1
|
Morikone A, Mouesca JP. Congenital depressed skull fracture ("ping-pong" fracture) in newborn infants as a differential diagnosis of physical abuse. ARCH ARGENT PEDIATR 2024; 122:e202310139. [PMID: 38197589 DOI: 10.5546/aap.2023-10139.eng] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Depressed skull fractures without a clear explanation as to their origin point to trauma with a blunt object and suspected child abuse. In the case of newborn infants, their young age is a vulnerability factor and requires an exhaustive assessment. When child abuse is suspected, an assessment of the differential diagnoses is required to make the most appropriate intervention possible. Both an excessive intervention and an omission of a necessary intervention should be avoided. Congenital depressed skull fractures, described as "ping-pong fractures", are rare (0.3 to 2/10 000 births). They may appear without any trauma history or in instrumentalized childbirth. Here we describe the case of a newborn infant with a ping-pong fracture as an example of an accidental fracture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Morikone
- Unit of Family Violence, Hospital General de Niños Pedro de Elizalde, City of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Pablo Mouesca
- Unit of Family Violence, Hospital General de Niños Pedro de Elizalde, City of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
Despite evidence that parents' physical aggression abuse has long-lasting negative consequences, information about the true population prevalence of aggression and physical abuse is limited. We have even less information about how parental aggression and abuse vary by child age, parent gender, and how that aggression and abuse might be clustered within families. To address these gaps, an anonymous, computer-based assessment was administered to nearly 40,000 parents of more than 60,000 children in the United States Air Force, which included a detailed assessment on up to four minor children of aggression and its impact. The survey was the largest of its type ever conducted in the United States, allowing for stable, crossvalidated estimation of rates of both corporal punishment and physical abuse. Approximately 39% of children experienced corporal punishment, peaking at three years of age, and 7% experienced physical abuse, peaking at age six. About 45% of parents reported perpetrating corporal punishment and 8% abuse; these rates were higher in multi-child families and most often involved more than one child. Parent gender was not associated with physical aggression or abuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Smith Slep
- Family Translational Research Group, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kimberly A Rhoades
- Family Translational Research Group, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael F Lorber
- Family Translational Research Group, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard E Heyman
- Family Translational Research Group, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Duong HT, Sirohi A, Baggett KM. Predicting Black Parents' Attitudes Toward Corporal Punishment: A Moderated-Mediation Model of Frequency and Valence of Childhood Experiences. J Interpers Violence 2024; 39:2103-2126. [PMID: 38018530 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231214591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Child corporal punishment (CP) may lead to child physical abuse, which is a public health concern in the United States. The present study examined major risk factors predicting attitudes toward CP among a sample of Black parents (N = 394), including frequency and valence of experiences of CP during childhood, outcome expectancies of CP, and perceptions of self-efficacy and response efficacy of non-physical discipline strategies. Structural equation modeling results revealed that the indirect associations between CP frequency and attitudes through self-efficacy and response efficacy were moderated by CP valence. Results extend the literature and point to the need for incorporating information about efficacy of evidence-based non-physical discipline strategies into intervention messages targeting prevention of child physical abuse.
Collapse
|
4
|
Whitten T, Tzoumakis S, Green MJ, Dean K. Global Prevalence of Childhood Exposure to Physical Violence within Domestic and Family Relationships in the General Population: A Systematic Review and Proportional Meta-Analysis. Trauma Violence Abuse 2024; 25:1411-1430. [PMID: 37300288 PMCID: PMC10913340 DOI: 10.1177/15248380231179133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to identify and prevent childhood exposure to physical violence within domestic and family relationships must be underpinned by reliable prevalence estimates to ensure the appropriate allocation of resources and benchmarks for assessing intervention efficacy. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the global prevalence of childhood exposure to physical domestic and family violence separately as a victim or witness. Searches were conducted in Criminal Justice Abstracts, Embase, Scopus, PubMed, PsychInfo, and Google Scholar. Studies were included if they were peer-reviewed, published in English, had a representative sample, unweighted estimates, and were published between January 2010 and December 2022. One-hundred-and-sixteen studies comprising 56 independent samples were retained. Proportional meta-analysis was conducted to calculate the pooled prevalence for each exposure. Pooled prevalence estimates were also stratified by region and sex. The global pooled prevalence of childhood exposure to physical domestic and family violence as a victim or witness was 17.3% and 16.5%, respectively. Prevalence estimates were highest in West Asia and Africa (victim = 42.8%; witness = 38.3%) and lowest for the Developed Asia Pacific region (victim = 3.7%; witness = 5.4%). Males were 25% more likely than females to be the victim of physical domestic and family violence during childhood, while both were equally likely to have witnessed it. These findings suggest that childhood exposure to domestic and family violence is relatively common, affecting around one-in-six people by 18 years of age globally. Regional variations in prevalence estimates may reflect underlying economic conditions, cultural norms, and service availability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyson Whitten
- Center for Law and Justice, Charles Sturt University, Port Macquarie, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Stacy Tzoumakis
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, QLD, Australia
| | - Melissa J. Green
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Kimberlie Dean
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
- Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Matraville, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Coleman JN, Arthur SS, Shelby RA. Psychological distress and pain related to gynecologic exams among female survivors of sexual and physical violence: A systematic review. J Trauma Stress 2024; 37:217-230. [PMID: 38123528 DOI: 10.1002/jts.23006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Gender-based violence is prevalent globally, yet the impacts of sexual and physical violence on women's experiences of routine gynecologic care are not well understood. The purpose of this systematic review of quantitative research is to describe (a) psychological distress and pain related to gynecologic exams among female survivors of sexual and physical violence and (b) differences in distress or pain between survivors and women without this history. Fourteen articles based on 12 discrete studies met the inclusion criteria. Studies were heterogeneous, with a moderate risk of bias; therefore, a descriptive summary approach was utilized rather than a meta-analytic approach. Synthesized results indicated that survivors of violence experience mild-to-severe levels of distress and mild-to-moderate levels of pain related to gynecologic exams. The findings suggest that survivors of sexual or physical violence experience higher levels of distress than women without this history (i.e., moderate to severe), and this difference was further accentuated among women with more severe posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). Differences in pain by violence history and PTSS severity were not consistently observed, possibly due to a lack of variability in ratings and small sample sizes. Additional research is needed that bolsters the measurement of exam-related distress and pain, adjusts for confounding variables, and explores mechanisms by which sexual and physical violence impact care experiences. Further empirical work will be critical to developing interventions at the patient and provider levels to improve women's experiences of care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica N Coleman
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sarah S Arthur
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rebecca A Shelby
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fitzgerald M, Hall H. Does it add up? Educational achievement mediates child maltreatment subtypes to allostatic load. Child Abuse Negl 2024; 149:106630. [PMID: 38301586 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood maltreatment (CM) has been linked to higher levels of allostatic load (AL) and educational achievement is a possible pathway and may differ across gender. It is also critical to determine if CM severity or specific subtypes of CM are more or less influential. OBJECTIVE This study examined educational achievement as a mediator linking cumulative and individual types of CM to AL and examined gender as a moderator. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Using two waves of data, 897 adults from the study Midlife in the United States were analyzed. METHODS Multiple group structural equation models stratified across gender to test were used cumulative maltreatment and maltreatment subtypes to AL and test gender as a moderator. RESULTS Overall CM was associated with educational achievement (β = -0.12, p < .01) and AL (β = 0.11, p < .05) and education was inversely associated with AL (β = -0.17, p < .001) in men but not women. The subtypes model revealed that physical abuse predicted lower level of education achievement (β = -0.20, p < .001) and among men. Educational achievement, in turn, was associated with lower levels of AL (β = -0.02, p = .002). Educational achievement was a possible pathway linking physical abuse to AL (β = 0.02, 95 % CI [0.001, 0.040]) among men but was non-significant in women. Gender did not moderate any of the pathways. CONCLUSIONS Educational achievement is a potentially modifiable social determinant of health that can be a focus of prevention and intervention efforts among men who were maltreated, particularly for those who experienced physical abuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fitzgerald
- 337 Nancy Randolph Davis, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| | - Haley Hall
- 337 Nancy Randolph Davis, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abdoo DC, Puls HT, Hall M, Lindberg DM, Anderst J, Wood JN, Parikh K, Tashijan M, Sills MR. Racial and ethnic disparities in diagnostic imaging for child physical abuse. Child Abuse Negl 2024; 149:106648. [PMID: 38262182 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Racial bias may affect occult injury testing decisions for children with concern for abuse. OBJECTIVES To determine the association of race on occult injury testing decisions at children's hospitals. DESIGN In this retrospective study, we measured disparities in: (1) the proportion of visits for which indicated diagnostic imaging studies for child abuse were obtained; (2) the proportion of positive tests. SETTING The Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) administrative database encompassing 49 tertiary children's hospitals during 2017-2019. PARTICIPANTS We built three cohorts based on guidelines for diagnostic testing for child abuse: infants with traumatic brain injury (TBI; n = 1952), children <2 years old with extremity fracture (n = 20,842), and children <2 years old who received a skeletal survey (SS; n = 13,081). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES For each group we measured: (1) the odds of receiving a specific guideline-recommended diagnostic imaging study; (2) among those with the indicated imaging study, the odds of an abuse-related injury diagnosis. We calculated both unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (AOR) by race and ethnicity, adjusting for sex, age in months, payor, and hospital. RESULTS In infants with TBI, the odds of receiving a SS did not differ by racial group. Among those with a SS, the odds of rib fracture were higher for non-Hispanic Black than Hispanic (AOR 2.05 (CI 1.31, 3.2)) and non-Hispanic White (AOR 1.57 (CI 1.11, 2.32)) patients. In children with extremity fractures, the odds of receiving a SS were higher for non-Hispanic Black than Hispanic and non-Hispanic White patients (AOR 1.97 (CI 1.74, 2.23)); (AOR 1.17 (CI 1.05, 1.31)), respectively, and lower for Hispanic than non-Hispanic White patients (AOR 0.59 (CI 0.53, 0.67)). Among those receiving a SS, the rate of rib fractures did not differ by race. In children with skeletal surveys, the odds of receiving neuroimaging did not differ by race. Among those with neuroimaging, the odds of a non-fracture, non-concussion TBI were lower in non-Hispanic Black than Hispanic patients (AOR 0.7 (CI 0.57, 0.86)) and were higher among Hispanic than non-Hispanic White patients (AOR 1.23 (CI 1.02, 1.47)). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE We did not identify a consistent pattern of race-based disparities in occult injury testing when considering the concurrent yield for abuse-related injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denise C Abdoo
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Pediatrics, Kempe Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Child Abuse and Neglect, United States of America.
| | - Henry T Puls
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, University of Missouri- Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, United States of America
| | - Matt Hall
- Children's Hospital Association, United States of America
| | - Daniel M Lindberg
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Emergency Medicine, Kempe Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Child Abuse and Neglect, United States of America
| | - James Anderst
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, University of Missouri- Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, United States of America
| | - Joanne N Wood
- Division of General Pediatrics, PolicyLab and Clinical Futures, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Margaret Tashijan
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, United States of America
| | - Marion R Sills
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Children's Hospital Colorado, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Falb KL, Blackwell A, Hategekimana JDD, Sifat M, Roth D, O'Connor M. Co-Occurring Intimate Partner Violence and Child Abuse in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo: The Influence of Early Life Experiences of Abuse. Violence Against Women 2024; 30:873-889. [PMID: 36579814 DOI: 10.1177/10778012221145302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about co-occurring intimate partner violence (IPV) against women and child abuse within families in humanitarian settings. Baseline data from 203 couples in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo were analyzed to assess associations between childhood experiences of abuse with present co-occurring violence. Over half of women (56.1%) and men (50.5%) reported co-occurring violence. Adjusted models demonstrate experiencing physical abuse as a child was associated with greatest odds of recent co-occurring violence while witnessing parental IPV had mixed influence. Programmatic approaches focused on reducing early childhood violence may be promising to prevent both IPV and child abuse.
Collapse
|
9
|
Güngör HC. Traumatic dental injuries in child, adult and elderly: Domestic violence- physical abuse hidden in plain sight. Dent Traumatol 2024; 40 Suppl 2:1-2. [PMID: 38497557 DOI: 10.1111/edt.12948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
|
10
|
Chattopadhyay A, Kumar Sharma S, Vishwakarma D, Jungari S. Prevalence and risk factors of physical violence against husbands: evidence from India. J Biosoc Sci 2024; 56:391-411. [PMID: 37823273 DOI: 10.1017/s0021932023000196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
As the proportion of women being victims of spousal violence in India is higher than men, laws are usually framed to safeguard women. However, men who have experienced physical spousal violence are not unheard of. The study aims to provide the nationwide prevalence of physical violence against husbands and the risk factors for such violence, using large-scale nationally representative 'National Family Health Survey' (NFHS 4) data. The study used descriptive, bivariate, logistic, and multilevel regression models with a random intercept clustering within states and households to explain the physical violence against husband. Sample size for the analysis was 62,716 currently married women aged 15-49 years. Findings revealed that in most of the states of India, physical spousal violence has increased over time. Behavioural characteristics like marital control, alcoholism, and childhood experience of parental violence have a consistent and strong role in explaining the experience of physical violence across states. With age, experience of violence against husbands increases. Differences in socio-economic characteristics do not have unidirectional effect on violence experienced by husbands across regions of India. Working women who are earning cash and having access to mobile phones perpetrate more physical violence in selected regions. Education shows a gradient on such violence perpetration, indicating that only after achieving a certain level of education, chances of violence reduce. Regionally contrasting social and economic risk factors in explaining violence strengthen the argument that violence is space and culture-specific, and development alone may not resolve violence unless the system is addressing the behavioural aspects. There is a need for supporting men experiencing domestic violence within the existing system facilities. Revisiting the present domestic violence laws and programmes for inclusivity is the need of the hour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aparajita Chattopadhyay
- Department of Population and Development, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Deepanjali Vishwakarma
- Senior Associate Monitoring & Evaluation, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Suresh Jungari
- Department of Public Health & Mortality Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wu W, Xie R, Ding W, Ding D, Tan D, Song S, Li W. A reciprocal relationship between parental maltreatment and child bullying perpetration in China. J Res Adolesc 2024; 34:127-140. [PMID: 38013604 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the longitudinal reciprocal relationship between parental maltreatment and child bullying perpetration from middle childhood to early adolescence in China and the associated gender differences. Eight hundred ninety-one children completed a battery of questionnaires at four time points. A random-intercept cross-lagged model was established. The results indicated that at the between-person level, child bullying perpetration was positively associated with physical and psychological maltreatment. At the within-person level, there was a significant association between an increase in bullying perpetration and an increase in parental psychological and physical maltreatment across the four time points. Conversely, an increase in physical maltreatment led to an increase in child bullying perpetration from T1 to T2, while an increase in psychological maltreatment resulted in an increase in child bullying perpetration from T1 to T2 and T2 to T3. Furthermore, an increase in physical maltreatment increased boys' bullying perpetration but decreased that in girls from T2 to T3. These findings provide inspiration for future family education and anti-bullying interventions in schools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- School of Psychology, Parent Education Research Center, The Intelligent Laboratory of Child and Adolescent Mental Health and Crisis Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Ruibo Xie
- School of Psychology, Parent Education Research Center, The Intelligent Laboratory of Child and Adolescent Mental Health and Crisis Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Wan Ding
- School of Psychology, Parent Education Research Center, The Intelligent Laboratory of Child and Adolescent Mental Health and Crisis Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Dan Ding
- Suzhou Borui School, Suzhou, China
| | - Deqin Tan
- School of Psychology, Parent Education Research Center, The Intelligent Laboratory of Child and Adolescent Mental Health and Crisis Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Shengcheng Song
- School of Psychology, Parent Education Research Center, The Intelligent Laboratory of Child and Adolescent Mental Health and Crisis Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Weijian Li
- School of Psychology, Parent Education Research Center, The Intelligent Laboratory of Child and Adolescent Mental Health and Crisis Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li C, Wang R, Zhu N, Kong F. Childhood maltreatment and depressed mood in female college students: A daily diary analysis. Child Abuse Negl 2024; 149:106611. [PMID: 38159407 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood maltreatment has well-documented relations with depressed mood. However, few studies have used a daily diary methodology to investigate the association between all five forms of childhood maltreatment (emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, emotional and physical neglect) and depressed mood, and the mechanisms underlying the association remain unclear. OBJECTIVE The current study sought to examine the associations of multiple forms of childhood maltreatment with depressed mood via a 14-day daily diary methodology, and investigate the mediating effects of self-compassion and perceived social support. METHODS A sample of 220 Chinese female college students (Mage = 19.13 years) participated in this study and completed questionnaires regarding childhood maltreatment, self-compassion, perceived social support and depressed mood. RESULTS The multilevel regression analysis indicated that only emotional abuse was slightly associated with depressed mood, while emotional neglect, physical abuse, physical neglect, or sexual abuse were not associated with depressed mood. The multilevel mediation analysis further revealed that self-compassion and perceived social support independently mediated the association of childhood emotional abuse with depressed mood. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these results emphasize the specific association between childhood emotional abuse and daily depressed mood, and further support self-compassion and perceived social support as explanatory mechanisms linking childhood emotional abuse with later depressed mood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rixin Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ningzhe Zhu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Feng Kong
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Brink FW, Lo CB, Rust SW, Puls HT, Stanley R, Galdo B, Lindberg DM. Pilot study using machine learning to improve estimation of physical abuse prevalence. Child Abuse Negl 2024; 149:106681. [PMID: 38368780 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) codes have been shown to underestimate physical abuse prevalence. Machine learning models are capable of efficiently processing a wide variety of data and may provide better estimates of abuse. OBJECTIVE To achieve proof of concept applying machine learning to identify codes associated with abuse. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Children <5 years, presenting to the emergency department with an injury or abuse-specific ICD-10-CM code and evaluated by the child protection team (CPT) from 2016 to 2020 at a large Midwestern children's hospital. METHODS The Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) and the CPT administrative databases were used to identify the study sample and injury and abuse-specific ICD-10-CM codes. Subjects were divided into abused and non-abused groups based on the CPT's evaluation. A LASSO logistic regression model was constructed using ICD-10-CM codes and patient age to identify children likely to be diagnosed by the CPT as abused. Performance was evaluated using repeated cross-validation (CV) and Reciever Operator Characteristic curve. RESULTS We identified 2028 patients evaluated by the CPT with 512 diagnosed as abused. Using diagnosis codes and patient age, our model was able to accurately identify patients with confirmed PA (mean CV AUC = 0.87). Performance was still weaker for patients without existing ICD codes for abuse (mean CV AUC = 0.81). CONCLUSIONS We built a model that employs injury ICD-10-CM codes and age to improve accuracy of distinguishing abusive from non-abusive injuries. This pilot modelling endeavor is a steppingstone towards improving population-level estimates of abuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farah W Brink
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Childrens Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, United States; The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 370 West Ninth Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, United States.
| | - Charmaine B Lo
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Childrens Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, United States; Abigail Wexner Research Institute, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, United States
| | - Steven W Rust
- IT Research & Innovation, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, United States
| | - Henry T Puls
- Children's Mercy Kansas City, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO 64108, United States; University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, 2411 Holmes Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, United States
| | - Rachel Stanley
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Childrens Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, United States; The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 370 West Ninth Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Brendan Galdo
- IT Research & Innovation, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, United States
| | - Daniel M Lindberg
- The Kempe Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Child Abuse & Neglect, 13123 East 16(th) Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, United States; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 East 17(th) Place, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kowalski MA, Campagna M, Wright Steiner EM, Spohn R. Type of Victimization Exposure, Perpetrator Type, and Timing of Victimization: The Impact on Behavioral Health Outcomes. J Interpers Violence 2024; 39:1132-1160. [PMID: 37804154 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231203609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
The effect of abuse victimization in correctional samples has been researched previously, particularly with an eye toward these experiences on justice-involved youth and prison samples' offending and recidivism behavior. The role of this type of victimization, including physical abuse, sexual abuse, and polyvictimization, is less studied in jail populations. The effect of abuse victimization is also less researched among other outcomes, including behavioral health disorders (BHDs) and substance use disorder (SUD). While the effect of abuse, generally, has been examined, less is known about how abuse perpetrator type and timing of abuse impact justice-involved individuals' outcomes. Using logistic regressions, we examined the influence of abuse perpetrator type (non-stranger or stranger) and timing (before childhood, after childhood, or before and after childhood) in a population of jailed adults from one state (n = 4,713). Outcomes studied included internalizing BHDs, externalizing BHDs, and severe SUD. Results indicated that abuse perpetrated by a non-stranger yielded a greater impact on mental illness compared to abuse perpetrated by a stranger. In contrast to abuse experienced as an adult, childhood abuse was more consistently associated with internalizing and externalizing disorders but was not related to severe SUD, with an exception of physical abuse. Further, BHDs and SUD were strongly associated with each other. Overall, polyvictimization had the strongest effect on the outcomes compared to either physical abuse or sexual abuse alone. Our findings suggest that screening for abuse experiences as a potential destabilizing factor in justice-involved populations could improve case management and interventions for people incarcerated in jails. Results also highlight the importance of distinguishing between the perpetrator type of abuse and timing of abuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ryan Spohn
- University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Martin NR, Claypool AL, Diyaolu M, Chan KS, A'Neals E, Iyer K, Stewart CC, Egge M, Bernacki K, Hallinan M, Zuo L, Gupta U, Naru N, Scheinker D, Morris AM, Brandeau ML, Chao S. SCAN for Abuse: Electronic Health Record-Based Universal Child Abuse Screening. J Pediatr Surg 2024; 59:337-341. [PMID: 37953157 PMCID: PMC10842334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2023.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of physical abuse at the point of care without a systematic approach remains inherently subjective and prone to judgement error. This study examines the implementation of an electronic health record (EHR)-based universal child injury screen (CIS) to improve detection rates of child abuse. METHODS CIS was implemented in the EHR admission documentation for all patients age 5 or younger at a single medical center, with the following questions. 1) "Is this patient an injured/trauma patient?" 2) "If this is a trauma/injured patient, where did the injury occur?" A "Yes" response to Question 1 would alert a team of child abuse pediatricians and social workers to determine if a patient required formal child abuse clinical evaluation. Patients who received positive CIS responses, formal child abuse work-up, and/or reports to Child Protective Services (CPS) were reviewed for analysis. CPS rates from historical controls (2017-2018) were compared to post-implementation rates (2019-2021). RESULTS Between 2019 and 2021, 14,150 patients were screened with CIS. 286 (2.0 %) patients screened received positive CIS responses. 166 (58.0 %) of these patients with positive CIS responses would not have otherwise been identified for child abuse evaluation by their treating teams. 18 (10.8 %) of the patients identified by the CIS and not by the treating team were later reported to CPS. Facility CPS reporting rates for physical abuse were 1.2 per 1000 admitted children age 5 or younger (pre-intervention) versus 4.2 per 1000 (post-intervention). CONCLUSIONS Introduction of CIS led to increased detection suspected child abuse among children age 5 or younger. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level II. TYPE OF STUDY Study of Diagnostic Test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anneke L Claypool
- Department of Management Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Katelyn S Chan
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Karan Iyer
- Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Melissa Egge
- Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Linda Zuo
- Department of Management Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Urvi Gupta
- Department of Management Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Navleen Naru
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David Scheinker
- Department of Management Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Arden M Morris
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Margaret L Brandeau
- Department of Management Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie Chao
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Snyder CW, Barry TM, Ciesla DJ, Thatch K, Danielson PD, Chandler NM, Pracht EE. Risk of Injury-Related Readmission Varies by Initial Presenting-Hospital Type Among Children at High Risk for Physical Abuse. Pediatr Emerg Care 2024; 40:119-123. [PMID: 37308173 DOI: 10.1097/pec.0000000000002996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Children experiencing physical abuse may initially present to hospitals with underappreciated minor injuries, only to experience more severe injuries in the future. The objectives of this study were to 1) describe young children presenting with high-risk diagnoses for physical abuse, 2) characterize the hospitals to which they initially presented, and 3) evaluate associations of initial presenting-hospital type with subsequent admission for injury. METHODS Patients aged younger than 6 years from the 2009-2014 Florida Agency for Healthcare Administration database with high-risk diagnoses (codes previously associated with >70% risk of child physical abuse) were included. Patients were categorized by the hospital type to which they initially presented: community hospital, adult/combined trauma center, or pediatric trauma center. Primary outcome was subsequent injury-related hospital admission within 1 year. Association of initial presenting-hospital type with outcome was evaluated with multivariable logistic regression, adjusting for demographics, socioeconomic status, preexisting comorbidities, and injury severity. RESULTS A total of 8626 high-risk children met inclusion criteria. Sixty-eight percent of high-risk children initially presented to community hospitals. At 1 year, 3% of high-risk children had experienced subsequent injury-related admission. On multivariable analysis, initial presentation to a community hospital was associated with higher risk of subsequent injury-related admission (odds ratio, 4.03 vs level 1/pediatric trauma center; 95% confidence interval, 1.83-8.86). Initial presentation to a level 2 adult or combined adult/pediatric trauma center was also associated with higher risk for subsequent injury-related admission (odds ratio, 3.19; 95% confidence interval, 1.40-7.27). CONCLUSIONS Most children at high risk for physical abuse initially present to community hospitals, not dedicated trauma centers. Children initially evaluated in high-level pediatric trauma centers had lower risk of subsequent injury-related admission. This unexplained variability suggests stronger collaboration is needed between community hospitals and regional pediatric trauma centers at the time of initial presentation to recognize and protect vulnerable children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Snyder
- From the Division of Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL
| | - Tara M Barry
- Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - David J Ciesla
- Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Keith Thatch
- From the Division of Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL
| | - Paul D Danielson
- From the Division of Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL
| | - Nicole M Chandler
- From the Division of Pediatric Surgery, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL
| | - Etienne E Pracht
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nduka CC, Omuemu V, Adedayo T, Adogu P, Ifeadike C. Prevalence and Correlates of Economic Abuse Among Married Women in a Nigerian Population. J Interpers Violence 2024; 39:811-827. [PMID: 37701964 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231198244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Economic abuse (EA) is a form of intimate partner violence (IPV) whereby abusers employ various tactics to control their partners' ability to acquire, access, and maintain economic resources thus threatening their economic security and potential for self-sufficiency. It poses a global public health challenge as economic concern is a significant reason for the observed persistent high prevalence of IPV given that even when women want to leave abusive relationships, they are less likely to if they lack the means to cater for themselves and their children upon doing so. However, very few studies in Nigeria have focused on EA. The current study assessed the prevalence and correlates of EA among a Nigerian population of married women. Survey responses of 480 randomly selected married women were used for analysis. The prevalence of EA among respondents was found to be 64.2% while that for emotional abuse, sexual abuse, and physical abuse were 40.2%, 17.3%, and 16.7%, respectively. EA was also found to be significantly associated with other forms of IPV such as physical abuse, emotional abuse, and sexual abuse. The study findings add to the literature by highlighting the high prevalence of EA among Nigerian women. It also underscores the importance of empowering women to minimize victimization. Study limitations are discussed and directions for future research are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chinelo C Nduka
- University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
- Nnamdi Azikwe University, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chen W, Shi J, Xu J, Wang Y, Wu Y. Workplace violence against Chinese licensed doctors: a cross-sectional study. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1235576. [PMID: 38356951 PMCID: PMC10864590 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1235576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction China has issued and implemented a series of policies aimed at preventing and controlling workplace violence (WPV) against licensed doctors. However, the prevalence of WPV has not been fundamentally curbed. The aim of this study was to present the prevalence of WPV, identify its influencing factors and propose responsive measures. Method The online Chinese Physician Practice Survey was conducted with purposive sampling method among licensed doctors in China from January 2022 to June 2022. Data covered licensed doctors' sociodemographic characteristics, occupational characteristics, prevalence of WPV, and perception of effective countermeasures. Results A total of 74,305 licensed doctors participated in this study. A total of 44.88% of respondents had experienced WPV, among them, either physical violence only (1.06%) or non-physical violence only (89.91%) or encountered both of them (9.03%). Age, gender, marital status, education level, professional title and registration type were all associated with WPV, being younger, non-married, more educated, and higher professional title are all risk factors for WPV. Male (OR = 1.396, 95CI%: 1.355 to 1.439), clinicians (OR = 1.342,95%CI: 1.177 to 1.529), who were single (OR = 1.174, 95%CI: 1.111 to 1.241), with master's degree (OR = 2.021, 95%CI: 1.739 to 2.349) and professional title were subsenior (OR = 1.194, 95%CI: 1.125 to 1.267) were most likely to occur WPV. WPV occurred mostly in provincial capitals, public hospitals, primary and community hospitals, and departments of internal medicine, surgery, pediatrics, emergency medicine and mental health. Overall, 44.24% of doctors perceived that strengthening crackdowns on criminal behaviors was the most effective measure to prevent WPV against healthcare staff. Conclusion The frequency of WPV decreased after the implementation of relevant laws and policies. Future efforts should be made to strengthen crackdowns on illegal and criminal activities and to issue specific legal provisions on the prevention and control of WPV against doctors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Chen
- School of Health Humanities, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyu Shi
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyi Xu
- School of Health Humanities, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Wang
- School of Health Humanities, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanbin Wu
- School of Health Humanities, Peking University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Thomas H, Cromb D, Alcock A, Jacob H. Safeguarding essentials in modern-day paediatrics: inflicted injuries, body maps and section 47 investigations. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed 2024; 109:25-28. [PMID: 38071544 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2023-326109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
The second case in the Safeguarding Essentials in Modern-day Paediatrics series, this article focuses on inflicted injuries, body maps and child protection investigations (CPIs). Using the scenario of a 6-year-old presenting to the emergency department having 'fallen off a swing', this article focuses on key considerations for history taking and examination in cases where you suspect injuries may have been inflicted, and how to discuss raising these suspicions with the family, as well as the importance of accurate body map completion. Also covered are CPIs, giving consideration to the legal framework surrounding these, and relevant useful resources and guidance are provided for dealing with the challenging circumstances that arise when physical abuse is first suspected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen Thomas
- Paediatric Emergency Department, Evelina London Children's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Daniel Cromb
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, London, UK
| | - Anastasia Alcock
- Paediatric Emergency Department, Evelina London Children's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Hannah Jacob
- Department of Paediatrics, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cattaneo C, Tambuzzi S, De Vecchi S, Maggioni L, Costantino G. Consequences of the lack of clinical forensic medicine in emergency departments. Int J Legal Med 2024; 138:139-150. [PMID: 36806756 PMCID: PMC10772006 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-023-02973-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Most victims of physical violence sooner or later will access a hospital or medical cabinet because of that violence, and in particular emergency departments (EDs). This paper aims to analyze the performance of emergency ward clinicians in the forensic management of such victims by examining the activities carried out and the data reported. A total of 991 medical records were extrapolated from the database of the ED of the Policlinico of Milan in an average pre-pandemic 1-year activity. For each medical record, 16 parameters were analyzed in-depth including epidemiological data, information on the type of violent actions, injuries, and time between the infliction of the lesion and access to the ED. In the vast majority of cases, all the actions with medicolegal implications had been neglected by health professionals causing loss of data not only for the justice system but especially for correctly interpreting what happened and taking appropriate measures to protect the patient/victim. Hence, given that clinicians in EDs are busy with non-forensic clinical tasks (and rightly so), it should be ensured that there be specific forensic clinical personnel. However, it is crucial that when unfortunately there can be no forensic staff, at least the clinicians who work in the ED are properly trained to correctly apply essential medicolegal measures. Overall, timely and informed medical and forensic intervention is possible and necessary for the improvement and maintenance of the mental and physical health of victims of violence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cattaneo
- Istituto di Medicina Legale, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Luigi Mangiagalli, 37, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Tambuzzi
- Istituto di Medicina Legale, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Luigi Mangiagalli, 37, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Stefano De Vecchi
- Istituto di Medicina Legale, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Luigi Mangiagalli, 37, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Lidia Maggioni
- Istituto di Medicina Legale, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Luigi Mangiagalli, 37, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Costantino
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lamela D, Pasion R, Costa R, Pinto TM, Morais A, Jongenelen I. Mother-child reporting discrepancies of child physical abuse: Associations with internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Child Abuse Negl 2024; 147:106575. [PMID: 38041965 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mother-child discrepancies frequently occur in reports of child physical abuse. Such report discrepancies raise important challenges for interpreting and integrating data from multiple informants in forensic and clinical settings. OBJECTIVES The main goal of this study was to identify patterns of mother-child discrepancies in reporting CPA using latent profile analysis. We then tested differences between profiles on mothers' mental health problems and children's internalizing and externalizing symptoms. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Participants were 159 mother-child dyads with police-documented exposure to intimate partner violence. METHOD Participants were recruited from Child Protective Services and shelter residences from all regions of Portugal. After obtaining informed consent, assessment protocols were administered separately to mothers and children. RESULTS We identified two convergent profiles (mother-child agreement on reports of both high and low exposure to CPA) and one divergent profile (the child reported significantly higher exposure to CPA than the mother). Mothers from the divergent profile reported more depressive and post-traumatic stress symptoms than mothers from the convergent profiles. Children of the divergent profile and one of the convergent profiles (mother-child agreement on high exposure to CPA) showed the highest internalizing and externalizing symptoms. CONCLUSIONS These results illustrate how examining informant discrepancies in the assessment of abusive parenting practices increases our understanding of children's psychological adjustment in high-risk contexts.
Collapse
|
22
|
Serra-Sastre V. Workplace violence and intention to quit in the English NHS. Soc Sci Med 2024; 340:116458. [PMID: 38101172 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
NHS job vacancies remain at record levels and an increasing number of staff are leaving the NHS. Work-related violence is an aspect that has received little attention as a possible driving force in dropout rates among NHS workforce. Recent figures indicate that approximately 15% of NHS staff had experienced physical violence while at work (NHS Staff Survey, 2022). Given the prevalence of abuse and the consequences it may have on staff wellbeing, we examine the impact of workplace violence on intention to quit the organisation. We employ data from the NHS Staff Survey, a rich dataset that records the experience and views of staff working in the NHS. We use data from 2018 to 2022 of NHS employees surveyed in all NHS acute hospitals, with a sample size of 1,814,120 observations. We study the impact of experiencing physical or verbal violence in the workplace on the intention to quit the organization, examining differences according to perpetrator type. Our analysis also sheds light on any aggravated effect the pandemic had on intention to leave for those exposed to violence. The results suggest that experiencing physical violence increases the intention to leave by 10 percentage points. The effect of verbal violence is quantitatively greater in magnitude, increasing intention to leave by 21 percentage points. Violence from managers has the largest detrimental effect, followed by exposure to violence from multiple perpetrators and violence from colleagues. Heterogeneous effects exist according to occupational group, gender, age and ethnicity. The pandemic only had a marginal contribution to these effects. Staff health, trust in management and quality of patient care are some of the possible mechanisms through which violence influences the intention to quit. Overall, the results suggest that targeted interventions are needed to improve retention after exposure to violence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Serra-Sastre
- Department of Economics, City, University of London, UK; Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK; Office of Health Economics, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gao S, Assink M, Bi C, Chan KL. Child Maltreatment as a Risk Factor for Rejection Sensitivity: A Three-Level Meta-Analytic Review. Trauma Violence Abuse 2024; 25:680-690. [PMID: 37036152 DOI: 10.1177/15248380231162979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Theoretical and empirical evidence has suggested that child maltreatment victimization is associated with rejection sensitivity. However, empirical evidence on this association is inconsistent. Therefore, this meta-analysis aimed to examine the overall association between child maltreatment and rejection sensitivity, and to investigate variables that may affect the strength of this association. Studies eligible for inclusion were searched in the databases: Web of Science, Science Direct, PubMed, MEDLINE, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure after which relevant studies were coded. Studies were synthesized in advanced three-level meta-analytic models in R. A total of 16 studies (N = 5,335 participants) yielding 41 effect sizes were included. Results showed that child maltreatment is significantly and positively related to rejection sensitivity (mean r = 0.230; p < .001), and to a small extent. Furthermore, this association is stronger for emotional abuse (r = 0.275) than for physical abuse (r = 0.157). It is not affected by the mean age and gender distribution of primary study samples nor by sample type (community sample versus clinical sample). It is concluded that child maltreatment is a risk factor for developing rejection sensitivity later in life. Therefore, interventions for rejection sensitivity should consider potential trauma resulting from prior child maltreatment experiences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Assink
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ko Ling Chan
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Makate M, Nyamuranga C. Changing the mindsets? Education and the intergenerational spread of tolerance for physical violence against women in Zimbabwe. Econ Hum Biol 2024; 52:101345. [PMID: 38160487 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2023.101345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
We investigate the relationship between childhood exposure to interparental violence and adult tolerance for violent beliefs against women. For individuals who have witnessed parental violence in childhood, our analysis suggests a 14.3-15.2 percentage point (pp) increase in tolerance, highlighting the transmission of violent beliefs across generations. Leveraging Zimbabwe's 1980 education reform as a natural experiment through a regression discontinuity design, we explore the potential of increased education to disrupt this intergenerational transmission. The reform led to an approximately two-year increase in female education, with a more pronounced impact in rural areas. This educational boost is associated with an estimated 4.1-7.9 pp reduction in tolerance for violence, especially among those who witnessed parental violence in childhood. We identify four primary mechanisms contributing to this reduction in tolerance: enhanced access to information, increased help-seeking behaviours, improved labour market outcomes, and higher educational levels among partners. Our findings underscore the effectiveness of educational policies in reducing tolerance for violence against women within low-income contexts such as Zimbabwe, thereby disrupting its intergenerational transmission. Moreover, these results emphasise the potential of education-based interventions in addressing the broader issue of violence against women in low-income countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marshall Makate
- Health Economics and Data Analytics, School of Population Health, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
| | - Chamunorwa Nyamuranga
- KDI School of Public Policy and Management, 263 Namsejong-ro, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bragança-Souza KK, Lopes de Lisboa J, Silva-Oliveira F, Soares Nunes L, Ferreira E Ferreira E, Gomes VE, Zarzar PMPDA. Health Professionals: Identifying and Reporting Child Physical Abuse-a Scoping Review. Trauma Violence Abuse 2024; 25:327-340. [PMID: 36747372 DOI: 10.1177/15248380221150949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Health professionals play a significant role in identifying and reporting child physical abuse (CPA). However, several studies have pointed out non-reporting behavior among these professionals, evidencing difficulties identifying and reporting suspected cases. This review aimed to explore the frequency and possible barriers in identifying and reporting CPA by health professionals worldwide and to identify associated factors. This scoping review was conducted in the Pubmed, Web Of Science, Scopus, and SciELO databases between July 2019 and December 2020. Analytical and qualitative observational epidemiological studies were selected and published in English, Portuguese, and Spanish, with data on the identification and/or reporting of CPA by health professionals. Twenty studies fulfilled the criteria of this review. The studies were conducted with dentists, nurses, pediatricians, and general practitioners. The frequency of identification of CPA ranged from 50% to 89%, while the frequency of reporting ranged from 8% to 47%. This review revealed that health professionals had a low frequency of reporting of CPA, especially for dentists. In addition, several associated factors and barriers in the identification and reporting of CPA were identified in the studies. These were discussed in five main themes: training and continuing education in CPA, impact on professional practice, experiences and perceptions about child protection services, the threshold for suspicion of the professional, and the professional category.
Collapse
|
26
|
Ethier KA, Jones SE, Kilbourn-Shear E, Dittus PJ. Associations Between Verbal and Physical Abuse in the Home and Mental Health Indicators Among Heterosexual and Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Questioning High School Students in the US-Adolescent Behaviors and Experiences Survey, 2021. J Adolesc Health 2024; 74:198-201. [PMID: 37791925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE A number of factors may contribute to disparities in mental health and suicidality for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and questioning (LGBQ) students, including parental abuse. METHODS The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) Adolescent Behaviors and Experiences Survey included a nationally representative sample of US high school students during the COVID-19 pandemic. The current analyses examined experiences of verbal and physical abuse in the home with mental health and suicidality among LGBQ students compared to heterosexual students. RESULTS The relationship between abuse and mental health and suicidality was significant for all students; however, LGBQ students experienced substantially more abuse and had significantly poorer mental health and greater suicidality than heterosexual students. DISCUSSION Experiencing verbal or physical abuse in the home is strongly associated with poor mental health and suicidality among youth, regardless of sexual identity; however, among LGBQ students who experienced abuse, the prevalence of poor mental health and suicidality reached crisis levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A Ethier
- Division of Adolescent and School Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Sherry Everett Jones
- Division of Adolescent and School Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Emily Kilbourn-Shear
- Division of Adolescent and School Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Patricia J Dittus
- Division of Adolescent and School Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yoon S, Calabrese JR, Yang J, Logan JAR, Maguire-Jack K, Min MO, Slesnick N, Browning CR, Hamby S. Association between longitudinal patterns of child maltreatment experiences and adolescent substance use. Child Abuse Negl 2024; 147:106533. [PMID: 37995464 PMCID: PMC10842709 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although there is a well-established link between child maltreatment and adolescent substance use, it remains unclear if and how longitudinal patterns of maltreatment experiences are associated with substance use in adolescence. OBJECTIVE The purpose of the study was to examine how distinct patterns of longitudinal maltreatment experiences are associated with adolescent substance use. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING The participants were 899 adolescents from the Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect (LONGSCAN). METHODS We conducted repeated measures latent class analysis (RMLCA) to identify patterns of physical abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect from birth to age 17 and their relations to tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use at age 18. RESULTS RMLCA identified three physical abuse classes (Stable low physical abuse; School age peak physical abuse; Physical abuse primarily in infancy/toddlerhood), two sexual abuse classes (Stable no/low sexual abuse; School age peak sexual abuse), and three neglect classes (High neglect in childhood; Neglect primarily in infancy/toddlerhood; Neglect primarily at school age). Adolescents in the school age peak physical abuse class showed greater alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use, compared to other physical abuse classes. Similarly, adolescents in the school age peak sexual abuse class showed greater substance use than those in the stable no/low sexual abuse class. Lastly, adolescents in the neglect primarily in infancy/toddlerhood class showed significantly less substance use than those in the other two neglect classes. CONCLUSIONS Findings highlight the importance of early intervention and ongoing maltreatment prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Yoon
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Social Welfare, College of Social Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | | | - Junyeong Yang
- Quantitative Research, Evaluation and Measurement, College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jessica A R Logan
- Department of Special Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Meeyoung O Min
- College of Social Work, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Natasha Slesnick
- Department of Human Sciences, College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Sherry Hamby
- Department of Psychology, The University of the South, Sewanee, TN, USA; Life Paths Research Center, Sewanee, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ackard DM, Eisenberg ME. Verbal, physical and sexual dating violence among a population-based sample of teens: Does exposure to intimate partner violence in the home account for the association between dating violence and mental health? Child Abuse Negl 2024; 147:106581. [PMID: 38101101 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Teen dating violence (TDV) and exposure to intimate partner violence (eIPV) are associated with poorer mental health; however, few studies investigate verbal TDV or the independent contributions that TDV and eIPV have on mental health. OBJECTIVE Examine the prevalence of TDV (verbal, physical, sexual, multiple forms) among youth, associations between TDV and mental health, and how eIPV affects these associations. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING A school-based sample of 71,635 9th and 11th grade students (51.5% assigned female, 71.9% White) completed the anonymous 2019 Minnesota Student Survey, providing data on mental/emotional/behavioral (MEB) problems and treatment, depression and anxiety symptoms, non-suicidal self-injury, suicidal ideation/attempts, TDV, and eIPV. METHODS Chi-square tests were used to compare the prevalence of mental health concerns by TDV form; logistic regression models controlled for demographic characteristics and eIPV. Interaction tests identified the multiplicative effects of eIPV and TDV on mental health. RESULTS TDV was reported by 36.4% of those with vs 13.6% of those without eIPV. Each type of TDV was significantly associated with adverse mental health (p's<0.001), even after adjusting for demographic variables and eIPV. The prevalence of each mental health outcome was significantly increased by eIPV for youth with no TDV (p's<0.001), verbal only (p's<0.001), sexual only (p's<0.05), and multiple forms of TDV (p's<0.001); findings for physical TDV varied. CONCLUSIONS Education on healthy, consensual dating relationships is critical, alongside regular screening for eIPV and TDV, referring affected youth for treatment. Further research on factors that attenuate the association between TDV and mental health is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diann M Ackard
- Offices of Diann M Ackard, PhD, LP, LLC, Golden Valley, MN, United States of America.
| | - Marla E Eisenberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zhang H, Gao X, Liang Y, Yao Q, Wei Q. Does Child Maltreatment Reduce or Increase Empathy? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Trauma Violence Abuse 2024; 25:166-182. [PMID: 36738112 DOI: 10.1177/15248380221145734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Arguments about the associations between child maltreatment and empathy remain controversial. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to estimate the direction and magnitude of the relationships between child abuse and neglect and empathy. Four English databases (Web of Science, PsycInfo, PubMed, and Cochrane Library), three Chinese databases (China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, and Weipu), and grey literature were systematically searched. We extracted data related to the associations between child maltreatment and empathy and pooled them using random effects models. A total of 24 eligible studies involving 22,580 participants and 176 estimates were included in the analyses. Overall, child maltreatment was significantly related to reduced empathy (r _ = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.17, -0.13]). Specifically, the rank-order mean effect size of subtypes of maltreatment on empathy is: emotional neglect (r _ = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.25, -0.12]) > physical neglect (r _ = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.23, -0.09]) > emotional abuse (r _ = -0.15, 95% CI [-0.21, -0.10]) > physical abuse (r _ = -0.12, 95% CI [-0.17, -0.07]) > sexual abuse (r _ = -0.07, 95% CI [-0.14, -0.01]). Furthermore, the meta-regression results suggested that the aggregated associations between child maltreatment and empathy were not inflated by publication bias, but they were moderated by the age of respondents, sample size, publication language, empathy measurement, and maltreatment type. The results indicate that general maltreatment and its subtypes are associated with reduced empathy. Parent training and empathy enhancement programs should be designed to help children with a history of childhood maltreatment, respectively, from an early stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xinyi Gao
- Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Naved RT, Antu JF, Parvin K, Ziaei S. Multi-level analysis of the determinants of physical domestic violence against children using longitudinal data from MINIMat mother-child cohort in Bangladesh. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1185130. [PMID: 38222085 PMCID: PMC10785797 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1185130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Despite high levels of physical violence against children (VAC) globally (40-50%), the literature on the determinants of VAC remains inconclusive. Most of the literature on this topic is based on cross-sectional data, and the multi-level nature of the drivers of VAC is widely ignored. This leads to model specification problems and an inability to draw causal inferences. Moreover, despite the higher prevalence of VAC in low-and middle-income countries, studies from high income countries dominate the field. We examined the determinants of physical domestic VAC to address these gaps in the literature. Methods Data were collected between 2001 and 2020 from 762 mother-child dyads recruited in the Maternal and Infant Nutrition Interventions in Matlab (MINIMat) study in Bangladesh. We conducted multi-level logistic regression analyses to identify the determinants of physical domestic VAC. Results Prevalence of physical domestic violence against girls (69%) and boys (62%) was extremely high. Community-level prevalence of physical domestic VAC increased the likelihood of physical domestic VAC at the individual level across gender (girls - OR-5.66; 95% CI- 3.11-10.32; boys - OR-7.67; CI- 3.95-14.91). While physical domestic violence against mothers was not associated with physical domestic violence against girls, it reduced the likelihood of such violence against boys by 47%. Having 3 or more siblings predicted physical domestic violence against girls (OR-1.97; 95% CI- 1.01-3.81 for 3 siblings; OR-4.58; 95% CI- 2.12-9.90 for 4 or more siblings), but not against boys. While girls in Hindu families were more likely to experience this violence, the boys were not. Mother's education, employment non-governmental organization (NGO) participation and, household wealth did not predict this violence against any gender. Conclusion We contend that physical domestic violence against mothers reflects an emphasized patriarchal culture in a family where a boy is less likely to experience physical domestic violence. Social norms and social learning theories explain the greater likelihood of a child experiencing physical domestic violence in a village with a higher level of such violence. We conclude that social norms around physical domestic VAC and patriarchal culture need to be changed to effectively address this violence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruchira Tabassum Naved
- Gender, Equity and Rights Research Group, Health Systems and Population Studies Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jannatul Ferdous Antu
- Gender, Equity and Rights Research Group, Health Systems and Population Studies Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Kausar Parvin
- Gender, Equity and Rights Research Group, Health Systems and Population Studies Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shirin Ziaei
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Guastaferro K, Shipe SL. Child Maltreatment Types by Age: Implications for Prevention. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 21:20. [PMID: 38248485 PMCID: PMC10815835 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Child maltreatment is a global public health issue known to affect an average of 600,000 U.S. children of all ages (0-18 years old) annually. However, a preponderance of preventive programs target children on the younger end of the spectrum, specifically those aged 0-5. Annual reports of the prevalence of maltreatment provide opportunities to analyze trends, but in 2009, these reports stopped reporting the ages of victims for each type of maltreatment (i.e., neglect, physical abuse, emotional abuse, and sexual abuse). This omission limits the ability to match (or design) prevention programs responsive to the ages of those at greatest risk. Using data from the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS) from 2011-2020, this secondary data analysis describes trends for four types of maltreatment by age from an epidemiological perspective. Implications for practice (i.e., prevention) and policy are presented. The findings of this study offer the first step in what is hoped to be a line of research that seeks to identify, match, and/or develop evidence-based programs to prevent child maltreatment among the populations at highest risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kate Guastaferro
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Global Public Health, New York University, 708 Broadway, 6th Floor, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Stacey L. Shipe
- School of Social Work, Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Pkwy E, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Arafa A, Negida A, Elsheikh M, Emadeldin M, Hegazi H, Senosy S. Defensive medicine practices as a result of malpractice claims and workplace physical violence: a cross-sectional study from Egypt. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22371. [PMID: 38102200 PMCID: PMC10724153 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47720-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Defensive medicine refers to practices motivated mainly by legal rather than medical purposes. Increased healthcare costs, overutilization of medical services, and potential harm to patients from unnecessary procedures are among its drawbacks. We performed this study to assess the prevalence of defensive medicine practices in Egypt and their associations with experiencing malpractice claims and workplace physical violence. We investigated 1797 physicians (68.1% male), with an average age of 36.8 ± 9.1 years, practicing in Egypt between January 14th and February 23rd, 2023. SPSS was used for statistical analysis. The majority reported engaging in defensive medicine practices. Specifically, 89.6% acknowledged avoiding high-risk procedures, 87.8% refrained from treating high-risk patients, 86.8% admitted to making unnecessary referrals, 84.9% acknowledged ordering unnecessary tests, 61.4% reported performing unnecessary procedures, and 56.4% disclosed prescribing unnecessary medications. Obstetricians and surgeons exhibited the highest rates of defensive medicine. Using linear regression analysis adjusted for age and sex, malpractice claims and workplace physical violence were associated with defensive medicine score (zero-100): βs (95% CIs) = 5.05 (3.10, 6.99) and 5.60 (3.50, 7.71), respectively, (p values < 0.001). In conclusion, defensive medicine is deeply ingrained in the clinical routines of Egyptian physicians. Establishing a comprehensive national medical liability framework is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Arafa
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed Negida
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Elsheikh
- Department of Health Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine and Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Emadeldin
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Hesham Hegazi
- Wirral University Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Wirral, UK
| | - Shaimaa Senosy
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Barboza-Salerno GE. The neighborhood deprivation gradient and child physical abuse and neglect: A Bayesian spatial model. Child Abuse Negl 2023; 146:106501. [PMID: 37844461 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child abuse and neglect is a public health priority due to its long-term maladaptive consequences. No study in the USA has assessed the nature and magnitude of the social deprivation effect on substantiated child maltreatment risk. OBJECTIVES To examine linear and non-linear relationships between area level deprivation and the log-risk of both substantiated physical abuse and neglect while accounting for spatial and heterogeneous random effects. METHODS Substantiated child maltreatment and population data (2008-2015) were aggregated to neighborhoods in Bernalillo County, New Mexico. The contribution of area level deprivation to the geographical variation in the log-risks of substantiated child physical abuse and neglect was modeled using Bayesian spatial regression. RESULTS Forty-three percent and 46.4 % of the 153 neighborhoods recorded greater risk for either substantiated physical abuse or neglect compared to the county average. The most deprived 20 % of neighborhoods had 71 % and 72 % more cases of substantiated physical abuse and neglect, respectively, than would be expected if the substantiations were randomly distributed throughout the county. Area level deprivation explained 47 % of the variation in substantiated physical abuse and 51 % of the variation in substantiated neglect after controlling for both spatial autocorrelation and heterogeneity. CONCLUSIONS Implications from this study can be used to quantify disparities in substantiated child maltreatment attributed to regional differences in social deprivation and to identify priority areas for intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gia Elise Barboza-Salerno
- Colleges of Public Health and Social Work, 352 Cunz Hall, Columbus, OH 43017, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Loiseau M, Cottenet J, François-Purssell I, Bechraoui-Quantin S, Jud A, Gilard-Pioc S, Quantin C. Hospitalization for physical child abuse: Associated medical factors and medical history since birth. Child Abuse Negl 2023; 146:106482. [PMID: 37776729 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical abuse often begins at a very young age and sometimes results in serious or fatal injuries. It is crucial to diagnose physical abuse as early as possible to protect this vulnerable population. OBJECTIVE To study the factors associated with the first hospitalization for physical abuse from birth to the infant's first birthday in France. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING We included all singleton children born in a hospital setting in France between 2009 and 2013, who were identified from the French national information system database (SNDS). METHODS To study factors associated with the first hospitalization for physical abuse during the first year after birth, we used the Fine and Gray regression model. Factors included in the multivariate model were the infant's sex, prematurity, neonatal conditions, the number of hospitalizations (at least two), medical consultations and complementary universal health insurance (proxy for family precariousness and socio-economic vulnerability). RESULTS Over the 2009-2013 period, among 3,432,921 newborn singletons, 903 (0.026 %) were hospitalized for physical abuse in the year following birth. Among the factors associated with physical abuse, such as prematurity (aHR = 2.2[1.8-2.7]), male sex (aHR = 1.3[1.2-1.5]), or having had at least two hospitalizations (aHR = 1.7[1.4-2.1]), we found that complementary universal health insurance coverage was the factor most associated (aHR = 4.1[3.5-4.7]) with being hospitalized for physical abuse. CONCLUSION These findings could help introduce preventative measures for infant protection in certain groups, such as parents of infants born prematurely, especially if they are in a precarious situation. This study also suggests that particular attention should be paid to infants who have been hospitalized at least two times in the first year of life, whatever the reason.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Loiseau
- Forensic Medicine Unit, University Hospital, Dijon, France; Inserm, UMR 1231, Lipides Nutrition Cancer, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, France
| | - Jonathan Cottenet
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (DIM), University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | | | - Sonia Bechraoui-Quantin
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (DIM), University Hospital, Dijon, France; Gynecology, Obstetrics, and Fetal Medicine, University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | - Andreas Jud
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ulm, Germany, School of Social Work, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Switzerland; Zurich University of Applied Sciences, School of Social Work, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Séverine Gilard-Pioc
- Forensic Medicine Unit, University Hospital, Dijon, France; Cabinet d'Expertises Médicales, Belgium
| | - Catherine Quantin
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (DIM), University Hospital, Dijon, France; Inserm, CIC 1432, Dijon, France; Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, High-Dimensional Biostatistics 22 for Drug Safety and Genomics, CESP, Villejuif, France; Dijon University Hospital, Clinical Investigation Center, 20 Clinical Epidemiology/Clinical Trials Unit, Dijon, France.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kim S, Han Y, Ma J. Profiles of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and psychosocial adjustment in South Korea: Comparison between probation and non-probation youth. Child Abuse Negl 2023; 146:106453. [PMID: 37776728 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are risk factors affecting adolescent psychosocial adjustment. Youth involved in the juvenile justice system are more likely to have ACEs, but few studies have investigated this topic outside the western context. OBJECTIVE This study aims to (1) compare latent profiles of ACEs among probation and non-probation youth in South Korea and (2) examine which profiles pose the greatest risk of maladaptive psychosocial adjustment (offline risk-taking, online risk-taking, school adjustment, and happiness). PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING South Korean data adopting survey questions from the Fourth International Self-Report Delinquency Study was analyzed. Adolescents with complete information on regression covariates were included (non-probation: 1846/probation: 368). METHODS Latent profile analysis was utilized to identify distinctive patterns of ACEs. Multiple linear regression and logistic regression were performed to predict the maladjustment experiences of each latent subgroup. RESULTS Four ACE profiles emerged for probation and non-probation samples. Three profiles were common (i.e., emotional/physical abuse, emotional neglect, high maltreatment/domestic violence) and one profile was unique (high maltreatment with family dysfunction for the probation sample; moderate maltreatment for the non-probation sample). In the probation sample, compared to the emotional neglect group, the other three profiles showed poorer adjustment in at least one domain. In the non-probation sample, profiles with high emotional/physical abuse and high maltreatment/family dysfunction had poorer outcomes than the emotional neglect group. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate the need for a comprehensive approach toward adolescents and their family environments for preventing delinquency and promoting positive youth adjustment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Julie Ma
- University of Michigan-Flint, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Liu L, Liang D, Anwar S, Michael Z, Shrestha SB, Sultana N, Huang J. Overlooked impact of less severe physical violence on antenatal care visits: Findings from South Asia. J Glob Health 2023; 13:04155. [PMID: 37974495 PMCID: PMC10654549 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.13.04155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In South Asia, women often experience intimate partner violence (IPV) and have limited access to maternal health services (MHS). However, the effects of IPV on antenatal care (ANC) visits remain unclear. This study aimed to examine the impact of IPV of different forms and severities on ANC visits in South Asia. Methods This cross-sectional study used the latest available data from demographic and health surveys conducted in Bangladesh, India, Afghanistan, Nepal, Maldives, and Pakistan. The study sampled 4467 women who had given birth within the past 12 months and were interviewed for IPV. IPV was measured by binary variables indicating the presence of physical violence (PV), categorised into less severe (LSPV) and severe physical violence (SPV), emotional violence (EV), and sexual violence (SV). ANC utilization was measured using binary variables indicating whether respondents had any, at least four, or at least eight ANC visits, as recommended by World Health Organization (WHO). Logistic regressions adjusted for survey weights were used to assess associations between ANC utilization and exposure to IPV during pregnancy and lifetime. Results The prevalence of LSPV, SPV, EV, and SV during pregnancy were 14.5%, 4.4%, 11.6%, and 4.1%. LSPV experience during pregnancy was associated with decreased likelihoods of at least four ANC visits (odds ratio (OR) = 0.55; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.40-0.76) and eight ANC visits (OR = 0.53; 95% CI = 0.31-0.90). Results of lifetime exposure to IPV followed similar patterns. Lifetime exposure to LSPV was associated with decreased likelihoods of at least four ANC visits (OR = 0.55; 95% CI = 0.41-0.74) and eight ANC visits (OR = 0.47; 95% CI = 0.29-0.77). Conclusion This study highlights the negativities of LSPV on the frequency of women seeking ANC visits. Policies are necessary to identify women at risk of the often-overlooked LSPV early and provide protective interventions to promote maternal health in South Asia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Liu
- School of Public Health, Global Health Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Liang
- School of Public Health, Global Health Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Saeed Anwar
- Prime Institute of Public Health, Peshawar Medical College, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Zunaira Michael
- Prime Institute of Public Health, Peshawar Medical College, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | | | - Nasrin Sultana
- Institute of Health Economics, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jiayan Huang
- School of Public Health, Global Health Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Pemberton JP, Letson MM, Brink F, Wolf K, Kistamgari S, Michaels NL. Caregivers' Perceptions of Child Trauma Symptomatology, Stress, and Child Abuse Disclosures. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2023; 62:1323-1334. [PMID: 37560885 DOI: 10.1177/00099228231190740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Caregivers consider child abuse disclosures stressful life events, but research has not investigated whether this stress affects caregiver ratings of child trauma symptomatology. Secondary data from a Child Advocacy Center in the Midwestern United States between the period of January 1, 2018, and April 31, 2019, stepwise logistic regression models, and change in estimate calculations were used to assess (1) the relationship between child abuse disclosure(s) and caregiver stress and (2) the association between caregiver stress disclosure and clinically significant ratings on the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Young Children (TSCYC). While a child's physical abuse disclosure was associated with caregiver stress and caregiver stress was significantly associated with clinically significant ratings for child depression and anger/aggression TSCYC scales, abuse disclosure did not affect the relationship between caregiver stress and TSCYC scale ratings. Moving forward, caregiver-reported stress should be considered when utilizing caregiver-completed child trauma symptom screens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Megan M Letson
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Center for Family Safety and Healing, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Farah Brink
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Center for Family Safety and Healing, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kathryn Wolf
- The Center for Family Safety and Healing, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sandhya Kistamgari
- Center for Injury Research and Policy, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Nichole L Michaels
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
- Center for Injury Research and Policy, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Klebanov B, Tsur N, Katz C. "Many bad things had been happening to me": Children's perceptions and experiences of polyvictimization in the context of child physical abuse. Child Abuse Negl 2023; 145:106429. [PMID: 37683405 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between child maltreatment and polyvictimization has received growing attention since being identified by Finkelhor and colleagues in 2005. OBJECTIVE The current study was designed to explore the experiences and perceptions of children who reported polyvictimization during forensic interviews. METHODS This mixed-methods study sample comprised 117 children aged 5-14, referred for the first time to forensic interviews following suspected physical abuse by a parent. More than one-third of the children reported polyvictimization. A thematic analysis was carried out to spotlight these children's experiences. RESULTS The analysis identified three main themes: the way children comprehend the polyvictimization, the consequences of the polyvictimization regarding the children's negative self-attribution, and the way the polyvictimization was constructed through the dynamic with the forensic interviewers. CONCLUSIONS The findings pointed to the importance of the forensic interview platform in assessing children's maltreatment burden. The current study also provided a glance into the possible involvement of the mechanics of self-blame among maltreated children. These findings have the potential to enhance our understanding of the excessive psychological toll taken on polyvictimized children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bella Klebanov
- Bob Shapell Scool of Social Work, Tel Abib university, Israel
| | - Noga Tsur
- Bob Shapell Scool of Social Work, Tel Abib university, Israel
| | - Carmit Katz
- Bob Shapell Scool of Social Work, Tel Abib university, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Cao L, Wang S, Li Y, Li Y, Yuan M, Chang J, Wang G, Su P. Longitudinal trajectories of sleep quality in correlation with maltreatment in early childhood: A cohort of Chinese early adolescents. J Affect Disord 2023; 340:462-470. [PMID: 37573894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child maltreatment may lead to sleep disturbance during the critical period of child development. Our study examined the effect of maltreatment in early childhood on trajectories of sleep quality among early adolescents. METHODS The study included 1611 participants (mean ± standard deviation age at baseline: 12.5 ± 0.5 years) from a middle school in southeastern China. Of these participants, 60.5 % were males. Information on early childhood maltreatment during pre-seventh grade was obtained through a self-report questionnaire at baseline, and sleep quality was collected at baseline and during follow-up. We used a group-based trajectory model to characterize trajectories of sleep quality. RESULTS The study identified four trajectories of sleep quality, namely the low sleep score group (25.0 %), the moderate-low sleep score group (51.0 %), the moderate-increasing sleep score (17.0 %), and the high-decreasing sleep score (7.0 %) group. After adjusting for covariates, the findings revealed that emotional abuse and physical abuse were associated with an increased risk of developing new-onset sleep disturbances in early adolescents. Particularly, emotional abuse (incidence rate ratio = 1.71, 95 % confidence interval: 1.08-2.71) significantly increased the risk of belonging to the high-decreasing sleep score group. Moreover, there existed a dose-response relationship between early childhood maltreatment and sleep quality trajectories, with a higher number of maltreatment types in early childhood correlating with a greater risk of belonging to the high-decreasing sleep score group. CONCLUSIONS The findings of our study provide compelling evidence indicating that specific types and cumulative maltreatment during early childhood contribute to sleep disturbances among early adolescents. The study findings highlight the significance of preventing and reducing early childhood maltreatment to enhance sleep quality during early adolescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Cao
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No.81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Shaojie Wang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No.81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No.81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Yonghan Li
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No.81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Mengyuan Yuan
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No.81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Junjie Chang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No.81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Gengfu Wang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No.81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China.
| | - Puyu Su
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No.81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Gregory K, Fingarson A, Pierce MC, Budde S, Lorenz D, Charleston E, Rosado N. Examining Cases of Child Physical Abuse Evaluations to Identify Opportunities to Improve Intimate Partner Violence Screening in Pediatric Emergency Departments. J Interpers Violence 2023; 38:11429-11444. [PMID: 37421199 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231182379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
The association between child maltreatment and intimate partner violence (IPV) is well supported. Universal IPV screening has been recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics and the United States Preventative Task Force, and many children's hospitals have established screening protocols. However, the yield and best screening method in families undergoing a child physical abuse (PA) evaluation have not been fully explored. To determine if there is a discrepancy in IPV disclosures between universal IPV screening completed during pediatric emergency department (PED) triage ("triage screening") and IPV screening by a social worker ("social work screening") in families of children who were evaluated for PA. Caregivers of children who presented to an urban tertiary PED and underwent an evaluation for PA via a child abuse pediatrics consult. A retrospective chart review was completed. Data collection included: caregiver responses to both triage screening and social work screening, interview setting details and participants, the child's injuries, and details of the family's reported IPV experiences. Our study (N = 329) revealed that social work screening produced significantly more positive IPV disclosures than triage screening (14.0% vs. 4.3%, p < .001). Additionally, non-IPV violence concerns were identified in 35.7% (n = 5) of the positive triage screens, whereas social work screens had none. These results highlight the benefits of IPV screening by social work in high-risk scenarios, such as child PA evaluations, regardless of universal IPV screening results. Exploring differences between the two screening methods can inform decisions about screening protocols to improve IPV identification in high-risk populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Gregory
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Stephen Budde
- Juvenile Protective Association, Chicago, IL, USA
- University of Chicago Crown Family School of Social Work, Policy and Practice, IL, USA
| | - Douglas Lorenz
- University of Louisville School of Public Health and Information Science, KY, USA
| | | | - Norell Rosado
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Önal Ö, Evcil FY, Batmaz K, Çoban B, Doğan E. Systematic review and meta-analysis of verbal and physical violence against healthcare workers in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. East Mediterr Health J 2023; 29:819-830. [PMID: 37947233 DOI: 10.26719/emhj.23.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Background Workplace violence is a serious threat to healthcare workers worldwide. Aim We aimed to determine the prevalence of physical and verbal violence against healthcare workers in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region and Türkiye. Methods We searched the Medline (via PubMed), Cochrane Library, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science and ProQuest databases along with reference lists from selected articles. Studies of health workers exposed to verbal and/or physical violence by patients or their relatives conducted in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region and Türkiye among staff working in hospitals and primary health care services were included. Seventy-five of the 3513 articles identified of studies conducted during 1999-2021 were eligible. The data were analysed using MetaXL version 5.3 and STATA version 16. Results This study covered 69 024 healthcare workers from 22 countries. Meta-analysis showed that 63.0% (95% CI: 46.7- 79.2) of them had experienced verbal violence and 17.0% (95.0% CI: 14.0-21.0) experienced physical violence. There was no significant difference for sample size, professional group, quality score, or response rate. The frequency of physical and verbal violence in the subgroup analysis was statistically significantly different for countries and years. Conclusion Findings from this study provide useful information for policymaking regarding interventions to prevent or minimize violence against healthcare workers in the Eastern Mediterranean Region and Türkiye.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Özgür Önal
- Suleyman Demirel Universitesi, Tip Fakultesi (Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University), Isparta, Türkiye
| | - Fatma Y Evcil
- Suleyman Demirel Universitesi, Tip Fakultesi (Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University), Isparta, Türkiye
| | - Kıymet Batmaz
- Suleyman Demirel Universitesi, Tip Fakultesi (Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University), Isparta, Türkiye
| | - Betül Çoban
- Suleyman Demirel Universitesi, Tip Fakultesi (Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University), Isparta, Türkiye
| | - Edanur Doğan
- Suleyman Demirel Universitesi, Tip Fakultesi (Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University), Isparta, Türkiye
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ratto J, Dobash D, Seya S, Trika B, Kamagate F, Chiang L. Prevalence of and factors associated with peer emotional and physical violence among youth ages 13-17 in Cote d'Ivoire. Child Abuse Negl 2023; 145:106380. [PMID: 37591047 PMCID: PMC10752422 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peer violence during childhood is associated with negative outcomes. Data are limited on its associated factors in sub-Saharan Africa. OBJECTIVE This study assesses the prevalence and factors associated with peer emotional and physical violence among children and adolescents aged 13-17years in Côte d'Ivoire. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Data from the 2018 Côte d'Ivoire Violence Against Children and Youth Survey (VACS) were used to examine peer emotional and physical violence victimization. VACS is a national cross-sectional household survey of females and males aged 13-24years. METHODS Data included physical, emotional, and sexual violence and socioeconomic, demographic, and relationship factors. We computed the adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and confidence interval (CI) for associated factors adjusted for food insecurity and rural or urban setting. RESULTS Thirty-one percent of females and 46.7 % of males experienced lifetime peer physical violence and 36.8 % of females and 40.2 % of males experienced peer emotional violence in the past 12 months. Witnessing violence in the home towards the mother (female AOR 1.2, CI 1.0-1.3); male AOR 1.4, CI 1.2-1.6) and witnessing violence in the home towards a sibling (female AOR 1.2, CI 1.1-1.3; male AOR 1.3, CI 1.12-1.4) increased the odds of ever experiencing peer physical violence. In males, not living with their biological mother (AOR 1.2, CI 1.0, 1.4) or biological father (AOR 1.2, CI 1.1-1.3) was associated with ever experiencing peer physical violence. CONCLUSION Interventions for children and adolescents living without parents and programming focused on education and skills-building may help to reduce peer violence against children in Côte d'Ivoire.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Ratto
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.
| | - Dawson Dobash
- College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Soletchi Seya
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Beugre Trika
- Division of Global HIV & TB, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Fathim Kamagate
- Division of Global HIV & TB, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Laura Chiang
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Fredin B, Letson MM, Rust SW, Crichton KG. Physical abuse re-reporting during the COVID-19 pandemic: The kids are not okay. Child Abuse Negl 2023; 145:106393. [PMID: 37573798 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child physical abuse (PA) is a significant societal concern with limited research into predictors of re-reports. OBJECTIVE Our research explores correlations between sociodemographic variables and re-reported PA. Our aim was to characterize populations at higher risk and identify changes in presentation during the COVID-19 pandemic. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING This retrospective descriptive study focused on 238 patients with re-reports of PA made by a pediatric hospital from January 2019 through April 2021. METHODS We analyzed sociodemographic information and details of reports made to child protective services (CPS) obtained from the electronic health record. RESULTS Females were 2.5 years older than males (mean 11.0 and 8.5 years, respectively) (p < .001, 95%CI 1.21-3.76). Males were more likely to have observable injuries (OR 2.61, p < .001) and a CPS response (OR = 2.70, p = .003). Patients categorized as "Other" races were less likely to have observable injuries (OR = 0.32, p = .006). Presentation changed during the pandemic: a quadrupling of re-reports by behavioral health clinicians caused the percentage of reports made by them to increase significantly (OR = 3.46, p < .001) and the mean age increased by 2.0 years (8.2 years before, 10.2 years during) (p = .009, 95%CI 0.5-3.5), though females remained approximately 2.2 years older than males (p = .003, 95%CI 0.8-3.7). CONCLUSIONS Males experienced higher rates of re-reported PA and were younger at the time of re-report. Changes to presentation during the pandemic suggest an increase in PA among older children. Future research should further explore differences in sex/race, while current prevention efforts should focus on children receiving behavioral health care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Becca Fredin
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
| | - Megan M Letson
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, USA
| | - Steven W Rust
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Kristin Garton Crichton
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Walz C, Schwarz CS, Imdahl K, Steffan C, Germerott T. Comparison of the quality of clinical forensic examination of victims of physical violence conducted by clinicians and forensic examiners. Int J Legal Med 2023; 137:1777-1786. [PMID: 36964776 PMCID: PMC10567883 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-023-02985-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Istanbul Convention calls for comprehensive care for victims of violence while maintaining forensic standards. After violent crimes, court usable documentation of injuries and securing of evidence is essential to avoid disadvantages for those affected in criminal prosecution. MATERIAL AND METHODS This retrospective study compares forensic relevant aspects in clinical forensic examination of victims of physical and sexual violence conducted by clinicians and forensic examiners. Forensic medical reports based on clinical documentation of individuals of all ages in the period from 2015 to 2018 (n = 132) were evaluated in comparison to a control group of examinations conducted by forensic specialists. A comparative statistical evaluation was performed. RESULTS The study revealed statistically significant differences in forensically relevant aspects. In the clinical examinations, full-body examination was performed in only 37.9%, and concealed body sites were examined in 9.8%. Photo documentation was often incomplete (62.4%), without scale (59.1%), blurred (39.7%), or poorly exposed (31.2%). Information on size, color, shape, and texture of injuries was often missing. In about every third examination, the findings were not described purely objective. A body scheme was used only in 8.3% of the clinical cases. DISCUSSION In order to establish nationwide care structures and the forensic standard required in criminal proceedings, intensive involvement of forensic medicine is essential. Standardized examination materials, regular training of medical staff, and telemedical approaches can improve the care for victims of violence regarding criminal prosecution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cleo Walz
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Am Pulverturm 3, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Clara-Sophie Schwarz
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Am Pulverturm 3, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Karla Imdahl
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Am Pulverturm 3, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Steffan
- Department of Criminology, Criminal Law and Medical Law, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tanja Germerott
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Am Pulverturm 3, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Bhattarai A, Dimitropoulos G, Bulloch AGM, Tough SC, Patten SB. Association between childhood adversities and premature and potentially avoidable mortality in adulthood: a population-based study. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2036. [PMID: 37853382 PMCID: PMC10585893 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16935-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association of childhood adversities with mortality has rarely been explored, and even less studied is the question of whether any excess mortality may be potentially preventable. This study examined the association between specific childhood adversities and premature and potentially avoidable mortality (PPAM) in adulthood in a representative sample of the general population. Also, we examined whether the associations were potentially mediated by various adult socioeconomic, psychosocial, and behavioral factors. METHODS The study used data from the National Population Health Survey (NPHS-1994) linked to the Canadian Vital Statistics Database (CVSD 1994-2014) available from Statistics Canada. The NPHS interview retrospectively assessed childhood exposure to prolonged hospitalization, parental divorce, prolonged parental unemployment, prolonged trauma, parental problematic substance use, physical abuse, and being sent away from home for doing something wrong. An existing definition of PPAM, consisting of causes of death considered preventable or treatable before age 75, was used. Competing cause survival models were used to examine the associations of specific childhood adversities with PPAM in adulthood among respondents aged 18 to 74 years (rounded n = 11,035). RESULTS During the 20-year follow-up, 5.4% of the sample died prematurely of a cause that was considered potentially avoidable. Childhood adversities had a differential effect on mortality. Physical abuse (age-adjusted sub-hazard ratio; SHR 1.44; 95% CI 1.03, 2.00) and being sent away from home (age-adjusted SHR 2.26; 95% CI 1.43,3.57) were significantly associated with PPAM. The associations were attenuated when adjusted for adulthood factors, namely smoking, poor perceived health, depression, low perceived social support, and low income, consistent with possible mediating effects. Other adversities under study were not associated with PPAM. CONCLUSION The findings imply that the psychological sequelae of childhood physical abuse and being sent away from home and subsequent uptake of adverse health behavior may lead to increased risk of potentially avoidable mortality. The potential mediators identified offer directions for future research to perform causal mediation analyses with suitable data and identify interventions aimed at preventing premature mortality due to potentially avoidable causes. Other forms of adversities, mostly related to household dysfunction, may not be determinants of the distal health outcome of mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asmita Bhattarai
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada.
- Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Gina Dimitropoulos
- Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Faculty of Social Work, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Andrew G M Bulloch
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Suzanne C Tough
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Scott B Patten
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Rahman R, Khan MNA, Sara SS, Rahman MA, Khan ZI. A comparative study of machine learning algorithms for predicting domestic violence vulnerability in Liberian women. BMC Womens Health 2023; 23:542. [PMID: 37848839 PMCID: PMC10583348 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-023-02701-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Domestic violence against women is a prevalent in Liberia, with nearly half of women reporting physical violence. However, research on the biosocial factors contributing to this issue remains limited. This study aims to predict women's vulnerability to domestic violence using a machine learning approach, leveraging data from the Liberian Demographic and Health Survey (LDHS) conducted in 2019-2020. We employed seven machine learning algorithms to achieve this goal, including ANN, KNN, RF, DT, XGBoost, LightGBM, and CatBoost. Our analysis revealed that the LightGBM and RF models achieved the highest accuracy in predicting women's vulnerability to domestic violence in Liberia, with 81% and 82% accuracy rates, respectively. One of the key features identified across multiple algorithms was the number of people who had experienced emotional violence. These findings offer important insights into the underlying characteristics and risk factors associated with domestic violence against women in Liberia. By utilizing machine learning techniques, we can better predict and understand this complex issue, ultimately contributing to the development of more effective prevention and intervention strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riaz Rahman
- Statistic discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, 9208, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Md Asikur Rahman
- Statistic discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, 9208, Bangladesh
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
D'Arcy-Bewick S, Turiano N, Sutin AR, Terracciano A, O'Súilleabháin PS. Adverse childhood experiences and all-cause mortality risk in adulthood. Child Abuse Negl 2023; 144:106386. [PMID: 37542995 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) have been associated with mortality risk in adulthood. It is unclear, however, whether ACEs perpetrated beyond parents may be associated with mortality risk, if the risk is accumulative or plateaus at a certain frequency, whether associations differ dependent on ACE types, whether types interact with one another, or if observed effects differ by sex. OBJECTIVE To examine associations between ACEs and mortality risk. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING 6319 participants (age range 25-74 years, mean [SD] 46.91 [12.95] years; 51.6 % female) followed from 1995/96 to 2018 as part of the survey of Midlife Development in the United States. METHODS ACE variables were self-reported exposure to 20 ACE types from five categories: physical abuse, emotional abuse, socioeconomic disadvantage, adverse family structure, and poor health at age 16 years. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate mortality risk. RESULTS ACEs were accumulatively associated with increased mortality risk in adjusted models (HR = 1.033; p ≤ .001, 95 % CI, 1.014-1.053). The association was linear. Only physical abuse (HR = 1.05; p = .024, 95 % CI, 1.01-1.10) remained significantly predictive of increased mortality risk adjusting for other types. No interaction by sex or amongst ACE types was observed. CONCLUSIONS ACEs may be cumulatively associated with increased mortality risk, such that each individual ACE increases risk. Physical abuse may be an important ACE type within a mortality risk context. Individual ACE types warrant further study as each type may have their own differential impact on mortality risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sinéad D'Arcy-Bewick
- Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | | | | | | | - Páraic S O'Súilleabháin
- Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Kaufman-Parks AM, Longmore MA, Manning WD, Giordano PC. Understanding the effect of adverse childhood experiences on the risk of engaging in physical violence toward an intimate partner: The influence of relationship, social psychological, and sociodemographic contextual risk factors. Child Abuse Negl 2023; 144:106381. [PMID: 37542994 PMCID: PMC10528963 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) increase the risk of engaging in intimate partner violence (IPV) in later life. OBJECTIVE This study investigates the association between ACEs and engaging in physical violence toward a romantic partner in emerging adulthood while also accounting for proximal life experiences, including social psychological, intimate relationship, and sociodemographic characteristics. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING This study draws on two waves of data from the Toledo Adolescent Relationships Study, a 19-year population-based longitudinal cohort study of adolescents transitioning to adulthood from Lucas County, Ohio (United States). This investigation includes 878 (399 men and 479 women) emerging adults. METHODS To evaluate the association between ACEs and IPV perpetration, two waves of survey data were used, collected in 2001 and 2011-2012. RESULTS ACEs had a cumulative effect on IPV, where each additional ACE increased the odds of engaging in IPV by 51.0 % (p < 0.001). However, current drug use (OR = 1.131, p < 0.05), arguments between partners (OR = 1.517, p < 0.01), partner mistrust (OR = 1.663, p < 0.001), and jealousy and control (OR = 1.412, p < 0.001) were also significant correlates of IPV reports. CONCLUSIONS ACEs are a significant predictor of IPV perpetration among emerging adults, even when accounting for more proximal risk factors. These findings suggest that individuals working with clients who engage in IPV would do well to address the long-term trauma impacts of early life adversity in addition to more proximal risk factors to reduce the risk of continued violence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Kaufman-Parks
- Assumption University, Department of Sociology & Criminology, 500 Salisbury Street, Worcester, MA 01609, United States.
| | - Monica A Longmore
- Bowling Green State University, Department of Sociology, 1001 E. Wooster Street, Bowling Green, OH 43403, United States
| | - Wendy D Manning
- Bowling Green State University, Department of Sociology, 1001 E. Wooster Street, Bowling Green, OH 43403, United States
| | - Peggy C Giordano
- Bowling Green State University, Department of Sociology, 1001 E. Wooster Street, Bowling Green, OH 43403, United States
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Scharpf F, Kızıltepe R, Kirika A, Hecker T. A Systematic Review of the Prevalence and Correlates of Emotional Violence by Teachers. Trauma Violence Abuse 2023; 24:2581-2597. [PMID: 35583121 DOI: 10.1177/15248380221102559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence for the deleterious impact of emotional violence on children`s well-being and development. This systematic review focused on a) the prevalence and (b) correlates of emotional violence by teachers. A literature search of quantitative and peer-reviewed studies published in English between 1980 and April 2021 was conducted. Eighty-four studies met the inclusion criteria. Studies represented all geographical regions of the world, were predominantly cross-sectional and of moderate quality. Studies were heterogeneous in terms of their samples, conceptualization, and measurement of emotional violence. Results indicated that emotional violence by teachers is prevalent across cultural settings, although large variations within and between regions are noted. It is related to mental health, behavioral and academic problems of children above and beyond physical violence by teachers and victimization by peers and parents. Boys are at higher risk of experiencing emotional violence by teachers than girls. Family dysfunction, low socioeconomic status (of the family or the community), and violent school environments appear to increase risk as well. The observed patterns of co-occurrence of emotional violence with physical violence by teachers and victimization by peers as well as perpetration of violence against peers and teachers lend support to notions of poly-victimization and cycles of violence in the school settings. Future research should use representative surveys, examine antecedents, and consequences of emotional violence by teachers using longitudinal and experimental designs and evaluate interventions to prevent emotional violence by teachers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Scharpf
- Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research on Conflict and Violence, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | - Anette Kirika
- Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research on Conflict and Violence, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Tobias Hecker
- Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research on Conflict and Violence, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Ezeokoli EU, Pang LK, Loyd NG, Borici N, Bachim A, Vogel AM, Rosenfeld SB. Child traumatic physical abuse rates and comparisons during the COVID-19 pandemic: Retrospective paediatric single institution review in Texas. J Paediatr Child Health 2023; 59:1129-1134. [PMID: 37455617 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.16468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
AIM The COVID-19 pandemic drastically altered human behaviour and socialisation and may have created an environment that could lead to increased incidence of domestic abuse and non-accidental trauma, or child physical abuse (CPA). Initial reports about the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the rates of CPA have been mixed. The purpose of this study is to describe the effects of COVID-19 on rates of CPA in a large metropolitan paediatric hospital and level I paediatric trauma centre. METHODS We identified and compared all CPA admissions under 18 years from May 2019 to February 2020 and considered that to be the pre-COVID time frame. The ensuing 12-month period of March 2020 to February 2021 was considered to be the intra-COVID time frame. RESULTS There were 49 (0.32%) unique CPA patients pre-COVID and 83 (0.85%) unique CPA patients intra-COVID (P < 0.001) with lower total admissions for any reason during the intra-COVID time frame. Monthly CPA cases were increased (P < 0.03) during the intra-COVID time period (mean 6.9, 95% confidence interval: 5.8-12.7) compared to the pre-COVID time period (mean 4.9, 95% confidence interval: 3.3-8.2). CONCLUSION During the COVID-19 pandemic, there were decreased overall hospital admissions in the period of mandated shutdowns and isolation. However, we saw an increased rate of CPA admissions compared to the time period prior to the pandemic. Knowledge of such data, trends and circumstances will help keep health-care providers alert and vigilant in identifying children at risk for maltreatment, and may impact child abuse protocols and guidelines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekene U Ezeokoli
- Division of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Lon Kai Pang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Nathaniel G Loyd
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Neritan Borici
- Division of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Angela Bachim
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Public Health Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Adam M Vogel
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Scott B Rosenfeld
- Division of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| |
Collapse
|