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Zhang Y, Nair S, Zhang Z, Zhao J, Zhao H, Lu L, Chang L, Jiao N. Adverse Environmental Perturbations May Threaten Kelp Farming Sustainability by Exacerbating Enterobacterales Diseases. Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:5796-5810. [PMID: 38507562 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c09921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Globally kelp farming is gaining attention to mitigate land-use pressures and achieve carbon neutrality. However, the influence of environmental perturbations on kelp farming remains largely unknown. Recently, a severe disease outbreak caused extensive kelp mortality in Sanggou Bay, China, one of the world's largest high-density kelp farming areas. Here, through in situ investigations and simulation experiments, we find indications that an anomalously dramatic increase in elevated coastal seawater light penetration may have contributed to dysbiosis in the kelp Saccharina japonica's microbiome. This dysbiosis promoted the proliferation of opportunistic pathogenic Enterobacterales, mainly including the genera Colwellia and Pseudoalteromonas. Using transcriptomic analyses, we revealed that high-light conditions likely induced oxidative stress in kelp, potentially facilitating opportunistic bacterial Enterobacterales attack that activates a terrestrial plant-like pattern recognition receptor system in kelp. Furthermore, we uncover crucial genotypic determinants of Enterobacterales dominance and pathogenicity within kelp tissue, including pathogen-associated molecular patterns, potential membrane-damaging toxins, and alginate and mannitol lysis capability. Finally, through analysis of kelp-associated microbiome data sets under the influence of ocean warming and acidification, we conclude that such Enterobacterales favoring microbiome shifts are likely to become more prevalent in future environmental conditions. Our study highlights the need for understanding complex environmental influences on kelp health and associated microbiomes for the sustainable development of seaweed farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyu Zhang
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, Shandong, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, Shandong, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao 266101, Shandong, China
| | - Shailesh Nair
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, Shandong, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, Shandong, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao 266101, Shandong, China
| | - Zenghu Zhang
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, Shandong, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, Shandong, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao 266101, Shandong, China
| | - Jiulong Zhao
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, Shandong, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, Shandong, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao 266101, Shandong, China
| | - Hanshuang Zhao
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, Shandong, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Longfei Lu
- Weihai Changqing Ocean Science Technology Co., Ltd., Rongcheng 264300, China
| | - Lirong Chang
- Weihai Changqing Ocean Science Technology Co., Ltd., Rongcheng 264300, China
| | - Nianzhi Jiao
- Institute of Marine Microbes and Ecospheres, State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361100, China
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King NG, Uribe R, Moore PJ, Earp HS, Gouraguine A, Hinostroza D, Perez-Matus A, Smith K, Smale DA. Multiscale Spatial Variability and Stability in the Structure and Diversity of Bacterial Communities Associated with the Kelp Eisenia cokeri in Peru. Microb Ecol 2023; 86:2574-2582. [PMID: 37415044 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-023-02262-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Ecological communities are structured by a range of processes that operate over a range of spatial scales. While our understanding of such biodiversity patterns in macro-communities is well studied, our understanding at the microbial level is still lacking. Bacteria can be free living or associated with host eukaryotes, forming part of a wider "microbiome," which is fundamental for host performance and health. For habitat forming foundation-species, host-bacteria relationships likely play disproportionate roles in mediating processes for the wider ecosystem. Here, we describe host-bacteria communities across multiple spatial scales (i.e., from 10s of m to 100s of km) in the understudied kelp, Eisenia cokeri, in Peru. We found that E. cokeri supports a distinct bacterial community compared to the surrounding seawater, but the structure of these communities varied markedly at the regional (~480 km), site (1-10 km), and individual (10s of m) scale. The marked regional-scale differences we observed may be driven by a range of processes, including temperature, upwelling intensity, or regional connectivity patterns. However, despite this variability, we observed consistency in the form of a persistent core community at the genus level. Here, the genera Arenicella, Blastopirellula, Granulosicoccus, and Litorimonas were found in >80% of samples and comprised ~53% of total sample abundance. These genera have been documented within bacterial communities associated with kelps and other seaweed species from around the world and may be important for host function and wider ecosystem health in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan G King
- Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK.
| | - Roberto Uribe
- Área de Macroalgas y Biodiversidad, Instituto del Mar del Perú - IMARPE, av. La Ribera # 805, Huanchaco, La Libertad, Perú
| | - Pippa J Moore
- Dove Marine Laboratory, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Hannah S Earp
- Dove Marine Laboratory, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
- Department of Life Science, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Adam Gouraguine
- Dove Marine Laboratory, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Diego Hinostroza
- Programa de Maestría en Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Alejandro Perez-Matus
- Subtidal Ecology Laboratory (Subelab), Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas (ECIM), Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114, -D, Santiago, Chile
| | - Kathryn Smith
- Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK
| | - Dan A Smale
- Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK
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King NG, Moore PJ, Thorpe JM, Smale DA. Consistency and Variation in the Kelp Microbiota: Patterns of Bacterial Community Structure Across Spatial Scales. Microb Ecol 2023; 85:1265-1275. [PMID: 35589992 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-022-02038-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Kelp species are distributed along ~ 25% of the world's coastlines and the forests they form represent some of the world's most productive and diverse ecosystems. Like other marine habitat-formers, the associated microbial community is fundamental for host and, in turn, wider ecosystem functioning. Given there are thousands of bacteria-host associations, determining which relationships are important remains a major challenge. We characterised the associated bacteria of two habitat-forming kelp species, Laminaria hyperborea and Saccharina latissima, from eight sites across a range of spatial scales (10 s of metres to 100 s of km) in the northeast Atlantic. We found no difference in diversity or community structure between the two kelps, but there was evidence of regional structuring (across 100 s km) and considerable variation between individuals (10 s of metres). Within sites, individuals shared few amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) and supported a very small proportion of diversity found across the wider study area. However, consistent characteristics between individuals were observed with individual host communities containing a small conserved "core" (8-11 ASVs comprising 25 and 32% of sample abundances for L. hyperborea and S. latissima, respectively). At a coarser taxonomic resolution, communities were dominated by four classes (Planctomycetes, Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria and Bacteroidia) that made up ~ 84% of sample abundances. Remaining taxa (47 classes) made up very little contribution to overall abundance but the majority of taxonomic diversity. Overall, our study demonstrates the consistent features of kelp bacterial communities across large spatial scales and environmental gradients and provides an ecologically meaningful baseline to track environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan G King
- Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, The Laboratory, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK.
| | - Pippa J Moore
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Jamie M Thorpe
- Centre of Applied Marine Sciences, School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, LL59 5AB, UK
| | - Dan A Smale
- Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, The Laboratory, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK
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Abstract
A Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, non-sporulating, yellow-pigmented and rod or cocci-shaped bacterium, designated Arc0846-15T, was isolated from the kelp Laminaria japonica. Strain Arc0846-15T was found to grow at 16-35 °C (optimum, 28 °C), at pH 6.0-9.5 (optimum, 7.0) and in the presence of 0-6 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 2 %). Cells were positive for catalase and negative for oxidase activity. Phylogenetic analyses, based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons, revealed that the nearest phylogenetic neighbour strains of strain Arc0846-15T were Ornithinimicrobium murale 01 Gi-040T (96.2 %), Ornithinimicrobium kibberense K22-20T (96.1 %) and Ornithinimicrobium humiphilum HKI 0124T (95.2 %). Based on phylogenomic analysis, the average nucleotide identity values between strain Arc0846-15T and the neighbour strains were 69.8, 69.7 and 69.8 %, respectively; the digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain Arc0846-15T and its three closest neighbour strains were 18.8, 19.1 and 19.3 %, respectively. The predominant menaquinone was MK-8 (H4). The dominant cellular fatty acids were C17 : 1 ω8c, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 and C17 : 0. The polar lipids contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, glycolipid, one unidentified aminolipid and four unidentified lipids. The DNA G+C content of strain Arc0846-15T was 61.6 mol% based on the whole genome sequence. Based on the phylogenetic and phenotypic characteristics, strain Arc0846-15T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Ornithinimicrobium, for which the name Ornithinimicrobium laminariae sp. nov. is proposed, with Arc0846-15T (=KCTC 49655T=MCCC 1K06093T) as the type strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Rui Cao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Xin-Ran Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Ming-Yu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Xiao-Dong Xu
- Qingdao Vland Biotech Company Group, Qingdao 266061, PR China
| | - Ying-Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
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Skonberg DI, Fader S, Perkins LB, Perry JJ. Lactic acid fermentation in the development of a seaweed sauerkraut-style product: Microbiological, physicochemical, and sensory evaluation. J Food Sci 2021; 86:334-342. [PMID: 33483957 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of nutrient-rich seaweeds and fermented nondairy foods represent fast growing trends among health-minded consumers. Assessment of lacto-fermented seaweed was performed to address these trends, and to offer shelf-life extension and product diversification for fresh kelps. The objectives were to evaluate the effects of kelp species and inclusion level on fermentation kinetics, physicochemical quality, safety, shelf-life, and consumer acceptability of a seaweed sauerkraut-style product. Six formulations with different inclusion levels (25, 50, and 75%) of shredded kelp (sugar kelp, SK or winged kelp, WK) were mixed with cabbage, 2% salt, and inoculated with Lactobacillus plantarum (approximately 106 CFU/g) and Leuconostoc mesenteroides (approximately 101 CFU/g). Products were processed in triplicate, fermented until a target pH of ≤4.6 was achieved, and sampled periodically for 60 days. Kelp species and inclusion level significantly affected most variables tested. The most rapid fermentation (3 days), as evidenced by pH decrease, lactic acid bacteria counts, and lactic acid levels, was noted in WK formulations. Some SK formulations took up to 14 days to achieve the target pH, and coliforms persisted to a greater extent in the SK formulations. Higher levels of kelp decreased the fermentation rate and concentration of fermentable sugars in the brine, but increased the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the sauerkrauts. Despite differences in instrumental color (L* a* b* ) and texture (shear force) among formulations, overall liking as rated by a consumer panel was not significantly affected by species or inclusion level. Results support the use of lacto-fermentation in the production of refrigeration-stable seaweed sauerkraut-style product. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Health-conscious consumers are becoming increasingly interested in plant-based diets and fermented foods, and the development of novel seaweed sauerkraut-style products can help to meet these needs. This study demonstrated the successful production of a sauerkraut-style product formulated with up to 50% farm-raised kelp. Physical, chemical, microbiological, and consumer acceptability testing established lactic acid fermentation as a viable method for shelf life extension and value addition of fresh kelps. These results provide science-based information on an alternative processing method for cultivated seaweeds and can assist the industry in product diversification efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- D I Skonberg
- School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, 5735 Hitchner Hall, Orono, ME, 04469, U.S.A
| | - S Fader
- School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, 5735 Hitchner Hall, Orono, ME, 04469, U.S.A
| | - L B Perkins
- School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, 5735 Hitchner Hall, Orono, ME, 04469, U.S.A
| | - J J Perry
- School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, 5735 Hitchner Hall, Orono, ME, 04469, U.S.A
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Abstract
A halophilic archaeal strain, designated HD8-51T, was isolated from the salted brown alga Laminaria. Cells of strain HD8-51T were motile, pleomorphic coccoid or ovoid, and formed red-pigmented colonies on agar plates. Strain HD8-51T grew optimally at 3.1 M NaCl, 0.03 M MgCl2, 30 °C and pH 7.0. Cells lysed in distilled water and the minimal NaCl concentration to prevent cell lysis was 0.85 M. Based on phylogenetic analyses of the 16S rRNA and rpoB' genes, strain HD8-51T was most closely related to members of the genus Halorussus (92.3-95.6 % and 89.2-91.7% similarities, respectively). The average nucleotide identity values and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain HD8-51T and Halorussus rarus TBN4T were 81.69 and 24.5 %, respectively. The major polar lipids of strain HD8-51T were phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester (PGP-Me), phosphatidylglycerol sulfate (PGS) and five glycolipids, sulfated galactosyl mannosyl glucosyl diether (S-TGD-1), galactosyl mannosyl glucosyl diether (TGD-1), sulfated mannosyl glucosyl diether (S-DGD-1), mannosyl glucosyl diether (DGD-1) and diglycosyl diether (DGD-2). The DNA G+C content was 65.9 mol%. Based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic properties, strain HD8-51T represents a novel species of the genus Halorussus, for which the name Halorussus litoreus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HD8-51T (=CGMCC 1.15333T=JCM 31109T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Han
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Lin Zhu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Heng-Lin Cui
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
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Qiu Z, Coleman MA, Provost E, Campbell AH, Kelaher BP, Dalton SJ, Thomas T, Steinberg PD, Marzinelli EM. Future climate change is predicted to affect the microbiome and condition of habitat-forming kelp. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20181887. [PMID: 30963929 PMCID: PMC6408609 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.1887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change is driving global declines of marine habitat-forming species through physiological effects and through changes to ecological interactions, with projected trajectories for ocean warming and acidification likely to exacerbate such impacts in coming decades. Interactions between habitat-formers and their microbiomes are fundamental for host functioning and resilience, but how such relationships will change in future conditions is largely unknown. We investigated independent and interactive effects of warming and acidification on a large brown seaweed, the kelp Ecklonia radiata, and its associated microbiome in experimental mesocosms. Microbial communities were affected by warming and, during the first week, by acidification. During the second week, kelp developed disease-like symptoms previously observed in the field. The tissue of some kelp blistered, bleached and eventually degraded, particularly under the acidification treatments, affecting photosynthetic efficiency. Microbial communities differed between blistered and healthy kelp for all treatments, except for those under future conditions of warming and acidification, which after two weeks resembled assemblages associated with healthy hosts. This indicates that changes in the microbiome were not easily predictable as the severity of future climate scenarios increased. Future ocean conditions can change kelp microbiomes and may lead to host disease, with potentially cascading impacts on associated ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguang Qiu
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Melinda A. Coleman
- Department of Primary Industries, NSW Fisheries, PO Box 4321, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales 2450, Australia
| | - Euan Provost
- National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales 2450, Australia
| | - Alexandra H. Campbell
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- GeneCology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland 4556, Australia
| | - Brendan P. Kelaher
- National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales 2450, Australia
| | - Steven J. Dalton
- National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales 2450, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Torsten Thomas
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Peter D. Steinberg
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, 19 Chowder Bay Road, Mosman, New South Wales 2088, Australia
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, SBS-01N-27, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ezequiel M. Marzinelli
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, 19 Chowder Bay Road, Mosman, New South Wales 2088, Australia
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, SBS-01N-27, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Coastal and Marine Ecosystems, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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Zhang Y, Gao W, Lin F, Han B, He C, Li Q, Gao X, Cui Z, Sun C, Zheng L. Study on immobilization of marine oil-degrading bacteria by carrier of algae materials. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 34:70. [PMID: 29777442 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-018-2438-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the immobilizations with of bacteria two kinds of algal materials, Enteromorpha residue and kelp residue. The lipophilicity of them were compared by diesel absorption rates. The immobilization efficiency of Bacillus sp. E3 was measured to evaluate whether these carriers would satisfy the requirement for biodegradation of oil spills. The bacteria were immobilized through adsorption with the sterilized and non-sterilized carriers to compare the differences between the two treatments. Oil degradation rates were determined using gravimetric and GC-MS methods. Results showed the absorption rates of Enteromorpha residue and kelp residue for diesel were 411 and 273% respectively and remained approximately 105 and 120% after 2 h of erosion in simulated seawater system. After immobilized of Bacillus sp. E3, the oil degradation rates of them were higher than 65% after 21 days biodegradations. GC-MS analysis showed that two immobilizations degraded higher than 70% of the total alkane and the total PAHs, whereas the free bacteria degraded 63% of the total alkane and 66% the total PAHs. And the bacteria immobilized with the carriers degraded more HMW-alkanes and HMW-PAHs than the free bacteria. The bacteria immobilized by non-sterilized kelp residue showed a considerably higher degradation rate than that using sterilized kelp residue. A considerably higher cells absorption rate of immobilization was obtained when using kelp residue, and the preparation of immobilization was low cost and highly efficient. The experiments show the two algae materials, especially the kelp residue, present potential application in bioremediation of marine oil spills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Marine Bioactive Substances and Modern Analytical Technology of the First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Key Laboratory for Marine Bioactive Substances and Modern Analytical Technology of the First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration of China, Qingdao, China
- College of Marine Life, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Faxiang Lin
- Key Laboratory for Marine Bioactive Substances and Modern Analytical Technology of the First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration of China, Qingdao, China
- College of Chemical, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Bin Han
- Key Laboratory for Marine Bioactive Substances and Modern Analytical Technology of the First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Changfei He
- Key Laboratory for Marine Bioactive Substances and Modern Analytical Technology of the First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Qian Li
- Key Laboratory for Marine Bioactive Substances and Modern Analytical Technology of the First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiangxing Gao
- National Deep Sea Base Management Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhisong Cui
- Key Laboratory for Marine Bioactive Substances and Modern Analytical Technology of the First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Chengjun Sun
- Key Laboratory for Marine Bioactive Substances and Modern Analytical Technology of the First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Li Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Marine Bioactive Substances and Modern Analytical Technology of the First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration of China, Qingdao, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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Minich JJ, Morris MM, Brown M, Doane M, Edwards MS, Michael TP, Dinsdale EA. Elevated temperature drives kelp microbiome dysbiosis, while elevated carbon dioxide induces water microbiome disruption. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192772. [PMID: 29474389 PMCID: PMC5825054 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Global climate change includes rising temperatures and increased pCO2 concentrations in the ocean, with potential deleterious impacts on marine organisms. In this case study we conducted a four-week climate change incubation experiment, and tested the independent and combined effects of increased temperature and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), on the microbiomes of a foundation species, the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera, and the surrounding water column. The water and kelp microbiome responded differently to each of the climate stressors. In the water microbiome, each condition caused an increase in a distinct microbial order, whereas the kelp microbiome exhibited a reduction in the dominant kelp-associated order, Alteromondales. The water column microbiomes were most disrupted by elevated pCO2, with a 7.3 fold increase in Rhizobiales. The kelp microbiome was most influenced by elevated temperature and elevated temperature in combination with elevated pCO2. Kelp growth was negatively associated with elevated temperature, and the kelp microbiome showed a 5.3 fold increase Flavobacteriales and a 2.2 fold increase alginate degrading enzymes and sulfated polysaccharides. In contrast, kelp growth was positively associated with the combination of high temperature and high pCO2 'future conditions', with a 12.5 fold increase in Planctomycetales and 4.8 fold increase in Rhodobacteriales. Therefore, the water and kelp microbiomes acted as distinct communities, where the kelp was stabilizing the microbiome under changing pCO2 conditions, but lost control at high temperature. Under future conditions, a new equilibrium between the kelp and the microbiome was potentially reached, where the kelp grew rapidly and the commensal microbes responded to an increase in mucus production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah J. Minich
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Megan M. Morris
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Matt Brown
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Michael Doane
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Matthew S. Edwards
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Elizabeth A. Dinsdale
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States of America
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Lemay MA, Martone PT, Keeling PJ, Burt JM, Krumhansl KA, Sanders RD, Wegener Parfrey L. Sympatric kelp species share a large portion of their surface bacterial communities. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:658-670. [PMID: 29124859 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Kelp forest ecosystems are biodiversity hotspots, providing habitat for dense assemblages of marine organisms and nutrients for marine and terrestrial food webs. The surfaces of kelps support diverse microbial communities that facilitate the transfer of carbon from algal primary production to higher trophic levels. We quantified the diversity of bacteria on the surfaces of eight sympatric kelp species from four sites in British Columbia. Kelp-associated bacterial communities are significantly different from their environment, even though 86% of their bacterial taxa are shared with seawater and 97% are shared with rocky substrate. This differentiation is driven by differences in relative abundance of the bacterial taxa present. Similarly, a large portion of bacterial taxa (37%) is shared among all eight kelp species, yet differential abundance of bacterial taxa underlies differences in community structure among species. Kelp-associated bacterial diversity does not track host phylogeny; instead bacterial community composition is correlated with the life-history strategy of the host, with annual and perennial kelps supporting divergent bacterial communities. These data provide the first community-scale investigation of kelp forest-associated bacterial diversity. More broadly, this study provides insight into mechanisms that may structure bacterial communities among closely related sympatric host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Lemay
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 3529-6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
- Hakai Institute, PO Box 309, Heriot Bay, BC, Canada V0P 1H0
| | - Patrick T Martone
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 3529-6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
- Hakai Institute, PO Box 309, Heriot Bay, BC, Canada V0P 1H0
| | - Patrick J Keeling
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 3529-6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
- Hakai Institute, PO Box 309, Heriot Bay, BC, Canada V0P 1H0
| | - Jenn M Burt
- Hakai Institute, PO Box 309, Heriot Bay, BC, Canada V0P 1H0
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Kira A Krumhansl
- Hakai Institute, PO Box 309, Heriot Bay, BC, Canada V0P 1H0
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Rhea D Sanders
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 3529-6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
- Hakai Institute, PO Box 309, Heriot Bay, BC, Canada V0P 1H0
| | - Laura Wegener Parfrey
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 3529-6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
- Hakai Institute, PO Box 309, Heriot Bay, BC, Canada V0P 1H0
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 4200-6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
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11
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Ji P, Zhang Y, Wang J, Zhao F. MetaSort untangles metagenome assembly by reducing microbial community complexity. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14306. [PMID: 28112173 PMCID: PMC5264255 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Most current approaches to analyse metagenomic data rely on reference genomes. Novel microbial communities extend far beyond the coverage of reference databases and de novo metagenome assembly from complex microbial communities remains a great challenge. Here we present a novel experimental and bioinformatic framework, metaSort, for effective construction of bacterial genomes from metagenomic samples. MetaSort provides a sorted mini-metagenome approach based on flow cytometry and single-cell sequencing methodologies, and employs new computational algorithms to efficiently recover high-quality genomes from the sorted mini-metagenome by the complementary of the original metagenome. Through extensive evaluations, we demonstrated that metaSort has an excellent and unbiased performance on genome recovery and assembly. Furthermore, we applied metaSort to an unexplored microflora colonized on the surface of marine kelp and successfully recovered 75 high-quality genomes at one time. This approach will greatly improve access to microbial genomes from complex or novel communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peifeng Ji
- Computational Genomics Lab, Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yanming Zhang
- Computational Genomics Lab, Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- Computational Genomics Lab, Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Fangqing Zhao
- Computational Genomics Lab, Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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12
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Marzinelli EM, Campbell AH, Zozaya Valdes E, Vergés A, Nielsen S, Wernberg T, de Bettignies T, Bennett S, Caporaso JG, Thomas T, Steinberg PD. Continental-scale variation in seaweed host-associated bacterial communities is a function of host condition, not geography. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:4078-88. [PMID: 26148974 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between hosts and associated microbial communities can fundamentally shape the development and ecology of 'holobionts', from humans to marine habitat-forming organisms such as seaweeds. In marine systems, planktonic microbial community structure is mainly driven by geography and related environmental factors, but the large-scale drivers of host-associated microbial communities are largely unknown. Using 16S-rRNA gene sequencing, we characterized 260 seaweed-associated bacterial and archaeal communities on the kelp Ecklonia radiata from three biogeographical provinces spanning 10° of latitude and 35° of longitude across the Australian continent. These phylogenetically and taxonomically diverse communities were more strongly and consistently associated with host condition than geographical location or environmental variables, and a 'core' microbial community characteristic of healthy kelps appears to be lost when hosts become stressed. Microbial communities on stressed individuals were more similar to each other among locations than those on healthy hosts. In contrast to biogeographical patterns of planktonic marine microbial communities, host traits emerge as critical determinants of associated microbial community structure of these holobionts, even at a continental scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezequiel M Marzinelli
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science (SIMS), 19 Chowder Bay Road, Mosman, NSW, 2088, Australia
| | - Alexandra H Campbell
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science (SIMS), 19 Chowder Bay Road, Mosman, NSW, 2088, Australia
| | - Enrique Zozaya Valdes
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Adriana Vergés
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science (SIMS), 19 Chowder Bay Road, Mosman, NSW, 2088, Australia
| | - Shaun Nielsen
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Thomas Wernberg
- UWA Oceans Institute & School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Thibaut de Bettignies
- UWA Oceans Institute & School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Scott Bennett
- UWA Oceans Institute & School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - J Gregory Caporaso
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, 1298 S Knoles Drive, PO Box 4073, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011-4073, USA
| | - Torsten Thomas
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Peter D Steinberg
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science (SIMS), 19 Chowder Bay Road, Mosman, NSW, 2088, Australia
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Technical University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
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13
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Bengtsson MM, Sjøtun K, Lanzén A, Ovreås L. Bacterial diversity in relation to secondary production and succession on surfaces of the kelp Laminaria hyperborea. ISME J 2012; 6:2188-98. [PMID: 22763650 PMCID: PMC3505018 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2012.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Kelp forests worldwide are known as hotspots for macroscopic biodiversity and primary production, yet very little is known about the biodiversity and roles of microorganisms in these ecosystems. Secondary production by heterotrophic bacteria associated to kelp is important in the food web as a link between kelp primary production and kelp forest consumers. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between bacterial diversity and two important processes in this ecosystem; bacterial secondary production and primary succession on kelp surfaces. To address this, kelp, Laminaria hyperborea, from southwestern Norway was sampled at different geographical locations and during an annual cycle. Pyrosequencing (454-sequencing) of amplicons of the 16S rRNA gene of bacteria was used to study bacterial diversity. Incorporation of tritiated thymidine was used as a measure of bacterial production. Our data show that bacterial diversity (richness and evenness) increases with the age of the kelp surface, which corresponds to the primary succession of its bacterial communities. Higher evenness of bacterial operational taxonomical units (OTUs) is linked to higher bacterial production. Owing to the dominance of a few abundant OTUs, kelp surface biofilm communities may be characterized as low-diversity habitats. This is the first detailed study of kelp-associated bacterial communities using high-throughput sequencing and it extends current knowledge on microbial community assembly and dynamics on living surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia M Bengtsson
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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14
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Abstract
Modern life is intimately linked to the availability of fossil fuels, which continue to meet the world's growing energy needs even though their use drives climate change, exhausts finite reserves and contributes to global political strife. Biofuels made from renewable resources could be a more sustainable alternative, particularly if sourced from organisms, such as algae, that can be farmed without using valuable arable land. Strain development and process engineering are needed to make algal biofuels practical and economically viable.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ryan Georgianna
- San Diego Center for Algae Biotechnology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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15
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Salaün S, La Barre S, Dos Santos-Goncalvez M, Potin P, Haras D, Bazire A. Influence of exudates of the kelp Laminaria digitata on biofilm formation of associated and exogenous bacterial epiphytes. Microb Ecol 2012; 64:359-69. [PMID: 22476759 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-012-0048-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Wild populations of brown marine algae (Phaeophyta) provide extensive surfaces to bacteria and epiphytic eukaryotes for colonization. On one hand, various strategies allow kelps prevent frond surface fouling which would retard growth by reducing photosynthesis and increasing pathogenesis. On the other hand, production and release of organic exudates of high energy value, sometimes in association with more or less selective control of settlement of epiphytic strains, allow bacteria to establish surface consortia not leading to macrofouling. Here, we present the analysis of adhesion and biofilm formation of bacterial isolates from the kelp Laminaria digitata and of characterized and referenced marine isolates. When they were grown in flow cell under standard nutrient regimes, all used bacteria, except one, were able to adhere on glass and then develop as biofilms, with different architecture. Then, we evaluated the effect of extracts from undisturbed young Laminaria thalli and from young thalli subjected to oxidative stress elicitation; this latter condition induced the production of defense molecules. We observed increasing or decreasing adhesion depending on the referenced strains, but no effects were observed against strains isolated from L. digitata. Such effects were less observed on biofilms. Our results suggested that L. digitata is able to modulate its bacterial colonization. Finally, mannitol, a regular surface active component of Laminaria exudates was tested individually, and it showed a pronounced increased on one biofilm strain. Results of these experiments are original and can be usefully linked to what we already know on the oxidative halogen metabolism peculiar to Laminaria. Hopefully, we will be able to understand more about the unique relationship that bacteria have been sharing with Laminaria for an estimated one billion years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Salaün
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et de Chimie Marines, Université de Bretagne-Sud, EA3884, BP 92116, 56321, Lorient, France
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16
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Abstract
Algae on freshwater beaches can serve as reservoirs for fecal indicator bacteria (FIB). Wrack (especially kelp) at marine beaches might sustain FIB as well. This study examines the relationship between beach wrack, FIB, and surrounding water and sediment at marine beaches along the California coast. Surveys of southern and central California beaches were conducted to observe environmental wrack-associated FIB concentrations. FIB concentrations normalized to dry weight were the highest in stranded dry wrack, followed by stranded wet and suspended 'surf' wrack. Laboratory microcosms were conducted to examine the effect of wrack on FIB persistence in seawater and sediment. Indigenous enterococci and Escherichia coli incubated in a seawater microcosm containing wrack showed increased persistence relative to those incubated in a microcosm without wrack. FIB concentrations in microcosms containing wrack-covered sand were significantly higher than those in uncovered sand after several days. These findings implicate beach wrack as an important FIB reservoir. The presence of wrack may increase water and sediment FIB levels, altering the relationship between FIB levels and actual health risk while possibly leading to beach closures. Further work will need to investigate the possibility of FIB growth on wrack and the potential for pathogen presence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Imamura
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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17
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Li JW, Dong S, Song J, Li CB, Chen XL, Xie BB, Zhang YZ. Purification and characterization of a bifunctional alginate lyase from Pseudoalteromonas sp. SM0524. Mar Drugs 2011; 9:109-23. [PMID: 21339950 PMCID: PMC3039154 DOI: 10.3390/md9010109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2011] [Revised: 01/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An alginate lyase-producing bacterial strain, Pseudoalteromonas sp. SM0524, was screened from marine rotten kelp. In an optimized condition, the production of alginate lyase from Pseudoalteromonas sp. SM0524 reached 62.6 U/mL, suggesting that strain SM0524 is a good producer of alginate lyases. The bifunctional alginate lyase aly-SJ02 secreted by strain SM0524 was purified. Aly-SJ02 had an apparent molecular mass of 32 kDa. The optimal temperature and pH of aly-SJ02 toward sodium alginate was 50 °C and 8.5, respectively. The half life period of aly-SJ02 was 41 min at 40 °C and 20 min at 50 °C. Aly-SJ02 was most stable at pH 8.0. N-terminal sequence analysis suggested that aly-SJ02 may be an alginate lyase of polysaccharide lyase family 18. Aly-SJ02 showed activities toward both polyG (α-l-guluronic acid) and polyM (β-D-mannuronic acid), indicating that it is a bifunctional alginate lyase. Aly-SJ02 had lower K(m) toward polyG than toward polyM and sodium alginate. Thin layer chromatography and ESI-MS analyses showed that aly-SJ02 mainly released dimers and trimers from polyM and alginate, and trimers and tetramers from polyG, which suggests that aly-SJ02 may be a good tool to produce dimers and trimers from alginate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; E-Mails: (J.-W.L.); (S.D.); (J.S.); (B.-B.X.); (Y.-Z.Z.)
| | - Sheng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; E-Mails: (J.-W.L.); (S.D.); (J.S.); (B.-B.X.); (Y.-Z.Z.)
| | - Jie Song
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; E-Mails: (J.-W.L.); (S.D.); (J.S.); (B.-B.X.); (Y.-Z.Z.)
| | - Chun-Bo Li
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; E-Mail: (C.-B.L.)
| | - Xiu-Lan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; E-Mails: (J.-W.L.); (S.D.); (J.S.); (B.-B.X.); (Y.-Z.Z.)
| | - Bin-Bin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; E-Mails: (J.-W.L.); (S.D.); (J.S.); (B.-B.X.); (Y.-Z.Z.)
| | - Yu-Zhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; E-Mails: (J.-W.L.); (S.D.); (J.S.); (B.-B.X.); (Y.-Z.Z.)
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18
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacteria belonging to Planctomycetes display several unique morphological and genetic features and are found in a wide variety of habitats on earth. Their ecological roles in these habitats are still poorly understood. Planctomycetes have previously been detected throughout the year on surfaces of the kelp Laminaria hyperborea from southwestern Norway. We aimed to make a detailed investigation of the abundance and phylogenetic diversity of planctomycetes inhabiting these kelp surfaces. RESULTS Planctomycetes accounted for 51-53% of the bacterial biofilm cells in July and September and 24% in February according to fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) results. Several separate planctomycetes lineages within Pirellulae, Planctomyces and OM190 were represented in 16S rRNA gene clone libraries and the most abundant clones belonged to yet uncultured lineages. In contrast to the abundance, the diversity of the planctomycete populations increased from July to February and was probably influenced by the aging of the kelp tissue. One planctomycete strain that was closely related to Rhodopirellula baltica was isolated using selective cultivation techniques. CONCLUSIONS Biofilms on surfaces of L. hyperborea display an even higher proportion of planctomycetes compared to other investigated planctomycete-rich habitats such as open water, sandy sediments and peat bogs. The findings agree well with the hypothesis of the role of planctomycetes as degraders of sulfated polymeric carbon in the marine environment as kelps produce such substances. In addition, the abundant planctomycete populations on kelp surfaces and in association with other eukaryotes suggest that coexistence with eukaryotes may be a key feature of many planctomycete lifestyles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia M Bengtsson
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Box 7803, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Lise Øvreås
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Box 7803, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
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