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Ahmadi A, Oryan A, Alidadi S. Parasites of Stray Cats in Iran: A Parasitological and Histopathological Study. Acta Parasitol 2024; 69:664-674. [PMID: 38319448 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-024-00800-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Many zoonotic parasitic diseases, including Toxocara cati, may be spread by stray cat populations. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of parasites by performing parasitological and histopathological examinations on stray cats in Shiraz, Iran. A total of 106 stray cats from different geographical areas of Shiraz, southern Iran, were examined for the presence of parasites. The overall prevalence was found to be 83.02% (88/106), and eight parasites were found. The parasites included three genera of cestodes [Joyeuxiella echinorhynoides (52.83%), Taenia taeniaeformis (21.70%), and Dipylidium caninum (1.89%)], three nematodes [Physaloptera praeputialis (23.59%), Toxocara cati (15.09%), and Rictularia sp. (1.89%)], one protozoa [Isospora spp. (6.60%)], and one arthropod [Ctenocephalides felis (5.66%)]. The prevalence did not significantly differ between males and females. It did appear, nevertheless, that the age of cats may be regarded as a risk factor for these parasitic infections. Histopathological examination revealed some parasite-induced lesions in the intestine and stomach, including hyperemia, hemorrhage, mucosal destruction and inflammation. The lung tissues showed some histopathological lesions such as hemorrhage, edema, emphysema and mild inflammation, and dormant larvae were found in one tongue sample. The results of the present study showed that parasitic infections and, more importantly, T. cati are relatively prevalent in stray cats, and the people living in this area are at serious risk of this zoonotic disease. The cats in this region need to be monitored, and specific preventive measures should be developed by public health officials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Ahmadi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ardakan University, Ardakan, P.O. Box 184, Iran
- Biology and Animal Reproduction Science Research Institute, Ardakan University, Ardakan, P.O. Box 184, Iran
| | - Ahmad Oryan
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Soodeh Alidadi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
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Dias JS, Beltrão-Mendes R, Bezerra TL, La Corte R. Parasites and Viruses in Callithrix in Brazil. Acta Parasitol 2024; 69:152-163. [PMID: 38184509 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00766-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE As a result of environmental imbalances of anthropogenic origin, the potential for transmission of parasites and viruses between different primates, including humans, might increase. Thus, parasitic studies have great relevance to primatology, which motivated us to conduct a literature review to synthesize the information available in American primates of the Callithrix genus. METHODS We carried out the bibliographic search on the main groups of parasites (protozoa, helminths, arthropods, ectoparasites) and viruses found in Callithrix in Brazil in search platforms and consider all manuscript that appeared in search engines, published between the years 1910 and December 2022. In each selected article, the following information was recorded: the host species; parasite taxa; scientific classification of the parasite; host habitat (free-living, captive); diagnostic technique; state; and bibliographic reference. Data were tabulated and arranged in a parasite-host table. RESULTS Some endemic genera, such as Callithrix, are widely distributed geographically across Brazil and have characteristics of adaptation to different habitats due to their flexibility in diet and behavior. These factors can make them subject to a greater diversity of parasites and viruses in the country. Here, we identified 68 parasitic taxa, belonging to the clades protozoa (n = 22), helminths (n = 34), ectoparasites (n = 7), and viruses (n = 5). Out of this total, 19 have zoonotic potential. Of the six existing marmoset species, Callithrix jacchus was the most frequent in studies, and Callithrix flaviceps did not have reports. All regions of the country had occurrences, mainly the Southeast, where 54% of the cases were reported. In 46% of the reported parasites and viruses, it was not possible to identify the corresponding species. CONCLUSION We conclude that in part of the works the identification methods are not being specific, which makes it difficult to identify the species that affects Callithrix spp. Furthermore, the studies present geographic disparities, being concentrated in the southeast of the country, making it impossible to have a more uniform analysis of the findings. Thus, it is observed that information about parasites and viruses is incipient in the genus Callithrix in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Souza Dias
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Tropical Entomology and Parasitology, Federal University of Sergipe, Avenue Marechal Rondon, S/N, Jardim Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49100-000, Brazil.
| | - Raone Beltrão-Mendes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
| | - Taynar Lima Bezerra
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal nos Trópicos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Roseli La Corte
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
- Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
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AlDahoul N, Karim HA, Momo MA, Escobar FIF, Magallanes VA, Tan MJT. Parasitic egg recognition using convolution and attention network. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14475. [PMID: 37660120 PMCID: PMC10475085 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41711-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) caused by protozoan and helminth parasites are among the most common infections in humans in low-and-middle-income countries. IPIs affect not only the health status of a country, but also the economic sector. Over the last decade, pattern recognition and image processing techniques have been developed to automatically identify parasitic eggs in microscopic images. Existing identification techniques are still suffering from diagnosis errors and low sensitivity. Therefore, more accurate and faster solution is still required to recognize parasitic eggs and classify them into several categories. A novel Chula-ParasiteEgg dataset including 11,000 microscopic images proposed in ICIP2022 was utilized to train various methods such as convolutional neural network (CNN) based models and convolution and attention (CoAtNet) based models. The experiments conducted show high recognition performance of the proposed CoAtNet that was tuned with microscopic images of parasitic eggs. The CoAtNet produced an average accuracy of 93%, and an average F1 score of 93%. The finding opens door to integrate the proposed solution in automated parasitological diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouar AlDahoul
- Computer Science, New York University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
- Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, Malaysia.
| | | | - Mhd Adel Momo
- Fleet Management Systems and Technologies, Istanbul, Turkey
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Lee S, Alkathiri B, Kwak D, Lee SM, Lee WK, Byun JW, Lee SH. Distribution of Gastrointestinal Parasitic Infection in Domestic Pigs in the Republic of Korea: Nationwide Survey from 2020-2021. Korean J Parasitol 2022; 60:207-211. [PMID: 35772740 PMCID: PMC9256285 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2022.60.3.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the distribution of gastrointestinal parasitic infections in domestic pigs in the Republic of Korea. From May 2020 to October 2021, 364 pig fecal samples were collected from 75 farms in 7 Provinces and microscopically examined. A total of 170 (46.7%) pigs were infected with at least one of the following parasites: Balantioides coli, strongyles, Ascaris suum, Trichuris suis, and coccidia. By parasite species, B. coli, strongyles, A. suum, T. suis, and coccidia oocysts or eggs were detected in 144 (39.6%), 24 (6.6%), 14 (3.8%), 4 (1.1%), and 1 (0.3%) samples, respectively. One hundred fifty-four, 15, and 1 cases showed single, double, and triple infections, respectively. Of the swine fecal samples from 75 farms, 69 specimens (92.0%) were infected with 1 or more parasites. All surveyed farms across the country exhibited a positive rate of over 30%, among which the highest positive rate was 65.0% in Chungcheongnam-do, and Jeollabuk-do was followed by 61.9%. Winter showed a statistically lower prevalence than other seasons. This study showed that gastrointestinal parasites are prevalent in pigs in Korea, although the diversity of parasites is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subin Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644,
Korea
| | - Badriah Alkathiri
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644,
Korea
| | - Dongmi Kwak
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566,
Korea
| | - Sang-Myeong Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644,
Korea
| | - Wan-Kyu Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644,
Korea
| | - Jae-Won Byun
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660,
Korea
- Corresponding authors (; )
| | - Seung-Hun Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644,
Korea
- Corresponding authors (; )
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Kubas EA, Fischer JR, Hales EN. Endoparasitism of Golden Retrievers: Prevalence, risk factors, and associated clinicopathologic changes. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263517. [PMID: 35180232 PMCID: PMC8856576 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoparasitism is a common disease in dogs throughout their lifetime despite the widespread availability of inexpensive diagnostic tests and effective treatments. The consequences of host parasite interactions in otherwise apparently healthy dogs remains largely unknown. This cross-sectional study used complete blood count, serum biochemistry, and fecal flotation data collected from 3,018 young dogs (<3 years of age) enrolled within the Morris Animal Foundation Golden Retriever Lifetime Study (GRLS) to determine the prevalence of endoparasitism and compare bloodwork values of parasite positive and negative participants using logistic regression. Variables including age, gender, reproductive status, and geographic region at the time of evaluation were assessed to identify potential associations. To the authors’ knowledge, a comprehensive assessment of clinicopathological changes associated with endoparasite infection in a large cohort has not been completed in the recent decade. The overall prevalence of endoparasitism was 6.99% (211/3018). Dogs who were parasite positive had statistically lower albumin (P = 0.004), lower RBC count (P = 0.01), higher neutrophil count (P = 0.002), and higher platelet count (P <0.001) as compared to parasite negative dogs. It was also concluded that dogs living in rural areas were more likely to have endoparasites than those living in suburban areas. Epidemiological data is crucial for the design and monitoring of prevention and control strategies. Identification of endoparasites by fecal testing is an essential tool to identify susceptible and resistant animals that can act as spreaders and reservoirs of intestinal parasites thereby enabling appropriate therapy and reducing the risk of new infection to animals and humans. Further epidemiological studies are needed to prevent, monitor, and develop new strategies to control endoparasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Kubas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Veterinary Specialty Hospital, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Julie R. Fischer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Veterinary Specialty Hospital, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Erin N. Hales
- Morris Animal Foundation, Denver, CO, United States of America
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Hajissa K, Islam MA, Sanyang AM, Mohamed Z. Prevalence of intestinal protozoan parasites among school children in africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0009971. [PMID: 35148325 PMCID: PMC8870593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Parasitic infections, especially intestinal protozoan parasites (IPPs) remain a significant public health issue in Africa, where many conditions favour the transmission and children are the primary victims. This systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out with the objective of assessing the prevalence of IPPs among school children in Africa. Methods Relevant studies published between January 2000 and December 2020 were identified by systematic online search on PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and Scopus databases without language restriction. Pooled prevalence was estimated using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity of studies were assessed using Cochrane Q test and I2 test, while publication bias was evaluated using Egger’s test. Results Of the 1,645 articles identified through our searches, 46 cross-sectional studies matched our inclusion criteria, reported data from 29,968 school children of Africa. The pooled prevalence of intestinal protozoan parasites amongst African school children was 25.8% (95% CI: 21.2%-30.3%) with E. histolytica/ dispar (13.3%; 95% CI: 10.9%-15.9%) and Giardia spp. (12%; 95% CI: 9.8%-14.3%) were the most predominant pathogenic parasites amongst the study participants. While E. coli was the most common non-pathogenic protozoa (17.1%; 95% CI: 10.9%-23.2%). Conclusions This study revealed a relatively high prevalence of IPPs in school children, especially in northern and western Africa. Thus, poverty reduction, improvement of sanitation and hygiene and attention to preventive control measures will be the key to reducing protozoan parasite transmission. Pathogenic intestinal protozoan parasites (IPPs) remain a major public health concern. Studies have documented that, the prevalence rates of protozoan infections are quite high in developing regions, particularly Africa and children are the primary victims. Despite numerous studies have been conducted on IPPs in school children in African countries, data on the burden of these infections in African school children have not yet been synthesised. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to provide continent-wide prevalence of IPPs amongst African school children. Our study found that about 25.8% of the children had one or more species of intestinal protozoan parasites in their faecal specimens. E. histolytica/ dispar and Giardia spp. were the most predominant parasites amongst the study participants. The relatively high prevalence estimate of IPPs amongst African children and the considerable variation in the disease prevalence over the years, between and within countries and regions clearly indicates the needs to improve sanitation and hygiene, paying more attention to preventive control measures as well as poverty reduction which are the key to reducing protozoan parasite transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Hajissa
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman, Sudan
| | - Md Asiful Islam
- Department of Haematology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Abdoulie M. Sanyang
- National Public Health Laboratories, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Zeehaida Mohamed
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
- Medical Microbiology Laboratory, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
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Popovic A, Bourdon C, Wang PW, Guttman DS, Soofi S, Bhutta ZA, Bandsma RHJ, Parkinson J, Pell LG. Micronutrient supplements can promote disruptive protozoan and fungal communities in the developing infant gut. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6729. [PMID: 34795270 PMCID: PMC8602372 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27010-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplementation with micronutrients, including vitamins, iron and zinc, is a key strategy to alleviate child malnutrition. However, association of gastrointestinal disorders with iron has led to ongoing debate over their administration. To better understand their impact on gut microbiota, we analyse the bacterial, protozoal, fungal and helminth communities of stool samples collected from a subset of 80 children at 12 and 24 months of age, previously enrolled into a large cluster randomized controlled trial of micronutrient supplementation in Pakistan (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00705445). We show that while bacterial diversity is reduced in supplemented children, vitamins and iron (as well as residence in a rural setting) may promote colonization with distinct protozoa and mucormycetes, whereas the addition of zinc appears to ameliorate this effect. We suggest that the risks and benefits of micronutrient interventions may depend on eukaryotic communities, potentially exacerbated by exposure to a rural setting. Larger studies are needed to evaluate the clinical significance of these findings and their impact on health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Popovic
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Celine Bourdon
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pauline W Wang
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David S Guttman
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sajid Soofi
- Center of Excellence in Women and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Zulfiqar A Bhutta
- Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Center of Excellence in Women and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Robert H J Bandsma
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Parkinson
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Lisa G Pell
- Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Schrader L, Pan H, Bollazzi M, Schiøtt M, Larabee FJ, Bi X, Deng Y, Zhang G, Boomsma JJ, Rabeling C. Relaxed selection underlies genome erosion in socially parasitic ant species. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2918. [PMID: 34006882 PMCID: PMC8131649 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23178-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Inquiline ants are highly specialized and obligate social parasites that infiltrate and exploit colonies of closely related species. They have evolved many times convergently, are often evolutionarily young lineages, and are almost invariably rare. Focusing on the leaf-cutting ant genus Acromyrmex, we compared genomes of three inquiline social parasites with their free-living, closely-related hosts. The social parasite genomes show distinct signatures of erosion compared to the host lineages, as a consequence of relaxed selective constraints on traits associated with cooperative ant colony life and of inquilines having very small effective population sizes. We find parallel gene losses, particularly in olfactory receptors, consistent with inquiline species having highly reduced social behavioral repertoires. Many of the genomic changes that we uncover resemble those observed in the genomes of obligate non-social parasites and intracellular endosymbionts that branched off into highly specialized, host-dependent niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Schrader
- Centre for Social Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
| | | | - Martin Bollazzi
- Entomología, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Morten Schiøtt
- Centre for Social Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fredrick J Larabee
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - Guojie Zhang
- Centre for Social Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Jacobus J Boomsma
- Centre for Social Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Christian Rabeling
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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Hajipour N, Soltani M, Ketzis J, Hassanzadeh P. Zoonotic parasitic organisms on vegetables: Impact of production system characteristics on presence, prevalence on vegetables in northwestern Iran and washing methods for removal. Food Microbiol 2021; 95:103704. [PMID: 33397622 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Fresh vegetables are essential components of a healthy and nutritious diet, but if consumed raw without proper washing and/or disinfection, can be important agents of transmission of enteric pathogens. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of zoonotic parasites on vegetables freshly harvested and "ready to eat" vegetables from greengrocers and markets in northwestern Iran. In addition, the effect of cropping system and season on contamination levels were assessed as well as the efficacy of washing procedures to remove parasites from the vegetables. A total of 2757 samples composed of field (n = 1, 600) and "ready to eat" (n = 1157) vegetables were analyzed. Vegetables included leek, parsley, basil, coriander, savory, mint, lettuce, cabbage, radish, dill, spinach, mushroom, carrot, tomato, cucumber and pumpkin. Normal physiological saline washings from 200 g samples were processed using standard parasitological techniques and examined microscopically. A total of 53.14% of vegetable samples obtained from different fields and 18.23% of "ready to eat" vegetables purchased from greengrocers and markets were contaminated with different parasitic organisms including; Entamoeba coli cysts, Giardia intestinalis cysts, Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts, Fasciola hepatica eggs, Dicrocoelium dendriticum eggs, Taenia spp. eggs, Hymenolepis nana eggs, Ancylostoma spp. eggs, Toxocara cati eggs, Toxocara canis eggs, Strongyloides stercoralis larvae, and Ascaris lumbricoides eggs. In both field and "ready to eat" vegetables, the highest parasitic contamination was observed in lettuce with a rate of 91.1% and 55.44%, respectively. The most common parasitic organism was Fasciola hepatica. A seasonal difference in contamination with parasitic organisms was found for field and "ready to eat" vegetables (P < 0.05). There was a significant difference in the recovery of parasitic organisms depending on the washing method with water and dishwashing liquid being the least effective. Proper washing of vegetables is imperative for a healthy diet as the results of this study showed the presence of zoonotic parasites from field and ready to eat vegetables in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Hajipour
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Maryam Soltani
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Jennifer Ketzis
- Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St Kitts, USA.
| | - Parviz Hassanzadeh
- Department of Food Hygiene and Aquatic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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Habib A, Andrianonimiadana L, Rakotondrainipiana M, Andriantsalama P, Randriamparany R, Randremanana RV, Rakotoarison R, Vigan-Womas I, Rafalimanantsoa A, Vonaesch P, Sansonetti PJ, Collard JM. High prevalence of intestinal parasite infestations among stunted and control children aged 2 to 5 years old in two neighborhoods of Antananarivo, Madagascar. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009333. [PMID: 33878113 PMCID: PMC8087024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to compare the prevalence of intestinal parasite infestations (IPIs) in stunted children, compared to control children, in Ankasina and Andranomanalina Isotry (two disadvantaged neighborhoods of Antananarivo, Madagascar), to characterize associated risk factors and to compare IPI detection by real-time PCR and standard microscopy techniques. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Fecal samples were collected from a total of 410 children (171 stunted and 239 control) aged 2-5 years. A single stool sample per subject was examined by simple merthiolate-iodine-formaldehyde (MIF), Kato-Katz smear and real-time PCR techniques. A total of 96.3% of the children were infested with at least one intestinal parasite. The most prevalent parasites were Giardia intestinalis (79.5%), Ascaris lumbricoides (68.3%) and Trichuris trichiura (68.0%). For all parasites studied, real-time PCR showed higher detection rates compared to microscopy (G. intestinalis [77.6% (n = 318) versus 20.9% (n = 86)], Entamoeba histolytica [15.8% (n = 65) versus 1.9% (n = 8)] and A. lumbricoides [64.1% (n = 263) versus 50.7% (n = 208)]). Among the different variables assessed in the study, age of 4 to 5 years (AOR = 4.61; 95% CI, (1.35-15.77)) and primary and secondary educational level of the mother (AOR = 12.59; 95% CI, (2.76-57.47); AOR = 9.17; 95% CI, (2.12-39.71), respectively) were significantly associated with IPIs. Children drinking untreated water was associated with infestation with G. intestinalis (AOR = 1.85; 95% CI, (1.1-3.09)) and E. histolytica (AOR = 1.9; 95% CI, (1.07-3.38)). E. histolytica was also associated with moderately stunted children (AOR = 0.37; 95% CI, 0.2-0.71). Similarly, children aged between 4 and 5 years (AOR = 3.2; 95% CI (2.04-5.01)) and living on noncemented soil types (AOR = 1.85; 95% CI, (1.18-2.09)) were associated with T. trichiura infestation. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The prevalence of IPIs is substantial in the studied areas in both stunted and control children, despite the large-scale drug administration of antiparasitic drugs in the country. This high prevalence of IPIs warrants further investigation. Improved health education, environmental sanitation and quality of water sources should be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azimdine Habib
- Unité de Bactériologie Expérimentale, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- * E-mail:
| | - Lova Andrianonimiadana
- Unité de Bactériologie Expérimentale, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | - Prisca Andriantsalama
- Unité d’Epidémiologie et de Recherche Clinique, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Ravaka Randriamparany
- Unité d’Epidémiologie et de Recherche Clinique, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | - Rado Rakotoarison
- Unité d’Immunologie des Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Inès Vigan-Womas
- Unité d’Immunologie des Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | - Pascale Vonaesch
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur Paris, France
| | | | - Jean-Marc Collard
- Unité de Bactériologie Expérimentale, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
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11
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Korzeniewski K, Augustynowicz A, Bylicka-Szczepanowska E, Pokorna-Kałwak D. Intestinal parasitic infections in a population of BaAka Pygmies inhabiting the Congo Basin in the Central African Republic. Ann Agric Environ Med 2021; 28:127-130. [PMID: 33775078 DOI: 10.26444/aaem/131648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pygmy tribes inhabit tropical environment of Central Africa. After expulsion from their original habitat by the Bantu people, they settled in a local forest ecosystem where they live with very low sanitary standards. Their actual morbidity remains unknown. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to analyze the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in BaAka Pygmies inhabiting the Congo Basin in the Central African Republic. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was conducted in 2015, and involved a group of 950 Pygmies living inthe Sangha-Mbaere and Lobaye prefectures. Single stool samples were collected from study participants, fixed in 10% formalin, transported from Africa to Europe, and analyzed by light microscopy using 5 different diagnostic methods (direct smear, decantation with distilled water, Fülleborne's flotation, Kato-Miura thick smear, DiaSyS/PARASYS system sedimentation) at the Military Institute of Medicine in Warsaw, Poland. RESULTS Microscopic examination revealed infections with 14 different species of intestinal nematodes, cestodes, trematodes and protozoa. According to the study findings, 90.5% of BaAka Pygmies were found to be infected with intestinal parasites, and 70.8% had mixed infections. Most of the pathogenic intestinal parasites were nematodes (85.0%), with Asrcaris lumbricoides (29.8%), hookworm (29.4%) and Trichuris trichiura (10.7%) being predominant. CONCLUSIONS Poor sanitation, limited the high prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in the community of Pygmies. The negative test results may prove the effectiveness of periodic deworming campaigns chich, implemented by non-governmental organizations, are voluntary with respect to the informed consent principle.
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Rahman A, Zunair H, Reme TR, Rahman MS, Mahdy MRC. A comparative analysis of deep learning architectures on high variation malaria parasite classification dataset. Tissue Cell 2021; 69:101473. [PMID: 33465520 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2020.101473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Malaria, one of the leading causes of death in underdeveloped countries, is primarily diagnosed using microscopy. Computer-aided diagnosis of malaria is a challenging task owing to the fine-grained variability in the appearance of some uninfected and infected class. In this paper, we transform a malaria parasite object detection dataset into a classification dataset, making it the largest malaria classification dataset (63,645 cells), and evaluate the performance of several state-of-the-art deep neural network architectures pretrained on both natural and medical images on this new dataset. We provide detailed insights into the variation of the dataset and qualitative analysis of the results produced by the best models. We also evaluate the models using an independent test set to demonstrate the model's ability to generalize in different domains. Finally, we demonstrate the effect of conditional image synthesis on malaria parasite detection. We provide detailed insights into the influence of synthetic images for the class imbalance problem in the malaria diagnosis context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimon Rahman
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh.
| | | | - Tamanna Rahman Reme
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh.
| | - M Sohel Rahman
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology ECE Building, West Palasi, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
| | - M R C Mahdy
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh.
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Flaherty BR, Barratt J, Lane M, Talundzic E, Bradbury RS. Sensitive universal detection of blood parasites by selective pathogen-DNA enrichment and deep amplicon sequencing. Microbiome 2021; 9:1. [PMID: 33388088 PMCID: PMC7778815 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00939-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeted amplicon deep sequencing (TADS) has enabled characterization of diverse bacterial communities, yet the application of TADS to communities of parasites has been relatively slow to advance. The greatest obstacle to this has been the genetic diversity of parasitic agents, which include helminths, protozoa, arthropods, and some acanthocephalans. Meanwhile, universal amplification of conserved loci from all parasites without amplifying host DNA has proven challenging. Pan-eukaryotic PCRs preferentially amplify the more abundant host DNA, obscuring parasite-derived reads following TADS. Flaherty et al. (2018) described a pan-parasitic TADS method involving amplification of eukaryotic 18S rDNA regions possessing restriction sites only in vertebrates. Using this method, host DNA in total DNA extracts could be selectively digested prior to PCR using restriction enzymes, thereby increasing the number of parasite-derived reads obtained following NGS. This approach showed promise though was only as sensitive as conventional PCR. RESULTS Here, we expand on this work by designing a second set of pan-eukaryotic primers flanking the priming sites already described, enabling nested PCR amplification of the established 18S rDNA target. This nested approach facilitated introduction of a second restriction digestion between the first and second PCR, reducing the proportional mass of amplifiable host-derived DNA while increasing the number of PCR amplification cycles. We applied this method to blood specimens containing Babesia, Plasmodium, various kinetoplastids, and filarial nematodes and confirmed its limit of detection (LOD) to be approximately 10-fold lower than previously described, falling within the range of most qPCR methods. CONCLUSIONS The assay detects and differentiates the major malaria parasites of humans, along with several other clinically important blood parasites. This represents an important step towards a TADS-based universal parasite diagnostic (UPDx) test with a sufficient LOD for routine applications. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana R Flaherty
- Parasitic Diseases Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Joel Barratt
- Parasitic Diseases Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.
| | - Meredith Lane
- Parasitic Diseases Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Synergy America Inc., Duluth, GA, USA
| | - Eldin Talundzic
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Richard S Bradbury
- Parasitic Diseases Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University, Ballarat, Australia.
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Abstract
Ocular parasitic infections, which lead to significant morbidity and mortality in particular areas, have been shifting from endemic areas to other regions due to tourism, wars and migrations in recent years. This study aimed to review the parasitic factors related to the human eye and their geographical distribution, pathogenesis of the disease and the methods used in and studies conducted for its diagnosis. PubMed, MEDLINE and Google databases were researched and reviewed for relevant keywords in recent publications. Although such parasitic infections are rare in many parts of the world, they continue to be an important public health problem that affects human and animal health in places with poor health conditions. The distribution of ocular parasites and their spread to non-endemic areas are facilitated. The morbidity and mortality risks have been increasing due to the difficulties encountered by health personnel in the diagnosis of these parasitic infections. Defining them accurately and appropriately can save not only eyesight but also lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihal Doğan
- Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Parazitoloji Anabilim Dalı, Eskişehir, Türkiye
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15
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Léger C. Bat parasites (Acari, Anoplura, Cestoda, Diptera, Hemiptera, Nematoda, Siphonaptera, Trematoda) in France (1762-2018): a literature review and contribution to a checklist. Parasite 2020; 27:61. [PMID: 33206593 PMCID: PMC7673352 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2020051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper is a bibliographical survey of records of bat parasites in France (including Corsica) between 1762 and 2018. In total, 237 scientific publications were analysed. They show that bats are infected with a large diversity of endoparasites and ectoparasites. A total of 113 parasite taxa were identified from 27 host species; in addition, six bats were not identified to the species-level. The helminth fauna of bats comprises three species of Cestoda, 15 of Trematoda, and 13 of Nematoda. Acari parasites include 53 species (in addition to 22 invalid species). Finally, insect parasites comprise 13 species of Diptera (bat flies), 12 of Siphonaptera (fleas), 3 of Hemiptera (bugs), and 1 Anoplura species. Bat taxa reported with parasites were Barbastella barbastellus, Eptesicus serotinus, Hypsugo savii, Miniopterus schreibersii, Myotis bechsteinii, M. blythii, M. capaccinii, M. dasycneme, M. daubentonii, M. emarginatus, M. myotis, M. mystacinus, M. nattereri, M. punicus, Nyctalus lasiopterus, N. leisleri, N. noctula, Pipistrellus kuhlii, P. nathusii, P. pipistrellus, Plecotus auritus, P. austriacus, Rhinolophus euryale, R. ferrumequinum, R. hipposideros, R. mehelyi, Tadarida teniotis, Eptesicus sp., Myotis sp., Pipistrellus sp., Plecotus sp., Rhinolophus sp. and the species complex Pipistrellus pipistrellus/kuhlii/nathusii. As regards E. nilssonii, Vespertilio murinus (Particoloured Bat), M. alcathoe, M. escalerai, P. macrobullaris and P. pygmaeus, no records were found. These published field data originated from 72 of the 96 departments in metropolitan France. The most commonly cited were Ardèche, Ariège, Bouches-du-Rhône, Haute-Savoie, Maine-et-Loire, Moselle, Meurthe-et-Moselle, Pyrénées-Orientales, Sarthe, Haute-Corse and Corse-du-Sud.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Léger
- Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Direction Générale Déléguée aux Collections (DGD-C) – Service Recherche, Enseignement, Expertise CP 20 38 rue Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 75005 Paris France
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Butenko A, Hammond M, Field MC, Ginger ML, Yurchenko V, Lukeš J. Reductionist Pathways for Parasitism in Euglenozoans? Expanded Datasets Provide New Insights. Trends Parasitol 2020; 37:100-116. [PMID: 33127331 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The unicellular trypanosomatids belong to the phylum Euglenozoa and all known species are obligate parasites. Distinct lineages infect plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates, including humans. Genome data for marine diplonemids, together with freshwater euglenids and free-living kinetoplastids, the closest known nonparasitic relatives to trypanosomatids, recently became available. Robust phylogenetic reconstructions across Euglenozoa are now possible and place the results of parasite-focused studies into an evolutionary context. Here we discuss recent advances in identifying the factors shaping the evolution of Euglenozoa, focusing on ancestral features generally considered parasite-specific. Remarkably, most of these predate the transition(s) to parasitism, suggesting that the presence of certain preconditions makes a significant lifestyle change more likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anzhelika Butenko
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.
| | - Michael Hammond
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Mark C Field
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic; School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Michael L Ginger
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Vyacheslav Yurchenko
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic; Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic; Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic.
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Preti A, MacKenzie K, Spivey KA, Noble LR, Jones CS, Appy RG, Pierce GJ. Spiral valve parasites of blue and common thresher sharks as indicators of shark feeding behaviour and ecology. J Fish Biol 2020; 97:354-361. [PMID: 32369188 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study documented the parasite faunas of the spiral valves of blue sharks Prionace glauca (L. 1758) and common thresher sharks Alopias vulpinus (Bonnaterre, 1788) caught in the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem (CCLME) north of the Mexican border. The spiral valves of 18 blue and 19 thresher sharks caught in the CCLME from 2009 to 2013 were examined for parasites. Seven parasite taxa were found in blue sharks and nine in threshers. The tetraphyllidean cestode Anthobothrium sp. (78% prevalence) was the most common parasite in blue sharks, and the phyllobothriid cestode Paraorygmatobothrium sp. (90% prevalence) was the most common in threshers. An adult nematode of the genus Piscicapillaria was found in threshers for the first time and may be a new species. Adult individuals of Hysterothylacium sp. were found in both shark species. The adult acanthocephalan Rhadinorhynchus cololabis and remains of the parasitic copepod Pennella sp. - both parasites of Pacific saury, Cololabis saira - were found in the intestines of threshers, indicating recent feeding on saury. This study paves the way for a more comprehensive examination, including more samples and a wider variety of shark species, to provide a greater understanding of shark feeding behaviour and possibly provide information on shark population biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Preti
- Institute of Marine Studies, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
- NOAA Fisheries, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, La Jolla, California, USA
- School of Biological Sciences (Zoology), University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Ken MacKenzie
- School of Biological Sciences (Zoology), University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Kate A Spivey
- NOAA Fisheries, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Leslie R Noble
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Catherine S Jones
- School of Biological Sciences (Zoology), University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Ralph G Appy
- Cabrillo Marine Aquarium, San Pedro, California, USA
| | - Graham J Pierce
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC), Vigo, Spain
- Oceanlab, University of Aberdeen, Newburgh, Aberdeenshire, UK
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Chan AHE, Chaisiri K, Morand S, Saralamba N, Thaenkham U. Evaluation and utility of mitochondrial ribosomal genes for molecular systematics of parasitic nematodes. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:364. [PMID: 32690073 PMCID: PMC7372814 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04242-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular advances have accelerated our understanding of nematode systematics and taxonomy. However, comparative analyzes between various genetic markers have led to discrepancies in nematode phylogenies. This study aimed to evaluate the suitability of using mitochondrial 12S and 16S ribosomal RNA genes for nematode molecular systematics. METHODS To study the suitability of mitochondrial 12S and 16S ribosomal RNA genes as genetic markers for nematode molecular systematics, we compared them with the other commonly used genetic markers, nuclear internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2 regions, nuclear 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA genes, and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene. After that, phylum-wide primers for mitochondrial 12S and 16S ribosomal RNA genes were designed, and parasitic nematodes of humans and animals from 75 taxa with 21 representative species were inferred through phylogenetic analyzes. Phylogenetic analyzes were carried out using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference algorithms. RESULTS The phylogenetic relationships of nematodes based on the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene supported the monophyly of nematodes in clades I, IV, and V, reinforcing the potential of this gene as a genetic marker for nematode systematics. In contrast, the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene only supported the monophyly of clades I and V, providing evidence that the 12S rRNA gene is more suitable for nematode molecular systematics. In this study, subclades of clade III containing various nematode families were not monophyletic when the 16S or 12S rRNA gene was used as the genetic marker. This is similar to the phylogenetic relationship revealed by previous studies using whole mitochondrial genomes as genetic markers. CONCLUSIONS This study supports the use of the 12S rRNA gene as a genetic marker for studying the molecular systematics of nematodes to understand intra-phyla relationships. Phylum-wide primers for nematodes using mitochondrial ribosomal genes were prepared, which may enhance future studies. Furthermore, sufficient genetic variation in the mitochondrial 12S and 16S rRNA genes between species also allowed for accurate taxonomy to species level, revealing the potential of these two genes as genetic markers for DNA barcoding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Hui En Chan
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kittipong Chaisiri
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Serge Morand
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- CNRS ISEM-CIRAD ASTRE, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Naowarat Saralamba
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Urusa Thaenkham
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Oborník M. Photoparasitism as an Intermediate State in the Evolution of Apicomplexan Parasites. Trends Parasitol 2020; 36:727-734. [PMID: 32680786 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite the benefits of phototrophy, many algae have lost photosynthesis and have converted back to heterotrophy. Parasitism is a heterotrophic strategy, with apicomplexans being among the most devastating parasites for humans. The presence of a nonphotosynthetic plastid in apicomplexan parasites suggests their phototrophic ancestry. The discovery of related phototrophic chromerids has unlocked the possibility to study the transition between phototrophy and parasitism in the Apicomplexa. The chromerid Chromera velia can live as an intracellular parasite in coral larvae as well as a free-living phototroph, combining phototrophy and parasitism in what I call photoparasitism. Since early-branching apicomplexans live extracellularly, their evolution from an intracellular symbiont is unlikely. In this opinion article I discuss possible evolutionary trajectories from an extracellular photoparasite to an obligatory apicomplexan parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Oborník
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
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20
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Rivero-Juarez A, Dashti A, López-López P, Muadica AS, Risalde MDLA, Köster PC, Machuca I, Bailo B, de Mingo MH, Dacal E, García-Bocanegra I, Saugar JM, Calero-Bernal R, González-Barrio D, Rivero A, Briz V, Carmena D. Protist enteroparasites in wild boar (Sus scrofa ferus) and black Iberian pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) in southern Spain: a protective effect on hepatitis E acquisition? Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:281. [PMID: 32493465 PMCID: PMC7271453 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04152-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have independently evaluated the occurrence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) and enteroparasites in swine, but no surveys have been conducted to jointly assess the prevalence and genetic diversity of enteroparasites in pigs and wild boars, their sympatric transmission between hosts, and their potential interaction with HEV. METHODS We prospectively collected serum and faecal samples from black Iberian domestic pigs and wild boars from southern Spain between 2015‒2016. We evaluated for HEV in serum and faeces, and for the presence of enteroparasites (Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., Blastocystis sp., Neobalantidium coli and Strongyloides spp.) in the same faecal samples. The prevalence of each intestinal parasite species was calculated. RESULTS A total of 328 animals (56.7% black Iberian pigs and 43.3% wild boars) were included in the study. The overall global prevalence of HEV in serum was 16.8%. The overall global prevalence of each enteroparasite species was 19.5% for G. duodenalis, 8.2% for Cryptosporidium spp., 41.8% for Blastocystis sp., 31.4% for N. coli, and 8.8% for Strongyloides spp. HEV-infected animals showed a significantly lower prevalence of G. duodenalis (3.2 vs 20%; P = 0.002) and Blastocystis sp. (38.7 vs 80%; P < 0.001) than those uninfected by HEV. Animals carrying G. duodenalis and Blastocystis sp. infections showed a significantly lower rate of HEV infection than those not harbouring these enteroparasites (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our study found a high prevalence of enteroparasites in black Iberian pigs and wild boars in southern Spain, suggesting a sympatric co-transmission of some of the species investigated. It is suggested that extracellular G. duodenalis and Blastocystis sp. might have a protective effect on HEV acquisition in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Rivero-Juarez
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), University Hospital Reina Sofía, Córdoba, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alejandro Dashti
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid Spain
| | - Pedro López-López
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), University Hospital Reina Sofía, Córdoba, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Aly Salimo Muadica
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid Spain
| | - Maria de los Angeles Risalde
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), University Hospital Reina Sofía, Córdoba, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Anatomy and Compared Pathological Anatomy, University of Córdoba, Agrifood Excellence International Campus (ceiA3), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Pamela C. Köster
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid Spain
| | - Isabel Machuca
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), University Hospital Reina Sofía, Córdoba, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Begoña Bailo
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid Spain
| | - Marta Hernández de Mingo
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid Spain
| | - Elena Dacal
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid Spain
| | - Ignacio García-Bocanegra
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Córdoba-Agrifood Excellence International Campus (ceiA3), Córdoba, Spain
| | - José M. Saugar
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid Spain
| | - Rafael Calero-Bernal
- SALUVET, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - David González-Barrio
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid Spain
- SALUVET, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Viral Hepatitis Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid Spain
| | - Antonio Rivero
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), University Hospital Reina Sofía, Córdoba, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Verónica Briz
- Viral Hepatitis Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid Spain
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid Spain
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Stafford K, Kollasch TM, Duncan KT, Horr S, Goddu T, Heinz-Loomer C, Rumschlag AJ, Ryan WG, Sweet S, Little SE. Detection of gastrointestinal parasitism at recreational canine sites in the USA: the DOGPARCS study. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:275. [PMID: 32487211 PMCID: PMC7268625 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04147-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rapid growth in off-leash dog parks provides opportunity for canine socialization activities but carries risk of exposure to intestinal parasites. This study assessed the prevalence of these infections in dogs visiting off-leash dog parks. METHODS Fresh defecations were collected from dogs visiting parks in 30 metropolitan areas across the USA. Samples were analyzed by coproantigen immunoassay (CAI) (Fecal Dx® and Giardia Test, IDEXX Laboratories, Inc.) and zinc sulfate centrifugal flotation (CF). Owners responded to a questionnaire on their dog's signalment and use of heartworm/intestinal parasite control medications (HWCM). RESULTS Samples were examined from 3006 dogs, 87.9% aged at least 12 months, visiting 288 parks. At least one intestinal parasite was detected in 622 (20.7%) samples, nematodes in 263 (8.8%), with hookworms, whipworms and ascarids in 7.1, 1.9 and 0.6% of samples, respectively. A sample positive for one or more intestinal parasites was found in 245 (85.1%) parks, with nematodes found in 143 (49.7%). Combined, CAI and CF detected 78.4% more intestinal nematode infections than CF alone. Hookworm and whipworm infections were detected in all age groups, but ascarids were only detected in dogs less than 4 years-old. Approximately 42% of dogs aged less than 1 year were positive for nematodes or Giardia. Based on owner reports, HWCM was current for 68.8% of dogs, dogs previously diagnosed with intestinal parasitism were more likely to be receiving a HWCM than those without such history, and a significantly lower (P = 0.0003) proportion of dogs receiving a HWCM were positive for intestinal nematodes compared with those not on such medication. CONCLUSIONS Intestinal parasites, the most common of which were Giardia, Ancylostoma caninum and Trichuris vulpis, were found in 20% of dogs and 85% of dog parks across the USA. Enhanced detection of canine intestinal parasitism was achieved by combining CF and CAI. Canine intestinal parasites are common across the USA and dog health can be improved by regular testing of fecal samples and routine administration of medications effective against the most common infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Todd M. Kollasch
- Elanco Animal Health, 2500 Innovation Way, Greenfield, IN 46140 USA
| | - Kathryn T. Duncan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA
| | | | - Troy Goddu
- IDEXX, 1 IDEXX Dr, Westbrook, ME 04092 USA
| | | | | | - William G. Ryan
- Ryan Mitchell Associates LLC, 16 Stoneleigh Park, Westfield, NJ USA
| | | | - Susan E. Little
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA
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Isaak-Delgado AB, López-Díaz O, Romero-Callejas E, Martínez-Hernández F, Muñoz-García CI, Villalobos G, Rendón-Franco E. Morphological and molecular characteristics of hemoparasites in vaillant's frogs (Lithobates vaillanti). Parasitol Res 2020; 119:1891-1901. [PMID: 32382990 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06689-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Amphibian populations are declining around the world, and the main reasons are the environmental changes and pathogens. However, there are few studies addressing the interaction and impact of the different pathogens that affect amphibians, such as hemoparasites. These parasites had been described as common in some amphibian species, but unfortunately, their description and characterization are unclear and scarcely spread. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the morphological and molecular characterization of hemoparasites present in vaillant's frogs. Seven frogs of Lithobates vaillanti were captured at the biological station La Florida in Tabasco, Mexico. Blood smears were performed, and results show that 100% of the animals have hemoparasites. Three types of hemoparasites were found. Eighty-five percent of the frogs were positive to Hepatozoon sp., 57% to Lankesterella sp., and 28% to Trypanosoma sp. According to the molecular analysis of the obtained sequences of Trypanosoma sp. and Hepatozoon sp., both protozoans were positioned in between the clusters of parasites of different geographical regions. Nevertheless, no species names were assigned to any of these parasites because more sequences and analysis are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Belem Isaak-Delgado
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Osvaldo López-Díaz
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Unidad Xochimilco, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Evangelina Romero-Callejas
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | | | - Claudia I Muñoz-García
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Unidad Xochimilco, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Guiehdani Villalobos
- Departamento de Agentes Patógenos, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.
| | - Emilio Rendón-Franco
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Unidad Xochimilco, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.
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Rodrigues AC, da Silva MDC, Pereira RÂS, Pinto LC. Prevalence of contamination by intestinal parasites in vegetables (Lactuca sativa L. and Coriandrum sativum L.) sold in markets in Belém, northern Brazil. J Sci Food Agric 2020; 100:2859-2865. [PMID: 31953861 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have recorded a high prevalence of intestinal parasites in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) destined for human consumption. This study determined the prevalence of contamination by intestinal parasites in these two plants sold in two street markets and two supermarkets in the city of Belém, northern Brazil. RESULTS A total of 200 plant samples were analyzed (100 of each species). The samples were collected randomly between August and October 2018, examined by the spontaneous sedimentation method with two washes, and stored for 24 h. The analysis found that 89% (89/100) of the lettuce samples and 86% (86/100) of the coriander samples were contaminated. Polyparasitism was more frequent in lettuce, but monoparasitism predominated in the coriander. A total of 226 intestinal parasites were found in the lettuce, with a predominance of non-pathogenic parasites in the supermarket samples and more pathogenic parasites in the samples from street markets. In the coriander samples, 172 intestinal parasites were identified, with a predominance of pathogenic parasites in samples from both types of market. In the case of the protozoans, the most prevalent species was Endolimax nana, followed by Blastocystis hominis, in both vegetables. In the helminths, hookworms predominated in the lettuce, and Trichuris trichiura in the coriander. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight the need for the monitoring of parasite contamination in vegetables destined for human consumption. Public health initiatives should include educational campaigns on the importance of disinfecting vegetables prior to consumption. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Laine Celestino Pinto
- Department of Biomedicine, Centro Universitário Metropolitano da Amazônia, Belém, Brazil
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropathology, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
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Abstract
Parasites are transferred between domestic and wild animals, when host animals come in contact with each other, particularly while grazing the same pastures, or when using same water bodies for drinking. Chances of parasite transmission and adaptation are high when hosts are genetically related. Afghan urial (Ovis vignei blanfordi), Suleiman markhor (Capra falconeri jerdoni) and Chiltan wild goat (C. aegagrus chialtanensis) are wild kin of domestic sheep and goats, sharing numerous parasitic diseases with each other. The present study was conducted in 2014–2015, to determine parasitic infections of Suleiman markhor and Afghan urial of Torghar Game Reserve, and the endemic wild goat of Chiltan National Park. For comparison, parasites of domestic small ruminants of these areas were also studied. A total of 11 species of helminth and 20 species of protozoa were recorded. Highly prevalent helminth among wild ruminants were Trichuris spp., Nematodirus spp., Protostrongylus rufescens and Moniezia benedeni, while highly prevalent Eimeria were E. arloingi and E. ninakohlyakimovae in caprines and E. ovinoidalis in urial. Chiltan wild goats were also found infected with Entamoeba spp. A short tabulated review of the helminth and protozoan parasites of wild sheep and goats of Pakistan, India, Iran and Turkey has been presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sher Ahmed
- Department of Biology, Federal Government Degree College, Quetta, Pakistan
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25
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Konarska A, Chmielewski P. Taxonomic traits in the microstructure of flowers of parasitic Orobanche picridis with particular emphasis on secretory structures. Protoplasma 2020; 257:299-317. [PMID: 31529247 PMCID: PMC6982642 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01438-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Orobanche picridis is an obligate root parasite devoid of chlorophyll in aboveground organs, which infects various Picris species. Given the high level of phenotypic variability of the species, the considerable limitation of the number of taxonomically relevant traits (mainly in terms of generative elements), and the low morphological variation between species, Orobanche is regarded as one of the taxonomically most problematic genera. This study aimed to analyse the taxonomic traits of O. picridis flowers with the use of stereoscopic and bright-field microscopy as well as fluorescence, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. The micromorphology of sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils was described. For the first time, the anatomy of parasitic Orobanche nectaries and the ultrastructure of nectaries and glandular trichomes were presented. Special attention was paid to the distribution and types of glandular and non-glandular trichomes as well as the types of metabolites contained in these structures. It was demonstrated that the nectary gland was located at the base of the gynoecium and nectar was secreted through modified nectarostomata. The secretory parenchyma cells contained nuclei, large amyloplasts with starch granules, mitochondria, and high content of endoplasmic reticulum profiles. Nectar was transported via symplastic and apoplastic routes. The results of histochemical assays and fluorescence tests revealed the presence of four groups of metabolites, i.e. polyphenols (tannins, flavonoids), lipids (acidic and neutral lipids, essential oil, sesquiterpenes, steroids), polysaccharides (acidic and neutral polysaccharides), and alkaloids, in the trichomes located on perianth elements and stamens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Konarska
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 15, 20-950, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Piotr Chmielewski
- Zamość Wildlife Association, Partyzantów 74/59, 22-400, Zamość, Poland
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Abstract
With a global population of about 35 million in 47 countries, dromedary camels play a crucial role in the economy of many marginal, desert areas of the world where they survive under harsh conditions. Nonetheless, there is scarce knowledge regarding camels' parasite fauna which can reduce their milk and meat productions. In addition, only scattered information is available about zoonotic parasites transmitted to humans via contamination (e.g. Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Balantidium coli, Blastocystis spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi), as foodborne infections (e.g. Toxoplasma gondii, Trichinella spp. and Linguatula serrata) or by arthropod vectors (Trypanosoma spp.). Herein, we draw attention of the scientific community and health policy-making organizations to the role camels play in the epidemiology of parasitic zoonotic diseases also in the view of an increase in their farming in desert areas worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Sazmand
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517658978 Iran
| | - Anja Joachim
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517658978 Iran
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Str. prov. per Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy
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27
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Abdel-Hakeem SS, Mahmoud GAE, Abdel-Hafeez HH. Evaluation and Microanalysis of Parasitic and Bacterial Agents of Egyptian Fresh Sushi, Salmo salar. Microsc Microanal 2019; 25:1498-1508. [PMID: 31718724 DOI: 10.1017/s143192761901506x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the quality of fresh sushi in Egypt. Fifty samples of sushi (Salmo salar) were collected from restaurants in Alexandria, Egypt. Paraffin, semi-thin and ultra-thin sections were used for parasitological analysis by light and transmission electron microscopy. Bacteria were isolated by the dilution plate and direct plate methods and identified by a Vitek system. Twenty (40%) of the total examined samples showed microsporidia and helminth metacercariae infections. Histochemical stains showed distinct pinkish-red pyriform microspores embedded in muscular tissue stained with Gram, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), and Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) stains. Semi-thin sections showed double membrane xenoma-inducing granulomas containing spores at different developmental stages. Empty sporophorous vesicles and free spores were observed in the electron microscopic images. A bacteriological assay showed forty samples (80%) contaminated with human pathogenic bacteria with the average total bacterial counts ranging from 32 to 526 CFU/g. Four species of human pathogenic bacteria were identified in the examined samples, namely Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Serratia plymuthica in 40, 38, 11, and 6 samples, respectively. These constitute the first record of fresh sushi product in Egypt and indicate the potential pathogenicity associated with raw seafood products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara S Abdel-Hakeem
- Parasitology Lab, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt
| | | | - Hanan H Abdel-Hafeez
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt
- (Previous PhD student) Department of Veterinary Sciences, Institute for Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Veterinärstrasse 13, DE-80539 Munich, Germany
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28
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Godínez-González C, Roca-Geronès X, Montoliu I, Fisa R. Importance of Using Complex Matrices in the Standardization of Molecular Techniques for the Control of Foodborne Parasites. J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:11279-11280. [PMID: 31578856 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Godínez-González
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Biology, Health and Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences , University of Barcelona , Avinguda de Joan XXIII, 27-31 , 08028 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Xavier Roca-Geronès
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Biology, Health and Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences , University of Barcelona , Avinguda de Joan XXIII, 27-31 , 08028 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Isabel Montoliu
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Biology, Health and Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences , University of Barcelona , Avinguda de Joan XXIII, 27-31 , 08028 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Roser Fisa
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Biology, Health and Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences , University of Barcelona , Avinguda de Joan XXIII, 27-31 , 08028 Barcelona , Spain
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Nenarokova A, Záhonová K, Krasilnikova M, Gahura O, McCulloch R, Zíková A, Yurchenko V, Lukeš J. Causes and Effects of Loss of Classical Nonhomologous End Joining Pathway in Parasitic Eukaryotes. mBio 2019; 10:e01541-19. [PMID: 31311886 PMCID: PMC6635534 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01541-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We report frequent losses of components of the classical nonhomologous end joining pathway (C-NHEJ), one of the main eukaryotic tools for end joining repair of DNA double-strand breaks, in several lineages of parasitic protists. Moreover, we have identified a single lineage among trypanosomatid flagellates that has lost Ku70 and Ku80, the core C-NHEJ components, and accumulated numerous insertions in many protein-coding genes. We propose a correlation between these two phenomena and discuss the possible impact of the C-NHEJ loss on genome evolution and transition to the parasitic lifestyle.IMPORTANCE Parasites tend to evolve small and compact genomes, generally endowed with a high mutation rate, compared with those of their free-living relatives. However, the mechanisms by which they achieve these features, independently in unrelated lineages, remain largely unknown. We argue that the loss of the classical nonhomologous end joining pathway components may be one of the crucial steps responsible for characteristic features of parasite genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nenarokova
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Kristína Záhonová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marija Krasilnikova
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Ondřej Gahura
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Richard McCulloch
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Alena Zíková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Vyacheslav Yurchenko
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
- Life Science Research Centre and Institute of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Abstract
Environmental niche modelling is an acclaimed method for estimating species' present or future distributions. However, in marine environments the assembly of representative data from reliable and unbiased occurrences is challenging. Here, we aimed to model the environmental niche and distribution of marine, parasitic nematodes from the Pseudoterranova decipiens complex using the software Maxent. The distribution of these potentially zoonotic species is of interest, because they infect the muscle tissue of host species targeted by fisheries. To achieve the best possible model, we used two different approaches. The land distance (LD) model was based on abiotic data, whereas the definitive host distance (DHD) model included species-specific biotic data. To assess whether DHD is a suitable descriptor for Pseudoterranova spp., the niches of the parasites and their respective definitive hosts were analysed using ecospat. The performance of LD and DHD was compared based on the variables' contribution to the model. The DHD-model clearly outperformed the LD-model. While the LD-model gave an estimate of the parasites' niches, it only showed the potential distribution. The DHD-model produced an estimate of the species' realised distribution and indicated that biotic variables can help to improve the modelling of data-poor, marine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina G Alt
- Goethe-University, Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity; Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung; Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, D-60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
| | - Judith Kochmann
- Goethe-University, Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity; Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung; Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, D-60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Sven Klimpel
- Goethe-University, Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity; Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung; Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, D-60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Sarah Cunze
- Goethe-University, Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity; Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung; Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, D-60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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Yeh HY, Zhan X, Qi W. A comparison of ancient parasites as seen from archeological contexts and early medical texts in China. Int J Paleopathol 2019; 25:30-38. [PMID: 30986655 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper integrates our knowledge from traditional Chinese medical texts and archeological findings to discuss parasitic loads in early China. Many studies have documented that several different species of eukaryotic endoparasites were present in early human populations throughout China. Nevertheless, comprehensive paleoparasitological records from China are patchy, largely due to taphonomic and environmental factors. An examination of early Chinese medical texts allows us to fill in some of the gaps and counteract apparent biases in the current archeoparasitological records. By integrating the findings of paleoparasitology with historic textual sources, we show that parasites have been affecting the lives of humans in China since ancient times. We discuss the presence and prevalence of three groups of parasites in ancient China: roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides), Asian schistosoma (Schistosoma japonicum), and tapeworm (Taenia sp.). We also examine possible factors that favored the spread of these endoparasites among early humans. Therefore, this paper not only aims to reveal how humans have been affected by endoparasites, but also addresses how early medical knowledge developed to cope with the parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yuan Yeh
- School of Humanities, Nanyang Technological University, 48 Nanyang Ave, 639818, Singapore.
| | - Xiaoya Zhan
- School of Humanities, Nanyang Technological University, 48 Nanyang Ave, 639818, Singapore
| | - Wuyun Qi
- Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, 100732, China
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32
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Byers JE, Schmidt JP, Pappalardo P, Haas SE, Stephens PR. What factors explain the geographical range of mammalian parasites? Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20190673. [PMID: 31113328 PMCID: PMC6545086 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Free-living species vary substantially in the extent of their spatial distributions. However, distributions of parasitic species have not been comprehensively compared in this context. We investigated which factors most influence the geographical extent of mammal parasites. Using the Global Mammal Parasite Database we analysed 17 818 individual geospatial records on 1806 parasite species (encompassing viruses, bacteria, protozoa, arthropods and helminths) that infect 396 carnivore, ungulate and primate host species. As a measure of the geographical extent of each parasite species we quantified the number and area of world ecoregions occupied by each. To evaluate the importance of variables influencing the summed area of ecoregions occupied by a parasite species, we used Bayesian network analysis of a subset ( n = 866) of the parasites in our database that had at least two host species and complete information on parasite traits. We found that parasites that covered more geographical area had a greater number of host species, higher average phylogenetic relatedness between host species and more sampling effort. Host and parasite taxonomic groups had weak and indirect effects on parasite ecoregion area; parasite transmission mode had virtually no effect. Mechanistically, a greater number of host species probably increases both the collective abundance and habitat breadth of hosts, providing more opportunities for a parasite to have an expansive range. Furthermore, even though mammals are one of the best-studied animal classes, the ecoregion area occupied by their parasites is strongly sensitive to sampling effort, implying mammal parasites are undersampled. Overall, our results support that parasite geographical extent is largely controlled by host characteristics, many of which are subsumed within host taxonomic identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. Byers
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - J. P. Schmidt
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Sarah E. Haas
- Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Inland Fisheries Division, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Patrick R. Stephens
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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33
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Abstract
Parasites are often hidden in their hosts and exhibit patchy spatial distributions. This makes them relatively difficult to detect and sample. Consequently we have poor knowledge of parasite diversities, distributions, and extinction. We evaluate our general understanding of parasite diversity and highlight the enormous bias in research on parasites such as helminths and arthropods that infect vertebrate hosts. We then focus on Myxozoa as an exemplary case for demonstrating uncharted parasite diversity. Myxozoans are a poorly recognized but speciose clade of endoparasitic cnidarians with complex life cycles that have radiated to exploit freshwater, marine, and terrestrial hosts by adopting strategies convergent to those of parasitic protists. Myxozoans are estimated to represent some 20% of described cnidarian species-greatly outnumbering the combined species richness of scyphozoans, cubozoans, and staurozoans. We summarize limited understanding of myxozoan diversification and geographical distributions, and highlight gaps in knowledge and approaches for measuring myxozoan diversity. We close by reviewing methods and problems in estimating parasite extinction and concerns about extinction risks in view of the fundamental roles parasites play in ecosystem dynamics and in driving host evolutionary trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Okamura
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Ashlie Hartigan
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Juliana Naldoni
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema, SP 09972-270, Brazil
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Diakou A, Di Cesare A, Morelli S, Colombo M, Halos L, Simonato G, Tamvakis A, Beugnet F, Paoletti B, Traversa D. Endoparasites and vector-borne pathogens in dogs from Greek islands: Pathogen distribution and zoonotic implications. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007003. [PMID: 31067231 PMCID: PMC6527238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the presence of endo- and ecto-parasites, and vector-borne pathogens, in dogs from four islands of Greece. A total of 200 (123 owned and 77 sheltered) dogs were examined with different microscopic, serological and molecular methods. Of the examined dogs, 130 (65%) were positive for one or more parasites and/or vector-borne pathogens. The most common zoonotic intestinal helminths recorded were Ancylostomatidae (12.5%) and Toxocara canis (3.5%). Ninety-three dogs (46.5%) seroreacted to Rickettsia conorii. Twenty-two (11%) of them were also PCR positive and 7 (3.5%) showed corpuscles suggestive of Rickettsia spp. on the blood smears. Nineteen dogs (9.5%) were seropositive for Ehrlichia canis, three of them being also PCR positive. Dogs positive for Anaplasma phagocytophilum-Anaplasma platys (1%), Dirofilaria immitis (0.5%) and Babesia canis (0.5%) were also found. Fleas and ticks were recorded in 53 (26.5%) and 50 (25%) dogs, respectively, and all specimens were identified as Ctenocephalides felis felis and Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato. Binary multiple univariate Generalized Linear Models were used to investigate factors and clinical signs related to the recorded positivity, while the association of specific signs with the pathogens was evaluated using tests of independence. Knowledge of occurrence and impact of zoonotic parasites and vector-borne pathogens in dog populations is crucial to prevent the infection in animals and people, and to control the risk of spreading of these pathogens in endemic and non-endemic areas. Both owned and sheltered dogs can harbor a variety of intestinal and extra-intestinal endoparasites, as well as vector-borne pathogens and ectoparasites, of zoonotic concern. Dog shelters and stray dogs are present in several touristic areas of Greece, including Sporades and Cyclades islands, where tourists often bring their pets with them, likely travelling from non-endemic to endemic areas. The present study has been carried out with the aim to evaluate the occurrence of the aforementioned pathogens. Data obtained showed that they are present in canine populations of Greece, with possibilities of infection for travelling dogs, which can also contribute to the spreading of zoonotic vector-borne diseases, introducing new pathogens in previously non-endemic areas. For these reasons, a constant monitoring of the epidemiological situation, improving control measures and correct diagnostic approaches are of primary importance for the prevention of canine and human infections, decreasing the spreading of potentially deadly pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Diakou
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Angela Di Cesare
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano D’Accio snc., Teramo, Italy
| | - Simone Morelli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano D’Accio snc., Teramo, Italy
| | - Mariasole Colombo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano D’Accio snc., Teramo, Italy
| | - Lenaig Halos
- Boehringer-Ingelheim Animal Health, Lyon, France
| | - Giulia Simonato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell’Università, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Androniki Tamvakis
- Laboratory of Ecology and System Dynamics, Department of Marine Sciences, University of the Aegean Mytilene, Lesvos, Greece
| | | | - Barbara Paoletti
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano D’Accio snc., Teramo, Italy
| | - Donato Traversa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano D’Accio snc., Teramo, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Borba VH, Machado-Silva JR, Le Bailly M, Iñiguez AM. Worldwide paleodistribution of capillariid parasites: Paleoparasitology, current status of phylogeny and taxonomic perspectives. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216150. [PMID: 31039193 PMCID: PMC6490956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Paleoparasitology, the study of parasites in the past, brings the knowledge of where and when they occurred in preterit populations. Some groups of parasites, as capillariids, have a complex and controversial systematic, hindering the paleoparasitological diagnosis. In this article, we synthesized the occurrence of capillariids in both the New and the Old World in ancient times, and discussed the difficulty of the diagnosis of species and the strategies for identification. The present review also shows the current status of the phylogeny in capillariids and indicates the necessity to try new approaches for a better understanding of capillariid paleodistribution. Methods For the systematic review, a predefined guideline defined by PRISMA was used. The articles collected were identified, screened, and included in the review following criteria for eligibility. The current status of the phylogeny of capillariids was accessed using MUSCLE, Bioedit v.7.0.5 and MEGA v. 7.0.21 programs. Results The review discussed 38 articles that presented information about capillariids in past populations. Most of capillariid eggs found in the New and Old World were not identified. However, Calodium hepaticum eggs were the most identified, as some from Eucoleus genus. It was observed that sites from the New World had a better chance for capillariid egg identification, due to previous knowledge of its host, when compared to the Old World. In the 18S rDNA phylogenetic analyses, two datasets were constructed, one including sequences from 7 Moravec’s genera, where 3 genus-specific clusters, with high bootstrap values, could be observed for Capillaria (ML = 99%, NJ = 96%), Eucoleus (ML / NJ = 100%) and Paratrichosoma (ML / NJ = 100%). A fourth cluster of 18S rDNA dataset I revealed lack of definition of Pearsonema and Aonchotheca genera. The 18S rDNA dataset II comprised 8 Moravec’s genera and defined 3 clusters, 2 genus-specific for Eucoleus (ML = 99%, NJ = 100%) and Capillaria (ML / NJ = 98%). The third 18S rDNA dataset II cluster included 6 genera and exhibited, once again, Pearsonema and Aonchotheca poor discrimination. The cox1 gene data consist of 4 Moravec’s genera, and in spite of grouping some species-specific clusters, did not show genera-specific definition. Conclusions Despite the numerous archaeological findings, both in the New and the Old Worlds, the identification of capillariid species based on the morphology and morphometry of eggs remains imprecise, often resulting in a generic diagnosis of a group or morphotype of capillariid. Capillariid is one of the most diverse group of helminths recovered in archaeological sites. The phylogenetic trees produced in this study showed limited genetic information available, unresolved genera and incongruence with the classical taxonomy. The elucidation of the paleodistribution of capillariids can give insights of the ancient host-parasite associations but also in modern sceneries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Hugo Borba
- Laboratório de Helmintologia Romero Lascasas Porto, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FCM/UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Machado-Silva
- Laboratório de Helmintologia Romero Lascasas Porto, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FCM/UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Matthieu Le Bailly
- University of Bourgogne Franche-Comte, CNRS UMR 6249 Chrono-environment, Besançon, France
| | - Alena Mayo Iñiguez
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Raso CNDS, Millar PR, Brener B, de Mattos DPBG, Leles D, Fonseca ABM, Sudré AP. Increasing the Efficiency of Spontaneous Sedimentation for the Diagnosis of Intestinal Protozoa. J Parasitol 2019; 105:248-251. [PMID: 30921523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between a longer sedimentation time, the reading of a larger number of slides, and the collection of multiple samples on the efficiency of the spontaneous sedimentation technique. Twenty-two patients with a previous parasitological exam positive for intestinal protozoa were recruited to collect new fecal samples (3 samples per patient) before the beginning of antiparasitic treatment. All collected fecal samples were used for spontaneous sedimentation and centrifuge-flotation techniques. Of these, all 22 patients were positive based on spontaneous sedimentation, and 59.1% (13/22) based on centrifuge flotation. The number of samples and the number of slides analyzed by spontaneous sedimentation influenced the number of positive cases. The modifications applied to the spontaneous sedimentation technique increased its performance in protozoa diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Nascimento da Silveira Raso
- 1 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia e Parasitologia Aplicadas (PPGMPA); Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói-RJ, 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Patricia Riddell Millar
- 1 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia e Parasitologia Aplicadas (PPGMPA); Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói-RJ, 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Brener
- 1 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia e Parasitologia Aplicadas (PPGMPA); Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói-RJ, 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Danuza Pinheiro Bastos Garcia de Mattos
- 1 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia e Parasitologia Aplicadas (PPGMPA); Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói-RJ, 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Daniela Leles
- 1 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia e Parasitologia Aplicadas (PPGMPA); Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói-RJ, 24210-130, Brazil
| | | | - Adriana Pittella Sudré
- 1 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia e Parasitologia Aplicadas (PPGMPA); Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói-RJ, 24210-130, Brazil
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Carolus H, Muzarabani KC, Hammoud C, Schols R, Volckaert FAM, Barson M, Huyse T. A cascade of biological invasions and parasite spillback in man-made Lake Kariba. Sci Total Environ 2019; 659:1283-1292. [PMID: 31096340 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Parasite spillback, the infection of a non-indigenous organism by a native parasite, is a highly important although understudied component of ecological invasion dynamics. Here, through the first analysis of the parasite fauna of lymnaeid gastropods of Lake Kariba (Zimbabwe). We illustrate how the creation of an artificial lake may lead to a cascade of biological invasions in which an invasive aquatic plant promotes the proliferation of invasive gastropods, which in turn alters the epidemiology of trematodiases of potential medical and veterinary importance. Using a new multiplex Rapid Diagnostic PCR assay, we assessed the prevalence of Fasciola sp. infections in the gastropod populations. Both gastropod hosts and trematode parasites were identified using DNA barcoding. We provide the first record of the invasive North-American gastropod Pseudosuccinea columella in Lake Kariba. This species was found at 14 out of 16 sampled sites and its abundance was strongly positively correlated with the abundance of the invasive South-American water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). About 65% of the P. columella specimens analysed were infected with a hitherto unknown Fasciola species. Phylogenetic analyses indicate close affinity to Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica, which cause fasciolosis, an important liver disease affecting both ruminants and humans. In addition, another non-native Lymnaeid species was found: a Radix sp. that clustered closely with a Vietnamese Radix species. Radix sp. hosted both amphistome and Fasciola trematodes. By linking an invasion cascade and parasite spillback, this study shows how both processes can act in combination to lead to potentially important epidemiological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Carolus
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
| | | | - Cyril Hammoud
- Department of Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Ruben Schols
- Department of Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Filip A M Volckaert
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maxwell Barson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Tine Huyse
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium.
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Mehmood S, Nashiruddullah N, Ahmed JA, Borkataki S. Parasitic affections of domesticated pigeons (Columba livia) in Jammu, India. Ann Parasitol 2019; 65:53-64. [PMID: 31127877 DOI: 10.17420/ap6501.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The parasitic fauna of domesticated pigeons in Jammu region were not recorded and so a survey was undertaken amongst a population of approximately 4000 birds in twelve areas around Jammu. Ectoparasites and haemoprotozoa from live birds, and endoparasites from dead birds were recorded. Ova shed in feces were also screened in four different seasons. Ectoparasites recovered include Columbicola columbae, Campanulotes bidentatus, Pseudolynchia canariensis, Ctenocephalides sp., Psoroptes sp. A total of 22 (36.67%) out 60 gastrointestinal tracts (GIT) of pigeons were positive for helminthic endoparasites including Raillietina sp. (25%; 15/60); Ascaridia sp. (5%; 3/60) and the hairworm Capillaria sp. (6.67%; 4/60). coccidian (58.3%; 35/60), cryptosporidian parasites (50.0%; 5/10), Trichomonas gallinae (40%; 12/30) and haemoprotozoal schizogony tissue stages (45.0%; 27/60) were observed in cloacal, oro-pharyngeal and tissue samples from post-mortem materials. Prevalence of cestodes was relatively more than nematodes perhaps due to the pigeon’s access to intermediate hosts of the cestodes. Blood smears showed the presence of Haemoproteus columbae gametocytes (26.6%; 8/30). Twenty-four pooled fecal samples examined from six select villages revealed presence of different parasitic ova. A higher prevalence of parasitic eggs was noted in the winters. Ascarid eggs were particularly prevalent during monsoon and post monsoon. Raillietina sp. was the most common cestode with lowered prevalence in the peak summers. It is speculated that close confinement of the domesticated birds are responsible for increased parasitic load and their dissemination. The parasitic data generated in the study may be helpful in estimating the faunistic prevalence of different parasites for strategic management of such parasitism during various seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Mehmood
- Division of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology-Jammu, Ranbir Singh Pura-181102, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Nawab Nashiruddullah
- Division of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology-Jammu, Ranbir Singh Pura-181102, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Jafrin A. Ahmed
- Division of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology-Jammu, Ranbir Singh Pura-181102, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Sanku Borkataki
- Division of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology-Jammu, Ranbir Singh Pura-181102, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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Pilarczyk B, Tomza-Marciniak A, Sablik P, Pilarczyk R. Parasites of the digestive tract in cows managed in alternative (organic and biodynamic) as well as conventional farms in West Pomerania. Ann Parasitol 2019; 65:387–396. [PMID: 32191986 DOI: 10.17420/ap6504.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the species composition, prevalence and intensity of parasitic enteric infections in cows in relation to farm management system. Prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes and Eimeria protozoans was determined from coproscopic examinations using Willis-Schlaf flotation. The species composition of coccidia was determined from morphological characters and the time of oocyst sporulation. Fluke liver eggs were detected by decantation. The average rates of parasitic infections were 67.42%, in the biodynamic farm, 62.14%, in the organic farms, and 63.26%, in the conventional cattle farm. Cows managed in the biodynamic farm suffered from infections by Eimeria protozoans and gastrointestinal nematodes, whereas Eimeria, gastrointestinal nematodes and Moniezia sp. were found in the organic farms. In cows of the conventional farm, we found Eimeria, gastrointestinal nematodes, Moniezia sp. and trematodes: Fasciola hepatica and Paramphistomum sp. The average intensity of Eimeria sp. infection in cows by farming system was as follows: 71 OPG (oocysts per gram of feces) in the biodynamic farm, 57 OPG in the organic farm and 71 OPG in the conventional farm. The mean intensity of gastrointestinal parasites was 290 EPG (eggs per gram feces) in the biodynamic farm, 455 EPG in the organic farm, and 228 EPG in the conventional farm. The average Moniezia infection intensity in cows was 125 EPG, in the organic farm, and 50 EPG (eggs per gram feces), in the conventional farm. It is noteworthy that the intensity of gastrointestinal nematode infection of cows in the biodynamic farm was very low (290 EPG) despite a high prevalence of infection (67.42%). A similar situation though was found in the cows managed in the conventional way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogumiła Pilarczyk
- Department of Animal Reproduction Biotechnology and Environmental Hygiene, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Janickiego 29, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Tomza-Marciniak
- Department of Animal Reproduction Biotechnology and Environmental Hygiene, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Janickiego 29, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Piotr Sablik
- Department of Ruminant Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Janickiego 29, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Renata Pilarczyk
- Department of Ruminant Science, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Janickiego 29, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland
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Morozińska-Gogol J. The state of knowledge of the parasitic fauna of the pike Esox lucius Linnaeus, 1758 in Poland in the 50th anniversary of the publication of the Catalogue of Parasitic Fauna of Poland. Part II. Parasites of Cyclostomes and Fish by Jadwiga Grabda. Ann Parasitol 2019; 65:205-215. [PMID: 31578844 DOI: 10.17420/ap6503.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Parasites of pike Esox lucius from freshwater and brackish water in Poland are listed. This checklist summarized data published in Catalogue of Parasitic Fauna of Poland. Part II. Parasites of Cyclostomes and Fish by Jadwiga Grabda and later data from original studies. Parasites are listed alphabetically in higher taxa with their location in host and distribution in Polish waters with references. Parasites belonging to the higher taxa as Protista – 11 records, Myxosporea – 6, Digenea – 17, Monogenea – 2, Cestoda – 9, Nematoda – 7, Acanthocephala – 7, Hirudinida – 5, Mollusca – unidentified glochidia, Crustacea – 6, were found. The most frequently noted parasites have been Azygia lucii, Diplostomum spp., Tylodelphys clavata, Tetraonchus monenteron, Triaenophorus nodulosus, Raphidascaris acus and Ergasilus sieboldi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Morozińska-Gogol
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, ul. Bohaterów Westerplatte 62, 76-200 Słupsk, Poland
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Popovic A, Bourdon C, Wang PW, Guttman DS, Voskuijl W, Grigg ME, Bandsma RHJ, Parkinson J. Design and application of a novel two-amplicon approach for defining eukaryotic microbiota. Microbiome 2018; 6:228. [PMID: 30572961 PMCID: PMC6302507 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-018-0612-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to a lack of systematic diagnostics, our understanding of the diversity and role of eukaryotic microbiota in human health is limited. While studies have shown fungal communities to be significant modulators of human health, information on the prevalence of taxa such as protozoa and helminths has been limited to a small number of species for which targeted molecular diagnostics are available. To probe the diversity of eukaryotic microbes and their relationships with other members of the microbiota, we applied in silico and experimental approaches to design a novel two-amplicon surveillance tool, based on sequencing regions of ribosomal RNA genes and their internal transcribed spacers. We subsequently demonstrated the utility of our approach by characterizing the eukaryotic microbiota of 46 hospitalized Malawian children suffering from Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM). RESULTS Through in silico analysis and validation on a diverse panel of eukaryotes, we identified 18S rRNA variable genetic regions 4 and 5 (18S V4 V5), together with a region encoding 28S rRNA variable genetic region 2 and the internal transcribed spacers (transITS), as optimal for the systematic classification of eukaryotes. Sequencing of these regions revealed protozoa in all stool samples from children with SAM and helminths in most, including several eukaryotes previously implicated in malnutrition and diarrheal disease. Clinical comparisons revealed no association between protozoan parasites and diarrhea or HIV reactivity. However, the presence of Blastocystis correlated with bacterial alpha diversity and increased abundance of specific taxa, including Sporobacter, Cellulosibacter, Oscillibacter, and Roseburia. CONCLUSION We suggest this novel two-amplicon based strategy will prove an effective tool to deliver new insights into the role of eukaryotic microbiota in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Popovic
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4 Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King’s College Circle Suite 5207, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8 Canada
| | - Celine Bourdon
- Program in Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4 Canada
- The Childhood Acute Illness & Nutrition Network (CHAIN), Nairobi Coordination Centre, P.O Box 43640-00100, 197 Lenana Place 2nd Floor, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Pauline W. Wang
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord St, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5 Canada
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St Suite 4038, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2 Canada
| | - David S. Guttman
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord St, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5 Canada
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks St Suite 4038, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2 Canada
| | - Wieger Voskuijl
- The Childhood Acute Illness & Nutrition Network (CHAIN), Nairobi Coordination Centre, P.O Box 43640-00100, 197 Lenana Place 2nd Floor, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, the College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Mahatma Gandhi, Private Bag 360, Chichiri, Blantyre, Malawi
- Global Child Health Group, Emma Children’s Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael E. Grigg
- Molecular Parasitology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, 5601 Fishers Lane, MSC 9806, Bethesda, MD 20892-9806 USA
| | - Robert H. J. Bandsma
- Program in Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4 Canada
- The Childhood Acute Illness & Nutrition Network (CHAIN), Nairobi Coordination Centre, P.O Box 43640-00100, 197 Lenana Place 2nd Floor, Nairobi, Kenya
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Hospital for Sick Children, 525 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 2L3 Canada
- Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, 525 University Avenue Suite 702, Toronto, ON M5G 2L3 Canada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King’s College Circle Suite 5253A, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8 Canada
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Mahatma Gandhi, Private Bag 360 Chichiri, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - John Parkinson
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4 Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King’s College Circle Suite 5207, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8 Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King’s College Circle Suite 4386, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8 Canada
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Cannon MV, Bogale H, Rutt L, Humphrys M, Korpe P, Duggal P, Ravel J, Serre D. A high-throughput sequencing assay to comprehensively detect and characterize unicellular eukaryotes and helminths from biological and environmental samples. Microbiome 2018; 6:195. [PMID: 30373673 PMCID: PMC6206884 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-018-0581-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several of the most devastating human diseases are caused by eukaryotic parasites transmitted by arthropod vectors or through food and water contamination. These pathogens only represent a fraction of all unicellular eukaryotes and helminths that are present in the environment and many uncharacterized organisms might have subtle but pervasive effects on health, including by modifying the microbiome where they reside. Unfortunately, while we have modern molecular tools to characterize bacterial and, to a lesser extent, fungal communities, we lack suitable methods to comprehensively investigate and characterize most unicellular eukaryotes and helminths: the detection of these organisms often relies on microscopy that cannot differentiate related organisms, while molecular assays can only detect the pathogens specifically tested. RESULTS Here, we describe a novel sequencing-based assay, akin to bacterial 16S rRNA sequencing, that enables high-throughput detection and characterization of a wide range of unicellular eukaryotes and helminths, including those from taxonomical groups containing all common human parasites. We designed and evaluated taxon-specific PCR primer pairs that selectively amplify all species from eight taxonomical groups (Apicomplexa, Amoeba, Diplomonadida, Kinetoplastida, Parabasalia, Nematoda, Platyhelminthes, and Microsporidia). We then used these primers to screen DNA extracted from clinical, biological, and environmental samples, and after next-generation sequencing, identified both known and previously undescribed organisms from most taxa targeted. CONCLUSIONS This novel high-throughput assay enables comprehensive detection and identification of eukaryotic parasites and related organisms, from a wide range of complex biological and environmental samples. This approach can be easily deployed to many settings and will efficiently complement existing methods and provide a holistic perspective on the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew V Cannon
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Haikel Bogale
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lindsay Rutt
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael Humphrys
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Poonum Korpe
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Priya Duggal
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jacques Ravel
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David Serre
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Isbert W, Montero FE, Pérez-Del-Olmo A, López-Sanz À, Reñones O, Orejas C. Parasite communities of the white seabream Diplodus sargus sargus in the marine protected area of Medes Islands, north-west Mediterranean Sea. J Fish Biol 2018; 93:586-596. [PMID: 29956313 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Marine protected areas are considered a useful tool to preserve and recover the biodiversity of ecosystems. It is suggested that fisheries not only affect populations of target and bycatch species but also their parasite communities. Parasites can indicate fishery effects on host species and also on the whole local community, but the effects of fisheries and protection measures on parasite communities are relatively unknown. This study analyses parasite communities of the white seabream Diplodus sargus sargus in order to assess potential effects exerted by protection measures within and by fisheries outside a reserve in the western Mediterranean Sea. This small scale analysis offered the opportunity to study different degrees of fishery effects on parasite infracommunities, without considering climatic effects as an additional factor. Parasite infracommunities of fishes from the no-take zone (NTZ) differed in their composition and structure compared with areas completely or partially open to fisheries. The detected spatial differences in the infracommunities derived from generalist parasites and varied slightly between transmission strategies. Monoxenous parasites were richer and more diverse in both fished areas, but more abundant in the no-take, whereas richness and abundance of heteroxenous parasites were higher for the NTZ. In addition to host body size as one factor explaining these spatial variations, differences within parasite infracommunities between the areas may also be linked to increased host densities and habitat quality since the implementation of the NTZ and its protection measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolf Isbert
- Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco E Montero
- Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Pérez-Del-Olmo
- Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Valencia, Spain
| | - Àngel López-Sanz
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar (CSIC), Pg Maritim de la Barceloneta, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga Reñones
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares (COB), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Covadonga Orejas
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar (CSIC), Pg Maritim de la Barceloneta, Barcelona, Spain
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares (COB), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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Flaherty BR, Talundzic E, Barratt J, Kines KJ, Olsen C, Lane M, Sheth M, Bradbury RS. Restriction enzyme digestion of host DNA enhances universal detection of parasitic pathogens in blood via targeted amplicon deep sequencing. Microbiome 2018; 6:164. [PMID: 30223888 PMCID: PMC6142370 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-018-0540-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeted amplicon deep sequencing (TADS) of the 16S rRNA gene is commonly used to explore and characterize bacterial microbiomes. Meanwhile, attempts to apply TADS to the detection and characterization of entire parasitic communities have been hampered since conserved regions of many conserved parasite genes, such as the 18S rRNA gene, are also conserved in their eukaryotic hosts. As a result, targeted amplification of 18S rRNA from clinical samples using universal primers frequently results in competitive priming and preferential amplification of host DNA. Here, we describe a novel method that employs a single pair of universal primers to capture all blood-borne parasites while reducing host 18S rRNA template and enhancing the amplification of parasite 18S rRNA for TADS. This was achieved using restriction enzymes to digest the 18S rRNA gene at cut sites present only in the host sequence prior to PCR amplification. RESULTS This method was validated against 16 species of blood-borne helminths and protozoa. Enzyme digestion prior to PCR enrichment and Illumina amplicon deep sequencing led to a substantial reduction in human reads and a corresponding 5- to 10-fold increase in parasite reads relative to undigested samples. This method allowed for discrimination of all common parasitic agents found in human blood, even in cases of multi-parasite infection, and markedly reduced the limit of detection in digested versus undigested samples. CONCLUSIONS The results herein provide a novel methodology for the reduction of host DNA prior to TADS and establish the validity of a next-generation sequencing-based platform for universal parasite detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana R Flaherty
- Parasitic Diseases Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, 100 ORAU Way, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Eldin Talundzic
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Joel Barratt
- Parasitic Diseases Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, 100 ORAU Way, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Kristine J Kines
- Parasitic Diseases Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Christian Olsen
- Pacific Biosciences, 1380 Willow Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Meredith Lane
- Parasitic Diseases Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
- IHRC, Inc., 2 Ravinia Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30346, USA
| | - Mili Sheth
- Biotechnology Core Facility, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Richard S Bradbury
- Parasitic Diseases Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.
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Santos HJ, Makiuchi T, Nozaki T. Reinventing an Organelle: The Reduced Mitochondrion in Parasitic Protists. Trends Parasitol 2018; 34:1038-1055. [PMID: 30201278 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria originated from the endosymbiotic event commencing from the engulfment of an ancestral α-proteobacterium by the first eukaryotic ancestor. Establishment of niches has led to various adaptations among eukaryotes. In anaerobic parasitic protists, the mitochondria have undergone modifications by combining features shared from the aerobic mitochondria with lineage-specific components and mechanisms; a diversified class of organelles emerged and are generally called mitochondrion-related organelles (MROs). In this review we summarize and discuss the recent advances in the knowledge of MROs from parasitic protists, particularly the themes such as metabolic functions, contribution to parasitism, dynamics, protein targeting, and novel lineage- specific proteins, with emphasis on the diversity among these organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert J Santos
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takashi Makiuchi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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Lozano-Cobo H, Gómez-Gutiérrez J, Franco-Gordo C, Prado-Rosas M, Plascencia-Palomera V, Ambriz-Arreola I. Changes in parasite-chaetognath species assemblages in the Mexican Central Pacific before and during El Niño 1997-1998. Dis Aquat Organ 2018; 129:215-238. [PMID: 30154282 DOI: 10.3354/dao03245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the seasonal and interannual changes in diversity, abundance, and prevalence of chaetognaths and their parasites collected monthly during 1996-1998 in the Mexican Central Pacific. We tested the hypothesis of a positive relationship between abundance and species richness of chaetognaths and their parasites, and investigated the influence of the 1997-1998 El Niño event on this host-parasite interaction. Of the 9 chaetognath species collected in the present study, only 7 were found to be parasitized. Of 78154 chaetognath specimens collected, 790 were parasitized (1% prevalence) with at least 1 type of epibiont (cysts, perhaps protists) and 6 types of endoparasites: protists (apicomplexans, dinoflagellates, and ciliates), digeneans, cestodes, acanthocephalans, nematodes, and other unidentified endoparasites. Cysts, digeneans, and cestodes were the most abundant parasites. Mean intensity ranged from 1-4 endoparasites and from 1-21 epibionts host-1. Zonosagitta bedoti and Flaccisagitta enflata were the most abundant chaetognath species and had the highest parasite diversity. Mesosagitta minima and Parasagitta euneritica had the highest parasite prevalence (>2%). A 2-way cluster analysis defined sampling month groups as before, during, and after the 1997-1998 El Niño. The highest abundances of chaetognaths and parasites were associated with a high thermal stratification index, salinity, and mixed layer depth. We conclude that there is a positive, non-linear correlation between the abundance of chaetognaths and their parasites. Although El Niño decreased the abundance and diversity of chaetognaths throughout the time series, the abundance and diversity of their parasites were not significantly different among hydro-climatic periods, suggesting that host abundance must decrease orders of magnitude to influence host availability for parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horacio Lozano-Cobo
- Departamento de Plancton y Ecología Marina, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. IPN s/n, La Paz, BCS 23096, Mexico
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Song LG, Zeng XD, Li YX, Zhang BB, Wu XY, Yuan DJ, He A, Wu ZD. Imported parasitic diseases in mainland China: current status and perspectives for better control and prevention. Infect Dis Poverty 2018; 7:78. [PMID: 30071901 PMCID: PMC6091017 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-018-0454-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high prevalence of parasitic diseases leads to millions of deaths and disabilities each year in developing countries. China has also been greatly affected by parasitic infections, including filariasis, leishmaniasis, malaria, schistosomiasis, and soil-transmitted nematodosis. However, the situation in China improved dramatically after comprehensive parasitic disease control efforts were strengthened, leading to the elimination of filariasis in 2006 and to significant control over other diseases. However, imported parasitic disease cases are inevitable, and such cases have increasingly been reported as a result of enhanced globalization and international or regional cooperation. These imported diseases represent a major obstacle to the elimination of several parasitoses, such as malaria. MAIN TEXT This paper reviews imported cases of parasitic diseases in mainland China, particularly malaria and schistosomiasis, based on data reported separately by the Chinese annual reports and from other published papers. We summarize the new challenges that face parasitic disease control efforts in mainland China and perspectives regarding better control. We argue that both the provision of professional education and updated training for medical care personnel and the management and surveillance of people entering China are essential. We recommend that Chinese migrant workers should be considered a priority group for health education and that public awareness of imported diseases should be emphasized. Furthermore, we underscore the importance of investigating the distribution of introduced/potential vectors, parasite susceptibility, and improvements in diagnostic techniques and drug stocks. CONCLUSIONS Imported cases have become the main challenge to the elimination of several parasitoses, such as malaria and schistosomiasis, in mainland China. China should act to meet these challenges, which are closely associated with national biological safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Gui Song
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (SYSU), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong China
- Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong China
| | - Xing-Da Zeng
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (SYSU), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong China
- Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong China
| | - Yan-Xia Li
- Jiangxi Provincial Testing Center of Medical Apparatus and Instruments, Nanchang, 330029 Jiangxi China
| | - Bei-Bei Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (SYSU), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong China
- Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong China
| | - Xiao-Ying Wu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Dong-Juan Yuan
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (SYSU), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong China
- Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong China
| | - Ai He
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (SYSU), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong China
- Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong China
| | - Zhong-Dao Wu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (SYSU), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong China
- Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, 510080 Guangdong China
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Alves AM, Souza GTRE, Takemoto RM, Tavares LER, Melo CMD, Madi RR, Jeraldo VDLS. Occurrence of larvae of trypanorhynch cestodes in snappers (Lutjanidae) from northeast Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2018; 27:415-419. [PMID: 29846451 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-296120180019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Three species of snappers from artisanal, small-scale fisheries were examined for the presence of parasites. A total of 139 lutjanid fish were collected: 69 specimens of Lutjanus analis, 47 specimens of Lutjanus vivanus, and 23 specimens of Lutjanus synagris. Encysted plerocercoid of trypanorhynch cestodes found at necropsy in the viscera of snappers were sampled for parasitological analysis. These plerocercoid larvae belong to the genera Floriceps, Pseudogrillotia , and Oncomegas. Although these parasites do not have any zoonotic potential, fish with heavy loads of plerocercoids are rejected during inspection as they compromise meat hygiene. Our findings suggest that light larval cestode infections in lutjanids would not lead to consumer rejection of the food product. The occurrence of Floriceps sp. in L. analis and in L. synagris, of Pseudogrillotia sp. in L. vivanus and in L. synagris , and of Oncomegas sp. in L. synagris are new findings in these fish species. These parasites are new to these fish species and have not been reported in snappers from the northeast coast of Brazil. The results contribute to the existing body of knowledge about the parasitic fauna of fish and its distribution along the coastline of Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Mota Alves
- Laboratório de Biologia Tropical, Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa - ITP, Universidade Tiradentes - UNIT, Aracaju, SE, Brasil
| | | | - Ricardo Massato Takemoto
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura, Laboratório de Ictioparasitologia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá - UEM, Maringá, PR, Brasil
| | - Luiz Eduardo Roland Tavares
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - Cláudia Moura de Melo
- Laboratório de Biologia Tropical, Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa - ITP, Universidade Tiradentes - UNIT, Aracaju, SE, Brasil
| | - Rubens Riscala Madi
- Laboratório de Biologia Tropical, Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa - ITP, Universidade Tiradentes - UNIT, Aracaju, SE, Brasil
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Baia RRJ, Florentino AC, Silva LMA, Tavares-Dias M. Patterns of the parasite communities in a fish assemblage of a river in the Brazilian Amazon region. Acta Parasitol 2018; 63:304-316. [PMID: 29654690 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2018-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This paper characterizes the pattern of ectoparasite and endoparasite communities in an assemblage of 35 sympatric fish from different trophic levels in a tributary from the Amazon River system, northern Brazil. In detritivorous, carnivorous, omnivorous and piscivorous hosts, the species richness consisted of 82 ectoparasites and endoparasites, but protozoan ectoparasites such as Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Piscinoodinium pillulare and Tripartiella sp. were dominant species predominated, such that they were present in 80% of the hosts. The taxon richness was in the following order: Monogenea > Nematoda > Digenea > Crustacea > Protozoa > Acanthocephala = Cestoda > Hirudinea. Among the hosts, the highest number of parasitic associations occurred in Satanoperca jurupari, Aequidens tetramerus, Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus, Hoplosternum littorale, Cichlasoma amazonarum, Chaetobranchus flavescens, Squaliforma emarginata, Chaetobranchopsis orbicularis and Hoplias malabaricus. A weak positive correlation between ectoparasite abundance and length of the hosts was observed. Ectoparasite communities of detritivorous, carnivorous and omnivorous hosts were similar, but these differed from the communities of piscivorous hosts. Larval endoparasite species with low host specificity were the main determinants of the parasite infracommunity structure of the fish assemblage. Fish assemblage had few species of helminth that were specialist endoparasites, while many were parasites at the larval stage, infecting intermediate and paratenic hosts. Finally, carnivorous and omnivorous hosts harbored endoparasite communities that were more heterogeneous than those of detritivorous and piscivorous hosts. This result lends supports to the notion that the feeding habits of the host species are a significant factor in determining the endoparasites fauna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimundo Rosemiro Jesus Baia
- Embrapa Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program on Tropical Biodiversity, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil
| | | | - Luís Maurício Abdon Silva
- Institute of Scientific and Technological Research of the State of Amapá (IEPA), Macapá, Amapá, Brazil
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Kachienga L, Jitendra K, Momba M. Metagenomic profiling for assessing microbial diversity and microbial adaptation to degradation of hydrocarbons in two South African petroleum-contaminated water aquifers. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7564. [PMID: 29765091 PMCID: PMC5954097 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25961-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodegradation of hydrocarbons by indigenous populations of microorganisms found in petroleum-contaminated water sources represents one of the primary mechanisms by which petroleum and other hydrocarbon pollutants are eliminated from the aquatic environment. The identification of these microorganisms, which have capabilities to convert the majority of toxic hydrocarbons into compounds that are less harmful for end-users, is therefore crucial for bioremediation purposes. The aim of this study was to profile the microbial diversity of two South African petroleum-contaminated water aquifer sites and to determine the microbial adaptation to hydrocarbon degradation using a metagenomics approach. The sequenced samples revealed that protozoa (62.04%) were found to be the most dominant group, followed by fungi (24.49%), unknown (12.87%), and finally other sequences such as Animalia and plantae which were <(0.10%) domains in the first oil-polluted aquifer site. In the second site, protozoa (61.90%), unknown (16.51%), fungi (11.41%) in that order. According to the classification at the genus level, the dominant group was Naegleria (15.21%), followed by Vorticella (6.67%) as the only ciliated protozoan genus, other species such as Arabidopsis (2.97%), Asarum (1.84%) Populus (1.04%) were significantly low and drastically lower in the first site. Regarding the second site, the dominant group was Naegleria (18.29%) followed by Colpoda (9.86%) with the remainder of the genera representing <2%. Overall results demonstrated the ability of various groups of microorganisms to adapt and survive in petroleum oil-polluted water sites regardless of their respective distributions and this can be explored further for their role in bioremediation and environmental management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Kachienga
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Arcadia Campus, P/Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Keshri Jitendra
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Centre, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Maggy Momba
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Arcadia Campus, P/Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
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