production and pancreatic damage during acute pancreatitis. Shock 2006; 24:564-70. [PMID: 16317388 DOI: 10.1097/01.shk.0000184285.57375.bc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The release of the immunomodulator, interleukin 18 (IL-18) into sera early in acute pancreatitis (AP) corresponds to disease severity. IL-18 induces nitric oxide (NO), which is involved in the pathophysiology of pancreatitis. The objective of this study was to clarify the role of IL-18 in pathogenesis and NO production during early AP using recombinant mouse (rm) IL-18 protein and IL-18 gene knockout (KO) mice. After pretreatment with phosphate-buffered saline or rmIL-18, wild-type (WT) or KO mice were injected intraperitoneally with phosphate-buffered saline (sham) or cerulein (AP) hourly for 3 h. Blood, pancreas, spleen, and liver were collected until 24 h after the first dose. Main outcome measures were serum IL-18, amylase and lipase levels, histological evaluation of the pancreas with parenchyma vacuolization of acinar cells, mRNA expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) in the pancreas, and spleen, liver, and plasma NO metabolite level. Serum IL-18 was significantly increased immediately after induction of AP in WT mice. Serum amylase, lipase, and the numbers of acinar cells with parenchyma vacuolization were significantly higher in the group AP/KO than in the group AP/WT, but these parameters were improved by dose-dependent pretreatment with rmIL-18 administration in both groups. Pancreatic iNOS gene expression and plasma NO metabolites were significantly increased by 6 h after the initiation of AP, but were significantly lower in the group AP/KO than in the AP/WT mice. Pretreatment with rmIL-18 also significantly increased these levels in both groups. Splenic and hepatic iNOS expression was not changed after the initiation of AP in WT mice, whereas pretreatment with rmIL-18 also increased these levels. Administration of aminoguanidine, a selective iNOS inhibitor, before AP induction abolished the protective effect of pretreatment with rmIL-18 on pancreatic injury. IL-18 appears to protect the pancreas during early induced-induced AP in mice, probably through induction of NO release from an iNOS source. IL-18 may be a target for new AP therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Ueno
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
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27
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Su SB, Silver PB, Grajewski RS, Agarwal RK, Tang J, Chan CC, Caspi RR. Essential role of the MyD88 pathway, but nonessential roles of TLRs 2, 4, and 9, in the adjuvant effect promoting Th1-mediated autoimmunity. J Immunol 2006; 175:6303-10. [PMID: 16272281 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.10.6303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Induction of tissue-specific experimental autoimmune diseases involves an obligatory adjuvant effect to trigger an innate response of a type that will drive a Th1-biased adaptive response. This is achieved by use of CFA containing mycobacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis), whose recognition by cells of the innate immune system depends on TLRs that signal through the adaptor molecule MyD88. We examined the role of selected components of the MyD88 pathway in promoting experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). Mice deficient in MyD88, TLR2, TLR4, or TLR9 were immunized with the retinal Ag interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein in CFA, and their EAU scores and associated immunological responses were examined. MyD88-/- mice were completely resistant to EAU and had a profound defect in Th1, but not Th2, responses to autoantigen challenge. Surprisingly, TLR2-/-, TLR4-/-, and TLR9-/- mice were fully susceptible to EAU and had unaltered adaptive responses to interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein. Examination of IL-1R family members, which share the common adaptor MyD88 with the TLR family, revealed that IL-1R-deficient mice, but not IL-18-deficient mice, are resistant to EAU and have profoundly reduced Th1 and Th2 responses. These data are compatible with the interpretation that TLR9, TLR4, and TLR2 signaling is either not needed, or, more likely, redundant in the adjuvant effect needed to induce EAU. In contrast, signaling through the IL-1R plays a necessary and nonredundant role in EAU and can by itself account for the lack of EAU development in MyD88 mice.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/deficiency
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/immunology
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/etiology
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/pathology
- Female
- Interleukin-18/deficiency
- Interleukin-18/genetics
- Interleukin-18/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88
- Receptors, Immunologic/deficiency
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-1/deficiency
- Receptors, Interleukin-1/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-1/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-1 Type I
- Signal Transduction
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptor 2/deficiency
- Toll-Like Receptor 2/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptor 2/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/deficiency
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptor 9/deficiency
- Toll-Like Receptor 9/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptor 9/immunology
- Uveitis/etiology
- Uveitis/immunology
- Uveitis/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao Bo Su
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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28
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Abstract
IL-18 is a unique cytokine with prominently wide spectrum biological actions. Among these, its IFN-gamma/TNF-alpha-inducing activity primarily contributes to the development of various inflammatory diseases including inflammatory arthritis. IL-18 levels correlate with the disease activity of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA). IL-18 is spontaneously released from RA synovial cells and OA chondrocytes and seems to participate in the development of the inflammatory and destructive alterations of joints via induction of TNF-alpha, a potent effector molecule. TNF-alpha, in turn, increases IL-18 expression in RA synovial cells. Recent clinical trials have revealed the efficacy of TNF-alpha in RA with a reduction in circulatory IL-18 levels. These may implicate the positive circuit between IL-18 and TNF-alpha for development of RA. As IL-18-deficient mice evade collagen-induced arthritis in a mouse RA model, therapeutics targeting IL-18 may be beneficial against RA/OA. Here, the authors review the possible roles of IL-18 in inflammatory arthritis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibody Formation
- Arthritis, Experimental/genetics
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/physiopathology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/therapy
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/physiopathology
- Autoimmune Diseases/therapy
- Chondrocytes/metabolism
- Cysteine Endopeptidases/physiology
- Cytokines/physiology
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular
- Infections/immunology
- Inflammation/physiopathology
- Interleukin-18/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-18/deficiency
- Interleukin-18/genetics
- Interleukin-18/physiology
- Interleukin-18 Receptor alpha Subunit
- Membrane Glycoproteins/drug effects
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Models, Immunological
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Osteoarthritis/immunology
- Osteoarthritis/physiopathology
- Osteoarthritis/therapy
- Receptors, Cell Surface/drug effects
- Receptors, Cell Surface/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin/drug effects
- Receptors, Interleukin/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin-18
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Synovial Membrane/metabolism
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Matsui
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
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29
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Abstract
IL-18, a multifunctional cytokine, has been shown to be involved in the immune response to numerous pathogens including several bacterial species. To study its role in infection by the Gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae, wild-type and IL-18 knockout BALB/c mice were compared in murine models of pneumococcal pneumonia, bacteraemia and nasopharyngeal colonization. The influence of IL-18 varied with the infection type, whereby it contributed to increased bacterial loads in pneumonia, reduced levels of colonization and had no effect on levels of bacteraemia following intravenous challenge. Likewise, the influence of IL-18 on pneumonia varied between two infecting pneumococcal strains. Comparison of these results with previous data also suggested that the influence of IL-18 in pneumococcal pneumonia differs with the mouse strain genetic background. Overall, these results demonstrate the complex influence of IL-18 in the response to the pneumococcus.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Paterson
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - C E Blue
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - T J Mitchell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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30
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Abstract
A study using gene-deficient mice revealed that IL-18 is essential for inducing antigen-specific regulatory T cells and oral tolerance. It is also suggested that IL-18 is a functional downregulator for immunogenic dendritic cells, contributing to the maintenance of homeostasis for intestinal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko M Tsuji
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan.
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31
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Zhang JH, Wei HM, Tian ZG. Analysis tissue expression of IFN-gamma in IL-12 and/or IL-18 gene ablated naïve mice. Cell Mol Immunol 2005; 2:68-72. [PMID: 16212914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 12 (IL-12) and/or interleukin 18 (IL-18) gene ablated mice were applied for the investigation of the tissue expression of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma). For IL-12(-/-), IL-18(-/-), IL-12(-/-)/18(-/-) and wt mice, reproductive performance were recorded and IFN-gamma concentrations in heart, lung, liver, spleen, kidney and serum were quantified by ELISA. There were no significant differences of IFN-gamma in heart, lung and kidney between 4 strains although control group was higher. It was observed that for IL-12(-/-) mice, compared with other 3 groups, IFN-gamma in liver and spleen were decreased (p < 0.05) and reproductive performance appeared to be impaired. Serum IFN-gamma level of IL-12(-/-)/18(-/-) mice was significantly higher (p < 0.05). It was showed that IFN-gamma productions under the normal condition were independent upon IL-12 and IL-18, its expressions in various tissues were different, and optimal IFN-gamma is necessary for the normal growth and development of mammals. This study is helpful for clinical cytokines therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Hong Zhang
- Institute of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
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32
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Hedtjärn M, Mallard C, Arvidsson P, Hagberg H. White matter injury in the immature brain: role of interleukin-18. Neurosci Lett 2004; 373:16-20. [PMID: 15555769 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2004] [Revised: 09/21/2004] [Accepted: 09/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is likely to be important in the pathophysiology of white matter damage in the immature brain. In order to investigate the involvement of interleukin (IL)-18, we subjected 9-day-old IL-18-deficient and wild-type (WT) mice to hypoxia-ischemia (HI) (unilateral carotid ligation and exposure to 10% oxygen) and white matter injury was evaluated after 3 days by immunostaining for myelin basic protein (MBP) and neurofilament (NF). The immunoreactivity of MBP was significantly higher by 92, 49 and 21%, respectively, in subcortical white matter, striatum and thalamus in IL-18-deficient mice versus WT mice following HI. Similarly, there was a more pronounced immunoreactivity of NF by 78% in the subcortical white matter in IL-18 KO versus WT mice. IL-18 was expressed by astrocytes and microglia, whereas the IL-18 receptor was mainly found in astrocytes localized in and around the subventricular white matter. Taken together, these results indicate that release of IL-18 may play an important role in the development of white matter injury in the neonatal brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maj Hedtjärn
- Perinatal Center, Department of Physiology, Göteborg University, Box 432, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
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33
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Nakasone C, Kawakami K, Hoshino T, Kawase Y, Yokota K, Yoshino K, Takeda K, Akira S, Saito A. Limited role for interleukin-18 in the host protection response to pulmonary infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mice. Infect Immun 2004; 72:6176-80. [PMID: 15385528 PMCID: PMC517573 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.10.6176-6180.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report that clearance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, accumulation of neutrophils, and synthesis of tumor necrosis factor alpha and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 in the infected lung were not largely different in interleukin-18 (IL-18) knockout or transgenic mice compared with control mice. Our results suggest a limited role for IL-18 in the host defense against P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikara Nakasone
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
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34
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Akhiani AA, Schön K, Lycke N. Vaccine-induced immunity against Helicobacter pylori infection is impaired in IL-18-deficient mice. J Immunol 2004; 173:3348-56. [PMID: 15322198 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.5.3348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Protective immunity against Helicobacter pylori infection in mice has been associated with a strong Th1 response, involving IL-12 as well as IFN-gamma, but recent studies have also demonstrated prominent eosinophilic infiltration, possibly linked to local Th2 activity in the gastric mucosa. In this study we investigated the role of IL-18, because this cytokine has been found to be a coregulator of Th1 development as well as involved in Th2-type responses with local eotaxin production that could influence gastric eosinophilia and resistance to infection. We found that IL-18(-/-) mice failed to develop protection after oral immunization with H. pylori lysate and cholera toxin adjuvant, indicating an important role of IL-18 in protection. Well-protected C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice demonstrated substantial influx of CD4(+) T cells and eosinophilic cells in the gastric mucosa, whereas IL-18(-/-) mice had less gastritis, few CD4(+) T cells, and significantly reduced numbers of eosinophilic cells. T cells in well-protected WT mice produced increased levels of IFN-gamma and IL-18 to recall Ag. By contrast, unprotected IL-18(-/-) mice exhibited significantly reduced gastric IFN-gamma and specific IgG2a Ab levels. Despite differences in gastric eosinophilic cell infiltration, protected WT and unprotected IL-18(-/-) mice had comparable levels of local eotaxin, suggesting that IL-18 influences protection via Th1 development and IFN-gamma production rather than through promoting local production of eotaxin and eosinophilic cell infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Akhiani
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Goteborg University, Goteborg, Sweden.
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35
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Qiao H, Sonoda KH, Sassa Y, Hisatomi T, Yoshikawa H, Ikeda Y, Murata T, Akira S, Ishibashi T. Abnormal retinal vascular development in IL-18 knockout mice. J Transl Med 2004; 84:973-80. [PMID: 15122309 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated that interleukin 18 (IL-18) might act as either an angiogenic or an angiostatic factor, but the true function of this protein in vascular development is unclear. We therefore investigated the role of IL-18 in the formation of retinal vessels. Development of the retinal vasculature was compared in IL-18 knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice at several different time points. The formation of vessels was evaluated using angiography of flat-mounted retinal samples after inoculation with fluorescein dextran. Retinal samples from both groups were also evaluated through histological examinations, and the expression of angiogenic factors was examined using the reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The capillary retinal vessels in both WT and IL-18 KO mice had reached the peripheral retina by postnatal day (P) 7. However, IL-18 KO mice showed angiectasis and vascular leakage at P7, especially in the mid-peripheral retina. These symptoms were not observed in WT mice at any stage. Histopathological analysis confirmed abnormal vascular formation in IL-18 KO mice at P14. Interestingly, these abnormalities regressed over time and had disappeared by P84. Several angiogenesis-associated factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast-growth factor (bFGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), were overexpressed in the retinas of IL-18 KO mice compared with those of WT mice at P14. Interferon-gamma was detected only in WT mouse retinas at P14. These results provide new evidence for the role of IL-18 in retinal vascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Qiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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36
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Sasaki H, Balto K, Kawashima N, Eastcott J, Hoshino K, Akira S, Stashenko P. Gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and IFN-gamma-inducing cytokines interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-18 do not augment infection-stimulated bone resorption in vivo. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2004; 11:106-10. [PMID: 14715554 PMCID: PMC321357 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.11.1.106-110.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Periapical granulomas are induced by bacterial infection of the dental pulp and result in destruction of the surrounding alveolar bone. In previous studies we have reported that the bone resorption in this model is primarily mediated by macrophage-expressed interleukin-1 (IL-1). The expression and activity of IL-1 is in turn modulated by a network of Th1 and Th2 regulatory cytokines. In the present study, the functional roles of the Th1 cytokine gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and IFN-gamma-inducing cytokines IL-12 and IL-18 were determined in a murine model of periapical bone destruction. IL-12-/-, IL-18-/-, and IFN-gamma-/- mice were subjected to surgical pulp exposure and infection with a mixture of four endodontic pathogens, and bone destruction was determined by microcomputed tomography on day 21. The results indicated that all IL-12-/-, IL-18-/-, and IFN-gamma-/- mice had similar infection-stimulated bone resorption in vivo as wild-type control mice. Mice infused with recombinant IL-12 also had resorption similar to controls. IFN-gamma-/- mice exhibited significant elevations in IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor alpha in lesions compared to wild-type mice, but these modulations had no net effect on IL-1alpha levels. Recombinant IL-12, IL-18, and IFN-gamma individually failed to consistently modulate macrophage IL-1alpha production in vitro. We conclude that, at least individually, endogenous IL-12, IL-18, and IFN-gamma do not have a significant effect on the pathogenesis of infection-stimulated bone resorption in vivo, suggesting possible functional redundancy in proinflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Sasaki
- Department of Cytokine Biology, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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37
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Liu B, Mori I, Hossain MJ, Dong L, Takeda K, Kimura Y. Interleukin-18 improves the early defence system against influenza virus infection by augmenting natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity. J Gen Virol 2004; 85:423-428. [PMID: 14769900 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.19596-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of interleukin (IL)-18 in the development of the host defence system against influenza virus infection was investigated. IL-18-deficient (IL-18−/−) C57BL/6 mice that were inoculated intranasally with the mouse-adapted strain of human influenza A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) virus showed an increased mortality with the occurrence of pathogenic changes in the lung for the first 3 days of infection, which included pronounced virus growth with massive infiltration of inflammatory cells and elevated nitric oxide production. The interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) level induced in the respiratory tract of IL-18−/− mice in the first few days after virus infection was significantly lower but, in contrast, the IL-12 level was slightly higher than the corresponding levels in wild-type C57BL/6 mice. Natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity in the lung of IL-18−/− mice was poorly activated. Local immune responses in the lung such as specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte and antibody production were induced upon influenza virus infection equally well in both strains of mice. These results indicate that IL-18 is involved in controlling influenza virus replication in the lung, especially at an early stage of infection, through activation of the innate immune mechanisms such as IFN and NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beixing Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Fukui Medical University School of Medicine, Shimoaisuki 23-3, Matsuoka-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Isamu Mori
- Department of Microbiology, Fukui Medical University School of Medicine, Shimoaisuki 23-3, Matsuoka-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Md Jaber Hossain
- Department of Microbiology, Fukui Medical University School of Medicine, Shimoaisuki 23-3, Matsuoka-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Li Dong
- Department of Microbiology, Fukui Medical University School of Medicine, Shimoaisuki 23-3, Matsuoka-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Takeda
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Kimura
- Department of Microbiology, Fukui Medical University School of Medicine, Shimoaisuki 23-3, Matsuoka-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
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38
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Sugama S, Wirz SA, Barr AM, Conti B, Bartfai T, Shibasaki T. Interleukin-18 null mice show diminished microglial activation and reduced dopaminergic neuron loss following acute 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine treatment. Neuroscience 2004; 128:451-8. [PMID: 15350655 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports have revealed an involvement of microglial cells in dopaminergic neurodegeneration. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that interleukin-18 (IL-18) plays a role in the microglial activation. The present study investigated microglial activation and dopaminergic neurodegeneration in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) following 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) treatment in wild type (WT) and IL-18 knockout (KO) mice. The number of dopaminergic neuron loss in WT mice was significantly decreased 7 days after MPTP treatment compared with IL-18 KO mice. In WT mice microglial activation occurred in the SN at 1 day after MPTP treatment, progressively increased within the SNpc until 7 days post MPTP, and subsided by 14 days. In contrast, in IL-18 KO mice microglial activation occurred in the SN at 1 day post-MPTP, and decreased by 7 days, earlier than in WT mice. The lesser microglial activation and dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the SNpc following MPTP treatment in WT indicates the possibility that IL-18 may participate in microglial activation and dopaminergic neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sugama
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan.
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39
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Weijer S, Sewnath ME, de Vos AF, Florquin S, van der Sluis K, Gouma DJ, Takeda K, Akira S, van der Poll T. Interleukin-18 facilitates the early antimicrobial host response to Escherichia coli peritonitis. Infect Immun 2003; 71:5488-97. [PMID: 14500466 PMCID: PMC201063 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.10.5488-5497.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the role of endogenous interleukin-18 (IL-18) during peritonitis, IL-18 gene-deficient (IL-18 KO) mice and wild-type mice were intraperitoneally (i.p.) infected with Escherichia coli, the most common causative agent found in septic peritonitis. Peritonitis was associated with a bacterial dose-dependent increase in IL-18 concentrations in peritoneal fluid and plasma. After infection, IL-18 KO mice had significantly more bacteria in the peritoneal lavage fluid and were more susceptible for progression to systemic infection at 6 and 20 h postinoculation than wild-type mice. The relative inability of IL-18 KO mice to clear E. coli from the abdominal cavity was not due to an intrinsic defect in the phagocytosing capacity of their peritoneal macrophages or neutrophils. IL-18 KO mice displayed an increased neutrophil influx into the peritoneal cavity, but these migratory neutrophils were less activate, as reflected by a reduced CD11b surface expression. These data suggest that endogenous IL-18 plays an important role in the early antibacterial host response during E. coli-induced peritonitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan Weijer
- Laboratory of Experimental Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Room L0185, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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40
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Graefe SEB, Jacobs T, Gaworski I, Klauenberg U, Steeg C, Fleischer B. Interleukin-12 but not interleukin-18 is required for immunity to Trypanosoma cruzi in mice. Microbes Infect 2003; 5:833-9. [PMID: 12919851 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(03)00176-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Protective immunity to the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi in mice depends on a pro-inflammatory T cell response involving the production of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). In conjunction with interleukin-12 (IL-12), IL-18 promotes the synthesis of IFN-gamma and a T helper type 1 immune response. We investigated the requirements of IL-12 and IL-18 in murine T. cruzi infection by use of C57BL/6 mice genetically deficient in either cytokine. IL-12p40(-/-) mice succumbed to infection at doses of 100 parasites, whereas IL-18(-/-) and wild-type mice resisted infectious doses up to 1000 parasites to the same extent. Levels of parasitemia were comparable between the latter groups, as were tissue parasite burdens according to quantitative real-time PCR. In contrast, IL-12p40(-/-) mice displayed vastly increased levels of parasites both in blood and in tissue. IFN-gamma concentrations in the serum of infected mice and in supernatants of splenocytes stimulated in vitro were decreased in IL-18(-/-) mice, whereas in IL-12p40(-/-) mice, IFN-gamma was undetectable in the serum and drastically reduced in cell supernatants. Levels of IL-12 production were generally comparable between wild-type and IL-18(-/-) mice, as were levels of IL-4, IL-2 and nitric oxide. Thus, the requirement for endogenous pro-inflammatory cytokines for a protective murine immune response against T. cruzi is satisfied by the expression of IL-12, while IL-18 is dispensable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian E B Graefe
- Department for Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.
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41
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Zwijnenburg PJG, van der Poll T, Florquin S, Akira S, Takeda K, Roord JJ, van Furth AM. Interleukin-18 gene-deficient mice show enhanced defense and reduced inflammation during pneumococcal meningitis. J Neuroimmunol 2003; 138:31-7. [PMID: 12742650 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(03)00088-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To determine the role of endogenous interleukin-18 (IL-18) in pneumococcal meningitis, meningitis was induced in IL-18 gene-deficient (IL-18(-/-)) and wild-type (WT) mice by intranasal inoculation of Streptococcus pneumoniae with hyaluronidase. Induction of meningitis resulted in an upregulation of both pro- and mature IL-18 in brain tissue in WT mice. IL-18(-/-) and WT mice were equally susceptible to develop meningitis after intranasal infection, yet IL-18(-/-) mice showed a prolonged survival and a suppressed inflammatory response, as reflected by a less profound inflammatory infiltrate around the meninges and lower concentrations of cytokines and chemokines in brain tissue. These findings suggest that endogenous IL-18 contributes to a detrimental inflammatory response during pneumococcal meningitis and that elimination of IL-18 may improve the outcome of this disease.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/biosynthesis
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/deficiency
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/genetics
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/physiology
- Animals
- Brain/pathology
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Cerebrospinal Fluid/cytology
- Chemokines/metabolism
- Colony Count, Microbial
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Interleukin-18/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-18/deficiency
- Interleukin-18/genetics
- Interleukin-18/physiology
- Leukocytes/pathology
- Meningitis, Pneumococcal/genetics
- Meningitis, Pneumococcal/immunology
- Meningitis, Pneumococcal/microbiology
- Meningitis, Pneumococcal/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Streptococcus pneumoniae/growth & development
- Streptococcus pneumoniae/immunology
- Survival Rate
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra J G Zwijnenburg
- Department of Pediatrics, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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42
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Andrews DM, Scalzo AA, Yokoyama WM, Smyth MJ, Degli-Esposti MA. Functional interactions between dendritic cells and NK cells during viral infection. Nat Immunol 2003; 4:175-81. [PMID: 12496964 DOI: 10.1038/ni880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2002] [Accepted: 11/04/2002] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Ly49H(+)NK1.1(+) natural killer (NK) cells are essential for the control of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) during the acute stage of infection. This cell subset expands at the later stages of infection in an MCMV-specific fashion. Here we demonstrate a critical interaction between Ly49H(+) NK cells and CD8alpha(+) dendritic cells (DCs) whereby the presence of Ly49H(+) NK cells results in maintenance of CD8alpha(+) DCs in the spleen during acute MCMV infection. Reciprocally, CD8alpha(+) DCs are essential for the expansion of Ly49H(+) NK cells by a mechanism involving interleukin 18 (IL-18) and IL-12. This study provides evidence for a functional interrelationship between DCs and NK cells during viral infection and defines some of the critical cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Andrews
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Perth, Australia
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Seki E, Tsutsui H, Tsuji NM, Hayashi N, Adachi K, Nakano H, Futatsugi-Yumikura S, Takeuchi O, Hoshino K, Akira S, Fujimoto J, Nakanishi K. Critical Roles of Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88-Dependent Proinflammatory Cytokine Release in Early Phase Clearance ofListeria monocytogenesin Mice. J Immunol 2002; 169:3863-8. [PMID: 12244183 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.7.3863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes (LM), a facultative intracellular Gram-positive bacterium, often causes lethal infection of the host. In this study we investigated the molecular mechanism underlying LM eradication in the early phase of infection. Upon infection with LM, both IL-12 and IL-18 were produced, and then they synergistically induced IFN-gamma production, leading to normal LM clearance in the host. IFN-gamma knockout (KO) mice were highly susceptible to LM infection. IL-12/IL-18 double knockout mice were also highly susceptible. Their susceptibility was less than that of IFN-gamma KO mice, but more than that of single IL-12 or IL-18 KO mice. Mice deficient in myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), an essential adaptor molecule used by signal transduction pathways of all members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family, showed an inability to produce IL-12 and IFN-gamma following LM infection and were most susceptible to LM. Furthermore, MyD88-deficient, but not IFN-gamma-deficient, Kupffer cells could not produce TNF-alpha in response to LM in vitro, indicating the importance of MyD88-dependent TNF-alpha production for host defense. As TLR2 KO, but not TLR4 KO, mice showed partial impairment in their capacity to produce IL-12, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha, TLR2 activation partly contributed to the induction of IL-12-mediated IFN-gamma production. These results indicated a critical role for TLRs/MyD88-dependent IL-12/TNF-alpha production and for IL-12- and IL-18-mediated IFN-gamma production in early phase clearance of LM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekihiro Seki
- First Department of Surgery and Department of Immunology and Medical Zoology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
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Helmby H, Grencis RK. IL-18 regulates intestinal mastocytosis and Th2 cytokine production independently of IFN-gamma during Trichinella spiralis infection. J Immunol 2002; 169:2553-60. [PMID: 12193725 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.5.2553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Expulsion of the gastrointestinal nematode Trichinella spiralis is associated with pronounced mastocytosis mediated by a Th2-type response involving IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13. Here we demonstrate that IL-18 is a key negative regulator of protective immune responses against T. spiralis in vivo. IL-18 knockout mice are highly resistant to T. spiralis infection, expel the worms rapidly and subsequently develop low levels of encysted muscle larvae. The increased speed of expulsion is correlated with high numbers of mucosal mast cells and an increase in IL-13 and IL-10 secretion. When normal mice were treated with rIL-18 in vivo, worm expulsion was notably delayed, and the development of mastocytosis and Th2 cytokine production was significantly reduced. The treatment had no effect on intestinal eosinophilia or goblet cell hyperplasia but specifically inhibited the development of mastocytosis. Addition of rIL-18 to in vitro cultures of bone marrow-derived mast cells resulted in a significant reduction in cell yields as well as in the number of IL-4-secreting mast cells. In vivo treatment of T. spiralis-infected IFN-gamma knockout mice with rIL-18 demonstrated that the inhibitory effect of IL-18 on mastocytosis and Th2 cytokine secretion is independent of IFN-gamma. Hence, IL-18 plays a significant biological role as a negative regulator of intestinal mast cell responses and may promote the survival of intestinal parasites in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Interferon-gamma/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/physiology
- Interleukin-10/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-10/genetics
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Interleukin-13/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-13/genetics
- Interleukin-13/metabolism
- Interleukin-18/deficiency
- Interleukin-18/genetics
- Interleukin-18/physiology
- Interleukin-4/metabolism
- Interleukin-9/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-9/genetics
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/genetics
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/immunology
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/parasitology
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/parasitology
- Jejunal Diseases/genetics
- Jejunal Diseases/immunology
- Jejunal Diseases/parasitology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/metabolism
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Male
- Mast Cells/immunology
- Mastocytosis/genetics
- Mastocytosis/immunology
- Mastocytosis/parasitology
- Mastocytosis/prevention & control
- Mesentery
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Skeletal/immunology
- Muscle, Skeletal/parasitology
- RNA, Messenger/antagonists & inhibitors
- Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
- Trichinella spiralis/growth & development
- Trichinella spiralis/immunology
- Trichinellosis/genetics
- Trichinellosis/immunology
- Trichinellosis/parasitology
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Helmby
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
The immunosurveillance of transformed cells by the immune system remains one of the most controversial and poorly understood areas of immunity. Gene-targeted mice have greatly aided our understanding of the key effector molecules in tumor immunity. Herein, we describe spontaneous tumor development in gene-targeted mice lacking interferon (IFN)-gamma and/or perforin (pfp), or the immunoregulatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-12, IL-18, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Both IFN-gamma and pfp were critical for suppression of lymphomagenesis, however the level of protection afforded by IFN-gamma was strain specific. Lymphomas arising in IFN-gamma-deficient mice were very nonimmunogenic compared with those derived from pfp-deficient mice, suggesting a comparatively weaker immunoselection pressure by IFN-gamma. Single loss of IL-12, IL-18, or TNF was not sufficient for spontaneous tumor development. A significant incidence of late onset adenocarcinoma observed in both IFN-gamma- and pfp-deficient mice indicated that some epithelial tissues were also subject to immunosurveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayna E A Street
- Cancer Immunology Program, Trescowthick Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, East Melbourne, Victoria 8006, Australia
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46
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Kinjo Y, Kawakami K, Uezu K, Yara S, Miyagi K, Koguchi Y, Hoshino T, Okamoto M, Kawase Y, Yokota K, Yoshino K, Takeda K, Akira S, Saito A. Contribution of IL-18 to Th1 response and host defense against infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a comparative study with IL-12p40. J Immunol 2002; 169:323-9. [PMID: 12077261 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.1.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to critically determine the protective role of IL-18 in host response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. IL-18-deficient (knockout (KO)) mice were slightly more prone to this infection than wild-type (WT) mice. Sensitivity of IL-12p40KO mice was lower than that of IL-12p40/IL-18 double KO mice. IFN-gamma production caused by the infection was significantly attenuated in IL-18KO mice compared with WT mice, as indicated by reduction in the levels of this cytokine in sera, spleen, lung, and liver, and its synthesis by spleen cells restimulated with purified protein derivatives. Serum IL-12p40 level postinfection and its production by peritoneal exudate cells stimulated with live bacilli were also significantly lower in IL-18KO mice than WT mice, suggesting that attenuated production of IFN-gamma was secondary to reduction of IL-12 synthesis. However, this was not likely the case, because administration of excess IL-12 did not restore the reduced IFN-gamma production in IL-18KO mice. In further studies, IL-18 transgenic mice were more resistant to the infection than control littermate mice, and serum IFN-gamma level and its production by restimulated spleen cells were increased in the former mice. Taken together, our results indicate that IL-18 plays an important role in Th1 response and host defense against M. tuberculosis infection although the contribution was not as profound as that of IL-12p40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kinjo
- Faculty of Medicine, First Department of Internal Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
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Boelen A, Kwakkel J, Barends M, de Rond L, Dormans J, Kimman T. Effect of lack of Interleukin-4, Interleukin-12, Interleukin-18, or the Interferon-gamma receptor on virus replication, cytokine response, and lung pathology during respiratory syncytial virus infection in mice. J Med Virol 2002; 66:552-60. [PMID: 11857536 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.2180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
RSV is an important cause of bronchiolitis in infants. Immunopathology may play a role in RSV-induced bronchiolitis and severe RSV-induced disease has been associated with a Th2 type immune response. The aim of the study was to identify cytokine pathways that are crucial in influencing RSV-induced disease. For that purpose we inoculated IFNgammaR-/-, IL-12-/-, IL-18-/-, or IL-4-/- mice with RSV. We observed that an RSV infection resulted in a predominant Th1 cytokine response associated with slight bronchiolitis and alveolitis. Pulmonary histopathology was only aggravated in IFN R-/- mice, characterised by eosinophilic influx around the bronchioles. Despite subtle changes in cytokine expression, no differences in histopathology were observed in IL-12-/- and IL-18-/- mice. Deficiency of IL-4 has no effect on RSV-induced Th1 cytokines and pulmonary histopathology. IFNgamma-receptor deficiency during primary RSV infection resulted in a disturbed Th1 response based on increased IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 expression and the presence of eosinophils in the lungs. It is concluded that IFNgamma signalling is required for a pronounced Th1 response to RSV while IL-12 and IL-18 are not. A shift in the balance between Th1 and Th2 towards a Th2 response induced by missing IFNgamma signalling leads to aggravated pulmonary pathology. This is not caused by enhanced viral load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Boelen
- Research Laboratory for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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48
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Nomura T, Kawamura I, Tsuchiya K, Kohda C, Baba H, Ito Y, Kimoto T, Watanabe I, Mitsuyama M. Essential role of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-18 for gamma interferon production induced by listeriolysin O in mouse spleen cells. Infect Immun 2002; 70:1049-55. [PMID: 11854182 PMCID: PMC127750 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.3.1049-1055.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production induced by listeriolysin O (LLO), a cytolytic virulence factor of Listeria monocytogenes, was analyzed with special reference to the involvement of macrophage-derived cytokines in spleen cells of mice. LLO purified from the culture supernatant of L. monocytogenes was capable of inducing a high level of IFN-gamma when its cytolytic activity was blocked by cholesterol treatment. The IFN-gamma-inducing ability of LLO was not dependent on possibly contaminating lipopolysaccharide. Depletion of CD11b(+) cells resulted in a profound decrease in IFN-gamma production in response to LLO stimulation. Negative selection also suggested the contribution of DX5(+) cells in IFN-gamma production. Reverse transcription-PCR revealed that expression of interleukin-12 (IL-12) p35 and p40 was induced by LLO but that the IL-18 mRNA level in the CD11b(+) fraction of spleen cells was unchanged. There was no change in the expression of the IFN-gamma-inducing cytokine genes in the CD11b(-) fraction. Neutralization of IL-12 and IL-18 in culture abolished the IFN-gamma production almost completely. Spleen cells from IL-12- or IL-18-deficient mice never produced IFN-gamma after stimulation with LLO. These results clearly indicated that LLO, a well-known virulence factor of L. monocytogenes, is capable of inducing IFN-gamma from NK cells through induction of IL-12 and IL-18 from macrophages. LLO appeared to play essential roles, not only as a bacterial virulence factor but also as a bacterial modulin in the immune response of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Nomura
- Department of Microbiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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49
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Kanai T, Watanabe M, Okazawa A, Sato T, Yamazaki M, Okamoto S, Ishii H, Totsuka T, Iiyama R, Okamoto R, Ikeda M, Kurimoto M, Takeda K, Akira S, Hibi T. Macrophage-derived IL-18-mediated intestinal inflammation in the murine model of Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 2001; 121:875-88. [PMID: 11606501 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2001.28021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Crohn's disease (CD) is associated with an increased number of infiltrating macrophages, which release a variety of proinflammatory cytokines. Interleukin (IL)-18 has been implicated in the modulation of mucosal CD4(+) T cells towards Th1 responses, which are implicated in the pathogenesis of CD. Here we assess the role of macrophages and of IL-18 in the murine model of intestinal inflammation that mimics the immunologic characteristics of human CD. METHODS Colitis was induced in C57BL/6 mice immunized with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) followed by rectal administration of TNBS in ethanol. Mice were treated with either an antibody directed against macrophages conjugated to the ribosome-inactivating protein saporin (anti-Mac-1-saporin) or with a neutralizing antibody against IL-18. In addition, we assessed whether an identical TNBS immunization/challenge protocol could induce colitis in IL-18(-/-) mice. RESULTS The colonic mucosa of TNBS-treated mice was marked by infiltration of Mac-1-positive macrophages and up-regulation of IL-18. The administration of the anti-Mac-1-saporin antibody or the neutralizing anti-IL-18 antibody resulted in a dramatic attenuation of mucosal inflammation in this model. In addition, TNBS was unable to induce significant colitis in the IL-18(-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS Our data underscore the pivotal role of macrophages, and the macrophage-derived IL-18, in the establishment of TNBS-induced colitis in mice. Our results highlight the potential use of therapy directed against IL-18 in the treatment of patients with CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kanai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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50
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Harandi AM, Svennerholm B, Holmgren J, Eriksson K. Interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-18 are important in innate defense against genital herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in mice but are not required for the development of acquired gamma interferon-mediated protective immunity. J Virol 2001; 75:6705-9. [PMID: 11413339 PMCID: PMC114395 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.14.6705-6709.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a combination of gene-targeted mice and neutralizing antibodies, we showed that interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-18 are important in the innate control of genital herpes simplex virus type 2 infection but were not found to be critical, either singly or in combination, for the development of a protective gamma interferon-mediated immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Harandi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Göteborg University, Guldhedsgatan 10A, 413 46 Göteborg, Sweden
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