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Nekooie Marnany N, Fodil R, Féréol S, Dady A, Depp M, Relaix F, Motterlini R, Foresti R, Duband JL, Dufour S. Glucose oxidation drives trunk neural crest cell development and fate. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs260607. [PMID: 37589341 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioenergetic metabolism is a key regulator of cellular function and signaling, but how it can instruct the behavior of cells and their fate during embryonic development remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated the role of glucose metabolism in the development of avian trunk neural crest cells (NCCs), a migratory stem cell population of the vertebrate embryo. We uncovered that trunk NCCs display glucose oxidation as a prominent metabolic phenotype, in contrast to what is seen for cranial NCCs, which instead rely on aerobic glycolysis. In addition, only one pathway downstream of glucose uptake is not sufficient for trunk NCC development. Indeed, glycolysis, mitochondrial respiration and the pentose phosphate pathway are all mobilized and integrated for the coordinated execution of diverse cellular programs, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, adhesion, locomotion, proliferation and differentiation, through regulation of specific gene expression. In the absence of glucose, the OXPHOS pathway fueled by pyruvate failed to promote trunk NCC adaptation to environmental stiffness, stemness maintenance and fate-decision making. These findings highlight the need for trunk NCCs to make the most of the glucose pathway potential to meet the high metabolic demands appropriate for their development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Redouane Fodil
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Sophie Féréol
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Alwyn Dady
- Laboratoire Gly-CRRET, Université Paris-Est Créteil, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Marine Depp
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Frederic Relaix
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, 94010 Créteil, France
| | | | - Roberta Foresti
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Jean-Loup Duband
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Sylvie Dufour
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, 94010 Créteil, France
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2
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Abstract
During early neural development, changes in signalling inform the expression of transcription factors that in turn instruct changes in cell identity. At the same time, switches in adhesion molecule expression result in cellular rearrangements that define the morphology of the emerging neural tube. It is becoming increasingly clear that these two processes influence each other; adhesion molecules do not simply operate downstream of or in parallel with changes in cell identity but rather actively feed into cell fate decisions. Why are differentiation and adhesion so tightly linked? It is now over 60 years since Conrad Waddington noted the remarkable "Constancy of the Wild Type" (Waddington in Nature 183: 1654-1655, 1959) yet we still do not fully understand the mechanisms that make development so reproducible. Conversely, we do not understand why directed differentiation of cells in a dish is sometimes unpredictable and difficult to control. It has long been suggested that cells make decisions as 'local cooperatives' rather than as individuals (Gurdon in Nature 336: 772-774, 1988; Lander in Cell 144: 955-969, 2011). Given that the cadherin family of adhesion molecules can simultaneously influence morphogenesis and signalling, it is tempting to speculate that they may help coordinate cell fate decisions between neighbouring cells in the embryo to ensure fidelity of patterning, and that the uncoupling of these processes in a culture dish might underlie some of the problems with controlling cell fate decisions ex-vivo. Here we review the expression and function of cadherins during early neural development and discuss how and why they might modulate signalling and differentiation as neural tissues are formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Punovuori
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mattias Malaguti
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Sally Lowell
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK.
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3
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Rekler D, Kalcheim C. From Neural Crest to Definitive Roof Plate: The Dynamic Behavior of the Dorsal Neural Tube. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3911. [PMID: 33920095 PMCID: PMC8070085 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on the development of the dorsal neural tube is particularly challenging. In this highly dynamic domain, a temporal transition occurs between early neural crest progenitors that undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and exit the neural primordium, and the subsequent roof plate, a resident epithelial group of cells that constitutes the dorsal midline of the central nervous system. Among other functions, the roof plate behaves as an organizing center for the generation of dorsal interneurons. Despite extensive knowledge of the formation, emigration and migration of neural crest progenitors, little is known about the mechanisms leading to the end of neural crest production and the transition into a roof plate stage. Are these two mutually dependent or autonomously regulated processes? Is the generation of roof plate and dorsal interneurons induced by neural tube-derived factors throughout both crest and roof plate stages, respectively, or are there differences in signaling properties and responsiveness as a function of time? In this review, we discuss distinctive characteristics of each population and possible mechanisms leading to the shift between the above cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chaya Kalcheim
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC) and the Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Hadassah Medical School, P.O.Box 12272, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel;
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4
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Azambuja AP, Simoes-Costa M. A regulatory sub-circuit downstream of Wnt signaling controls developmental transitions in neural crest formation. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009296. [PMID: 33465092 PMCID: PMC7846109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of cell fate commitment involves sequential changes in the gene expression profiles of embryonic progenitors. This is exemplified in the development of the neural crest, a migratory stem cell population derived from the ectoderm of vertebrate embryos. During neural crest formation, cells transition through distinct transcriptional states in a stepwise manner. The mechanisms underpinning these shifts in cell identity are still poorly understood. Here we employ enhancer analysis to identify a genetic sub-circuit that controls developmental transitions in the nascent neural crest. This sub-circuit links Wnt target genes in an incoherent feedforward loop that controls the sequential activation of genes in the neural crest lineage. By examining the cis-regulatory apparatus of Wnt effector gene AXUD1, we found that multipotency factor SP5 directly promotes neural plate border identity, while inhibiting premature expression of specification genes. Our results highlight the importance of repressive interactions in the neural crest gene regulatory network and illustrate how genes activated by the same upstream signal become temporally segregated during progressive fate restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Azambuja
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Marcos Simoes-Costa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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5
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Petratou K, Spencer SA, Kelsh RN, Lister JA. The MITF paralog tfec is required in neural crest development for fate specification of the iridophore lineage from a multipotent pigment cell progenitor. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244794. [PMID: 33439865 PMCID: PMC7806166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how fate specification of distinct cell-types from multipotent progenitors occurs is a fundamental question in embryology. Neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) generate extraordinarily diverse derivatives, including multiple neural, skeletogenic and pigment cell fates. Key transcription factors and extracellular signals specifying NCSC lineages remain to be identified, and we have only a little idea of how and when they function together to control fate. Zebrafish have three neural crest-derived pigment cell types, black melanocytes, light-reflecting iridophores and yellow xanthophores, which offer a powerful model for studying the molecular and cellular mechanisms of fate segregation. Mitfa has been identified as the master regulator of melanocyte fate. Here, we show that an Mitf-related transcription factor, Tfec, functions as master regulator of the iridophore fate. Surprisingly, our phenotypic analysis of tfec mutants demonstrates that Tfec also functions in the initial specification of all three pigment cell-types, although the melanocyte and xanthophore lineages recover later. We show that Mitfa represses tfec expression, revealing a likely mechanism contributing to the decision between melanocyte and iridophore fate. Our data are consistent with the long-standing proposal of a tripotent progenitor restricted to pigment cell fates. Moreover, we investigate activation, maintenance and function of tfec in multipotent NCSCs, demonstrating for the first time its role in the gene regulatory network forming and maintaining early neural crest cells. In summary, we build on our previous work to characterise the gene regulatory network governing iridophore development, establishing Tfec as the master regulator driving iridophore specification from multipotent progenitors, while shedding light on possible cellular mechanisms of progressive fate restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kleio Petratou
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry and Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha A. Spencer
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Robert N. Kelsh
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry and Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - James A. Lister
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
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6
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Abstract
Development of cartilage and bone, the core components of the mouse skeletal system, depends on coordinated proliferation and differentiation of skeletogenic cells, including chondrocytes and osteoblasts. These cells differentiate from common progenitor cells originating in the mesoderm and neural crest. Multiple signaling pathways and transcription factors tightly regulate differentiation and proliferation of skeletal cells. In this chapter, we overview the process of mouse skeletal development and discuss major regulators of skeletal cells at each developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Kobayashi
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
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7
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Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) constitutes the largest part of the peripheral nervous system. In recent years, ENS development and its neurogenetic capacity in homeostasis and allostasishave gained increasing attention. Developmentally, the neural precursors of the ENS are mainly derived from vagal and sacral neural crest cell portions. Furthermore, Schwann cell precursors, as well as endodermal pancreatic progenitors, participate in ENS formation. Neural precursorsenherite three subpopulations: a bipotent neuron-glia, a neuronal-fated and a glial-fated subpopulation. Typically, enteric neural precursors migrate along the entire bowel to the anal end, chemoattracted by glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and endothelin 3 (EDN3) molecules. During migration, a fraction undergoes differentiation into neurons and glial cells. Differentiation is regulated by bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP), Hedgehog and Notch signalling. The fully formed adult ENS may react to injury and damage with neurogenesis and gliogenesis. Nevertheless, the origin of differentiating cells is currently under debate. Putative candidates are an embryonic-like enteric neural progenitor population, Schwann cell precursors and transdifferentiating glial cells. These cells can be isolated and propagated in culture as adult ENS progenitors and may be used for cell transplantation therapies for treating enteric aganglionosis in Chagas and Hirschsprung's diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mirko H. H. Schmidt
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden School of Medicine, 01307 Dresden, Germany;
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8
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Carroll SH, Macias Trevino C, Li EB, Kawasaki K, Myers N, Hallett SA, Alhazmi N, Cotney J, Carstens RP, Liao EC. An Irf6- Esrp1/2 regulatory axis controls midface morphogenesis in vertebrates. Development 2020; 147:dev194498. [PMID: 33234718 PMCID: PMC7774891 DOI: 10.1242/dev.194498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Irf6 and Esrp1 are important for palate development across vertebrates. In zebrafish, we found that irf6 regulates the expression of esrp1 We detailed overlapping Irf6 and Esrp1/2 expression in mouse orofacial epithelium. In zebrafish, irf6 and esrp1/2 share expression in periderm, frontonasal ectoderm and oral epithelium. Genetic disruption of irf6 and esrp1/2 in zebrafish resulted in cleft of the anterior neurocranium. The esrp1/2 mutant also developed cleft of the mouth opening. Lineage tracing of cranial neural crest cells revealed that the cleft resulted not from migration defect, but from impaired chondrogenesis. Analysis of aberrant cells within the cleft revealed expression of sox10, col1a1 and irf6, and these cells were adjacent to krt4+ and krt5+ cells. Breeding of mouse Irf6; Esrp1; Esrp2 compound mutants suggested genetic interaction, as the triple homozygote and the Irf6; Esrp1 double homozygote were not observed. Further, Irf6 heterozygosity reduced Esrp1/2 cleft severity. These studies highlight the complementary analysis of Irf6 and Esrp1/2 in mouse and zebrafish, and identify a unique aberrant cell population in zebrafish expressing sox10, col1a1 and irf6 Future work characterizing this cell population will yield additional insight into cleft pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon H. Carroll
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Claudio Macias Trevino
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Kenta Kawasaki
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Nikita Myers
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Shawn A. Hallett
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Nora Alhazmi
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Justin Cotney
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut Health, CT 06030, USA
| | - Russ P. Carstens
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eric C. Liao
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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9
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Okada K, Takada S. The second pharyngeal pouch is generated by dynamic remodeling of endodermal epithelium in zebrafish. Development 2020; 147:dev194738. [PMID: 33158927 DOI: 10.1242/dev.194738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pharyngeal arches (PAs) are segmented by endodermal outpocketings called pharyngeal pouches (PPs). Anterior and posterior PAs appear to be generated by different mechanisms, but it is unclear how the anterior and posterior PAs combine. Here, we addressed this issue with precise live imaging of PP development and cell tracing of pharyngeal endoderm in zebrafish embryos. We found that two endodermal bulges are initially generated in the future second PP (PP2) region, which separates anterior and posterior PAs. Subsequently, epithelial remodeling causes contact between these two bulges, resulting in the formation of mature PP2 with a bilayered morphology. The rostral and caudal bulges develop into the operculum and gill, respectively. Development of the caudal PP2 and more posterior PPs is affected by impaired retinoic acid signaling or pax1a/b dysfunction, suggesting that the rostral front of posterior PA development corresponds to the caudal PP2. Our study clarifies an aspect of PA development that is essential for generation of a seamless array of PAs in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Okada
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaijicho, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Shinji Takada
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaijicho, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- Department for Basic Biology, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
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10
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Šimić G, Vukić V, Kopić J, Krsnik Ž, Hof PR. Molecules, Mechanisms, and Disorders of Self-Domestication: Keys for Understanding Emotional and Social Communication from an Evolutionary Perspective. Biomolecules 2020; 11:E2. [PMID: 33375093 PMCID: PMC7822183 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural crest hypothesis states that the phenotypic features of the domestication syndrome are due to a reduced number or disruption of neural crest cells (NCCs) migration, as these cells differentiate at their final destinations and proliferate into different tissues whose activity is reduced by domestication. Comparing the phenotypic characteristics of modern and prehistoric man, it is clear that during their recent evolutionary past, humans also went through a process of self-domestication with a simultaneous prolongation of the period of socialization. This has led to the development of social abilities and skills, especially language, as well as neoteny. Disorders of neural crest cell development and migration lead to many different conditions such as Waardenburg syndrome, Hirschsprung disease, fetal alcohol syndrome, DiGeorge and Treacher-Collins syndrome, for which the mechanisms are already relatively well-known. However, for others, such as Williams-Beuren syndrome and schizophrenia that have the characteristics of hyperdomestication, and autism spectrum disorders, and 7dupASD syndrome that have the characteristics of hypodomestication, much less is known. Thus, deciphering the biological determinants of disordered self-domestication has great potential for elucidating the normal and disturbed ontogenesis of humans, as well as for the understanding of evolution of mammals in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Šimić
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb Medical School, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (V.V.); (J.K.); (Ž.K.)
| | - Vana Vukić
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb Medical School, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (V.V.); (J.K.); (Ž.K.)
| | - Janja Kopić
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb Medical School, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (V.V.); (J.K.); (Ž.K.)
| | - Željka Krsnik
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb Medical School, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (V.V.); (J.K.); (Ž.K.)
| | - Patrick R. Hof
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, and Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
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11
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Gomez DA, May PA, Tabachnick BG, Hasken JM, Lyden ER, Kalberg WO, Hoyme HE, Manning MA, Adam MP, Robinson LK, Jones KL, Buckley D, Abdul-Rahman OA. Ocular measurements in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Am J Med Genet A 2020; 182:2243-2252. [PMID: 32677343 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) describe a range of physical, behavioral, and neurologic deficits in individuals exposed to alcohol prenatally. Reduced palpebral fissure length is one of the cardinal facial features of FASD. However, other ocular measurements have not been studied extensively in FASD. Using the Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Epidemiologic Research (FASER) database, we investigated how inner canthal distance (ICD), interpupillary distance (IPD), and outer canthal distance (OCD) centiles differed between FASD and non-FASD individuals. We compared ocular measurement centiles in children with FASD to non-FASD individuals and observed reductions in all three centiles for ICD, IPD, and OCD. However, when our non-FASD children who had various forms of growth deficiency (microcephaly, short-stature, or underweight) were compared to controls, we did not observe a similar reduction in ocular measurements. This suggests that reductions in ocular measurements are a direct effect of alcohol on ocular development independent of its effect on growth parameters, which is consistent with animal models showing a negative effect of alcohol on developing neural crest cells. Interpupillary distance centile appeared to be the most significantly reduced ocular measure we evaluated, suggesting it may be a useful measure to be considered in the diagnosis of FASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A Gomez
- College of Arts and Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Philip A May
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse, & Addictions, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Barbara G Tabachnick
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Northridge, California, USA
| | - Julie M Hasken
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Lyden
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Wendy O Kalberg
- Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse, & Addictions, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - H Eugene Hoyme
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Sanford Children's Genomic Medicine Consortium, Sanford Health, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
| | - Melanie A Manning
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Margaret P Adam
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Luther K Robinson
- Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Kenneth Lyons Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - David Buckley
- Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse, & Addictions, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Omar A Abdul-Rahman
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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12
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Farley-Barnes KI, Deniz E, Overton MM, Khokha MK, Baserga SJ. Paired Box 9 (PAX9), the RNA polymerase II transcription factor, regulates human ribosome biogenesis and craniofacial development. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008967. [PMID: 32813698 PMCID: PMC7437866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of ribosome production can lead to a number of developmental disorders called ribosomopathies. Despite the ubiquitous requirement for these cellular machines used in protein synthesis, ribosomopathies manifest in a tissue-specific manner, with many affecting the development of the face. Here we reveal yet another connection between craniofacial development and making ribosomes through the protein Paired Box 9 (PAX9). PAX9 functions as an RNA Polymerase II transcription factor to regulate the expression of proteins required for craniofacial and tooth development in humans. We now expand this function of PAX9 by demonstrating that PAX9 acts outside of the cell nucleolus to regulate the levels of proteins critical for building the small subunit of the ribosome. This function of PAX9 is conserved to the organism Xenopus tropicalis, an established model for human ribosomopathies. Depletion of pax9 leads to craniofacial defects due to abnormalities in neural crest development, a result consistent with that found for depletion of other ribosome biogenesis factors. This work highlights an unexpected layer of how the making of ribosomes is regulated in human cells and during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine I. Farley-Barnes
- Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Engin Deniz
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Maya M. Overton
- Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Mustafa K. Khokha
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Susan J. Baserga
- Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Vyas B, Nandkishore N, Sambasivan R. Vertebrate cranial mesoderm: developmental trajectory and evolutionary origin. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:1933-1945. [PMID: 31722070 PMCID: PMC11105048 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03373-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vertebrate cranial mesoderm is a discrete developmental unit compared to the mesoderm below the developing neck. An extraordinary feature of the cranial mesoderm is that it includes a common progenitor pool contributing to the chambered heart and the craniofacial skeletal muscles. This striking developmental potential and the excitement it generated led to advances in our understanding of cranial mesoderm developmental mechanism. Remarkably, recent findings have begun to unravel the origin of its distinct developmental characteristics. Here, we take a detailed view of the ontogenetic trajectory of cranial mesoderm and its regulatory network. Based on the emerging evidence, we propose that cranial and posterior mesoderm diverge at the earliest step of the process that patterns the mesoderm germ layer along the anterior-posterior body axis. Further, we discuss the latest evidence and their impact on our current understanding of the evolutionary origin of cranial mesoderm. Overall, the review highlights the findings from contemporary research, which lays the foundation to probe the molecular basis of unique developmental potential and evolutionary origin of cranial mesoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhakti Vyas
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, 560065, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Nitya Nandkishore
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, 560065, India
- SASTRA University, Thirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, 613401, India
| | - Ramkumar Sambasivan
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Transit Campus, Karakambadi Road, Rami Reddy Nagar, Mangalam, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, 517507, India.
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14
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Morell RJ, Olszewski R, Tona R, Leitess S, Wafa TT, Taukulis I, Schultz JM, Thomason EJ, Richards K, Whitley BN, Hill C, Saunders T, Starost MF, Fitzgerald T, Wilson E, Ohyama T, Friedman TB, Hoa M. Noncoding Microdeletion in Mouse Hgf Disrupts Neural Crest Migration into the Stria Vascularis, Reduces the Endocochlear Potential, and Suggests the Neuropathology for Human Nonsyndromic Deafness DFNB39. J Neurosci 2020; 40:2976-2992. [PMID: 32152201 PMCID: PMC7141880 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2278-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a multifunctional protein that signals through the MET receptor. HGF stimulates cell proliferation, cell dispersion, neuronal survival, and wound healing. In the inner ear, levels of HGF must be fine-tuned for normal hearing. In mice, a deficiency of HGF expression limited to the auditory system, or an overexpression of HGF, causes neurosensory deafness. In humans, noncoding variants in HGF are associated with nonsyndromic deafness DFNB39 However, the mechanism by which these noncoding variants causes deafness was unknown. Here, we reveal the cause of this deafness using a mouse model engineered with a noncoding intronic 10 bp deletion (del10) in Hgf Male and female mice homozygous for del10 exhibit moderate-to-profound hearing loss at 4 weeks of age as measured by tone burst auditory brainstem responses. The wild type (WT) 80 mV endocochlear potential was significantly reduced in homozygous del10 mice compared with WT littermates. In normal cochlea, endocochlear potentials are dependent on ion homeostasis mediated by the stria vascularis (SV). Previous studies showed that developmental incorporation of neural crest cells into the SV depends on signaling from HGF/MET. We show by immunohistochemistry that, in del10 homozygotes, neural crest cells fail to infiltrate the developing SV intermediate layer. Phenotyping and RNAseq analyses reveal no other significant abnormalities in other tissues. We conclude that, in the inner ear, the noncoding del10 mutation in Hgf leads to developmental defects of the SV and consequently dysfunctional ion homeostasis and a reduction in the EP, recapitulating human DFNB39 nonsyndromic deafness.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Hereditary deafness is a common, clinically and genetically heterogeneous neurosensory disorder. Previously, we reported that human deafness DFNB39 is associated with noncoding variants in the 3'UTR of a short isoform of HGF encoding hepatocyte growth factor. For normal hearing, HGF levels must be fine-tuned as an excess or deficiency of HGF cause deafness in mouse. Using a Hgf mutant mouse with a small 10 bp deletion recapitulating a human DFNB39 noncoding variant, we demonstrate that neural crest cells fail to migrate into the stria vascularis intermediate layer, resulting in a significantly reduced endocochlear potential, the driving force for sound transduction by inner ear hair cells. HGF-associated deafness is a neurocristopathy but, unlike many other neurocristopathies, it is not syndromic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Talah T Wafa
- Mouse Auditory Testing Core Facility, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Saunders
- Transgenic Animal Model Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5674
| | - Matthew F Starost
- Division of Veterinarian Resources, National Institutes of Health, Maryland 20892, and
| | - Tracy Fitzgerald
- Mouse Auditory Testing Core Facility, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | | | - Takahiro Ohyama
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | | | - Michael Hoa
- Auditory Development and Restoration Program,
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15
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Maartens A. An interview with Roberto Mayor. Development 2020; 147:147/3/dev187252. [PMID: 32014864 DOI: 10.1242/dev.187252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Roberto Mayor is Professor of Developmental and Cellular Neurobiology at University College London. Elected an EMBO member in 2019 and a former International Scholar of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, his lab works on the development of the neural crest, in particular its induction and migration. We met Roberto in Buenos Aires at the tenth biennial meeting of the Latin American Society for Developmental Biology (LASDB, the society he founded in 2001), and discussed the role serendipity has played in his career, why we need a more holistic view of the cell during development, and the challenges and potential of science in Latin America.
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16
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Abstract
A huge variety of mathematical models have been used to investigate collective cell migration. The aim of this brief review is twofold: to present a number of modelling approaches that incorporate the key factors affecting cell migration, including cell-cell and cell-tissue interactions, as well as domain growth, and to showcase their application to model the migration of neural crest cells. We discuss the complementary strengths of microscale and macroscale models, and identify why it can be important to understand how these modelling approaches are related. We consider neural crest cell migration as a model paradigm to illustrate how the application of different mathematical modelling techniques, combined with experimental results, can provide new biological insights. We conclude by highlighting a number of future challenges for the mathematical modelling of neural crest cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasa Giniūnaitė
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK.
| | - Ruth E Baker
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Paul M Kulesa
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E 50th Street, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| | - Philip K Maini
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
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17
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Teng CS, Cavin L, Maxson RE, Sánchez-Villagra MR, Crump JG. Resolving homology in the face of shifting germ layer origins: Lessons from a major skull vault boundary. eLife 2019; 8:e52814. [PMID: 31869306 PMCID: PMC6927740 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate skull varies widely in shape, accommodating diverse strategies of feeding and predation. The braincase is composed of several flat bones that meet at flexible joints called sutures. Nearly all vertebrates have a prominent 'coronal' suture that separates the front and back of the skull. This suture can develop entirely within mesoderm-derived tissue, neural crest-derived tissue, or at the boundary of the two. Recent paleontological findings and genetic insights in non-mammalian model organisms serve to revise fundamental knowledge on the development and evolution of this suture. Growing evidence supports a decoupling of the germ layer origins of the mesenchyme that forms the calvarial bones from inductive signaling that establishes discrete bone centers. Changes in these relationships facilitate skull evolution and may create susceptibility to disease. These concepts provide a general framework for approaching issues of homology in cases where germ layer origins have shifted during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla S Teng
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry, Keck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Lionel Cavin
- Department of Earth SciencesNatural History Museum of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Robert E Maxson
- Department of Biochemistry, Keck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | | | - J Gage Crump
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
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18
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Cheung M, Tai A, Lu PJ, Cheah KS. Acquisition of multipotent and migratory neural crest cells in vertebrate evolution. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2019; 57:84-90. [PMID: 31470291 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2019.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of multipotent and migratory neural crest (NC) cells defines a key evolutionary transition from invertebrates to vertebrates. Studies in vertebrates have identified a complex gene regulatory network that governs sequential stages of NC ontogeny. Comparative analysis has revealed extensive conservation of the overall architecture of the NC gene regulatory network between jawless and jawed vertebrates. Among invertebrates, urochordates express putative NC gene homologs in the neural plate border region, but these NC-like cells do not have migratory capacity, whereas cephalochordates contain no NC cells but its genome contains most homologs of vertebrate NC genes. Whether the absence of migratory NC cells in invertebrates is due to differences in enhancer elements or an intrinsic limitation in potency remains unclear. We provide a brief overview of mechanisms that might explain how ancestral NC-like cells acquired the multipotency and migratory capacity seen in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Andrew Tai
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Peter Jianning Lu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kathryn Se Cheah
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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19
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Dooley CM, Wali N, Sealy IM, White RJ, Stemple DL, Collins JE, Busch-Nentwich EM. The gene regulatory basis of genetic compensation during neural crest induction. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008213. [PMID: 31199790 PMCID: PMC6594659 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural crest (NC) is a vertebrate-specific cell type that contributes to a wide range of different tissues across all three germ layers. The gene regulatory network (GRN) responsible for the formation of neural crest is conserved across vertebrates. Central to the induction of the NC GRN are AP-2 and SoxE transcription factors. NC induction robustness is ensured through the ability of some of these transcription factors to compensate loss of function of gene family members. However the gene regulatory events underlying compensation are poorly understood. We have used gene knockout and RNA sequencing strategies to dissect NC induction and compensation in zebrafish. We genetically ablate the NC using double mutants of tfap2a;tfap2c or remove specific subsets of the NC with sox10 and mitfa knockouts and characterise genome-wide gene expression levels across multiple time points. We find that compensation through a single wild-type allele of tfap2c is capable of maintaining early NC induction and differentiation in the absence of tfap2a function, but many target genes have abnormal expression levels and therefore show sensitivity to the reduced tfap2 dosage. This separation of morphological and molecular phenotypes identifies a core set of genes required for early NC development. We also identify the 15 somites stage as the peak of the molecular phenotype which strongly diminishes at 24 hpf even as the morphological phenotype becomes more apparent. Using gene knockouts, we associate previously uncharacterised genes with pigment cell development and establish a role for maternal Hippo signalling in melanocyte differentiation. This work extends and refines the NC GRN while also uncovering the transcriptional basis of genetic compensation via paralogues. Embryonic development is an intricate process that requires genes to be active at the right time and place. Organisms have evolved mechanisms that ensure faithful execution of developmental programmes even if genes fail to function. For example, in a process called genetic compensation, one or more genes become activated in response to loss of function of another. In this work we use the zebrafish model to investigate how two related genes, tfap2a and tfap2c, interact to ensure establishment of the neural crest, a vertebrate-specific cell type that contributes to many different tissues. Losing tfap2a activity causes mild morphological defects and losing tfap2c has no visible effect. Yet when both are inactive, embryos are severely abnormal due to lack of neural crest-derived tissues. Here we show that loss of tfap2a triggers upregulation of tfap2c which prevents the loss of neural crest tissue. However, the genes normally regulated by tfap2a respond differently to tfap2c allowing us to identify the first tier of the Ap2 network and new players in neural crest biology. Our work demonstrates that the expression signature of partial, but morphologically sufficient, genetic compensation provides an opportunity to dissect gene regulatory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neha Wali
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Ian M. Sealy
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. White
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Derek L. Stemple
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - John E. Collins
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabeth M. Busch-Nentwich
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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20
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Monferrer E, Burgos-Panadero R, Blanquer-Maceiras M, Cañete A, Navarro S, Noguera R. High Oct4 expression: implications in the pathogenesis of neuroblastic tumours. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:1. [PMID: 30606139 PMCID: PMC6318846 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-5219-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroblastic tumours (NBTs) are paediatric solid tumours derived from embryonic neural crest cells which harbour their own cancer stem cells (CSC). There is evidence indicating that CSC may be responsible for tumour progression, chemotherapy resistance and recurrence in NBTs. Oct4 is a transcription factor which plays a key role in mammal embryonic development and stem cell fate regulation. The aim of the study is to elucidate the clinical significance of Oct4 in NBTs. METHODS We studied Oct4 expression in 563 primary NBTs using digital image quantification. Chi-square test was applied to analyse the correlation between histopathology and the Oct4+ cell percentage. Survival analysis was carried out with Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank test. Additionally, a multivariate Cox regression analysis with the stepwise backwards (Wald) method was undertaken to calculate the impact of Oct4 expression level on survival. RESULTS We found that tumours with a high proportion of cells expressing Oct4 correlated statistically with undifferentiated and poorly differentiated neuroblastoma / nodular ganglioneuroblastoma, and that Oct4 expression was not present in ganglioneuroma (p < 0.05). Statistical analysis also indicated a relationship between high Oct4 expression levels, high-risk patients according to the International Neuroblastoma Risk Group pre-treatment classification parameters, larger blood vessels and low survival rates. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the Oct4 gene may regulate NBT pathogenic differentiation pathways, and should thus be considered as a target for knockdown when developing novel therapies for high-risk NBT patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezequiel Monferrer
- Pathology Department, Medical School, University of Valencia-INCLIVA, Av. Blasco Ibáñez, 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Rebeca Burgos-Panadero
- Pathology Department, Medical School, University of Valencia-INCLIVA, Av. Blasco Ibáñez, 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Maite Blanquer-Maceiras
- Pathology Department, Medical School, University of Valencia-INCLIVA, Av. Blasco Ibáñez, 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adela Cañete
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Samuel Navarro
- Pathology Department, Medical School, University of Valencia-INCLIVA, Av. Blasco Ibáñez, 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Noguera
- Pathology Department, Medical School, University of Valencia-INCLIVA, Av. Blasco Ibáñez, 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
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21
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Dravis C, Chung CY, Lytle NK, Herrera-Valdez J, Luna G, Trejo CL, Reya T, Wahl GM. Epigenetic and Transcriptomic Profiling of Mammary Gland Development and Tumor Models Disclose Regulators of Cell State Plasticity. Cancer Cell 2018; 34:466-482.e6. [PMID: 30174241 PMCID: PMC6152943 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cell state reprogramming during tumor progression complicates accurate diagnosis, compromises therapeutic effectiveness, and fuels metastatic dissemination. We used chromatin accessibility assays and transcriptional profiling during mammary development as an agnostic approach to identify factors that mediate cancer cell state interconversions. We show that fetal and adult basal cells share epigenetic features consistent with multi-lineage differentiation potential. We find that DNA-binding motifs for SOX transcription factors are enriched in chromatin that is accessible in stem/progenitor cells and inaccessible in differentiated cells. In both mouse and human tumors, SOX10 expression correlates with stem/progenitor identity, dedifferentiation, and invasive characteristics. Strikingly, we demonstrate that SOX10 binds to genes that regulate neural crest cell identity, and that SOX10-positive tumor cells exhibit neural crest cell features.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Animals
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor/transplantation
- Cell Plasticity/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Embryo, Mammalian
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Mammary Glands, Animal/growth & development
- Mammary Glands, Animal/pathology
- Mammary Glands, Human/growth & development
- Mammary Glands, Human/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neural Crest/growth & development
- Neural Crest/pathology
- SOXE Transcription Factors/genetics
- SOXE Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Stem Cells/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Dravis
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Chi-Yeh Chung
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nikki K Lytle
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jaslem Herrera-Valdez
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Gidsela Luna
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Christy L Trejo
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tannishtha Reya
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Geoffrey M Wahl
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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22
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Rogers CD, Sorrells LK, Bronner ME. A catenin-dependent balance between N-cadherin and E-cadherin controls neuroectodermal cell fate choices. Mech Dev 2018; 152:44-56. [PMID: 30009960 PMCID: PMC6112866 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing endogenous protein expression, interaction and function, this study identifies in vivo interactions and competitive balance between N-cadherin and E-cadherin in developing avian (Gallus gallus) neural and neural crest cells. Numerous cadherin proteins, including neural cadherin (Ncad) and epithelial cadherin (Ecad), are expressed in the developing neural plate as well as in neural crest cells as they delaminate from the newly closed neural tube. To clarify independent or coordinate function during development, we examined their expression in the cranial region. The results revealed surprising overlap and distinct localization of Ecad and Ncad in the neural tube. Using a proximity ligation assay and co-immunoprecipitation, we found that Ncad and Ecad formed heterotypic complexes in the developing neural tube, and that modulation of Ncad levels led to reciprocal gain or reduction of Ecad protein, which then alters ectodermal cell fate. Here, we demonstrate that the balance of Ecad and Ncad is dependent upon the availability of β-catenin proteins, and that alteration of either classical cadherin modifies the proportions of the neural crest and neuroectodermal cells that are specified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal D Rogers
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330, United States of America.
| | - Lisa K Sorrells
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330, United States of America.
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering 139-74, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, United States of America.
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23
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Espina JA, Marchant CL, De Ferrari GV, Reyes AE. Pdgf1aa regulates zebrafish neural crest cells migration through Hif-1 in an oxygen-independent manner. Mech Dev 2018; 154:203-207. [PMID: 30031069 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Hif-1α regulates epithelial to mesenchymal transition and neural crest cell chemotaxis in Xenopus. Hif-1α is only stabilised under low oxygen levels, and the in vivo stabilisation of this factor in neural crest cells is poorly understood. Multiple oxygen-independent Hif-1α regulators have been described in cell cultures and cancer models. Among these, the PDGF pathway has been linked to neural crest development. The present study established a connection between the Pdgf pathway and Hif-1α stabilisation in zebrafish. Specifically, embryos with a disrupted Pdgf pathway were rescued by employing hif-1α mRNA through qPCR and immunohistochemistry techniques. The data suggest that oxygen levels in the neural crest are normal and that Pdgf1aa regulates neural crest migration through Hif-1α expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Espina
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - C L Marchant
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - G V De Ferrari
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - A E Reyes
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile.
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24
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Becker J, Wilting J. WNT signaling, the development of the sympathoadrenal-paraganglionic system and neuroblastoma. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:1057-1070. [PMID: 29058015 PMCID: PMC5814469 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2685-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is a tumor of the sympathoadrenal system arising in children under 15 years of age. In Germany, NB accounts for 7% of childhood cancer cases, but 11% of cancer deaths. It originates from highly migratory progenitor cells that leave the dorsal neural tube and contribute neurons and glial cells to sympathetic ganglia, and chromaffin and supportive cells to the adrenal medulla and paraganglia. Clinically, histologically and molecularly, NBs present as extremely heterogeneous, ranging from very good to very poor prognosis. The etiology of NB still remains unclear and needs to be elucidated, however, aberrant auto- and paracrine embryonic cell communications seem to be likely candidates to initiate or facilitate the emergence, progression and regression of NB. The wingless-type MMTV integration site (WNT) family of proteins represents an evolutionary highly conserved signaling system that orchestrates embryogenesis. At least 19 ligands in the human, numerous receptors and co-receptors are known, which control not only proliferation, but also cell polarity, migration and differentiation. Here we seek to interconnect aspects of WNT signaling with sympathoadrenal and paraganglionic development to define new WNT signaling cues in the etiology and progression of NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Becker
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medical School Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Jörg Wilting
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medical School Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
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25
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Rashid D, Puettmann P, Roy E, Bradley RS. Neural crest development in Xenopus requires Protocadherin 7 at the lateral neural crest border. Mech Dev 2018; 149:41-52. [PMID: 29366801 PMCID: PMC5820198 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrates, the neural crest is a unique population of pluripotent cells whose development is dependent on signaling from neighboring tissues. Cadherin family members, including protocadherins, are emerging as major players in neural crest development, largely through their roles in cell adhesion and sorting in embryonic tissues. Here, we show that Protocadherin 7 (Pcdh7), previously shown to function in sensorial layer integrity and neural tube closure in Xenopus, is also involved in neural crest specification and survival. Pcdh7 expression partly overlaps the neural crest domain at the lateral neural crest border. Pcdh7 knockdown in embryos does not alter neural crest induction; however, neural crest specification markers, including Snail2 and Sox9, are lost, due to apoptosis of the neural crest starting after stage 13. Pcdh7 knockdown also results in downregulation of Wnt11b; both of which are co-expressed in the sensorial layer lateral to the neural crest, suggestive of a role for Wnt11b in the neural crest apoptosis. Confirming this role, apoptosis, Snail2 expression and the developmental fate of the neural crest can be partially rescued by ectopic expression of Wnt11b. These results indicate that Pcdh7 plays an important role in maintaining the sensorial layer at the lateral neural crest border, which is necessary for the secretion of survival factors, including Wnt11b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Rashid
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
| | - Paul Puettmann
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
| | - Ethan Roy
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
| | - Roger S. Bradley
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
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Ward NJ, Green D, Higgins J, Dalmay T, Münsterberg A, Moxon S, Wheeler GN. microRNAs associated with early neural crest development in Xenopus laevis. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:59. [PMID: 29347911 PMCID: PMC5774138 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4436-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neural crest (NC) is a class of transitory stem cell-like cells unique to vertebrate embryos. NC cells arise within the dorsal neural tube where they undergo an epithelial to mesenchymal transition in order to migrate and differentiate throughout the developing embryo. The derivative cell types give rise to multiple tissues, including the craniofacial skeleton, peripheral nervous system and skin pigment cells. Several well-studied gene regulatory networks underpin NC development, which when disrupted can lead to various neurocristopathies such as craniofrontonasal dysplasia, DiGeorge syndrome and some forms of cancer. Small RNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNA molecules important in post-transcriptional gene silencing and critical for cellular regulation of gene expression. RESULTS To uncover novel small RNAs in NC development we used high definition adapters and next generation sequencing of libraries derived from ectodermal explants of Xenopus laevis embryos induced to form neural and NC tissue. Ectodermal and blastula animal pole (blastula) stage tissues were also sequenced. We show that miR-427 is highly abundant in all four tissue types though in an isoform specific manner and we define a set of 11 miRNAs that are enriched in the NC. In addition, we show miR-301a and miR-338 are highly expressed in both the NC and blastula suggesting a role for these miRNAs in maintaining the stem cell-like phenotype of NC cells. CONCLUSION We have characterised the miRNAs expressed in Xenopus embryonic explants treated to form ectoderm, neural or NC tissue. This has identified novel tissue specific miRNAs and highlighted differential expression of miR-427 isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J. Ward
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Darrell Green
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Janet Higgins
- Regulatory Genomics, Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UZ UK
| | - Tamas Dalmay
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Andrea Münsterberg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Simon Moxon
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Grant N. Wheeler
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
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27
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Fink DM, Sun MR, Heyne GW, Everson JL, Chung HM, Park S, Sheets MD, Lipinski RJ. Coordinated d-cyclin/Foxd1 activation drives mitogenic activity of the Sonic Hedgehog signaling pathway. Cell Signal 2017; 44:1-9. [PMID: 29284139 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling plays key regulatory roles in embryonic development and postnatal homeostasis and repair. Modulation of the Shh pathway is known to cause malformations and malignancies associated with dysregulated tissue growth. However, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which Shh regulates cellular proliferation is incomplete. Here, using mouse embryonic fibroblasts, we demonstrate that the Forkhead box gene Foxd1 is transcriptionally regulated by canonical Shh signaling and required for downstream proliferative activity. We show that Foxd1 deletion abrogates the proliferative response to SHH ligand while FOXD1 overexpression alone is sufficient to induce cellular proliferation. The proliferative response to both SHH ligand and FOXD1 overexpression was blocked by pharmacologic inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase signaling. Time-course experiments revealed that Shh pathway activation of Foxd1 is followed by downregulation of Cdkn1c, which encodes a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor. Consistent with a direct transcriptional regulation mechanism, we found that FOXD1 reduces reporter activity of a Fox enhancer sequence in the second intron of Cdkn1c. Supporting the applicability of these findings to specific biological contexts, we show that Shh regulation of Foxd1 and Cdkn1c is recapitulated in cranial neural crest cells and provide evidence that this mechanism is operational during upper lip morphogenesis. These results reveal a novel Shh-Foxd1-Cdkn1c regulatory circuit that drives the mitogenic action of Shh signaling and may have broad implications in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin M Fink
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Miranda R Sun
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Galen W Heyne
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Joshua L Everson
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States; Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Hannah M Chung
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States; Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Sookhee Park
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Michael D Sheets
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Robert J Lipinski
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States; Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.
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Gallik KL, Treffy RW, Nacke LM, Ahsan K, Rocha M, Green-Saxena A, Saxena A. Neural crest and cancer: Divergent travelers on similar paths. Mech Dev 2017; 148:89-99. [PMID: 28888421 PMCID: PMC5811199 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest cells are multipotent progenitors that dynamically interpret diverse microenvironments to migrate significant distances as a loosely associated collective and contribute to many tissues in the developing vertebrate embryo. Uncovering details of neural crest migration has helped to inform a general understanding of collective cell migration, including that which occurs during cancer metastasis. Here, we discuss several commonalities and differences of neural crest and cancer cell migration and behavior. First, we focus on some of the molecular pathways required for the initial specification and potency of neural crest cells and the roles of many of these pathways in cancer progression. We also describe epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, which plays a critical role in initiating both neural crest migration and cancer metastasis. Finally, we evaluate studies that demonstrate myriad forms of cell-cell and cell-environment communication during neural crest and cancer collective migration to highlight the remarkable similarities in their molecular and cell biological regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin L Gallik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Randall W Treffy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Lynne M Nacke
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Kamil Ahsan
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Manuel Rocha
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Abigail Green-Saxena
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Ankur Saxena
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
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29
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Cousin H. Cadherins function during the collective cell migration of Xenopus Cranial Neural Crest cells: revisiting the role of E-cadherin. Mech Dev 2017; 148:79-88. [PMID: 28467887 PMCID: PMC5662486 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Collective cell migration is a process whereby cells move while keeping contact with other cells. The Xenopus Cranial Neural Crest (CNC) is a population of cells that emerge during early embryogenesis and undergo extensive migration from the dorsal to ventral part of the embryo's head. These cells migrate collectively and require cadherin mediated cell-cell contact. In this review, we will describe the key features of Xenopus CNC migration including the key molecules driving their migration. We will also review the role of the various cadherins during Xenopus CNC emergence and migration. Lastly, we will discuss the recent and seemingly controversial findings showing that E-cadherin presence is essential for CNC migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Cousin
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States.
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30
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Münst S, Koch P, Kesavan J, Alexander-Mays M, Münst B, Blaess S, Brüstle O. In vitro segregation and isolation of human pluripotent stem cell-derived neural crest cells. Methods 2017; 133:65-80. [PMID: 29037816 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The neural crest (NC) is a transient embryonic cell population with remarkable characteristics. After delaminating from the neural tube, NC cells (NCCs) migrate extensively, populate nearly every tissue of the body and differentiate into highly diverse cell types such as peripheral neurons and glia, but also mesenchymal cells including chondrocytes, osteocytes, and adipocytes. While the NC has been extensively studied in several animal models, little is known about human NC development. A number of methods have been established to derive NCCs in vitro from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC). Typically, these protocols comprise several cell culture steps to enrich for NCCs in the neural derivatives of the differentiating hPSCs. Here we report on a remarkable and hitherto unnoticed in vitro segregation phenomenon that enables direct extraction of virtually pure NCCs during the earliest stages of hPSC differentiation. Upon aggregation to embryoid bodies (EB) and replating, differentiating hPSCs give rise to a population of NCCs, which spontaneously segregate from the EB outgrowth to form conspicuous, macroscopically visible atoll-shaped clusters in the periphery of the EB outgrowth. Isolation of these NC clusters yields p75NTR(+)/SOXE(+) NCCs, which differentiate to peripheral neurons and glia as well as mesenchymal derivatives. Our data indicate that differentiating hPSC cultures recapitulate, in a simplified manner, the physical segregation of central nervous system (CNS) tissue and NCCs. This phenomenon may be exploited for NCC purification and for studying segregation and differentiation processes observed during early human NC development in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Münst
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn Medical Faculty, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Philipp Koch
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn Medical Faculty, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jaideep Kesavan
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn Medical Faculty, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Alexander-Mays
- Institute of Human Genetics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn Medical Faculty, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Bernhard Münst
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn Medical Faculty, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sandra Blaess
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn Medical Faculty, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver Brüstle
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn Medical Faculty, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
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31
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Garg A, Bansal M, Gotoh N, Feng GS, Zhong J, Wang F, Kariminejad A, Brooks S, Zhang X. Alx4 relays sequential FGF signaling to induce lacrimal gland morphogenesis. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1007047. [PMID: 29028795 PMCID: PMC5656309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The sequential use of signaling pathways is essential for the guidance of pluripotent progenitors into diverse cell fates. Here, we show that Shp2 exclusively mediates FGF but not PDGF signaling in the neural crest to control lacrimal gland development. In addition to preventing p53-independent apoptosis and promoting the migration of Sox10-expressing neural crests, Shp2 is also required for expression of the homeodomain transcription factor Alx4, which directly controls Fgf10 expression in the periocular mesenchyme that is necessary for lacrimal gland induction. We show that Alx4 binds an Fgf10 intronic element conserved in terrestrial but not aquatic animals, underlying the evolutionary emergence of the lacrimal gland system in response to an airy environment. Inactivation of ALX4/Alx4 causes lacrimal gland aplasia in both human and mouse. These results reveal a key role of Alx4 in mediating FGF-Shp2-FGF signaling in the neural crest for lacrimal gland development. The dry eye disease caused by lacrimal gland dysgenesis is one of the most common ocular ailments. In this study, we show that Shp2 mediates the sequential use of FGF signaling in lacrimal gland development. Our study identifies Alx4 as a novel target of Shp2 signaling and a causal gene for lacrimal gland aplasia in humans. Given this result, there may also be a potential role for Alx4 in guiding pluripotent stem cells to produce lacrimal gland tissue. Finally, our data reveals an Alx4-Fgf10 regulatory unit broadly conserved in the diverse array of terrestrial animals from humans to reptiles, but not in aquatic animals such as amphibians and fish, which sheds light on how the lacrimal gland arose as an evolutionary innovation of terrestrial animals to adapt to their newfound exposure to an airy environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Garg
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Mukesh Bansal
- PsychoGenics Inc., Tarrytown, NY, United States of America
| | - Noriko Gotoh
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa city, Japan
| | - Gen-Sheng Feng
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, and Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Jian Zhong
- Burke Medical Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, White Plains, NY, United States of America
| | - Fen Wang
- Center for Cancer Biology and Nutrition, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | | | - Steven Brooks
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Xin Zhang
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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32
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Lin SJ, Chiang MC, Shih HY, Hsu LS, Yeh TH, Huang YC, Lin CY, Cheng YC. Regulator of G protein signaling 2 (Rgs2) regulates neural crest development through Pparδ-Sox10 cascade. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res 2016; 1864:463-474. [PMID: 27979767 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest cells are multipotent progenitors that migrate extensively and differentiate into numerous derivatives. The developmental plasticity and migratory ability of neural crest cells render them an attractive model for studying numerous aspects of cell progression. We observed that zebrafish rgs2 was expressed in neural crest cells. Disrupting Rgs2 expression by using a dominant negative rgs2 construct or rgs2 morpholinos reduced GTPase-activating protein activity, induced the formation of neural crest progenitors, increased the proliferation of nonectomesenchymal neural crest cells, and inhibited the formation of ectomesenchymal neural crest derivatives. The transcription of pparda (which encodes Pparδ, a Wnt-activated transcription factor) was upregulated in Rgs2-deficient embryos, and Pparδ inhibition using a selective antagonist in the Rgs2-deficient embryos repaired neural crest defects. Our results clarify the mechanism through which the Rgs2-Pparδ cascade regulates neural crest development; specifically, Pparδ directly binds to the promoter and upregulates the transcription of the neural crest specifier sox10. This study reveals a unique regulatory mechanism, the Rgs2-Pparδ-Sox10 signaling cascade, and defines a key molecular regulator, Rgs2, in neural crest development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Jia Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1 Road, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chang Chiang
- Department of Life Science, College of Science and Engineering, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yu Shih
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1 Road, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Sung Hsu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Tu-Hsueh Yeh
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Section of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Cheng Huang
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yu Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1 Road, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chuan Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1 Road, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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33
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Fuentealba J, Toro-Tapia G, Rodriguez M, Arriagada C, Maureira A, Beyer A, Villaseca S, Leal JI, Hinrichs MV, Olate J, Caprile T, Torrejón M. Expression profiles of the Gα subunits during Xenopus tropicalis embryonic development. Gene Expr Patterns 2016; 22:15-25. [PMID: 27613600 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G protein signaling plays major roles during different cellular events. However, there is a limited understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying G protein control during embryogenesis. G proteins are highly conserved and can be grouped into four subfamilies according to sequence homology and function. To further studies on G protein function during embryogenesis, the present analysis identified four Gα subunits representative of the different subfamilies and determined their spatiotemporal expression patterns during Xenopus tropicalis embryogenesis. Each of the Gα subunit transcripts was maternally and zygotically expressed, and, as development progressed, dynamic expression patterns were observed. In the early developmental stages, the Gα subunits were expressed in the animal hemisphere and dorsal marginal zone. While expression was observed at the somite boundaries, in vascular structures, in the eye, and in the otic vesicle during the later stages, expression was mainly found in neural tissues, such as the neural tube and, especially, in the cephalic vesicles, neural crest region, and neural crest-derived structures. Together, these results support the pleiotropism and complexity of G protein subfamily functions in different cellular events. The present study constitutes the most comprehensive description to date of the spatiotemporal expression patterns of Gα subunits during vertebrate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Fuentealba
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Gabriela Toro-Tapia
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Marion Rodriguez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Cecilia Arriagada
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Alejandro Maureira
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Andrea Beyer
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Soraya Villaseca
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Juan I Leal
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Maria V Hinrichs
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Juan Olate
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Teresa Caprile
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Marcela Torrejón
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile.
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Asad Z, Pandey A, Babu A, Sun Y, Shevade K, Kapoor S, Ullah I, Ranjan S, Scaria V, Bajpai R, Sachidanandan C. Rescue of neural crest-derived phenotypes in a zebrafish CHARGE model by Sox10 downregulation. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:3539-3554. [PMID: 27418670 PMCID: PMC5179949 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CHD7 mutations are implicated in a majority of cases of the congenital disorder, CHARGE syndrome. CHARGE, an autosomal dominant syndrome, is known to affect multiple tissues including eye, heart, ear, craniofacial nerves and skeleton and genital organs. Using a morpholino-antisense-oligonucleotide-based zebrafish model for CHARGE syndrome, we uncover a complex spectrum of abnormalities in the neural crest and the crest-derived cell types. We report for the first time, defects in myelinating Schwann cells, enteric neurons and pigment cells in a CHARGE model. We also observe defects in the specification of peripheral neurons and the craniofacial skeleton as previously reported. Chd7 morphants have impaired migration of neural crest cells and deregulation of sox10 expression from the early stages. Knocking down Sox10 in the zebrafish CHARGE model rescued the defects in Schwann cells and craniofacial cartilage. Our zebrafish CHARGE model thus reveals important regulatory roles for Chd7 at multiple points of neural crest development viz., migration, fate choice and differentiation and we suggest that sox10 deregulation is an important driver of the neural crest-derived aspects of Chd7 dependent CHARGE syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Asad
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, South Campus, New Delhi, 110025, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110025, India and
| | - Aditi Pandey
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, South Campus, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Aswini Babu
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, South Campus, New Delhi, 110025, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110025, India and
| | - Yuhan Sun
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kaivalya Shevade
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, South Campus, New Delhi, 110025, India
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shruti Kapoor
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, South Campus, New Delhi, 110025, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110025, India and
| | - Ikram Ullah
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, South Campus, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Shashi Ranjan
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, South Campus, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Vinod Scaria
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, South Campus, New Delhi, 110025, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110025, India and
| | - Ruchi Bajpai
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chetana Sachidanandan
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, South Campus, New Delhi, 110025, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110025, India and
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Noack Watt KE, Achilleos A, Neben CL, Merrill AE, Trainor PA. The Roles of RNA Polymerase I and III Subunits Polr1c and Polr1d in Craniofacial Development and in Zebrafish Models of Treacher Collins Syndrome. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006187. [PMID: 27448281 PMCID: PMC4957770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosome biogenesis is a global process required for growth and proliferation of all cells, yet perturbation of ribosome biogenesis during human development often leads to tissue-specific defects termed ribosomopathies. Transcription of the ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) by RNA polymerases (Pol) I and III, is considered a rate limiting step of ribosome biogenesis and mutations in the genes coding for RNA Pol I and III subunits, POLR1C and POLR1D cause Treacher Collins syndrome, a rare congenital craniofacial disorder. Our understanding of the functions of individual RNA polymerase subunits, however, remains poor. We discovered that polr1c and polr1d are dynamically expressed during zebrafish embryonic development, particularly in craniofacial tissues. Consistent with this pattern of activity, polr1c and polr1d homozygous mutant zebrafish exhibit cartilage hypoplasia and cranioskeletal anomalies characteristic of humans with Treacher Collins syndrome. Mechanistically, we discovered that polr1c and polr1d loss-of-function results in deficient ribosome biogenesis, Tp53-dependent neuroepithelial cell death and a deficiency of migrating neural crest cells, which are the primary progenitors of the craniofacial skeleton. More importantly, we show that genetic inhibition of tp53 can suppress neuroepithelial cell death and ameliorate the skeletal anomalies in polr1c and polr1d mutants, providing a potential avenue to prevent the pathogenesis of Treacher Collins syndrome. Our work therefore has uncovered tissue-specific roles for polr1c and polr1d in rRNA transcription, ribosome biogenesis, and neural crest and craniofacial development during embryogenesis. Furthermore, we have established polr1c and polr1d mutant zebrafish as models of Treacher Collins syndrome together with a unifying mechanism underlying its pathogenesis and possible prevention. Ribosomes synthesize all proteins, and are therefore critical for cell growth and proliferation. Ribosome biogenesis, or the process of making ribosomes, is one of the most energy consuming processes within a cell, and disruptions in ribosome biogenesis can lead to congenital disorders termed ribosomopathies. Interestingly, individual ribosomopathies are characterized by tissue-specific phenotypes, which is surprising given the universal importance of ribosomes. Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS) for example, is a ribosomopathy characterized by anomalies of facial bones, palate, eyes and ears. Mutations in TCOF1, POLR1C, and POLR1D are associated with the underlying etiology of TCS. TCOF1 plays an important role in the synthesis of ribosomal RNA, one of the rate-limiting steps of ribosome biogenesis. Consequently, TCOF1 is essential for the survival and proliferation of neural crest cell progenitors, which are the precursors of craniofacial bone, cartilage and connective tissue. In contrast, the functions of POLR1C and POLR1D, which are subunits of RNA Polymerases I and III remain unknown. Here we examined the function of polr1c and polr1d during zebrafish development and discovered that these genes display dynamic spatiotemporal activity during embryogenesis with enriched expression in craniofacial tissues. Furthermore, we observed that polr1c and polr1d loss-of-function zebrafish exhibit anomalies in craniofacial cartilage development, which reflects the characteristic features of TCS. An examination of polr1c-/- and polr1d-/- mutants revealed that diminished ribosome biogenesis results in neuroepithelial cell death and a deficiency of migrating neural crest cells, which are the progenitors of the craniofacial skeleton. Moreover, the cell death observed in polr1c-/- and polr1d-/- mutants is Tp53-dependent, and inhibition of tp53 is sufficient to repress cell death and rescue cranioskeletal cartilage formation in polr1c-/- and polr1d-/- mutant embryos. These studies provide evidence for tissue-specific functions of polr1c and polr1d during embryonic development, while also establishing polr1c and polr1d loss-of-function zebrafish mutants as models of Treacher Collins syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin E. Noack Watt
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Annita Achilleos
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Cynthia L. Neben
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Amy E. Merrill
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Paul A. Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Anderson MJ, Schimmang T, Lewandoski M. An FGF3-BMP Signaling Axis Regulates Caudal Neural Tube Closure, Neural Crest Specification and Anterior-Posterior Axis Extension. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006018. [PMID: 27144312 PMCID: PMC4856314 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During vertebrate axis extension, adjacent tissue layers undergo profound morphological changes: within the neuroepithelium, neural tube closure and neural crest formation are occurring, while within the paraxial mesoderm somites are segmenting from the presomitic mesoderm (PSM). Little is known about the signals between these tissues that regulate their coordinated morphogenesis. Here, we analyze the posterior axis truncation of mouse Fgf3 null homozygotes and demonstrate that the earliest role of PSM-derived FGF3 is to regulate BMP signals in the adjacent neuroepithelium. FGF3 loss causes elevated BMP signals leading to increased neuroepithelium proliferation, delay in neural tube closure and premature neural crest specification. We demonstrate that elevated BMP4 depletes PSM progenitors in vitro, phenocopying the Fgf3 mutant, suggesting that excessive BMP signals cause the Fgf3 axis defect. To test this in vivo we increased BMP signaling in Fgf3 mutants by removing one copy of Noggin, which encodes a BMP antagonist. In such mutants, all parameters of the Fgf3 phenotype were exacerbated: neural tube closure delay, premature neural crest specification, and premature axis termination. Conversely, genetically decreasing BMP signaling in Fgf3 mutants, via loss of BMP receptor activity, alleviates morphological defects. Aberrant apoptosis is observed in the Fgf3 mutant tailbud. However, we demonstrate that cell death does not cause the Fgf3 phenotype: blocking apoptosis via deletion of pro-apoptotic genes surprisingly increases all Fgf3 defects including causing spina bifida. We demonstrate that this counterintuitive consequence of blocking apoptosis is caused by the increased survival of BMP-producing cells in the neuroepithelium. Thus, we show that FGF3 in the caudal vertebrate embryo regulates BMP signaling in the neuroepithelium, which in turn regulates neural tube closure, neural crest specification and axis termination. Uncovering this FGF3-BMP signaling axis is a major advance toward understanding how these tissue layers interact during axis extension with important implications in human disease. During embryological development, the vertebrate embryo undergoes profound growth in a head-to-tail direction. During this process, formation of different structures within adjacent tissue layers must occur in a coordinated fashion. Insights into how these adjacent tissues molecularly communicate with each other is essential to understanding both basic embryology and the underlying causes of human birth defects. Mice lacking Fgf3, which encodes a secreted signaling factor, have long been known to have premature axis termination, but the underlying mechanism has not been studied until now. Through a series of complex genetic experiments, we show that FGF3 is an essential factor for coordination of neural tube development and axis extension. FGF3 is secreted from the mesodermal layer, which is the major driver of extending the axis, and negatively regulates expression of another class of secreted signaling molecules in the neuroepithelium, BMPs. In the absence of FGF3, excessive BMP signals cause a delay in neural tube closure, premature specification of neural crest cells and negatively affect the mesoderm, causing a premature termination of the embryological axis. Our work suggests that FGF3 may be a player in the complex etiology of the human birth defect, spina bifida, the failure of posterior neural tube closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Anderson
- Genetics of Vertebrate Development Section, Cancer and Developmental Biology Lab, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas Schimmang
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Universidad de Valladolid y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Mark Lewandoski
- Genetics of Vertebrate Development Section, Cancer and Developmental Biology Lab, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Xu J, Liu H, Lan Y, Aronow BJ, Kalinichenko VV, Jiang R. A Shh-Foxf-Fgf18-Shh Molecular Circuit Regulating Palate Development. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005769. [PMID: 26745863 PMCID: PMC4712829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleft palate is among the most common birth defects in humans. Previous studies have shown that Shh signaling plays critical roles in palate development and regulates expression of several members of the forkhead-box (Fox) family transcription factors, including Foxf1 and Foxf2, in the facial primordia. Although cleft palate has been reported in mice deficient in Foxf2, whether Foxf2 plays an intrinsic role in and how Foxf2 regulates palate development remain to be elucidated. Using Cre/loxP-mediated tissue-specific gene inactivation in mice, we show that Foxf2 is required in the neural crest-derived palatal mesenchyme for normal palatogenesis. We found that Foxf2 mutant embryos exhibit altered patterns of expression of Shh, Ptch1, and Shox2 in the developing palatal shelves. Through RNA-seq analysis, we identified over 150 genes whose expression was significantly up- or down-regulated in the palatal mesenchyme in Foxf2-/- mutant embryos in comparison with control littermates. Whole mount in situ hybridization analysis revealed that the Foxf2 mutant embryos exhibit strikingly corresponding patterns of ectopic Fgf18 expression in the palatal mesenchyme and concomitant loss of Shh expression in the palatal epithelium in specific subdomains of the palatal shelves that correlate with where Foxf2, but not Foxf1, is expressed during normal palatogenesis. Furthermore, tissue specific inactivation of both Foxf1 and Foxf2 in the early neural crest cells resulted in ectopic activation of Fgf18 expression throughout the palatal mesenchyme and dramatic loss of Shh expression throughout the palatal epithelium. Addition of exogenous Fgf18 protein to cultured palatal explants inhibited Shh expression in the palatal epithelium. Together, these data reveal a novel Shh-Foxf-Fgf18-Shh circuit in the palate development molecular network, in which Foxf1 and Foxf2 regulate palatal shelf growth downstream of Shh signaling, at least in part, by repressing Fgf18 expression in the palatal mesenchyme to ensure maintenance of Shh expression in the palatal epithelium. Cleft lip and/or cleft palate (CL/P) are among the most common birth defects in humans, occurring at a frequency of about 1 in 500–2500 live births. The etiology and pathogenesis of CL/P are complex and poorly understood. Generation and analysis of mice carrying targeted null and conditional mutations in many genes have revealed that functional disruption of each of more than 100 genes could cause cleft palate. However, how these genes work together to regulate palate development is not well understood. In this study, we identify a novel molecular circuit consisting of two critical molecular pathways, the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathways, and the Forkhead family transcription factors Foxf1 and Foxf2, mediating reciprocal epithelial-mesenchymal signaling interactions that control palatogenesis. As mutations affecting each of multiple components of both the FGF and SHH signaling pathways have been associated with CL/P in humans, our results provide significant new insight into the mechanisms regulating palatogenesis and cleft palate pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyue Xu
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Han Liu
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yu Lan
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Bruce J. Aronow
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Vladimir V. Kalinichenko
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Rulang Jiang
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The developmental paths that lead to the formation of skeletal muscles in the head are distinct from those operating in the trunk. Craniofacial muscles are associated with head and neck structures. In the embryo, these structures derive from distinct mesoderm populations. Distinct genetic programs regulate different groups of muscles within the head to generate diverse muscle specifications. Developmental and lineage studies in vertebrates and invertebrates demonstrated an overlap in progenitor populations derived from the pharyngeal mesoderm that contribute to certain head muscles and the heart. These studies reveal that the genetic program controlling pharyngeal muscles overlaps with that of the heart. Indeed cardiac and craniofacial birth defects are often linked. Recent studies suggest that early chordates, the last common ancestor of tunicates and vertebrates, had an ancestral pharyngeal mesoderm lineage that later during evolution gave rise to both heart and craniofacial structures. This chapter summarizes studies related to the origins, signaling, genetics, and evolution of the head musculature, highlighting its heterogeneous characteristics in all these aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eldad Tzahor
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel,
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Boer EF, Howell ED, Schilling TF, Jette CA, Stewart RA. Fascin1-dependent Filopodia are required for directional migration of a subset of neural crest cells. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1004946. [PMID: 25607881 PMCID: PMC4301650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Directional migration of neural crest (NC) cells is essential for patterning the vertebrate embryo, including the craniofacial skeleton. Extensive filopodial protrusions in NC cells are thought to sense chemo-attractive/repulsive signals that provide directionality. To test this hypothesis, we generated null mutations in zebrafish fascin1a (fscn1a), which encodes an actin-bundling protein required for filopodia formation. Homozygous fscn1a zygotic null mutants have normal NC filopodia due to unexpected stability of maternal Fscn1a protein throughout NC development and into juvenile stages. In contrast, maternal/zygotic fscn1a null mutant embryos (fscn1a MZ) have severe loss of NC filopodia. However, only a subset of NC streams display migration defects, associated with selective loss of craniofacial elements and peripheral neurons. We also show that fscn1a-dependent NC migration functions through cxcr4a/cxcl12b chemokine signaling to ensure the fidelity of directional cell migration. These data show that fscn1a-dependent filopodia are required in a subset of NC cells to promote cell migration and NC derivative formation, and that perdurance of long-lived maternal proteins can mask essential zygotic gene functions during NC development. During vertebrate embryogenesis, neural crest (NC) cells migrate extensively along stereotypical migration routes and differentiate into diverse derivatives, including the craniofacial skeleton and peripheral nervous system. While defects in NC migration underlie many human birth defects and may be coopted during cancer metastasis, the genetic pathways controlling directional NC migration remain incompletely understood. Filopodia protrusions are thought to act as “cellular antennae” that explore the environment for directional cues to ensure NC cells reach their correct location. To test this idea, we generated zebrafish fascin1a (fscn1a) mutants that have severe loss of filopodia. Surprisingly, we found that most NC cells migrate to their correct locations without robust filopodial protrusions. We found that fscn1a embryos have directional migration defects in a subset of NC cells, resulting in loss of specific craniofacial elements and peripheral neurons. Interestingly, these defects were only observed in ∼20% of fscn1a embryos, but were significantly enhanced by partial loss of the chemokine receptor Cxcr4a or disruption of the localized expression of its ligand Cxcl12b. Our data show that subsets of skeletal and neurogenic NC cells require filopodia to migrate and that fscn1a-dependent filopodia cooperate with chemokine signaling to promote directional migration of a subset of NC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena F. Boer
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth D. Howell
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Thomas F. Schilling
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Cicely A. Jette
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Rodney A. Stewart
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Alexander C, Piloto S, Le Pabic P, Schilling TF. Wnt signaling interacts with bmp and edn1 to regulate dorsal-ventral patterning and growth of the craniofacial skeleton. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004479. [PMID: 25058015 PMCID: PMC4109847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial development requires signals from epithelia to pattern skeletogenic neural crest (NC) cells, such as the subdivision of each pharyngeal arch into distinct dorsal (D) and ventral (V) elements. Wnt signaling has been implicated in many aspects of NC and craniofacial development, but its roles in D-V arch patterning remain unclear. To address this we blocked Wnt signaling in zebrafish embryos in a temporally-controlled manner, using transgenics to overexpress a dominant negative Tcf3, (dntcf3), (Tg(hsp70I:tcf3-GFP), or the canonical Wnt inhibitor dickkopf1 (dkk1), (Tg(hsp70i:dkk1-GFP) after NC migration. In dntcf3 transgenics, NC cells in the ventral arches of heat-shocked embryos show reduced proliferation, expression of ventral patterning genes (hand2, dlx3b, dlx5a, msxe), and ventral cartilage differentiation (e.g. lower jaws). These D-V patterning defects resemble the phenotypes of zebrafish embryos lacking Bmp or Edn1 signaling, and overexpression of dntcf3 dramatically reduces expression of a subset of Bmp receptors in the arches. Addition of ectopic BMP (or EDN1) protein partially rescues ventral development and expression of dlx3b, dlx5a, and msxe in Wnt signaling-deficient embryos, but surprisingly does not rescue hand2 expression. Thus Wnt signaling provides ventralizing patterning cues to arch NC cells, in part through regulation of Bmp and Edn1 signaling, but independently regulates hand2. Similarly, heat-shocked dkk1+ embryos exhibit ventral arch reductions, but also have mandibular clefts at the ventral midline not seen in dntcf3+ embryos. Dkk1 is expressed in pharyngeal endoderm, and cell transplantation experiments reveal that dntcf3 must be overexpressed in pharyngeal endoderm to disrupt D-V arch patterning, suggesting that distinct endodermal roles for Wnts and Wnt antagonists pattern the developing skeleton. Craniofacial abnormalities are among the most common birth defects. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying craniofacial disorders is crucial for developing treatment strategies. Much of the craniofacial skeleton arises from specialized embryonic structures known as pharyngeal arches. Patterning of these arches requires precise spatial and temporal expression of multiple genes, which is coordinated between tissues by secreted signals. Wnts are secreted ligands expressed throughout the pharyngeal arches yet their role in craniofacial patterning remains unclear. In this study we examine the role of Wnts in craniofacial patterning using transgenic zebrafish to inhibit downstream Wnt signaling. We show that Wnt signaling deficient embryos have lower jaw specific defects, which strongly resembles loss-of-function phenotypes in both the Bmp and Edn1 signaling pathways. Through rescue experiments we find that Wnts are upstream regulators of both Bmp and Edn1 signaling. We thus have uncovered a crucial requirement for Wnt signaling in craniofacial patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Alexander
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Sarah Piloto
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Pierre Le Pabic
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas F. Schilling
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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42
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Tuttle AM, Hoffman TL, Schilling TF. Rabconnectin-3a regulates vesicle endocytosis and canonical Wnt signaling in zebrafish neural crest migration. PLoS Biol 2014; 12:e1001852. [PMID: 24802872 PMCID: PMC4011682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration requires dynamic regulation of cell-cell signaling and cell adhesion. Both of these processes involve endocytosis, lysosomal degradation, and recycling of ligand-receptor complexes and cell adhesion molecules from the plasma membrane. Neural crest (NC) cells in vertebrates are highly migratory cells, which undergo an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to leave the neural epithelium and migrate throughout the body to give rise to many different derivatives. Here we show that the v-ATPase interacting protein, Rabconnectin-3a (Rbc3a), controls intracellular trafficking events and Wnt signaling during NC migration. In zebrafish embryos deficient in Rbc3a, or its associated v-ATPase subunit Atp6v0a1, many NC cells fail to migrate and misregulate expression of cadherins. Surprisingly, endosomes in Rbc3a- and Atp6v0a1-deficient NC cells remain immature but still acidify. Rbc3a loss-of-function initially downregulates several canonical Wnt targets involved in EMT, but later Frizzled-7 accumulates at NC cell membranes, and nuclear B-catenin levels increase. Presumably due to this later Wnt signaling increase, Rbc3a-deficient NC cells that fail to migrate become pigment progenitors. We propose that Rbc3a and Atp6v0a1 promote endosomal maturation to coordinate Wnt signaling and intracellular trafficking of Wnt receptors and cadherins required for NC migration and cell fate determination. Our results suggest that different v-ATPases and associated proteins may play cell-type-specific functions in intracellular trafficking in many contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M. Tuttle
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Trevor L. Hoffman
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas F. Schilling
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Nagao Y, Suzuki T, Shimizu A, Kimura T, Seki R, Adachi T, Inoue C, Omae Y, Kamei Y, Hara I, Taniguchi Y, Naruse K, Wakamatsu Y, Kelsh RN, Hibi M, Hashimoto H. Sox5 functions as a fate switch in medaka pigment cell development. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004246. [PMID: 24699463 PMCID: PMC3974636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms generating diverse cell types from multipotent progenitors are crucial for normal development. Neural crest cells (NCCs) are multipotent stem cells that give rise to numerous cell-types, including pigment cells. Medaka has four types of NCC-derived pigment cells (xanthophores, leucophores, melanophores and iridophores), making medaka pigment cell development an excellent model for studying the mechanisms controlling specification of distinct cell types from a multipotent progenitor. Medaka many leucophores-3 (ml-3) mutant embryos exhibit a unique phenotype characterized by excessive formation of leucophores and absence of xanthophores. We show that ml-3 encodes sox5, which is expressed in premigratory NCCs and differentiating xanthophores. Cell transplantation studies reveal a cell-autonomous role of sox5 in the xanthophore lineage. pax7a is expressed in NCCs and required for both xanthophore and leucophore lineages; we demonstrate that Sox5 functions downstream of Pax7a. We propose a model in which multipotent NCCs first give rise to pax7a-positive partially fate-restricted intermediate progenitors for xanthophores and leucophores; some of these progenitors then express sox5, and as a result of Sox5 action develop into xanthophores. Our results provide the first demonstration that Sox5 can function as a molecular switch driving specification of a specific cell-fate (xanthophore) from a partially-restricted, but still multipotent, progenitor (the shared xanthophore-leucophore progenitor). How individual cell fates are specified from multipotent progenitor cells is a fundamental question in developmental and stem cell biology. Accumulating evidence indicates that stem cells develop into each of their final, diverse cell-types after progression through one or more partially-restricted intermediates, but the molecular mechanisms underlying final fate choice are largely unknown. Neural crest cells (NCCs) give rise to diverse cell-types including multiple pigment cells and thus are a favored model for understanding the mechanism of fate specification. We have investigated how a specific fate choice is made from partially-restricted pigment cell progenitors in medaka. We show that Sry-related transcription factor Sox5 is required for fate determination between yellow xanthophore and white leucophore, and its loss causes excessive formation of leucophores and absence of xanthophores. We demonstrate that Sox5 functions cell-autonomously in the xanthophore lineage in medaka. Furthermore, pax7a is expressed in the partially-restricted progenitor cells shared with xanthophore and leucophore lineages, and Sox5 acts in some of these cells to promote xanthophore lineage. Our work reveals the role of Sox5 as a molecular switch determining xanthophore versus leucophore fate choice from the shared progenitor, and identifies an important mechanism regulating pigment cell fate choice from NCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Nagao
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takao Suzuki
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shimizu
- Division of Biomedical Information Analysis, Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba-cho, Shiwa-gun, Iwate, Japan
| | - Tetsuaki Kimura
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Interuniversity Bio-Backup Project Center, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ryoko Seki
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tomoko Adachi
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, Claverton Down, United Kingdom
| | - Chikako Inoue
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Omae
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kamei
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Spectrography and Bioimaging Facility, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ikuyo Hara
- Laboratory of Bioresources, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Taniguchi
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Naruse
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Interuniversity Bio-Backup Project Center, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Laboratory of Bioresources, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuko Wakamatsu
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Robert N. Kelsh
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, Claverton Down, United Kingdom
| | - Masahiko Hibi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hisashi Hashimoto
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- * E-mail:
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44
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Abstract
Craniofacial birth defects occur in 1 out of every 700 live births, but etiology is rarely known due to limited understanding of craniofacial development. To identify where signaling pathways and tissues act during patterning of the developing face, a 'face transplant' technique has been developed in embryos of the frog Xenopus laevis. A region of presumptive facial tissue (the "Extreme Anterior Domain" (EAD)) is removed from a donor embryo at tailbud stage, and transplanted to a host embryo of the same stage, from which the equivalent region has been removed. This can be used to generate a chimeric face where the host or donor tissue has a loss or gain of function in a gene, and/or includes a lineage label. After healing, the outcome of development is monitored, and indicates roles of the signaling pathway within the donor or surrounding host tissues. Xenopus is a valuable model for face development, as the facial region is large and readily accessible for micromanipulation. Many embryos can be assayed, over a short time period since development occurs rapidly. Findings in the frog are relevant to human development, since craniofacial processes appear conserved between Xenopus and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Jacox
- Biological Sciences in Dental Medicine, Harvard University; Whitehead Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
| | | | - Hazel Sive
- Biology Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Whitehead Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology;
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45
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Green SA, Bronner ME. The lamprey: a jawless vertebrate model system for examining origin of the neural crest and other vertebrate traits. Differentiation 2014; 87:44-51. [PMID: 24560767 PMCID: PMC3995830 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Lampreys are a group of jawless fishes that serve as an important point of comparison for studies of vertebrate evolution. Lampreys and hagfishes are agnathan fishes, the cyclostomes, which sit at a crucial phylogenetic position as the only living sister group of the jawed vertebrates. Comparisons between cyclostomes and jawed vertebrates can help identify shared derived (i.e. synapomorphic) traits that might have been inherited from ancestral early vertebrates, if unlikely to have arisen convergently by chance. One example of a uniquely vertebrate trait is the neural crest, an embryonic tissue that produces many cell types crucial to vertebrate features, such as the craniofacial skeleton, pigmentation of the skin, and much of the peripheral nervous system (Gans and Northcutt, 1983). Invertebrate chordates arguably lack unambiguous neural crest homologs, yet have cells with some similarities, making comparisons with lampreys and jawed vertebrates essential for inferring characteristics of development in early vertebrates, and how they may have evolved from nonvertebrate chordates. Here we review recent research on cyclostome neural crest development, including research on lamprey gene regulatory networks and differentiated neural crest fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Green
- California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Ave., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Ave., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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46
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Inman KE, Purcell P, Kume T, Trainor PA. Interaction between Foxc1 and Fgf8 during mammalian jaw patterning and in the pathogenesis of syngnathia. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003949. [PMID: 24385915 PMCID: PMC3868537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Syngnathia (bony fusion of the upper and lower jaw) is a rare human congenital condition, with fewer than sixty cases reported in the literature. Syngnathia typically presents as part of a complex syndrome comprising widespread oral and maxillofacial anomalies, but it can also occur in isolation. Most cartilage, bone, and connective tissue of the head and face is derived from neural crest cells. Hence, congenital craniofacial anomalies are often attributed to defects in neural crest cell formation, survival, migration, or differentiation. The etiology and pathogenesis of syngnathia however remains unknown. Here, we report that Foxc1 null embryos display bony syngnathia together with defects in maxillary and mandibular structures, and agenesis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). In the absence of Foxc1, neural crest cell derived osteogenic patterning is affected, as osteoblasts develop ectopically in the maxillary prominence and fuse with the dentary bone. Furthermore, we observed that the craniofacial musculature is also perturbed in Foxc1 null mice, which highlights the complex tissue interactions required for proper jaw development. We present evidence that Foxc1 and Fgf8 genetically interact and that Fgf8 dosage is associated with variation in the syngnathic phenotype. Together our data demonstrates that Foxc1 – Fgf8 signaling regulates mammalian jaw patterning and provides a mechanistic basis for the pathogenesis of syngnathia. Furthermore, our work provides a framework for understanding jaw patterning and the etiology of other congenital craniofacial anomalies, including temporomandibular joint agenesis. Approximately one-third of all babies born with congenital defects, exhibit malformations of the head and face. Anomalies can include cleft lip, cleft palate, and abnormal development of bones and muscles. Such defects result in significant infant mortality, as well as life-long physical and social consequences for patients. Improved repair and the development of prevention strategies requires a thorough understanding of the underlying genetic, molecular, and environmental factors that contribute to normal craniofacial development and the pathogenesis of disease. In this study, we report the first genetic model of syngnathia, a rare human craniofacial defect characterized by bony fusion of the upper and lower jaw. We discovered that Foxc1 is required for normal development of the bones and muscles of the jaw as well as the jaw joint. Our studies provide a mechanistic basis for understanding the cause of human syngnathia as well as the failure of jaw joint formation. Furthermore, our work enhances our knowledge of jaw development and may inform treatment strategies for patients with syngnathia and related craniofacial malformation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly E. Inman
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Patricia Purcell
- Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tsutomu Kume
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Paul A. Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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47
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Clouthier DE, Passos-Bueno MR, Tavares ALP, Lyonnet S, Amiel J, Gordon CT. Understanding the basis of auriculocondylar syndrome: Insights from human, mouse and zebrafish genetic studies. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet 2013; 163C:306-17. [PMID: 24123988 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Among human birth defect syndromes, malformations affecting the face are perhaps the most striking due to cultural and psychological expectations of facial shape. One such syndrome is auriculocondylar syndrome (ACS), in which patients present with defects in ear and mandible development. Affected structures arise from cranial neural crest cells, a population of cells in the embryo that reside in the pharyngeal arches and give rise to most of the bone, cartilage and connective tissue of the face. Recent studies have found that most cases of ACS arise from defects in signaling molecules associated with the endothelin signaling pathway. Disruption of this signaling pathway in both mouse and zebrafish results in loss of identity of neural crest cells of the mandibular portion of the first pharyngeal arch and the subsequent repatterning of these cells, leading to homeosis of lower jaw structures into more maxillary-like structures. These findings illustrate the importance of endothelin signaling in normal human craniofacial development and illustrate how clinical and basic science approaches can coalesce to improve our understanding of the genetic basis of human birth defect syndromes. Further, understanding the genetic basis for ACS that lies outside of known endothelin signaling components may help elucidate unknown aspects critical to the establishment of neural crest cell patterning during facial morphogenesis.
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48
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Macrì S, Sgarra R, Ros G, Maurizio E, Zammitti S, Milani O, Onorati M, Vignali R, Manfioletti G. Expression and functional characterization of Xhmg-at-hook genes in Xenopus laevis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69866. [PMID: 23936116 PMCID: PMC3723657 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
High Mobility Group A proteins (HMGA1 and HMGA2) are architectural nuclear factors involved in development, cell differentiation, and cancer formation and progression. Here we report the cloning, developmental expression and functional analysis of a new multi-AT-hook factor in Xenopus laevis (XHMG-AT-hook) that exists in three different isoforms. Xhmg-at-hook1 and 3 isoforms, but not isoform 2, are expressed throughout the entire development of Xenopus, both in the maternal and zygotic phase. Localized transcripts are present in the animal pole in the early maternal phase; during the zygotic phase, mRNA can be detected in the developing central nervous system (CNS), including the eye, and in the neural crest. We show evidence that XHMG-AT-hook proteins differ from typical HMGA proteins in terms of their properties in DNA binding and in protein/protein interaction. Finally, we provide evidence that they are involved in early CNS development and in neural crest differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Macrì
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Riccardo Sgarra
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Gloria Ros
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Elisa Maurizio
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Salvina Zammitti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Marco Onorati
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Robert Vignali
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- * E-mail: (GM); (RV)
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49
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Patterson LB, Parichy DM. Interactions with iridophores and the tissue environment required for patterning melanophores and xanthophores during zebrafish adult pigment stripe formation. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003561. [PMID: 23737760 PMCID: PMC3667786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin pigment patterns of vertebrates are a classic system for understanding fundamental mechanisms of morphogenesis, differentiation, and pattern formation, and recent studies of zebrafish have started to elucidate the cellular interactions and molecular mechanisms underlying these processes. In this species, horizontal dark stripes of melanophores alternate with light interstripes of yellow or orange xanthophores and iridescent iridophores. We showed previously that the highly conserved zinc finger protein Basonuclin-2 (Bnc2) is required in the environment in which pigment cells reside to promote the development and maintenance of all three classes of pigment cells; bnc2 mutants lack body stripes and interstripes. Previous studies also revealed that interactions between melanophores and xanthophores are necessary for organizing stripes and interstripes. Here we show that bnc2 promotes melanophore and xanthophore development by regulating expression of the growth factors Kit ligand a (Kitlga) and Colony stimulating factor-1 (Csf1), respectively. Yet, we found that rescue of melanophores and xanthophores was insufficient for the recovery of stripes in the bnc2 mutant. We therefore asked whether bnc2-dependent iridophores might contribute to stripe and interstripe patterning as well. We found that iridophores themselves express Csf1, and by ablating iridophores in wild-type and mutant backgrounds, we showed that iridophores contribute to organizing both melanophores and xanthophores during the development of stripes and interstripes. Our results reveal an important role for the cellular environment in promoting adult pigment pattern formation and identify new components of a pigment-cell autonomous pattern-generating system likely to have broad implications for understanding how pigment patterns develop and evolve. Pigment patterns are some of the most distinctive, diverse and aesthetically pleasing traits of vertebrates. In turn, these patterns offer an outstanding opportunity to understand the mechanisms underlying the development of adult form and how such mechanisms change evolutionarily. Among the especially wide-ranging pigment patterns of teleost fishes, the most thoroughly studied example is the horizontal striping of zebrafish. In this species, stripes result from the precise arrangements of three classes of pigment cells: black melanophores, yellow or orange xanthophores and silvery iridophores. Previous studies showed that stripe formation requires interactions between melanophores and xanthophores. Nevertheless, roles for factors in the tissue environment experienced by pigment cells, as well as roles for iridophores in the pattern-forming process, have remained largely unexplored. Here we identify molecular mechanisms through which pigment cells are supported as the pattern develops. We further show that stripe development requires not only interactions between melanophores and xanthophores but iridophores as well, identifying a complex, pattern-generating system that may be applicable to understanding patterns and diversity across species. Our findings thus highlight the critical role of the “canvas” on which the pattern is painted, as well as the developmental artistry through which the “paints” are applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa B. Patterson
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David M. Parichy
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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50
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Banerjee S, Isaacman-Beck J, Schneider VA, Granato M. A novel role for Lh3 dependent ECM modifications during neural crest cell migration in zebrafish. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54609. [PMID: 23349938 PMCID: PMC3548841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During vertebrate development, trunk neural crest cells delaminate along the entire length of the dorsal neural tube and initially migrate as a non-segmented sheet. As they enter the somites, neural crest cells rearrange into spatially restricted segmental streams. Extracellular matrix components are likely to play critical roles in this transition from a sheet-like to a stream-like mode of migration, yet the extracellular matrix components and their modifying enzymes critical for this transition are largely unknown. Here, we identified the glycosyltransferase Lh3, known to modify extracellular matrix components, and its presumptive substrate Collagen18A1, to provide extrinsic signals critical for neural crest cells to transition from a sheet-like migration behavior to migrating as a segmental stream. Using live cell imaging we show that in lh3 null mutants, neural crest cells fail to transition from a sheet to a stream, and that they consequently enter the somites as multiple streams, or stall shortly after entering the somites. Moreover, we demonstrate that transgenic expression of lh3 in a small subset of somitic cells adjacent to where neural crest cells switch from sheet to stream migration restores segmental neural crest cell migration. Finally, we show that knockdown of the presumptive Lh3 substrate Collagen18A1 recapitulates the neural crest cell migration defects observed in lh3 mutants, consistent with the notion that Lh3 exerts its effect on neural crest cell migration by regulating post-translational modifications of Collagen18A1. Together these data suggest that Lh3–Collagen18A1 dependent ECM modifications regulate the transition of trunk neural crest cells from a non-segmental sheet like migration mode to a segmental stream migration mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Banerjee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jesse Isaacman-Beck
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Valerie A. Schneider
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael Granato
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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