1
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Alcock K. Do school and equality education characteristics influence young children's understanding of sex/gender constancy? J Exp Child Psychol 2024; 241:105879. [PMID: 38364340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2024.105879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
In many cognitive developmental studies, young children ( < 6 years) fail to understand that changing the appearance of a person, object, or animal does not change its underlying reality. They appear to believe that a cat wearing a dog mask is genuinely a dog (appearance/reality distinction) and that a boy wearing a dress is genuinely a girl (sex/gender constancy). These skills may be affected by various influences: testing methods, training on the constancy of biological traits, child's or sibling's diagnosis of gender dysphoria, and child's diagnosis of autism. This study aimed to partially replicate the study of Arthur et al. (Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 2009, Vol. 104, pp. 427-446) showing that experimental lessons emphasizing the constancy or otherwise of biological traits affected appearance/reality and sex/gender constancy performance. The study examined the influence of school lessons with content on sex/gender stereotyping and pro/anti constancy on the performance of young English children (mean age = 5;6 [years;months]; N = 58) on appearance/reality and sex/gender constancy tasks. Children performed above chance on sex/gender stability (change over time) but performed below chance on sex/gender constancy and appearance/reality tasks (change due to superficial alterations). These scores are comparable to those in nearly all previous studies. Children's scores were not influenced by school lesson content, although not all schools provided content. Conclusions are drawn about the effect of lesson content, which may be too diffuse and long term to affect performance. The level of children's performance and what this means in absolute terms about children's understanding of sex/gender stereotypes and the possibility of a child changing sex/gender is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Alcock
- Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 3AL, UK.
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2
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Shanahan L, Copeland WE. Commentary: Integrative, multi-level explanatory models are needed to understand recent trends in sex, gender, and internalizing conditions, reflections on Keyes and Platt (2023). J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2024; 65:408-412. [PMID: 38332692 PMCID: PMC11074916 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Keyes' and Platt's (The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2023) review provides much-needed systematic evidence about why internalizing symptoms have increased and it clarifies the role of novel risk factors. The findings highlight that multiple factors at multiple levels are responsible for this phenomenon, many with small effects, within a complex interplay that is rarely well captured. As new insights emerge across disciplines, an important step is to renew efforts to integrate them to understand how internalizing symptoms develop for different people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilly Shanahan
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development and the Department of Psychology at the University of Zurich in Zurich, Switzerland
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3
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2024 Society of Pediatric Psychology Annual Conference Abstracts: What's Next? Defining the Path Forward for Pediatric Psychology. J Pediatr Psychol 2024; 49:jsae010. [PMID: 38487854 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsae010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
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4
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Modi AC, Beal SJ, Becker SP, Boerner KE, Burton ET, Chen D, Crosby LE, Hilliard ME, Hood AM, Kahhan NA, Law E, Long KA, McGrady ME, Sweenie RE, Thurston IB, Valrie C, Wu YP, Duncan CL. Editorial: Recommendations on inclusive language and transparent reporting relating to diversity dimensions for the Journal of Pediatric Psychology and Clinical Practice in Pediatric Psychology. J Pediatr Psychol 2024; 49:1-12. [PMID: 38167955 PMCID: PMC10799720 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsad094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Avani C Modi
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Sarah J Beal
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Stephen P Becker
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Katelynn E Boerner
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - E Thomaseo Burton
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Diane Chen
- Potocsnak Family Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine & Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, and Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lori E Crosby
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Marisa E Hilliard
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anna M Hood
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, Manchester Centre for Health Psychology University of Manchester, UK
| | - Nicole A Kahhan
- Division of Psychology & Neuropsychology, Nemours Children’s Health, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Emily Law
- Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kristin A Long
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Meghan E McGrady
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Rachel E Sweenie
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Idia B Thurston
- Department of Health Sciences and Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cecelia Valrie
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Yelena P Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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5
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Alderdice F, Ayers S, Batorowicz E, Caparros-Gonzalez RA, Carone N, Darwin Z, Fallon V, Garthus-Niegel S, Hayes L, Horsch A, Iles J, Lafarge C, Martin C, Radoš SN, Newham J, Power C, Redshaw M, Seefeld L, Sheen K, Worobey J. Reflections on a successful year of the Society for Reproductive and Infant Psychology. J Reprod Infant Psychol 2024; 42:1-4. [PMID: 38088135 DOI: 10.1080/02646838.2023.2288447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Alderdice
- National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Oxford Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Susan Ayers
- Centre for Maternal and Child Health Research, School of Health and Psychological Sciences, City, University of London, London, UK
| | - Eleonora Batorowicz
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | | | - Nicola Carone
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Zoe Darwin
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Vicky Fallon
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool
| | - Susan Garthus-Niegel
- Institute for Systems Medicine (ISM) and Faculty of Medicine, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Childhood and Families, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Liane Hayes
- School of Psychology, University of Chester, Chester, UK
| | - Antje Horsch
- Institute of Higher Education and Research in Healthcare, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department Woman-mother-child, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jane Iles
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | | | - Colin Martin
- Institute for Health and Wellbeing, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
| | - Sandra Nakić Radoš
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Croatia, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - James Newham
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Carmen Power
- Independent psychologist, consultant, researcher and educator, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Lara Seefeld
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany & Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kayleigh Sheen
- School of Social Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - John Worobey
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers State University, New Brunswick, USA
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6
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Rollins L, Huffman DJ, Walters LA, Bennett K. Prolonged development of forced-choice recognition when targets are paired with non-corresponding lures. J Exp Child Psychol 2023; 236:105742. [PMID: 37481987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2023.105742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Previous research suggests that mnemonic discrimination (i.e., the ability to discriminate between previously encountered and novel stimuli even when they are highly similar) improves substantially during childhood. To further understand the development of mnemonic discrimination during childhood, the current study had 4-year-old children, 6-year-old children, and young adults complete the forced-choice Mnemonic Similarity Task (MST). The forced-choice MST offers a significant advantage in the context of developmental research because it is not sensitive to age-related differences in response criteria and includes three test formats that are theorized to be supported by different cognitive processes. A target (i.e., a previously encountered item) is paired with either a novel item (A-X), a corresponding lure (A-A'; i.e., an item mnemonically similar to the target), or a non-corresponding lure (A-B'; i.e., an item mnemonically similar to a different previously encoded item). We observed that 4-year-olds performed more poorly than 6-year-olds on the A-X and A-A' test formats, whereas both 4- and 6-year-olds performed more poorly than young adults on the A-B' test format. The MINERVA 2.2 computational model effectively accounted for these age-related differences. The model suggested that 4-year-olds have a lower learning rate (i.e., probability of encoding stimulus features) than 6-year-olds and young adults and that both 4- and 6-year-olds have greater encoding variability than young adults. These findings provide new insight into possible mechanisms underlying memory development during childhood and serve as the basis for multiple avenues of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Rollins
- Department of Psychology, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA 23606, USA.
| | - Derek J Huffman
- Department of Psychology, Colby College, Waterville, ME 04901, USA
| | - Lauren A Walters
- Department of Psychology, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Kaylee Bennett
- Department of Psychology, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
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7
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Bonifacio KN, Cederna-Meko CL, Ellens REH, El-Alam NT. Beyond Clinical Care: The Role of Pediatric Psychology in Supporting Postpartum Depression Screening in Primary Care. J Clin Psychol Med Settings 2023; 30:780-790. [PMID: 36627416 DOI: 10.1007/s10880-022-09934-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Maternal health is a critical component of optimal child health and development. Consequently, the American Academy of Pediatrics added postpartum depression (PPD) screening to their psychosocial screening guidelines in 2017. The Healthy Mothers, Healthy Children Project (HMHCP) was an interprofessional initiative aimed at preparing for, then implementing and maintaining pediatrician-completed PPD screening at 1-month well visits in a pediatric primary care clinic. Roles of pediatric psychology and rates of PPD screening were examined. Pediatric psychologists actively participated as leaders and collaborators in a variety of non-clinical roles from HMHCP preparation through maintenance. The clinic achieved high and continuously improving PPD screening rates following HMHCP implementation. Importantly, PPD screening rates were equitable across race and gender. The current study outlines feasible non-clinical roles that pediatric psychologists can fulfill in support of routine PPD screening within pediatric primary care. It also highlights associated benefits and outcomes for the clinic, providers, and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten N Bonifacio
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Western Michigan University/Bronson Children's Hospital, 601 John St. M-005, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, USA.
| | - Crystal L Cederna-Meko
- Department of Pediatrics, Michigan State University/Hurley Medical Center, Flint, MI, USA
| | - Rebecca E H Ellens
- Department of Pediatrics, Michigan State University/Hurley Medical Center, Flint, MI, USA
| | - Natalie T El-Alam
- Department of Pediatrics, Michigan State University/Hurley Medical Center, Flint, MI, USA
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8
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Matthys W. Commentary: Cognitive stimulation and executive functions in the prevention and treatment of childhood disorders - reflection on Phillips et al., 2023. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2023; 64:1517-1519. [PMID: 37402653 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
The study by Phillips et al. (Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2023) shows that preschool executive functions (EF) are a transdiagnostic mechanism through which deprivation increases the risk for psychopathology in adolescence. In addition, deprivation appeared to be a key mechanism through which economic adversity (i.e., lower income-to-needs ratio and maternal education) undermines EF and increases the risk for psychopathology in adolescence. In this commentary, implications for early prevention and treatment of childhood disorders are discussed. In view of optimal EF development attention is needed to cognitive and social stimulation both in: (a) selective prevention targeting preschool children at high risk for childhood disorders due to low socioeconomic status; (b) indicated prevention targeting preschool children with minimal but detectable symptoms from low socioeconomic status families; and (c) treatment targeting preschool children with a clinical disorder from low socioeconomic status families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Matthys
- Department of Clinical Child and Family Studies, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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9
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Roest AM, de Vries YA, Wienen AW, de Jonge P. Commentary: The evidence base regarding the long-term effects of childhood mental disorder treatments needs to be strengthened - reply to Dekkers et al. (2023). J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2023; 64:1520-1521. [PMID: 37452754 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
In their reply to our editorial (Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2023, 64, 464), Dekkers et al. (Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2023, 64, 470) argue that treatment is the best choice for children with mental disorders because there is 'sound evidence' that interventions are effective, also in the long term. We agree that there is sound evidence for treatment effectiveness in the short-term and there is some evidence for longer-term effects of certain specific treatments, such as behavioral parent training in children with behavioral disorders, as acknowledged in our editorial. However, we strongly disagree that there is sound evidence for long-term effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelieke M Roest
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ymkje Anna de Vries
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert W Wienen
- Windesheim University of Applied Sciences, Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - Peter de Jonge
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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10
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Schuengel C, van Heerden A. Editorial: Generative artificial intelligence and the ecology of human development. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2023; 64:1261-1263. [PMID: 37528517 PMCID: PMC10509500 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Commercial applications of artificial intelligence (AI) in the form of Large Language Models (LLMs) and Generative AI have taken centre stage in the media sphere, business, public policy, and education. The ramifications for the field of child psychology and psychiatry are being debated and veer between LLMs as potential models for development and applications of generative AI becoming environmental factors for human development. This Editorial briefly discusses developmental research on generative AI and the potential impact of generative AI on the hybrid social world in which young people grow up. We end by considering that the rapid developments justify increasing attention in our field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Schuengel
- Educational and Family Studies, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health research institute, Amsterdam UMC and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alastair van Heerden
- Center for Community Based Research, Human Sciences Research Council, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
- SAMRC/WITS Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
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11
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Marris E. Barbie and body image: a scholar's take on the research - and the blockbuster film. Nature 2023; 620:254-255. [PMID: 37501001 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-02433-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
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12
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Capaldi DM, Kerr DCR. Commentary: The roles of mothers versus fathers in intergenerational family risk - a commentary on Rothenberg et al. (2023). J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2023; 64:831-833. [PMID: 36562539 PMCID: PMC10106373 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Basic research studies in the past 2 decades have established that conduct problems and antisocial behavior are associated across generations within families. The Fast Track study represents a major prevention effort with children showing higher levels of conduct problems in childhood, and the Rothenberg et al. (Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2022) study sheds light on whether this intervention has beneficial effects on the family of procreation. In this commentary, we consider the implications of the major finding that such effects were found for women but not for men. We discuss evidence that men's parenting behavior is influenced by the parenting behavior and overall risk of their women partners, and thus preventive interventions in childhood may have beneficial influences on fathers through mothers.
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13
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2023 Society of Pediatric Psychology Annual Conference Abstracts. J Pediatr Psychol 2023; 48:jsad020. [PMID: 37071850 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsad020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
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14
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Rhee SH, Ellingson JM. Alternative hypotheses regarding the association between early engagement in gambling and gambling-like activities and later problem gambling - a commentary on Richard and King (2023). J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2023; 64:689-692. [PMID: 36720706 PMCID: PMC10023453 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This issue of the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry includes a systematic review on the emergence of problem gambling from childhood to emerging adulthood (Richard & King, 2023). The importance of understanding the risks for problem gambling earlier in development is clear, given the increasing availability of gambling to minors, especially online gambling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Hyun Rhee
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jarrod M Ellingson
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Division of Addiction Science, Prevention, and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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15
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Chen YY, Yim H, Lee TH. Negative impact of daily screen use on inhibitory control network in preadolescence: A two-year follow-up study. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2023; 60:101218. [PMID: 36821878 PMCID: PMC9933860 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2023.101218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has made an unprecedented shift in children's daily lives. Children are increasingly spending time with screens to learn and connect with others. As the online environment rapidly substitutes in-person experience, understanding children's neuropsychological trajectories associated with screen experiences is important. Previous findings suggest that excessive screen use can lead children to prefer more immediate rewards over delayed outcomes. We hypothesized that increased screen time delays a child's development of inhibitory control system in the brain (i.e., fronto-striatal circuitry). By analyzing neuropsychological data from 8324 children (9-11ys) from the ABCD Study, we found that children who had more screen time showed a higher reward orientation and weaker fronto-striatal connectivity. Importantly, we found that the daily screen exposure mediated the effect of reward sensitivity on the development of the inhibitory control system in the brain over a two year period. These findings suggest possible negative long-term impacts of increased daily screen time on children's neuropsychological development. The results further demonstrated that screen time influences dorsal striatum connectivity, which suggests that the effect of daily screen use is a habitual seeking behavior. The study provides neural and behavioral evidence for the negative impact of daily screen use on developing children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Yun Chen
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Hyungwook Yim
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tae-Ho Lee
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA; School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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16
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Chorot P, Valiente RM, Sandín B. The Spanish Version of the Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index: Factorial Dimensions and Invariance across Gender in a Sample of Adolescents. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:3045. [PMID: 36833740 PMCID: PMC9958708 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety sensitivity is a transdiagnostic construct that has been associated with the etiology of emotional disorders, especially panic and other anxiety disorders. Although it is well known that, for the adult population, the factor structure of anxiety sensitivity includes three separate facets (physical, cognitive, and social concerns), the facets of anxiety sensitivity for adolescents have not yet been established. The main goal of the present study was to examine the factor structure of the Spanish version of the Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index (CASI). A large sample of nonclinical adolescents completed the Spanish version of the CASI in school settings (N = 1655; aged 11-17 years; 800 boys and 855 girls). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the full scale (CASI-18) indicate that a three first-order factor solution represents appropriately the three anxiety sensitivity facets previously defined for the adult population. The 3-factor structure had a better fit and was more parsimonious than a 4-factor solution. Results also indicate that the 3-factor structure remains invariant across genders. Girls scored significantly higher than boys on the total scale and on all three dimensions of anxiety sensitivity. In addition, the present study provides information concerning normative data for the scale. The CASI holds promise as a useful tool for assessing general and specific facets of anxiety sensitivity. It could be helpful for the assessment of this construct in clinical and preventive settings. The limitations of the study and suggestions for further research are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bonifacio Sandín
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), 28040 Madrid, Spain
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17
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Hawes DJ. Commentary: Global perspectives on resilience and callous-unemotional traits - a reflection on Obando et al. (2022). J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2023; 64:206-208. [PMID: 36128611 PMCID: PMC10087915 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Obando, Wright and Hill's (Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2022) study of young children exposed to community violence in Colombia is a most welcome addition to the literature on risk and protective pathways related to callous and unemotional (CU) traits. The key contributions of this study can be viewed in light of calls for a new wave of global research into resilience in children and youth. These contributions also highlight the need for further research into CU traits in diverse sociocultural contexts, and in particular, research addressing questions concerning (a) multiple pathways to CU traits; (b) community violence and other forms of adversity; and (c) the developmental timing of adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Hawes
- School of PsychologyThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
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18
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Apple RW, Clemente EG. Role of Psychologists in Pediatric Subspecialties. Pediatr Clin North Am 2022; 69:xv-xvi. [PMID: 36207109 PMCID: PMC9531962 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roger W Apple
- Western Michigan University, Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, Department of Pediatric & Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Psychology, 1000 Oakland Drive, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA.
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19
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Hatchimonji DR, David J, Foster C, Zablah F, Cross-Knorr A, Sood E, Lines M, Hughes-Reid C. Establishing a Valid, Reliable, and Efficient Chart Review Process for Research in Pediatric Integrated Primary Care Psychology. J Clin Psychol Med Settings 2022; 29:538-545. [PMID: 35538299 DOI: 10.1007/s10880-022-09881-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Retrospective chart review is an accessible form of research that is commonly used across medical fields but is underutilized in behavioral health. As a relatively newer area of research, the field of pediatric integrated primary care (IPC) would particularly benefit from guidelines for conducting a methodologically sound chart review study. Here, we use our experiences building a chart review procedure for a pediatric IPC research project to offer strategies for optimizing reliability (consistency), validity (accuracy), and efficiency. We aim to provide guidance for conducting a chart review study in the specific setting of pediatric IPC so that researchers can apply this methodology toward generating research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle R Hatchimonji
- Department of Psychology, Nemours Children's Health, Delaware Valley, Wilmington, DE, 19803, USA.
- Center for Healthcare Delivery Science & Nemours Cardiac Center, Nemours Children's Hospital, Delaware Valley, 1600 Rockland Rd, Wilmington, DE, 19803, USA.
| | - Jennie David
- Department of Psychology, Nemours Children's Health, Delaware Valley, Wilmington, DE, 19803, USA
| | - Carmelita Foster
- Department of Psychology, Nemours Children's Health, Delaware Valley, Wilmington, DE, 19803, USA
| | - Franssy Zablah
- Department of Psychology, Nemours Children's Health, Delaware Valley, Wilmington, DE, 19803, USA
| | - Alexandra Cross-Knorr
- Department of Psychology, Nemours Children's Health, Delaware Valley, Wilmington, DE, 19803, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Erica Sood
- Department of Psychology, Nemours Children's Health, Delaware Valley, Wilmington, DE, 19803, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
- Center for Healthcare Delivery Science & Nemours Cardiac Center, Nemours Children's Hospital, Delaware Valley, 1600 Rockland Rd, Wilmington, DE, 19803, USA
| | - Meghan Lines
- Department of Psychology, Nemours Children's Health, Delaware Valley, Wilmington, DE, 19803, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Cheyenne Hughes-Reid
- Department of Psychology, Nemours Children's Health, Delaware Valley, Wilmington, DE, 19803, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
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20
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Román M, Palacios J, Minnis H. Changes in Attachment Disorder symptoms in children internationally adopted and in residential care. Child Abuse Negl 2022; 130:105308. [PMID: 34544592 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A high incidence of Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) and Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder (DSED) has been reported for children with experiences of trauma and other forms of adversity. OBJECTIVE The present study aims to explore symptoms of RAD and DSED in children in two protection alternatives (international adoption and residential care) after experiences of early adversity. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING The participants were 146 children: 40 children adopted into Spanish families from Russia, 49 children in residential care in Spanish institutions (40.8% in long-term foster centers) and 57 community comparison children. METHODS The Relationship Problems Questionnaire was used to explore both RAD and DSED. All adoptive parents and institutional caregivers retrospectively reported the problems at time of placement (Wave 0), as well as the symptoms observed at the time of the study, with children aged 4-8 years old (Wave 1). At this stage, the assessment of the community comparison group was added. RESULTS Adopted and children in residential care presented high levels of RAD and DSED symptoms at placement. For adoptees, previous experiences of abuse and neglect were marginally associated with the initial presence of RAD symptoms and a significant recovery was observed after an average of three years in their families, with a certain level of longitudinal continuity between initial and later assessments. In children currently placed in long-term residential centers in Spain, DSED symptoms worsened from W0 to W1. CONCLUSIONS Adoption appears to be an effective intervention that promotes recovery of RAD and DSED symptomatology after early adversity, whereas institutionalization causes negative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite Román
- Departamento de Psicología Evolutiva y de la Educación, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Jesús Palacios
- Departamento de Psicología Evolutiva y de la Educación, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Helen Minnis
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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21
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White SW. Introduction to the Special Issue: Experimental Therapeutics in Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology: Identifying Mechanisms and Moving the Needle. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 2022; 51:261-263. [PMID: 35671232 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2022.2051521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The premise of experimental therapeutics is that one can (a) target a process, or mechanism, underlying psychopathology and (b) that change in said mechanism can cause clinical improvement. Targeting specific mechanisms may permit more effective and personalized medicine. The experimental therapeutics approach holds promise for improving the potency and efficiency of treatments for childhood psychopathology, and for advancing our understanding of the factors that both cause and sustain psychopathology. This special issue presents new research utilizing this framework and offers guidelines for the application of the experimental therapeutics framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan W White
- Department of Psychology, Center for Youth Development and Intervention, the University of Alabama
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22
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Zemp M, Friedrich AS, Holzmeier L, Seebacher S, Rössler M, Nater UM. Effects of clown visits on stress and mood in children and adolescents in psychiatric care—Protocol for a pilot study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264012. [PMID: 35180260 PMCID: PMC8856575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientific evidence has shown that healthcare clowning can decrease the level of stress and anxiety in pediatric patients. However, little attention has been devoted to the potentially beneficial impact of clown visits in the child and adolescent psychiatry setting. Therefore, this pilot study aims at investigating short-term effects of clown visits by RED NOSES Clowndoctors Austria on stress and mood levels of children and adolescents in psychiatric care. The sample will consist of approximately 50 children and adolescents in inpatient psychiatric wards who receive clown visits on a weekly basis over four consecutive weeks. The examined intervention, i.e., the clown visits, is an integral part within the selected psychiatric institutions. Using a non-controlled pre-/post-test design, the level of salivary cortisol and self-reported stress and mood will be measured as primary outcomes before and immediately after each clown visit. Additionally, self-reported effects on care staff at the health care facilities will be assessed based on a questionnaire after each clown visit within the same time period of four weeks. Secondary outcome measures (i.e., health-related quality of life, emotional and conduct problems, perceived chronic stress) will be assessed at baseline and at close-out assessment after the four intervention weeks. Further control variables and potential moderators are included at baseline. Due to the nested data structure, multilevel modeling will be used to analyze the data. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the stress-reducing and mood-improving effects of clown visits on inpatients in child and adolescent psychiatry. Results will be relevant for the design of future large-scale RCTs and might provide valuable implications for the use of healthcare clowning to reduce stress and improve mood in children and adolescents in psychiatric care. The study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT04844398).
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Zemp
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Research Platform “The Stress of Life – Processes and Mechanisms underlying Everyday Life Stress”, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Lorena Holzmeier
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Simone Seebacher
- Department of Research and Learning, RED NOSES Clowndoctors, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maggie Rössler
- Department of Research and Learning, RED NOSES International, Vienna, Austria
| | - Urs M. Nater
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Research Platform “The Stress of Life – Processes and Mechanisms underlying Everyday Life Stress”, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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23
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Tang A, Fox NA, Slopen N. Examination of Early Childhood Temperament of Shyness and Social Avoidance and Associations With Cardiometabolic Health in Young Adulthood. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5:e2144727. [PMID: 35084482 PMCID: PMC8796016 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.44727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Importance A child temperament characterized by shyness and avoidance of social interactions is associated with poor peer relationships and emotional problems, yet its long-term associations with adult cardiometabolic health are largely unknown. Objective To examine whether a childhood temperament characterized by shyness and avoidance of social interactions is associated with poor cardiometabolic health. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study included participants who were recruited at birth between April 1991 to December 1992 as part of a prospective longitudinal cohort, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Follow-up assessments of health behaviors and cardiometabolic health extended into young adulthood (age 24 years). Data analysis was conducted between April and October 2021. Main Outcomes and Measures Parent reports of temperament across ages 3 to 6 years were used to derive childhood temperament profiles in a longitudinal clustering analysis. Accelerometry measures of adolescent moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) from ages 11 to 15 years and adult social occupation class were examined as mediators using path analyses. At age 24 years, 9 cardiometabolic outcomes were measured through anthropometrics and fasting blood samples: triglyceride levels, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels, glycated hemoglobin levels, insulin levels, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, body mass index, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. Results Of the 9491 participants included in the analyses, 4908 (51.7%) were male, and 8668 of 9027 (96.0%) were White. Four childhood temperament profiles were identified: (1) introverted (2810 [29.6%]), (2) extraverted (2527 [26.6%]), (3) conflicted-shy (2335 [24.6%]), and (4) avoidant-shy (1819 [19.2%]). Lower childhood socioeconomic status was a precursor associated with the development of an avoidant-shy temperament (eg, introvert vs avoidant-shy: odds ratio, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.04-1.23). Path analyses showed that avoidant-shy children spent less time in MVPA in adolescence compared with all other temperament profiles (eg, introvert vs avoidant-shy: β = 0.10; b = 0.25; 95% CI, 0.14-0.35; P < .001), which in turn was associated with a cluster of cardiometabolic indices at age 24 years, including lower HDL cholesterol levels (β = 0.07; b = 0.95; 95% CI, 0.12-1.78; P = .03) and higher LDL cholesterol levels (β = -0.07; b = -1.69; 95% CI = -3.32 to -0.06; P = .04), insulin levels (β = -0.10; b = -0.57; 95% CI, -1.04 to -0.10; P = .02), diastolic blood pressure (β = -0.09; b = -0.59; 95% CI, -0.97 to -0.21; P = .002), and body mass index (β = -0.07; b = -0.32; 95% CI, -0.56 to -0.07; P = .01). Additionally, children classified as avoidant-shy attained lower social occupation classes at age 24 years, which was concurrently associated with higher BMI (β = 0.06; b = 0.21; 95% CI, 0.08-0.35; P = .002). Notably, these results were adjusted for a range of early developmental precursors and confounders, suggesting an independent association of temperament. Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study, less engagement in physical activity across adolescence seemed to be a developmental mechanism connecting an avoidant-shy childhood temperament and greater cardiometabolic risks over the life course. Future studies should examine the efficacy of physical activity and social skill programs that specially target the needs of different children to thereby reduce cardiometabolic risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alva Tang
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park
| | - Nathan A. Fox
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park
| | - Natalie Slopen
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
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24
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Iwinski S, Donovan SM, Fiese B, Bost K. The Impact of Household Chaos and Dietary Intake on Executive Function in Young Children. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124442. [PMID: 34959994 PMCID: PMC8707498 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Children's executive functions (EFs) emerge over time and can be shaped by household environments and dietary intake. However, there is a lack of knowledge about how these factors influence EFs in children aged 18-24 months. This study tested a model exploring the relations between parent-reported dietary intake, household chaos, and child EF. The sample consisted of 294 families participating in the STRONG Kids2 birth cohort study of nutrition and child health. Caregivers completed the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), the Confusion, Hubbub, and Order Scale (CHAOS), and the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function®-Preschool Version (BRIEF-P) to assess model variables. Regression analyses revealed a significant and independent association between assorted snacks and processed foods and two EF subscales. There were also significant associations between household chaos and each EF subscale. There was no significant moderation effect. These findings suggest that family households characterized by dysregulation are associated with children's EF difficulties during early childhood and that the role of unhealthy dietary intake in child EF should be explored further. Future longitudinal studies that include multi-method approaches are needed to document the mechanisms through which household chaos impacts child EF over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Iwinski
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (B.F.); (K.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-708-606-3235
| | - Sharon M. Donovan
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Barbara Fiese
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (B.F.); (K.B.)
| | - Kelly Bost
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (B.F.); (K.B.)
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
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25
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Rodríguez-Soto NC, Buxó CJ, Morou-Bermudez E, Pérez-Edgar K, Ocasio-Quiñones IT, Surillo-González MB, Martinez KG. The impact of prenatal maternal stress due to potentially traumatic events on child temperament: A systematic review. Dev Psychobiol 2021; 63:e22195. [PMID: 34674245 PMCID: PMC8549868 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the current study was to complete a systematic review of the relationship between prenatal maternal stress due to potentially traumatic events (PTEs) and child temperament. Eligible studies through June 2020 were identified utilizing a search strategy in PubMed and PsycInfo. Included studies examined associations between prenatal maternal stress due to PTE and child temperament. Two independent coders extracted study characteristics and three coders assessed study quality. Of the 1969 identified studies, 20 met full inclusion criteria. Studies were classified on two dimensions: (1) disaster-related stress and (2) intimate partner violence during pregnancy. For disaster-related prenatal maternal stress, 75% (nine out of 12) of published reports found associations with increased child negative affectivity, 50% (five out of 10) also noted associations with lower effortful control/regulation, and 38% (three out of eight) found associations with lower positive affectivity. When considering prenatal intimate partner violence stress, 80% (four out of five) of published reports found associations with higher child negative affectivity, 67% (four out of six) found associations with lower effortful control/regulation, and 33% (one out of three) found associations with lower positive affectivity. Prenatal maternal stress due to PTEs may impact the offspring's temperament, especially negative affectivity. Mitigating the effects of maternal stress in pregnancy is needed in order to prevent adverse outcomes on the infant's socioemotional development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayra C. Rodríguez-Soto
- University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR
- Carlos Albizu University, San Juan, PR
| | - Carmen J. Buxó
- University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR
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26
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Abstract
Early onset of depression predicts unfavorable psychosocial and health outcomes, and depression often co-occurs for children and their parents, yet family profiles of depression trajectories are not fully examined. This population-based longitudinal prospective cohort study included 2,111 families drawn from the Chinese Family Panel Study (CFPS) with biannual assessments from 2010 to 2018. Group-based multitrajectory modeling was used to identify depression trajectories of children, fathers, and mothers. Six distinct profiles of depression symptoms were identified. Based upon multitrajectory findings of family depression profiles, when adolescents are at risk for depression, there is likely at least one parent concurrently at risk for depression, but not vice versa. Families with social disadvantages and children of delayed developmental milestones are at elevated risk for depression. Even when children are at low risk for depression, depression in parents can spill over to impact other psychosocial and health outcomes. These findings suggest examining depression and its associating psychosocial factors could help identify trajectories of varying onset and continuity, which can inform early prevention and intervention from a family system perspective. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhou
- Department of Educational Studies, College of Education, Purdue University
| | - Xiaoning Sun
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
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27
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Bryson H, Mensah F, Price A, Gold L, Mudiyanselage SB, Kenny B, Dakin P, Bruce T, Noble K, Kemp L, Goldfeld S. Clinical, financial and social impacts of COVID-19 and their associations with mental health for mothers and children experiencing adversity in Australia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257357. [PMID: 34516564 PMCID: PMC8437268 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Australia has maintained low rates of SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19) infection, due to geographic location and strict public health restrictions. However, the financial and social impacts of these restrictions can negatively affect parents' and children's mental health. In an existing cohort of mothers recruited for their experience of adversity, this study examined: 1) families' experiences of the COVID-19 pandemic and public health restrictions in terms of clinical exposure, financial hardship family stress, and family resilience (termed 'COVID-19 impacts'); and 2) associations between COVID-19 impacts and maternal and child mental health. METHODS Participants were mothers recruited during pregnancy (2013-14) across two Australian states (Victoria and Tasmania) for the 'right@home' trial. A COVID-19 survey was conducted from May-December 2020, when children were 5.9-7.2 years old. Mothers reported COVID-19 impacts, their own mental health (Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scales short-form) and their child's mental health (CoRonavIruS Health and Impact Survey subscale). Associations between COVID-19 impacts and mental health were examined using regression models controlling for pre-COVID-19 characteristics. RESULTS 319/406 (79%) mothers completed the COVID-19 survey. Only one reported having had COVID-19. Rates of self-quarantine (20%), job or income loss (27%) and family stress (e.g., difficulty managing children's at-home learning (40%)) were high. Many mothers also reported family resilience (e.g., family found good ways of coping (49%)). COVID-19 impacts associated with poorer mental health (standardised coefficients) included self-quarantine (mother: β = 0.46, child: β = 0.46), financial hardship (mother: β = 0.27, child: β = 0.37) and family stress (mother: β = 0.49, child: β = 0.74). Family resilience was associated with better mental health (mother: β = -0.40, child: β = -0.46). CONCLUSIONS The financial and social impacts of Australia's public health restrictions have substantially affected families experiencing adversity, and their mental health. These impacts are likely to exacerbate inequities arising from adversity. To recover from COVID-19, policy investment should include income support and universal access to family health services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Bryson
- Centre for Community Child Health, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Population Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Fiona Mensah
- Population Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anna Price
- Centre for Community Child Health, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Population Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Lisa Gold
- School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Bridget Kenny
- Centre for Community Child Health, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Population Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Penelope Dakin
- Australian Research Alliance for Children and Youth, Canberra City, ACT, Australia
| | - Tracey Bruce
- Ingham Institute, Western Sydney University, NSW, Australia
| | - Kristy Noble
- Australian Research Alliance for Children and Youth, Canberra City, ACT, Australia
| | - Lynn Kemp
- Ingham Institute, Western Sydney University, NSW, Australia
| | - Sharon Goldfeld
- Centre for Community Child Health, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Population Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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28
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Abstract
The consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on risk for suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs) in children are still not fully known. However, COVID-19 and the mitigation strategies to limit its transmission have affected children and adolescents through increased parental morbidity and mortality, increased poverty and financial strain, social isolation, and lost connectedness to school, peers, and afterschool activities. These are all associated with increased risk for psychiatric disorders and STBs in children. Mental health professionals and pediatric primary care settings need to monitor psychiatric symptoms and risk for STBs in children and especially among those who were directly affected during the pandemic in order to reduce the burden of the pandemic on children and families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine M. Melhem
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
| | - David A. Brent
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
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29
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Palermo TM, Alderfer MA, Boerner KE, Hilliard ME, Hood AM, Modi AC, Wu YP. Editorial: Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion: Reporting Race and Ethnicity in the Journal of Pediatric Psychology. J Pediatr Psychol 2021; 46:731-733. [PMID: 34270747 PMCID: PMC8502460 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsab063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tonya M Palermo
- Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle Children’s Research Institute
| | - Melissa A Alderfer
- Center for Healthcare Delivery Science, Nemours Children’s Health System and Department of Pediatrics, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University
| | - Katelynn E Boerner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute
| | - Marisa E Hilliard
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital
| | - Anna M Hood
- Developmental Neurosciences Unit and Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health
| | - Avani C Modi
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati-College of Medicine
| | - Yelena P Wu
- Department of Dermatology, University of Utah, Huntsman Cancer Institute
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Sayed MH, Hegazi MA, El-Baz MS, Alahmadi TS, Zubairi NA, Altuwiriqi MA, Saeedi FA, Atwah AF, Abdulhaq NM, Almurashi SH. COVID-19 related posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents in Saudi Arabia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255440. [PMID: 34347842 PMCID: PMC8336789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in quarantine/lockdown measures in most countries. Quarantine may create intense psychological problems including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) especially for the vulnerable critically developing children/adolescents. Few studies evaluated PTSD associated with infectious disasters but no Saudi study investigated PTSD associated with COVID-19 in children/adolescents. This study was undertaken to screen for PTSD in children/adolescent in Saudi Arabia to identify its prevalence/risk factors during COVID-19 pandemic and its quarantine. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted after 2 months form start of quarantine for COVID-19 pandemic utilizing the original English version and an Arabic translated version for the University of California at Los Angeles Brief COVID-19 Screen for Child/Adolescent PTSD that can be parent-reported or self-completed by older children/adolescents. Participants (Saudi citizens/non-Saudi residents) were approached online via social media. RESULTS Five hundred and thirty seven participants were enrolled. The participants were 262 boys and 275 girls with a mean age of 12.25±3.77 years. Symptoms of no, minimal, mild and potential PTSD were identified in 15.5%, 44.1%, 27.4% and 13.0% of children/adolescents, respectively. The age, gender, school grade, and residence were not predictive of PTSD symptoms. Univariate analysis of risk factors for PTSD revealed that work of a close relative around people who might be infected was significantly different between groups of PTSD symptoms, but this difference disappeared during multivariate analysis. Children/adolescents of Saudi citizens had significantly lower median total PTSD score than children/adolescents of expatriate families (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION PTSD associated with the COVID-19 and its resultant quarantine shouldn't be overlooked in different populations as it is expected in a considerable proportion of children/adolescents with variable prevalence, risk factors and severity. Parents/healthcare providers must be aware of PTSD associated with COVID-19 or similar disasters, so, they can provide children/adolescent with effective coping mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H. Sayed
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Moustafa A. Hegazi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pediatrics, Mansoura University Children’s Hospital, Mansoura, Egypt
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Mohamed S. El-Baz
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Turki S. Alahmadi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pediatrics, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadeem A. Zubairi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad A. Altuwiriqi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fajr A. Saeedi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali F. Atwah
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nada M. Abdulhaq
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh H. Almurashi
- Faculty of Medicine in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Santacroce SJ, Killela MK, Kamkhoad D, Leckey JA, Hubbard G. He knew more than we wanted him to know: Parent perceptions about their children's sense of pediatric cancer-related financial problems. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2021; 68:e29080. [PMID: 33894050 PMCID: PMC10440629 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.29080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment for pediatric cancer generates costs that place sizeable demands on family finances relative to household income. Little is known about whether children sense that their cancer has created financial problems for the family. The study purpose was to describe parents' perceptions about whether their child sensed that pediatric cancer created financial problems for their family. PROCEDURE Family Communications Theory informed our study. We used descriptive statistics and content analysis to examine parents' (n = 417) responses to questions about the child's sense of pediatric cancer-related financial problems from a larger survey study. RESULTS Approximately 56.2% of parents indicated that their child had no sense of the pediatric cancer-related financial problems and 44.1% indicated their child had some. Proportions of children perceived to sense these financial problems steadily increased with age grouping, while proportions perceived to have none declined. With content analysis, we identified cognitive capacity as the key child factor influencing children's sense of these problems. Influential context factors included social norms, observed changes in family routines and spending patterns, and overheard conversations between adults. Child psychological outcomes included guilt, anxiety about money, and feelings of being a burden. CONCLUSION Pediatric oncology professionals and staff should be mindful of parent preferences about burdening children with sensitive financial information, and modify their behaviors and processes accordingly. They can also provide anticipatory guidance and psycho-education about psychological responses related to the effects of pediatric cancer on family finances and the role of cognitive development in the evolution of children's awareness of those effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Judge Santacroce
- School of Nursing, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Mary K. Killela
- School of Nursing, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | - Jill A. Leckey
- School of Nursing, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Grace Hubbard
- School of Nursing, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Guyer
- From Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI
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Fix RL, Testa EG, Thurston IB, Gray WN, Russell MT. Anti-Racism Strategies in Pediatric Psychology: Using STYLE Can Help Children Overcome Adverse Experiences With Police. J Clin Psychol Med Settings 2021; 29:262-273. [PMID: 34302580 PMCID: PMC8302965 DOI: 10.1007/s10880-021-09804-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Black children are exposed to police violence at alarming rates. Such stress impacts development and treatment of physical health problems. In the current discourse, we introduce STYLE (Self-examination, Talk about community-police relations and racism, Yield space and time to anti-racism work, Learn about how structural racism impacts child health, Evaluate policies and practices through an anti-racism lens). STYLE offers a framework through which professionals in pediatric psychology can engage in anti-racist work across contexts from clinical care to academic and advocacy settings. Pediatric psychologists have a responsibility to be on the frontline as interventionists, educators, researchers, organizers, and advocates for racial justice through anti-racism practices. The current paper introduces STYLE in clinical care, community service, training/supervision, and academic and advocacy contexts. Case examples are provided. Professionals in pediatric psychology must first focus on changing their STYLE to promote individual and infrastructural change consistent with anti-racism work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Fix
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 415 N. Washington Street, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.
| | | | | | - Wendy N Gray
- Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, USA
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Werling AM, Walitza S, Drechsler R. Impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on screen media use in patients referred for ADHD to child and adolescent psychiatry: an introduction to problematic use of the internet in ADHD and results of a survey. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:1033-1043. [PMID: 33885969 PMCID: PMC8060336 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02332-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 outbreak and lockdown have been associated with multiple consequences for mental health, including an excessive and potentially harmful increase in screen media use. The specific consequences for children, adolescents and young adults with ADHD are still unknown. In the first part of this study, a short review of problematic use of the internet (PUI) in ADHD is presented, showing that patients with ADHD are at risk for different aspects of PUI, such as excessive gaming or problematic social media use. In the second part, we report original data of an online survey on screen media use before, during and after the lockdown completed by parents of children and adolescents clinically referred for ADHD. Parents rated children's/adolescents' media-related behavior and media time on a new screening questionnaire for PUI. Each item was rated three times, referring to the observed behavior before, during and 1-2 months after the lockdown. N = 126 parents of patients referred for ADHD aged 10-18 years participated in the study. Total media time increased by 46% during the lockdown and did not completely return to pre-Corona levels afterwards. Patients with difficulties concentrating, high irritability or deterioration of ADHD problems under lockdown spent more time with screen media than those with milder or no such problems. While the effects of the lockdown on screen media use and its negative impact on everyday life appear to be largely reversible, a small proportion of patients with ADHD apparently continue to show increased media use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Werling
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Centre for Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Research, Neuropsychology, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Eisengasse 16, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Susanne Walitza
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Centre for Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Research, Neuropsychology, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Eisengasse 16, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Renate Drechsler
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Centre for Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Research, Neuropsychology, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Eisengasse 16, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
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Kim SJ, Lee S, Han H, Jung J, Yang SJ, Shin Y. Parental Mental Health and Children's Behaviors and Media Usage during COVID-19-Related School Closures. J Korean Med Sci 2021; 36:e184. [PMID: 34184439 PMCID: PMC8239422 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is different from previous disasters in that it continues to the present and has affected all aspects of family life. During epidemics, psychosocial support is not less important than infection control. During COVID-19-related school closures, prolonged partial closures of schools could have detrimental social and health consequences for children and may increase the burden on the family. Based on a community sample in Korea, this study identified parental concerns, children's media usage, other various factors and examined whether parental stress level or depression were positively associated with problem behaviors, media exposure, and sleep problems of the primary school children during school closure under COVID-19. METHODS Participants were 217 parents residing in Suwon, South Korea, who had primary school children and responded to a web-based questionnaire on parental concerns from school closure under COVID-19, subjective stress, depression, whether having received mental health services, and family characteristics; children's sleep patterns, problem behaviors, media usage during the online-only class period, and changes in activity level following the pandemic. RESULTS During school closure, children gained body weight, spent less time in physical activities and more in media usage. Besides online learning content (97.2%), YouTube was highly used content (87.6%), and games followed (78.3%). Parental subjective stress index was highly associated with parental depression (Pearson correlation 0.439, P < 0.001), children's sleep problems (0.283, P < 0.001), tablet time (0.171, P = 0.012) and behavior problems (0.413, P < 0.001). Parental depression was associated with children's sleep problems (0.355, P < 0.001), TV time (0.153, P = 0.024), tablet time (0.159, P = 0.019), and behavior problems (0.524, P < 0.001). Parents who previously received mental services seemed to be more concerned about the problems their children already have getting worse because of COVID-19 than the disease itself. Children's sleep problem was associated with tablet (0.172, P = 0.011) and smartphone time (0.298, P < 0.001), but not its frequency. CONCLUSION During COVID-19-related school closures, many parents and children had various difficulties relating to mental health. Ongoing monitoring of mental health of high-risk groups and multiple support systems may need to be expanded to cover those parents having difficulty in caring for their children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Ju Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sangha Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hyojin Han
- Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jaeoh Jung
- Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Su Jin Yang
- Institute of Future Convergence, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yunmi Shin
- Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.
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Alfakeh SA, Gadah AA, Alharbi KA, Jan FM, Hejazi MS, Addas OK, Alamoudi MK, Al Taifi AI. Childhood anxiety disorders prevalence in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 2021; 42:91-94. [PMID: 33399176 PMCID: PMC7989321 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2021.1.25624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of childhood anxiety disorders in Saudi Arabia. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study, between September and November 2019, in Saudi Arabia. The study group included the parents of 468 primary school children, aged 6-12 years. Parents completed the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders (SCARED) screening instrument, translated to Arabic. The measured outcome was the prevalence of childhood anxiety disorders, determined from the scores on the SCARED instrument. Results: Childhood anxiety disorders prevalence were as follows: 32.7% had one anxiety, 18.4% had 2, 10.9% had 3, 8.1% had 4, and 7.7% had 5. Of note, 22.2% of children did not have an anxiety disorder. Conclusion: Our results reveal a high prevalence of childhood anxiety disorders among primary school age children in Saudi Arabia. Based on these findings, conducting awareness campaigns and providing educational programs on childhood anxiety disorders might be important to improve the health outcomes of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulhi A Alfakeh
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail.
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Morita M, Saito A, Nozaki M, Ihara Y. Childcare support and child social development in Japan: investigating the mediating role of parental psychological condition and parenting style. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200025. [PMID: 33938269 PMCID: PMC8090826 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, support from partners and alloparents is crucial for successful child-rearing and optimal child development. However, the complex relationships among childcare support, children's outcomes and parental characteristics have not been fully examined. We investigate how three sources of partner and alloparental support-partner's childcare participation, support from children's grandparents and support from non-kin-can be associated with child social development. We hypothesize that the associations between childcare support from partners/alloparents and child social development are partly mediated by parental psychological condition and parenting style. To test this, we conducted path analyses on online survey data collected in 2016 from parents of 3- to 5-year-old children in Japan. We found no evidence that childcare support had direct positive effects on child social development. Rather, the benefit of childcare support was mediated by its effects on parental psychological condition and parenting style, which in turn improved children's outcomes. At the same time, we found some evidence that greater availability of childcare support was directly associated with more behavioural difficulties in children. Our findings reveal the complex pathways between childcare support, parental characteristics and children's outcomes in Japan, showing potential mechanisms behind parental and alloparental effects in industrialized populations. This article is part of the theme issue 'Multidisciplinary perspectives on social support and maternal-child health'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Morita
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Atsuko Saito
- Department of Psychology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Mari Nozaki
- Faculty of Education, Hirosaki University, 1 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki-shi, Aomori 036-8560, Japan
| | - Yasuo Ihara
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Abstract
From infancy, humans have the ability to distinguish animate agents from inert objects, and preschoolers map biological and mechanical insides to their appropriate kinds. However, less is known about how identifying something as an animate agent shapes specific inferences about its internal properties. Here, we test whether preschool children (N = 92; North American population) have specifically biological expectations about animate agents, or if they have more general expectations that animate agents should have an internal source of motion. We presented preschoolers with videos of two puppets: a "self-propelled" fur-covered puppet, and a fur-covered puppet that is seen to be moved by a human actor. In addition, we presented preschoolers with images of a familiar artifact (motorcycle) and familiar animal (sheep). For each item, we asked them to choose what they thought was inside each of these entities: nothing, biological insides, or mechanical insides. Preschoolers were less likely to say that a self-propelled fur-covered object was empty, compared to a fur-covered object that was moved by a human actor, which converges with past work with infants. However, preschoolers showed no specifically biological expectations about these objects, despite being able to accurately match biological insides to familiar animals and mechanical insides to familiar artifacts on the follow-up measure. These results suggest that preschoolers do not have specifically biological expectations about animate agents as a category, but rather general expectations that such agents should not be empty inside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan F. Kominsky
- Rutgers University–Newark, Chicago, NJ, United States of America
- Harvard University Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, England
| | - Patrick Shafto
- Rutgers University–Newark, Chicago, NJ, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Bonawitz
- Rutgers University–Newark, Chicago, NJ, United States of America
- Harvard University Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, England
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Fond G, Franc N, Sarfati Y, Purper-Ouakil D, Boyer L. [Psychological development of children born by medically assisted procreation]. Encephale 2021; 46:167-168. [PMID: 32546294 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2020.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Fond
- Marseille Univ, faculté de médecine - secteur Timone, EA 3279 : CEReSS - Centre d'étude et de recherche sur les services de santé et la qualité de vie, hôpital La Conception, Assistance publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France.
| | - N Franc
- Service universitaire de pédopsychiatrie, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Y Sarfati
- Service universitaire de pédopsychiatrie, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - D Purper-Ouakil
- Service universitaire de pédopsychiatrie, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - L Boyer
- Marseille Univ, faculté de médecine - secteur Timone, EA 3279 : CEReSS - Centre d'étude et de recherche sur les services de santé et la qualité de vie, hôpital La Conception, Assistance publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
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Abstract
This article documents the increasing numbers of children impacted annually by 1 or more types of violence against children and describes the range of types of injuries and their immediate and long-term impacts on child outcomes. The article describes the growing number of international collaborations to decrease the numbers of children impacted by violence and to mitigate the consequences thereof, with a particular emphasis on children living in war zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonita Stanton
- Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA.
| | - Brittney Davis
- New York Academy of Medicine, 1216 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Danielle Laraque-Arena
- New York Academy of Medicine, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 1216 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Abstract
Schools should be considered safe spaces for children; children need to feel secure in order to grow and learn. This article argues that when a school shooting occurs, the harm goes beyond those who are injured or killed, because the presumption of security is shattered, and the mental and emotional health of the students is threatened. There are many interventions for preventing these attacks at the school, state, and federal levels. This article explores evidence behind some of these interventions and describes the delicate balance in implementing interventions without introducing undue stress and anxiety into a child's everyday life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Reeping
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Ariana N Gobaud
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Charles C Branas
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sonali Rajan
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Health and Behavior Studies, Columbia University, Teachers College, 525 West 120th Street, 530F Thorndike Hall, Box 114, New York, NY 10027, USA
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de Figueiredo CS, Sandre PC, Portugal LCL, Mázala-de-Oliveira T, da Silva Chagas L, Raony Í, Ferreira ES, Giestal-de-Araujo E, Dos Santos AA, Bomfim POS. COVID-19 pandemic impact on children and adolescents' mental health: Biological, environmental, and social factors. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 106:110171. [PMID: 33186638 PMCID: PMC7657035 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was announced, we had an unprecedented change in the way we organize ourselves socially and in our daily routine. Children and adolescents were also greatly impacted by the abrupt withdrawal from school, social life and outdoor activities. Some of them also experienced domestic violence growing. The stress they are subjected to directly impacts their mental health on account of increased anxiety, changes in their diets and in school dynamics, fear or even failing to scale the problem. Our aim is to bring up a discussion under different aspects and to alert public health and government agents about the need for surveillance and care of these individuals. We hope that the damage to their mental health as a result of the side effect of this pandemic can be mitigated by adequate and timely intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Saggioro de Figueiredo
- Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, 24020-141, Brazil
| | - Poliana Capucho Sandre
- NuPEDEN, Nucleus for Research, Education, Dissemination and Neurosciences Popularization, Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, Brazil; Thymus Research Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Liana Catarina Lima Portugal
- NuPEDEN, Nucleus for Research, Education, Dissemination and Neurosciences Popularization, Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, Brazil; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Behavior, Biomedical Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Brazil
| | - Thalita Mázala-de-Oliveira
- NuPEDEN, Nucleus for Research, Education, Dissemination and Neurosciences Popularization, Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, Brazil
| | - Luana da Silva Chagas
- NuPEDEN, Nucleus for Research, Education, Dissemination and Neurosciences Popularization, Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, Brazil; Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, 24020-141, Brazil
| | - Ícaro Raony
- Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, 24020-141, Brazil; School of Medicine, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24033-900, Brazil
| | - Elenn Soares Ferreira
- NuPEDEN, Nucleus for Research, Education, Dissemination and Neurosciences Popularization, Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Giestal-de-Araujo
- Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, 24020-141, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation - INCT-NIM, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Aline Araujo Dos Santos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Laboratory of Neurochemical Interactions, Biomedical Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Brazil
| | - Priscilla Oliveira-Silva Bomfim
- NuPEDEN, Nucleus for Research, Education, Dissemination and Neurosciences Popularization, Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, Brazil; Department of Neurobiology and Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, 24020-141, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation - INCT-NIM, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; Rio de Janeiro Neuroinflammation Research Network, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil.
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Jaklevic MC. Hospital Clowns Ease Children's Symptoms, Review Shows. JAMA 2021; 325:610-611. [PMID: 33502452 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.26433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Bainbridge CM, Bertolo M, Youngers J, Atwood S, Yurdum L, Simson J, Lopez K, Xing F, Martin A, Mehr SA. Infants relax in response to unfamiliar foreign lullabies. Nat Hum Behav 2021; 5:256-264. [PMID: 33077883 PMCID: PMC8220405 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-020-00963-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Music is characterized by acoustic forms that are predictive of its behavioural functions. For example, adult listeners accurately identify unfamiliar lullabies as infant-directed on the basis of their musical features alone. This property could reflect a function of listeners' experiences, the basic design of the human mind, or both. Here, we show that US infants (N = 144) relax in response to eight unfamiliar foreign lullabies, relative to matched non-lullaby songs from other foreign societies, as indexed by heart rate, pupillometry and electrodermal activity. They do so consistently throughout the first year of life, suggesting that the response is not a function of their musical experiences, which are limited relative to those of adults. The infants' parents overwhelmingly chose lullabies as the songs that they would use to calm their fussy infant, despite their unfamiliarity. Together, these findings suggest that infants may be predisposed to respond to common features of lullabies found in different cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mila Bertolo
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Julie Youngers
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - S Atwood
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lidya Yurdum
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jan Simson
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kelsie Lopez
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Feng Xing
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Education, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alia Martin
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Samuel A Mehr
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.
- Data Science Initiative, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Taddei M, Bulgheroni S. Facing the real time challenges of the COVID-19 emergency for child neuropsychology service in Milan. Res Dev Disabil 2020; 107:103786. [PMID: 33007533 PMCID: PMC7510541 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Italy, due to the COVID-19 emergency, hospitals and health services were required to undergo rapid changes in organization and assistance delivery in order to control the epidemic outbreak. The confinement of the population and the outbreak impact on health care systems disrupted the routine care for non COVID-19 patients. Particular challenges have been faced for services working with neurodevelopmental disabilities and pediatric neurological disorders. We present the adaptation of our Child Neurology and Developmental Neuropsychology Service at the Developmental Neurology Unit, which is responsible for cognitive and behavioral assessment of children with neurodevelopmental disorders and neurological diseases, on an inpatient/outpatient basis, to the epidemic outbreak. In particular, we describe the introduction of telehealth in clinical practice and provide qualitative and quantitative data regarding the feasibility of the telemedicine protocol and the level of satisfaction experienced by families. OUTCOMES Patients admitted on an inpatient basis are limited to non-deferrable cases; all patients do pre-admission screening to exclude COVID-19 infection. Child neurologists and psychologists have switched the out-patient visits to telemedicine sessions, despite they had little to no previous experience in telemedicine. Families' response to the proposal of video-sessions has been positive with 93 % of families accepting it, preparing appropriate devices and conditions to participate at home. Main barriers to tele-sessions access were socio-economic and linguistic disadvantage, together with familiar health issues. The Telemedicine Satisfaction Questionnaire revealed high level of agreementi between expected care and actual care received by patients and caregivers. CONCLUSIONS The experience of our Service confirms the importance of an inclusive response to emergency with respect to people with disabilities, ensuring the quality and continuity of care in times of population quarantine. Our experience could be useful worldwide to evaluate the feasibility of the Italian emergency response applied to the assistance of children with neurodevelopmental disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Taddei
- Developmental Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Celoria 11, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Sara Bulgheroni
- Developmental Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Celoria 11, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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King TL, Shields M, Byars S, Kavanagh AM, Craig L, Milner A. Breadwinners and Losers: Does the Mental Health of Mothers, Fathers, and Children Vary by Household Employment Arrangements? Evidence From 7 Waves of Data From the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. Am J Epidemiol 2020; 189:1512-1520. [PMID: 32661550 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwaa138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In Australia, as in many industrialized countries, the past 50 years have been marked by increasing female labor-force participation. It is popularly speculated that this might impose a mental-health burden on women and their children. This analysis aimed to examine the associations between household labor-force participation (household employment configuration) and the mental health of parents and children. Seven waves of data from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children were used, comprising 2004-2016, with children aged 4-17 years). Mental health outcome measures were the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (children/adolescents) and 6-item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (parents). A 5-category measure of household employment configuration was derived from parental reports: both parents full-time, male-breadwinner, female-breadwinner, shared-part-time employment (both part-time) and father full-time/mother part-time (1.5-earner). Fixed-effects regression models were used to compare within-person effects, controlling for time-varying confounders. For men, the male-breadwinner configuration was associated with poorer mental health compared with the 1.5-earner configuration (β = 0.21, 95% confidence interval: 0.05, 0.36). No evidence of association was observed for either women or children. This counters prevailing social attitudes, suggesting that neither children nor women are adversely affected by household employment configuration, nor are they disadvantaged by the extent of this labor-force participation. Men's mental health appears to be poorer when they are the sole household breadwinner.
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Wade M, Zeanah CH, Fox NA, Nelson CA. Social communication deficits following early-life deprivation and relation to psychopathology: a randomized clinical trial of foster care. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2020; 61:1360-1369. [PMID: 32222079 PMCID: PMC7967662 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children reared in institutions experience profound deprivation that is linked to impairments in social communication (SC). However, little is known about the long-term consequences of institutional rearing on SC through adolescence, and how SC deficits relate to broad-spectrum psychopathology. It is also unclear whether early removal from deprivation and placement into socially enriched environments remediates these difficulties. METHODS Children reared in Romanian institutions from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project were randomly assigned to care as usual or foster care intervention in early childhood. An age- and sex-matched group of never-institutionalized children was also recruited. SC data from 208 children at age 8 and 129 children at 16 were collected using the Social Communication Questionnaire. Psychopathology was assessed as saved factor scores for general (P) and specific internalizing (INT) and externalizing (EXT) problems. We examined (a) whether institutional rearing is associated with continued SC deficits into adolescence; (b) whether early placement into foster care mitigates risk for SC problems; and (c) associations between SC and psychopathology from middle childhood (age 8) to adolescence (age 16). RESULTS Findings suggest that: (a) institutionally-reared children have significantly more SC problems than never-institutionalized children at age 16; (b) children placed into foster care early in life have fewer problems with reciprocal social interaction compared to those with prolonged institutional rearing; and (c) deficits in SC at age 8 partially account for the link between institutional rearing and general psychopathology at age 16. CONCLUSIONS Early deprivation is associated with impairments in SC that persist into adolescence, with evidence for the remedial benefit of family-based care in the domain of reciprocal social interaction. Moreover, deficits in SC among ever-institutionalized children in middle childhood may increase the risk of broad-spectrum psychopathology in adolescence, thus providing one putative target for early intervention to safeguard against later psychiatric problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Wade
- Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School
| | - Charles H. Zeanah
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University School of Medicine
| | - Nathan A. Fox
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland
| | - Charles A. Nelson
- Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School
- Harvard Graduate School of Education
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Isumi A, Doi S, Yamaoka Y, Takahashi K, Fujiwara T. Do suicide rates in children and adolescents change during school closure in Japan? The acute effect of the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic on child and adolescent mental health. Child Abuse Negl 2020; 110:104680. [PMID: 32847679 PMCID: PMC7443207 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has severely impacted the lives of children and adolescents. School closure, one of the critical changes during the first COVID-19 wave, caused decreases in social contacts and increases in family time for children and adolescents. This can have both positive and negative influences on suicide, which is one of the robust mental health outcomes. However, the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on children and adolescents in terms of suicide is unknown. OBJECTIVE This study investigates the acute effect of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic on suicide among children and adolescents during school closure in Japan. DATA Total number of suicides per month among children and adolescents under 20 years old between January 2018 and May 2020. METHODS Poisson regression was used to examine whether suicide increased or decreased during school closure, which spanned from March to May 2020, compared with the same period in 2018 and 2019. Robustness check was conducted using all data from January 2018 to May 2020. Negative binomial regression, a model with overdispersion, was also performed. RESULTS We found no significant change in suicide rates during the school closure (incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 1.15, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.81 to 1.64). We found the main effect of month, that is, suicides significantly increased suicides in May (IRR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.78) compared to March, but the interaction terms of month and school closure were not significant (p > 0.1). CONCLUSIONS As preliminary findings, this study suggests that the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic has not significantly affected suicide rates among children and adolescents during the school closure in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Isumi
- Department of Global Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Japan Society of the Promotion of Science, Japan
| | - Satomi Doi
- Department of Global Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Japan Society of the Promotion of Science, Japan
| | - Yui Yamaoka
- Department of Global Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Takahashi
- Medical and Dental Data Science Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
| | - Takeo Fujiwara
- Department of Global Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Abstract
Children and adolescents who have experienced traumatic events demonstrate a variety of posttraumatic symptoms, including recurrent nightmares, as well as adverse reactions in the school setting. The current study examined nightmare symptoms, posttraumatic stress, sleep disturbance, and self- and teacher-reported school functioning of 64 youths in the Gaza Strip, ages 12 to 16, who have lived through three wars and experience ongoing conflict and political insecurity. Students were treatment-seeking for sleep-problems and reported, on average, five nightmares per week for an average of three years, with concomitant disrupted sleep, fear of going to sleep, and not feeling rested in the morning. Both teachers and students reported that participants exhibited impaired academic functioning and daytime sleepiness. The content of the students’ nightmares demonstrated frightening themes of being under attack and loss of self-efficacy/control; threat levels were high, and almost 60% included the threat of death. Approximately half of the nightmares included surreal elements in addition to more realistic scenes of violence. Participants in the study demonstrated substantial posttraumatic sleep problems with intensely distressing, frequent and chronic nightmares, andnightmare symptoms were associated with impairment in school functioning. Given the disruptive and distressing nature of these students’ nightmare disturbance, we suggest that increasing self-efficacy in relation to the experience of recurrent nightmares may be a good point of intervention with these recurrently traumatized youth. Thus, increasing the understanding of students’ nightmare symptoms may lead to ameliorating the suffering of youths in war zones and may have positive effects on their school functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerlinde C. Harb
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Choices between immediate gratification and long-term (but larger) gains are prevalent in human life, which is why the decision-making processes to delay gratification have been studied extensively throughout different developmental ages. Children's delay-of-gratification behaviors have been examined in the well-known "marshmallow test," in which 3- to 5-year-olds are given a marshmallow and told by an experimenter that they can eat it immediately or wait for an unspecified duration of time (which can be capped at 15 min) until the experimenter returns so that they can receive another marshmallow. Children's wait time has been viewed as a good indicator of their later development. Here we show that a group of 22-month-old infants (N = 32) already held expectations about others' choices in a violation-of-expectation looking-time task modeled after the marshmallow test. The infants expected an agent to defer gratification based on a speaker's promise of the second marshmallow available in the future, but to eat the currently attainable marshmallow when the speaker made no such promise. Our findings indicate an early-emerging understanding of others' choices of delayed or instant gratification and shed new light on the development of delay-of-gratification behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Luo
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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