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Ziemanski JF, Wilson L, Barnes S, Nichols KK. Prostaglandin E2 and F2α Alter Expression of Select Cholesteryl Esters and Triacylglycerols Produced by Human Meibomian Gland Epithelial Cells. Cornea 2022; 41:95-105. [PMID: 34483274 PMCID: PMC8648972 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000002835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE PGF2α analogs are commonly used to treat glaucoma and are associated with higher rates of meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physiological effects of PGF2α and PGE2 on immortalized human meibomian gland epithelial cells (HMGECs). METHODS HMGECs were immunostained for the 4 PGE2 receptors (EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4) and 1 PGF2α receptor (FP) and imaged. Rosiglitazone-differentiated HMGECs were exposed to PGF2α and PGE2 (10-9 to 10-6 M) for 3 hours. Cell viability was assessed by an adenosine triphosphate-based luminescent assay, and lipid extracts were analyzed for cholesteryl esters (CEs), wax esters (WEs), and triacylglycerols (TAGs) by ESI-MSMSALL in positive ion mode by a Triple TOF 5600 Mass Spectrometer using SCIEX LipidView 1.3. RESULTS HMGECs expressed 3 PGE2 receptors (EP1, EP2, and EP4) and the 1 PGF2α receptor (FP). Neither PGE2 nor PGF2α showed signs of cytotoxicity at any of the concentrations tested. WEs were not detected from any of the samples, but both CEs and TAGs exhibited a diverse and dynamic profile. PGE2 suppressed select CEs (CE 22:1, CE 26:0, CE 28:1, and CE 30:1). PGF2α dose dependently increased several CEs (CE 20:2, CE 20:1, CE 22:1, and CE 24:0) yet decreased others. Both prostaglandins led to nonspecific TAG remodeling. CONCLUSIONS PGE2 and PGF2α showed minimal effect on HMGEC viability. PGF2α influences lipid expression greater than PGE2 and may do so by interfering with meibocyte differentiation. This work may provide insight into the mechanism of MGD development in patients with glaucoma treated with PGF2α analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian F. Ziemanski
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Optometry, Department of Optometry Vision Science, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Landon Wilson
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology Toxicology, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Stephen Barnes
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology Toxicology, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kelly K. Nichols
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Optometry, Department of Optometry Vision Science, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION More than 20 orally bioavailable chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells (CRTH2) antagonists have moved forward to clinical development in recent years for the treatment of asthma. However, evidence from individual randomised controlled trials (RCTs) has demonstrated inconsistent results in their efficacy and safety. METHODS AND ANALYSIS PubMed/Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Global Index Medicus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Scopus will be searched from inception to 30 December 2017 for eligible RCTs, with additional studies being identified by manual searches. The study eligibility, data extraction and quality appraisal will be performed by two independent reviewers. Studies deemed fit for inclusion will be assessed using Cochrane Collaboration risk of bias tool. To generate more accurate analyses, Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation will be used to grade the evidence. We will use the χ2 test and the I2 statistic to assess heterogeneity. The metaregression and subgroup analyses will be undertaken in the presence of heterogeneity. The potential for publication bias will be examined using funnel plots. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The current study is based on published data, thus ethical approval is not a requirement. The results of this study will be reported in an open-access peer-reviewed publication or will be disseminated as conference proceedings. This systematic review will increase the understanding of the application of CRTH2 antagonists in patients with asthma, which may help to establish and identify specific gaps in the evidence informing a future agenda for asthma research, policy and practice. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42017079342.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Min
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongli Jiang
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bing Mao
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Palliser HK, Hirst JJ, Rice GE, Ooi GT, Dellios NL, Escalona RM, Young IR. Labor-Associated Regulation of Prostaglandin E and F Synthesis and Action in the Ovine Amnion and Cervix. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 13:19-24. [PMID: 16303322 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsgi.2005.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prostaglandins (PGs) are key regulators of cervical dilatation and membrane breakdown at the onset of labor. PG synthase and receptor expression has been previously documented in uterine tissues; however, mechanisms governing the changes occurring in the cervix and amnion are less well established. The aim of the current study was to determine the level of expression of PG synthetic enzymes and receptors in these tissues in association with induced labor in sheep. METHODS Labor was induced in sheep at 135 days of gestation by continuous fetal dexamethasone infusion. Amnion and cervical tissue was obtained before and after labor for measurement of mRNA encoding enzymes (cytosolic phospholipase A2 [cPLA2], PGH synthase-2 [PGHS-2], PGF synthase [PGFS], and PGE synthase [PGES]) and receptors (FP and EP1-4) by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS cPLA2 expression increased significantly in cervical tissue at labor onset, whereas expression of the other enzymes measured did not change. There was a marked rise in EP3 expression in the cervix, but abundance of this receptor was lower than EP2 and FP expression, which did not change. The amnion exhibited a labor-associated decrease in PGHS-2, PGFS, and FP mRNA expression. CONCLUSION The regulation of PG synthesis and action occurring in the amnion and cervix in association with labor appear to differ markedly between the two tissues, indicating tissue-specific roles for PGs. The data support a role for increased PG synthesis and action in the cervix and suggest a decrease in PG production and action in the amnion, in sharp contrast to the pattern reported in human amnion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah K Palliser
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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Abbasi A, Vieira RDP, Northoff H. Letter to the editor: the evidence of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in endurance runners; genetic basis and gender differences. Exerc Immunol Rev 2015; 21:186-188. [PMID: 25828753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase/biosynthesis
- Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase/genetics
- Asthma, Exercise-Induced/etiology
- Asthma, Exercise-Induced/genetics
- Asthma, Exercise-Induced/physiopathology
- Bronchial Spasm/etiology
- Bronchial Spasm/genetics
- Bronchial Spasm/physiopathology
- Bronchoconstriction/genetics
- Bronchoconstriction/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/genetics
- Endothelin-1/biosynthesis
- Endothelin-1/genetics
- Endotoxins/pharmacology
- Exercise
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation/physiology
- Gonadal Steroid Hormones/physiology
- Humans
- Inflammation
- Male
- Mice
- Physical Endurance/physiology
- Rats
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/genetics
- Running/physiology
- Sex Characteristics
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Abbasi
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Germany
- Zentrum für Klinische Transfusionsmedizin (ZKT) and Institute of Clinical and Experimental Transfusion Medicine (IKET), University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Rodolfo de Paula Vieira
- Laboratory of Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (LABPEI), Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hinnak Northoff
- Zentrum für Klinische Transfusionsmedizin (ZKT) and Institute of Clinical and Experimental Transfusion Medicine (IKET), University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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Boita M, Guida G, Circosta P, Elia AR, Stella S, Heffler E, Badiu I, Martorana D, Mariani S, Rolla G, Cignetti A. The molecular and functional characterization of clonally expanded CD8+ TCR BV T cells in eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA). Clin Immunol 2014; 152:152-63. [PMID: 24632064 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) clonally expanded T cells might concur in granuloma formation and vascular injury. The TCR β-variable (BV) chain repertoire and third complementarity determining region (CDR3) of peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ cells in EGPA patients and age-matched controls and the expression of cytokines and chemokine receptors were investigated. The CD8+ lymphocytes of EGPA patients showed an increased frequency of BV expansions with a skewed profile of BV CDR3 lengths, increased CCR5 and CXCR3 expression and increased INFγ and TNFα production. In two patients, the TCR CDR3 cDNA sequences of the expanded BV family were identified. The CD4+ lymphocytes of EGPA patients revealed a higher expression of CRTH2 and increased production of IL-5. In conclusion, CD4+ T cells display a Th2 profile and CD8+ T cells are clonally expanded in EGPA and have a proinflammatory phenotype, suggesting their pathogenic role in vasculitic damage.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Biomarkers
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Churg-Strauss Syndrome/blood
- Churg-Strauss Syndrome/immunology
- Complementarity Determining Regions
- Female
- Granuloma/immunology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Class Switching/immunology
- Inflammation/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-5/biosynthesis
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, CCR5/biosynthesis
- Receptors, CXCR3/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Immunologic/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/biosynthesis
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Boita
- Allergology and Clinical Immunology, University of Torino, Italy; Medical Science Department, University of Torino, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Guida
- Internal Medicine II - Birago di Vische Hospital - ASL TO2, Torino, Italy.
| | - Paola Circosta
- University Division of Hematology and Cell Therapy, AO Mauriziano, Torino, University of Torino, Italy; Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), University of Torino, Italy.
| | - Angela Rita Elia
- University Division of Hematology and Cell Therapy, AO Mauriziano, Torino, University of Torino, Italy; Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), University of Torino, Italy.
| | - Stefania Stella
- Immunohematology and Transfusional Medicine - Giovanni Bosco Hospital - ASL TO2-Torino, Italy.
| | - Enrico Heffler
- Allergology and Clinical Immunology, University of Torino, Italy; Medical Science Department, University of Torino, Italy.
| | - Iuliana Badiu
- Allergology and Clinical Immunology, University of Torino, Italy.
| | | | - Sara Mariani
- Medical Science Department, University of Torino, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Rolla
- Allergology and Clinical Immunology, University of Torino, Italy; Medical Science Department, University of Torino, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Cignetti
- University Division of Hematology and Cell Therapy, AO Mauriziano, Torino, University of Torino, Italy; Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), University of Torino, Italy.
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Blesson CS, Büttner E, Masironi B, Sahlin L. Prostaglandin receptors EP and FP are regulated by estradiol and progesterone in the uterus of ovariectomized rats. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2012; 10:3. [PMID: 22257560 PMCID: PMC3278370 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-10-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostaglandins are important for female reproduction. Prostaglandin-E2 acts via four different receptor subtypes, EP1, EP2, EP3 and EP4 whereas prostaglandin-F2alpha acts through FP. The functions of prostaglandins depend on the expression of their receptors in different uterine cell types. Our aim was to investigate the expression of EPs and FP in rat uterus and to identify the regulation by estradiol, progesterone and estrogen receptor (ER) selective agonists. METHODS We performed four different rat experiments involving treatments with estradiol, progesterone and ER agonists. Real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry were employed to evaluate receptor expression. RESULTS Our results showed that all mRNAs and proteins of EPs and FP are expressed in the rat uterus. The expression pattern and intensity of immunostaining vary between different cell types and treatments. The mRNA expression of all EPs and FP are downregulated by estradiol and the ERalpha specific agonist PPT, whereas the ERbeta specific agonist DPN downregulates only EP2 and EP4. The protein expression however, showed an increase in EP2 and EP3 after estradiol treatment. When treated with estradiol and progesterone in combination, the expressions of EP1 and EP3 are upregulated. CONCLUSIONS Regulation of EPs and FP expression by estradiol appears to be mainly modulated via ERalpha for EP1, EP3 and FP, while EP2 and EP4 also are affected by the ERbeta selective ligand. Our immunohistochemical data shows a cell specific regulation of prostaglandin receptors under the influence of ovarian steroids, where EP2 is estrogen regulated in all uterine tissues examined. EP1 and EP3 are upregulated by the combination of estradiol and progesterone. Thus, our observations indicate that estradiol and progesterone regulate the mRNA and protein expression of EPs and FP in a receptor and tissue specific way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chellakkan S Blesson
- Division for Reproductive Endocrinology and the Paediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Edgar Büttner
- Division for Reproductive Endocrinology and the Paediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Britt Masironi
- Division for Reproductive Endocrinology and the Paediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Sahlin
- Division for Reproductive Endocrinology and the Paediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Krishnan AV, Feldman D. Molecular pathways mediating the anti-inflammatory effects of calcitriol: implications for prostate cancer chemoprevention and treatment. Endocr Relat Cancer 2010; 17:R19-38. [PMID: 19926709 DOI: 10.1677/erc-09-0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Calcitriol, the hormonally active form of vitamin D, exerts multiple anti-proliferative and pro-differentiating actions including cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis in many malignant cells, and the hormone is currently being evaluated in clinical trials as an anti-cancer agent. Recent research reveals that calcitriol also exhibits multiple anti-inflammatory effects. First, calcitriol inhibits the synthesis and biological actions of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins (PGs) by three mechanisms: i) suppression of the expression of cyclooxygenase-2, the enzyme that synthesizes PGs; ii) up-regulation of the expression of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase, the enzyme that inactivates PGs; and iii) down-regulation of the expression of PG receptors that are essential for PG signaling. The combination of calcitriol and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs results in a synergistic inhibition of the growth of prostate cancer (PCa) cells and offers a potential therapeutic strategy for PCa. Second, calcitriol increases the expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 5 in prostate cells resulting in the subsequent inhibition of p38 stress kinase signaling and the attenuation of the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Third, calcitriol also exerts anti-inflammatory activity in PCa through the inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB signaling that results in potent anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic effects. Other important direct effects of calcitriol as well as the consequences of its anti-inflammatory effects include the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. We hypothesize that these anti-inflammatory actions, in addition to the other known anti-cancer effects of calcitriol, play an important role in its potential use as a therapeutic agent for PCa. Calcitriol or its analogs may have utility as chemopreventive agents and should be evaluated in clinical trials in PCa patients with early or precancerous disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna V Krishnan
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California 94305-5103, USA
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8
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Galeati G, Forni M, Govoni N, Spinaci M, Zannoni A, De Ambrogi M, Volpe S, Seren E, Tamanini C. Food deprivation stimulates the luteolytic capacity in the gilt. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2007; 33:281-93. [PMID: 16870388 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2006.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2006] [Revised: 06/19/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to study the effects of fasting on progesterone (P4) production in the pig and to verify whether fasting influences luteal expression of PGF(2alpha) receptor (FPr) and prostaglandin secretion. Superovulated prepubertal gilts were used; half of them were fasted for 72h starting on day 2 (F2) or 9 (F9) of the induced estrous cycle, respectively, while two groups (C2 and C9) served as respective controls. Plasma P4 and PGFM concentrations were determined by RIA while FPr mRNA expression in CLs collected at the end of fasting period was measured by real-time PCR. In experiment 1, plasma P4 concentrations in fasted gilts were significantly (P<0.01) higher than in controls starting from day 3 (F2; n=6) and 10 (F9; n=6). FPr mRNA expression was similar in F2 and C2 (n=6) CLs while it was significantly (P<0.05) higher in F9 than in C9 (n=6) CLs. In experiment 2, cloprostenol administered on day 12 significantly (P<0.05) increased FPr mRNA expression in CLs from both F9 (n=6) and C9 (n=6) gilts. At the time of cloprostenol injection PGFM levels were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the fasted group and cloprostenol-induced luteolysis in fasted but not in normally fed gilts. Results from this study indicate that fasting in prepubertal gilts induced to ovulate stimulates luteal P4 and PGFM production as well as FPr mRNA expression, thus increasing luteolytic susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Galeati
- Dipartimento di Morfofisiologia Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali (DIMORFIPA), Università di Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy.
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Zannoni A, Bernardini C, Rada T, Ribeiro LA, Forni M, Bacci ML. Prostaglandin F2-alpha receptor (FPr) expression on porcine corpus luteum microvascular endothelial cells (pCL-MVECs). Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2007; 5:31. [PMID: 17659079 PMCID: PMC1949401 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-5-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2007] [Accepted: 07/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The corpus luteum (CL) is a transient endocrine gland and prostaglandin F2-alpha is considered to be the principal luteolysin in pigs. In this species, the in vivo administration of prostaglandin F2-alpha induces apoptosis in large vessels as early as 6 hours after administration. The presence of the prostaglandin F2-alpha receptor (FPr) on the microvascular endothelial cells (pCL-MVECs) of the porcine corpus luteum has not yet been defined. The aim of the study was to assess FPr expression in pCL-MVECs in the early and mid-luteal phases (EL-p, ML-p), and during pregnancy (P-p). Moreover, the effectiveness of prostaglandin F2-alpha treatment in inducing pCL-MVEC apoptosis was tested. METHODS Porcine CLs were collected in the EL and ML phases and during P-p. All CLs from each animal were minced together and the homogenates underwent enzymatic digestion. The pCL-MVECs were then positively selected by an immunomagnetic separation protocol using Dynabeads coated with anti-CD31 monoclonal antibody and seeded in flasks in the presence of EGM 2-MV (Microvascular Endothelial Cell Medium-2). After 4 days of culture, the cells underwent additional immunomagnetic selection and were seeded in flasks until the confluent stage.PCR Real time, western blot and immunodetection assays were utilized to assess the presence of FPr on pCL-MVEC primary cultures. Furthermore, the influence of culture time (freshly isolated, cultured overnight and at confluence) and hormonal treatment (P4 and E2) on FPr expression in pCL-MVECs was also investigated. Apoptosis was detected by TUNEL assay of pCL-MVECs exposed to prostaglandin F2-alpha. RESULTS We obtained primary cultures of pCL-MVECs from all animals. FPr mRNA and protein levels showed the highest value (ANOVA) in CL-MVECs derived from the early-luteal phase. Moreover, freshly isolated MVECs showed a higher FPr mRNA value than those cultured overnight and confluent cells (ANOVA). prostaglandin F2-alpha treatment failed to induce an apoptotic response in all the pCL-MVEC cultures. CONCLUSION Our data showing the presence of FPr on MVECs and the inability of prostaglandin F2-alpha to evoke an in vitro apoptotic response suggest that other molecules or mechanisms must be considered in order to explain the in vivo direct pro-apoptotic effect of prostaglandin F2-alpha at the endothelial level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusta Zannoni
- Department of Veterinary Morphophysiology and Animal Production, DIMORFIPA, Ozzano Emilia 40064, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Bernardini
- Department of Veterinary Morphophysiology and Animal Production, DIMORFIPA, Ozzano Emilia 40064, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Tommaso Rada
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Luciana A Ribeiro
- Department of Veterinary Morphophysiology and Animal Production, DIMORFIPA, Ozzano Emilia 40064, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Monica Forni
- Department of Veterinary Morphophysiology and Animal Production, DIMORFIPA, Ozzano Emilia 40064, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria L Bacci
- Department of Veterinary Morphophysiology and Animal Production, DIMORFIPA, Ozzano Emilia 40064, University of Bologna, Italy
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Sugino Y, Misawa A, Inoue J, Kitagawa M, Hosoi H, Sugimoto T, Imoto I, Inazawa J. Epigenetic silencing of prostaglandin E receptor 2 (PTGER2) is associated with progression of neuroblastomas. Oncogene 2007; 26:7401-13. [PMID: 17533365 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We previously identified a cluster of prostanoid receptor genes, prostaglandin D2 receptor (PTGDR) and prostaglandin E receptor 2 (PTGER2), as possible targets for DNA methylation in advanced types of neuroblastoma (NB) using bacterial artificial chromosome array-based methylated CpG island amplification method. Among them, in this study, we found that PTGER2 was frequently silenced in NB cell lines, especially in those with MYCN amplification, through epigenetic mechanisms. In NB cell lines, DNA methylation pattern within a part of CpG island was inversely correlated with PTGER2 expression, and histone H3 and H4 deacetylation and histone H3 lysine 9 methylation within the putative promoter region were more directly correlated with silencing of this gene. Methylation of PTGER2 was observed more frequently in advanced-type of primary NBs compared with early-stage tumors. Growth of NB cells lacking endogenous PTGER2 expression was inhibited by restoration of the gene product by transient and stable transfection. A PTGER2-selective agonist, butaprost, increased intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) level, inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis of NB cells stably expressing exogenous PTGER2. 8-Bromo-cAMP also inhibited growth of NB cells lacking PTGER2 expression, but not cells expressing this gene. Taken together, it is suggested that NB cells may lose responsiveness to PTGER2-mediated growth inhibition/apoptosis through epigenetic silencing of PTGER2 and/or disruption of downstream cAMP-dependent pathway during the neuroblastomagenesis.
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MESH Headings
- 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate/pharmacology
- Alprostadil/analogs & derivatives
- Alprostadil/pharmacology
- Cell Growth Processes/drug effects
- Cell Growth Processes/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
- CpG Islands
- DNA Methylation
- Dinoprostone/pharmacology
- Disease Progression
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Silencing
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor
- Humans
- Neuroblastoma/genetics
- Neuroblastoma/metabolism
- Neuroblastoma/pathology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sugino
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute and School of Biomedical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Carothers AM, Moran AE, Cho NL, Redston M, Bertagnolli MM. Changes in antitumor response in C57BL/6J-Min/+ mice during long-term administration of a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor. Cancer Res 2006; 66:6432-8. [PMID: 16778222 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-0992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors are widely prescribed for severe arthritis and are currently under study in human chemoprevention trials. Recently, long-term use of these agents has come under scrutiny due to reports of treatment-associated cardiovascular toxicity. On short-term administration, the selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib inhibits adenoma growth in animal tumor models, including the C57BL/6J-Min/+ (Min/+) mouse. With uninterrupted long-term celecoxib administration, intestinal tumors in Min/+ mice initially regressed and then recurred to levels comparable with untreated controls. Celecoxib treatment initially suppressed COX-2 and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) expression, but long-term use produced significantly higher levels of these molecules and reactivated PGE2-associated growth factor signaling pathways in tumor and normal tissues. These results indicate that COX-2 is an important chemoprevention target and that inhibition of this enzyme alters a paracrine enterocyte regulatory pathway. Chronic uninterrupted celecoxib treatment, however, induces untoward effects that enhance early progression events in intestinal tumorigenesis and may contribute to treatment toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelaide M Carothers
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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12
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Jovanović N, Pavlović M, Mircevski V, Du Q, Jovanović A. An unexpected negative inotropic effect of prostaglandin F2alpha in the rat heart. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2006; 80:110-9. [PMID: 16846792 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2006.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2006] [Revised: 05/19/2006] [Accepted: 05/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin F(2alpha) (PGF(2alpha)) is produced during myocardial inflammation and many of the insults that trigger contractile dysfunction also activate prostaglandin synthesis and production. However, although PGF(2alpha) plays a significant role in the cardiac response to inflammation, the effect of this particular compound on the heart was largely studied at the cellular level and probably no due attention was paid to the effect of PGF(2alpha) on the whole heart contractility. Therefore, in the present study we have investigated the effect of PGF(2alpha) on isolated right ventricle of the rat heart. PGF(2alpha) (1nM-1microM) induced concentration-dependent decrease of the amplitude of contractions of the ventricular muscle. Real time RT-PCR has revealed that prostaglandin FP receptors are expressed in the rat myocardium and the level of expression was similar to those of creatine kinase and adenylate kinase, which are proteins abundantly present in the heart. An antagonist of FP receptors, PGF(2alpha) dimetilamide (10nM), abolished negative inotropic effect induced by PGF(2alpha). To examine the possibility that PGF(2alpha) could activate non-FP prostaglandin receptor, we have measured the level of expression of all known prostaglandin receptors in the rat heart. These experiments have shown that the order of expression of prostaglandin receptors in the rat heart is FP>>EP1=TP>EP4>EP3>DP=IP. Based on the obtained results we conclude that PGF(2alpha) induces negative inotropic effect on rat heart by activating FP prostaglandin receptors. This effect of PGF(2alpha) could contribute to cardiac dysfunction in conditions of systemic and myocardial inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nenad Jovanović
- Division of Experimental Pharmacology, Institute of Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.
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13
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Helliwell RJA, Keelan JA, Marvin KW, Adams L, Chang MC, Anand A, Sato TA, O'Carroll S, Chaiworapongsa T, Romero RJ, Mitchell MD. Gestational age-dependent up-regulation of prostaglandin D synthase (PGDS) and production of PGDS-derived antiinflammatory prostaglandins in human placenta. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91:597-606. [PMID: 16291703 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2005-1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The importance of prostaglandin (PG) signaling pathways to the maintenance of pregnancy and initiation of labor is well recognized. However, the complexity of these pathways and the mechanism(s) of their coordinated regulation in physiological and pathological conditions are only now being appreciated. OBJECTIVES In this report we provide new evidence of a complete pathway for the biosynthesis and actions of PGD(2) and its metabolites within human gestational tissues. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using immunohistochemistry and Northern and Western blotting, we demonstrate the dynamic regulation of H-type PGD synthase (PGDS) in placenta during gestation; in contrast, L-type PGDS and its PG products were detected in amniotic fluid, with increased amounts associated with labor. RESULTS Placental tissues were shown to express both forms of the PGD(2) receptor identified to date, D prostanoid(1) (DP(1)) and DP(2)/chemotactic receptor on type 2 helper T cells, with a distribution consistent with the villous placenta being a major target, as well as source, of PGD(2). In vitro, placental PGD(2) production was shown to be stimulated upon inflammatory activation, whereas PGD(2) and its J series metabolites exerted potent inhibitory effects on placental cytokine production. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that PGDS-derived prostanoids play important physiological roles in the placenta, such as immunoregulation and feto-placental communication, while potentially having a regulatory role in the processes of parturition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J A Helliwell
- The Liggins Institute, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
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14
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Chevalier E, Stock J, Fisher T, Dupont M, Fric M, Fargeau H, Leport M, Soler S, Fabien S, Pruniaux MP, Fink M, Bertrand CP, McNeish J, Li B. Cutting edge: chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells plays a restricting role on IL-5 production and eosinophil recruitment. J Immunol 2005; 175:2056-60. [PMID: 16081770 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.4.2056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PGs play key regulatory roles in inflammation and immunity. PGD2, released from mast cells and Th2 cells during allergic responses, has recently been shown to target a novel receptor, chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed TH2 cells (CRTH2), in addition to the classic PGD (DP) receptor. CRTH2 is expressed on Th2 cells and eosinophils and mediates chemotaxis of these cells to PGD2. Thus, CRTH2 is thought to be a key receptor mediating eosinophil and Th2 cell recruitment during allergic responses. To examine the role of CRTH2 in this context in vivo, we generated CRTH2 knockout mice. Surprisingly, in an allergic inflammatory model of asthma, CRTH2 knockout mice showed enhanced eosinophil recruitment into the lung compared with wild-type littermate mice. This is consistent with our observation that CRTH2 knockout cells produce significantly higher amounts of IL-5 and IL-3 in vitro. These results suggest a nonredundant role of CRTH2 in restricting eosinophilia and allergic response in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/cytology
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/genetics
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/immunology
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Eosinophilia/genetics
- Eosinophilia/immunology
- Eosinophils/cytology
- Eosinophils/immunology
- Female
- Interleukin-5/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-5/biosynthesis
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Prostaglandin D2/metabolism
- Prostaglandin D2/physiology
- Receptors, Immunologic/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Immunologic/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Immunologic/deficiency
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/deficiency
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/physiology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Chevalier
- Department of Biology, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Fresnes, France
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15
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Moreno J, Krishnan AV, Swami S, Nonn L, Peehl DM, Feldman D. Regulation of prostaglandin metabolism by calcitriol attenuates growth stimulation in prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res 2005; 65:7917-25. [PMID: 16140963 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-1435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Calcitriol exhibits antiproliferative and pro-differentiation effects in prostate cancer. Our goal is to further define the mechanisms underlying these actions. We studied established human prostate cancer cell lines and primary prostatic epithelial cells and showed that calcitriol regulated the expression of genes involved in the metabolism of prostaglandins (PGs), known stimulators of prostate cell growth. Calcitriol significantly repressed the mRNA and protein expression of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase/cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), the key PG synthesis enzyme. Calcitriol also up-regulated the expression of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase, the enzyme initiating PG catabolism. This dual action was associated with decreased prostaglandin E2 secretion into the conditioned media of prostate cancer cells exposed to calcitriol. Calcitriol also repressed the mRNA expression of the PG receptors EP2 and FP, providing a potential additional mechanism of suppression of the biological activity of PGs. Calcitriol treatment attenuated PG-mediated functional responses, including the stimulation of prostate cancer cell growth. The combination of calcitriol with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) synergistically acted to achieve significant prostate cancer cell growth inhibition at approximately 2 to 10 times lower concentrations of the drugs than when used alone. In conclusion, the regulation of PG metabolism and biological actions constitutes a novel pathway of calcitriol action that may contribute to its antiproliferative effects in prostate cells. We propose that a combination of calcitriol and nonselective NSAIDs might be a useful chemopreventive and/or therapeutic strategy in men with prostate cancer, as it would allow the use of lower concentrations of both drugs, thereby reducing their toxic side effects.
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MESH Headings
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology
- Calcitriol/pharmacology
- Cell Growth Processes/drug effects
- Cyclooxygenase 2
- Dinoprostone/biosynthesis
- Drug Synergism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Genes, fos
- Humans
- Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenases/biosynthesis
- Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenases/genetics
- Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenases/metabolism
- Male
- Membrane Proteins
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/drug therapy
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/pathology
- Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases/biosynthesis
- Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases/genetics
- Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases/metabolism
- Prostaglandins/biosynthesis
- Prostatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Moreno
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5103, USA
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16
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Sales KJ, List T, Boddy SC, Williams AR, Anderson RA, Naor Z, Jabbour HN. A novel angiogenic role for prostaglandin F2alpha-FP receptor interaction in human endometrial adenocarcinomas. Cancer Res 2005; 65:7707-16. [PMID: 16140938 PMCID: PMC2694301 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandins have been implicated in several neovascular diseases. In the present study, we found elevated FP receptor and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression colocalized in glandular epithelial and vascular cells lining the blood vessels in endometrial adenocarcinomas. We investigated the signaling pathways activated by the FP receptor and their role in modulating VEGF expression in endometrial adenocarcinoma (Ishikawa) cells. Ishikawa cells were stably transfected with FP receptor cDNA in the sense or antisense orientations. Treatment of Ishikawa cells with prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) rapidly induced transphosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 via the FP receptor. Activation of EGFR-Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase (MEK) signaling via the FP receptor resulted in an increase in VEGF promoter activity, expression of VEGF mRNA, and secretion of VEGF protein. These effects of PGF2alpha on the FP receptor could be abolished by treatment of cells with a specific FP receptor antagonist, chemical inhibitors of c-Src, matrix metalloproteinase, and EGFR kinase or by inactivation of signaling with dominant-negative mutant isoforms of EGFR, Ras, or MEK or with small inhibitory RNA oligonucleotides targeted against the EGFR. Finally, we confirmed that PGF2alpha could potentiate angiogenesis in endometrial adenocarcinoma explants by transactivation of the EGFR and induction of VEGF mRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt J. Sales
- Medical Research Council Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, Centre for Reproductive Biology
| | - Tammy List
- Medical Research Council Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, Centre for Reproductive Biology
| | - Sheila C. Boddy
- Medical Research Council Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, Centre for Reproductive Biology
| | | | - Richard A. Anderson
- Medical Research Council Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, Centre for Reproductive Biology
| | - Zvi Naor
- Medical Research Council Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, Centre for Reproductive Biology
- Department of Biochemistry, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Henry N. Jabbour
- Medical Research Council Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, Centre for Reproductive Biology
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17
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Abstract
Elevated levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) have been reported in many high metastatic human breast cancers, but no relationship between exogenous PGE2 activity, expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and metastasis in human tumor cells has been reported. The poorly invasive human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 was cultured for 24h in the presence of both phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA, 50 nM) and PGE2 (1 microM) and the activity of MMP-9, one of the MMPs involved in metastasis, was measured, in growth medium by gelatin substrate zymography. TPA induced a strong production of MMP-9 while exogenous PGE2 had no effect on the basal MMP-9 level, but inhibited the TPA induced enzyme expression and matrigel invasiveness. We showed that MCF-7 cells expressed EP2, EP3 and EP4 receptors for PGE2 and that its action was probably mediated by EP4 receptor and adenylyl cyclase activation while cAMP dependent PKA was not involved in the process of inhibition of MMP-9 production. These findings suggest a possible inhibitory role for exogenous PGE2 in the metastatic process development.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Renò
- Human Anatomy Laboratory, Medical Sciences Department, University of Eastern Piedmont A. Avogadro, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
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18
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Katada J, Saito H, Ohashi A. Significance of cyclooxygenase-2 induced via p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in mechanical stimulus-induced peritoneal adhesion in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 313:286-92. [PMID: 15576468 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.104.078717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Postoperative peritoneal adhesion represents a major complication of surgery, but the molecular mechanism underlying pathogenesis of adhesion is not fully understood. The present study investigated the roles of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 in peritoneal adhesion induced by scraping the surface of the cecum and abdominal wall in mice. Slight, but macroscopically observable, peritoneal adhesion was induced even on day 1, and the extent of adhesion reached a maximum on day 7 and beyond. COX-1 mRNA was constitutively expressed in the intact cecum, and its expression level was not altered after the mechanical stimulus. In contrast, expression of the COX-2 gene was markedly increased after the stimulus, and maximum expression was observed on days 3 to 7. Mofezolac, a specific COX-1 inhibitor, had no effect on peritoneal adhesion at 30 mg/kg and had only marginal effects on prostaglandin (PG)E2 levels in the cecum or peritoneal fluid. On the other hand, two highly selective inhibitors for COX-2, NS-398 (N-[2-(cyclohexyloxy)-4-nitrophenyl]-methanesulfonamide) and CAY10404 [3-(4-methylsulphonylphenyl)-4-phenyl-5-trifluoromethylisoxazole], dose-dependently inhibited both adhesion formation and the increase in PGE2 levels (3-30 mg/kg). The effects of NS-398 were eliminated when PGE2 or (R)-butaprost was administered exogenously. A COX-2 antisense oligonucleotide also attenuated adhesion formation. Activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase was observed in the traumatized cecum, and an MAP kinase inhibitor, SB202190 [4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)-1H-imidazole], inhibited adhesion formation (54% inhibition at 15 microM) and also reduced the COX-2 mRNA level and PGE2 levels. In conclusion, COX-2, but not COX-1, plays a significant role in mechanical stimulus-induced peritoneal formation in the mouse cecum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Katada
- KEIO Research Park 2N4, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi 35, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
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19
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Pérez S, Maldonado EN, Aspichueta P, Ochoa B, Chico Y. Differential modulation of prostaglandin receptor mRNA abundance by prostaglandins in primary cultured rat hepatocytes. Mol Cell Biochem 2004; 266:183-9. [PMID: 15646041 DOI: 10.1023/b:mcbi.0000049159.09349.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PG) produced by activated non-parenchymal liver cells regulate the function of parenchymal cells through six classes of G-protein-coupled receptors (-R): four receptor subtypes for PGE2, EP1-R-EP4-R and one type each for PGD2, DP-R, and PGF2alpha, FP-R. The mechanisms by which prostaglandins modulate the hepatocyte responding phenotype are poorly characterized. We have studied the concentration and time effect of PGE2, PGD2 and PGF2alpha on the mRNA expression level of their own receptors in the presence or absence of the inflammatory signal interleukin 6 (IL-6). The mRNA levels were determined in primary adult rat hepatocytes upon treatment with either prostaglandin (5 microM or 50 microM), or IL-6 (100 ng/ml), or both, for 4-24 h. A marked, concentration-dependent induction of EP2-R mRNA expression was promoted by PGE2, PGD2 or PGF2alpha after 4 h, whereas EP1-R, EP3-R and EP4-R transcript levels were unaffected. This expression pattern changed substantially upon 24 h. The induction of EP2-R mRNA, persisted, though attenuated. Furthermore, EP1-R mRNA upregulated two-three fold and EP3-R mRNA decreased modestly by 50 microM prostaglandin. None of the treatments affected the FP-R mRNA level, while that of DP-R mRNA was undetectable. In the presence of IL-6, prostaglandins had no such effects, but they did attenuate the IL-6-mediated changes in prostaglandin receptor mRNA expression. The findings indicate that prostaglandins modulate the prostaglandin receptor gene expression programme in primary adult rat hepatocytes in a manner that is specific to the receptor, the concentration and time of exposure, and the inflammatory condition of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pérez
- Department of Physiology, University of the Basque Country Medical School, Bilbao, Spain
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20
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Zaragoza DB, Wilson R, Eyster K, Olson DM. Cloning and characterization of the promoter region of the human prostaglandin F2alpha receptor gene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 1676:193-202. [PMID: 14746914 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbaexp.2003.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The promoter region of the human prostaglandin F2alpha receptor (FP) gene was isolated, sequenced, and characterized. The 5'-flanking region has minimal homology to the bovine, mouse, and rat FP promoters with the exception of a 100-bp region. The human promoter similarly lacks a canonical TATA-box and a CAAT-box. Potential binding sites for SP-1, GATA-1, STAT-1, and AP-1 are present in the 5'-flanking region. One major transcription start site was identified using 5' RLM-RACE analysis and mapped to an adenine residue 262 nucleotides upstream from the initiator codon in exon 2. Transfection of HeLa cells with FP promoter-GFP deletion constructs indicates that the -2437/-1946 region contains repressor activity. DNase I footprinting analysis of this region identifies a footprint over the GATA-like site at -2400. This suggests repression of basal FP transcription may be mediated by a GATA binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean B Zaragoza
- Perinatal Research Centre, CIHR Group in Perinatal Health and Disease, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada.
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21
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Nasrallah R, Landry A, Scholey JW, Hébert RL. Characterization of the PGI2/IP system in cultured rat mesangial cells. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2004; 70:455-64. [PMID: 15062848 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2003.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Mesangial cells play an important role in glomerular function. They are an important source of cyclooxygenase (COX)-derived arachidonic acid metabolites, including prostaglandin E(2) and prostacyclin. Prostacyclin receptor (IP) mRNA was amplified from cultured mesangial cell total RNA by RT-PCR. While the prostaglandin E(2) receptor subtype EP(2) was not detected, EP(1,3,4) mRNA was amplified. Also, IP protein was noted in mesangial cells, proximal tubules, inner medullary collecting ducts, and the inner and outer medulla. But no protein was detected in whole cortex preparations. Prostacyclin analogues: cicaprost and iloprost, increased cAMP levels in mesangial cells. On the other hand, arginine-vasopressin and angiotensin II increased intracellular calcium in mesangial cells, but cicaprost, iloprost and prostaglandin E(2) had no effect. Moreover, a 50% inhibition of cicaprost- and iloprost-cAMP stimulation was observed upon mesangial cell exposure to 25 and 35 mM glucose for 5 days. But no change in IP mRNA was observed at any glucose concentration or time exposure. Although 25 mM glucose had no effect on COX-1 protein levels, COX-2 was increased up to 50%. In contrast, PGIS levels were reduced by 50%. Thus, we conclude that the prostacyclin/IP system is present in cultured rat mesangial cells, coupling to a cAMP stimulatory pathway. High glucose altered both enzymes in the PGI(2) synthesis pathway, increasing COX-2 but reducing PGIS. In addition, glucose diminished the cAMP response to prostacyclin analogues. Therefore, glucose attenuates the PGI(2)/IP system in cultured rat mesangial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Nasrallah
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Kidney Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Room 1337, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8M5
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22
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Abstract
Prostaglandins (PGs) play a role in the initiation and maintenance of labor, acting via specific relaxatory or contractile receptors on myometrium. Myometrial response to addition of PGs may be determined by the type and concentration of receptor expressed. Autoradiographic and ligand binding studies suggest a topographic distribution of receptors between fundus, lower segment, and cervix, and that hormonally regulated changes in expression occur with advancing gestation and labor. These receptors have now been cloned and sequenced allowing molecular studies. Current dogma suggests functional regionalization of the pregnant human uterus occurs with the lower segment displaying a contractile phenotype throughout gestation changing to a relaxatory phenotype at labor to allow passage of the fetal head whereas the upper segment has a relaxatory phenotype throughout most of gestation to accommodate the growing fetus and adopts a contractile phenotype for expulsion at labor. Studies to determine the role of PG receptors in this phenomenon are currently underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Myatt
- Deparment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, PO Box 670526, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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23
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Nantel F, Fong C, Lamontagne S, Wright DH, Giaid A, Desrosiers M, Metters KM, O'Neill GP, Gervais FG. Expression of prostaglandin D synthase and the prostaglandin D2 receptors DP and CRTH2 in human nasal mucosa. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2004; 73:87-101. [PMID: 15165034 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2003.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) is released from mast cells during the allergic response. OBJECTIVE Since PGD2 has been shown to induce nasal congestion in humans, we investigated the distribution of hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase (PGDS) and the two PGD2 receptors, DP and CRTH2 in human nasal mucosa from healthy subjects and subjects suffering from polyposis, a severe form of chronic rhinosinusitis. METHODS DP mRNA expression was detected by in situ hybridization while PGDS, CRTH2 and various leukocyte markers expression were revealed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS In the normal mucosa, PGDS was only detected in few resident mast cells while CRTH2 was undetectable. In contrast, DP receptor mRNA was detected in epithelial goblet cells, serous glands and in the vasculature. In the nasal mucosa of subjects suffering from polyposis: (1) PGDS was detected in mast cells and other large infiltrating inflammatory cells, (2) both DP mRNA and CRTH2 were detected in eosinophils and (3) CRTH2 was detected on a subset of infiltrating T cells. Although DP mRNA could not be detected in the T cells invading the nasal mucosa, it was found to be expressed in the T cells present in the lymph node and the thymus from normal individuals. CONCLUSION This study indicates that cells capable of producing PGD2 are present in the nasal mucosa and that both PGD2 receptors, DP and CRTH2, might play a role in inflammatory disease of the upper airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Nantel
- Merck Frosst Canada & Co. 16711 Trans Canada Hwy., Kirkland, Que., Canada H9H 3L1
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24
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Abstract
PGD(2) is a major product of arachidonic acid metabolism by mast cells and is released in the lungs following allergen challenge. Activation of the classic PGD(2) receptor (DP receptor) results in stimulation of adenylyl cyclase, resulting in inhibition of platelet aggregation and smooth muscle relaxation. A second PGD(2) receptor has recently been identified and designated as the DP(2) receptor, or chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells. PGD(2) acts through the DP(2) receptor to induce eosinophil chemotaxis, actin polymerization, calcium mobilization, and adhesion molecule expression. The most potent DP(2) receptor agonist yet identified is 15R-methyl-PGD(2), which has the unnatural R configuration at C(15). 15-Deoxy-Delta(12,14)-PGJ(2) is also a potent DP(2) receptor agonist that activates eosinophils at concentrations much lower than those required for its anti-inflammatory effects. Because of its critical location in the lung and its potent effects on eosinophils, PGD(2) may be an important proinflammatory mediator in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Powell
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, 3626 St Urbain Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2X 2P2.
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Saito O, Guan Y, Qi Z, Davis LS, Kömhoff M, Sugimoto Y, Narumiya S, Breyer RM, Breyer MD. Expression of the prostaglandin F receptor (FP) gene along the mouse genitourinary tract. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2003; 284:F1164-70. [PMID: 12631554 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00441.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PGF(2alpha) is one of the major prostanoids produced by the kidney. The cellular effects of PGF(2alpha) are mediated by a G protein-coupled transmembrane receptor designated the FP receptor. Both in situ hybridization and beta-galactosidase knocked into the endogenous FP locus were used to determine the cellular distribution of the mouse FP receptor. Specific labeling was detected in the kidney, ovary, and uterus. Abundant FP expression in ovarian follicles and uterus is consistent with previous reports of failed parturition in FP-/- mice. In the kidney, coexpression of the mFP mRNA with the thiazide-sensitive cotransporter defined its expression in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT). FP receptor was also present in aquaporin-2-positive cortical collecting ducts (CCD). No FP mRNA was detected in glomeruli, proximal tubules, or thick ascending limbs. Intrarenal expression of the FP receptor in the DCT and CCD suggests an important role for the FP receptor regulating water and solute transport in these segments of the nephron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Saito
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, USA
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Egawa M, Yasuda K, Nakajima T, Okada H, Yoshimura T, Yuri T, Yasuhara M, Nakamoto T, Nagata F, Kanzaki H. Smoking enhances oxytocin-induced rhythmic myometrial contraction. Biol Reprod 2003; 68:2274-80. [PMID: 12606462 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.102.010785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Although smoking during pregnancy is one of the major risk factors of premature delivery, the underlying mechanism by which smoking causes premature delivery is unknown. In the present study, we examined the effects of smoking on uterine contractility induced by oxytocin and prostaglandin F(2alpha). Rats inhaled either cigarette smoke or room air from Day 14 to Day 16 of pregnancy through an inhalation apparatus for experimental animals (type "Hamburg II"). After the rats were killed on Day 17 of pregnancy, the uterine contractile sensitivity and activity on exposure to oxytocin or prostaglandin F2alpha were investigated. The expression levels of oxytocin-receptor mRNA and prostaglandin F(2alpha) receptor mRNA in the uterus were investigated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The contractile activity was assessed as the contractile force and the frequency of rhythmic contractions of myometrial strips that were treated with oxytocin or prostaglandin F(2alpha). The contractile sensitivity to oxytocin was significantly higher in the smoking group than in the control group (P < 0.01). Although the contractile force of oxytocin-induced contractions did not differ between the smoking and control groups, the frequency of contractions was significantly higher in the smoking group than in the control group (P < 0.01). On the other hand, no significant differences were found in the contractile sensitivity and activity in response to prostaglandin F(2alpha) between the smoking and control groups. The expression of oxytocin-receptor mRNA in the myometrium was significantly increased in the smoking group compared with the control group (P < 0.01). However, no significant difference was found in the level of expression of prostaglandin F(2alpha)-receptor mRNA between the two groups. These results suggest that smoking during pregnancy increases the contractile sensitivity and activity of the myometrium in response to oxytocin by up-regulating the expression of oxytocin-receptor mRNA. The effects of smoking on the contractile sensitivity and activity of the myometrium in response to oxytocin may increase the risk of premature delivery in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Egawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kansai Medical University, Moriguchi, Osaka, 570-0074, Japan
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27
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Gosset P, Bureau F, Angeli V, Pichavant M, Faveeuw C, Tonnel AB, Trottein F. Prostaglandin D2 affects the maturation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells: consequence on the polarization of naive Th cells. J Immunol 2003; 170:4943-52. [PMID: 12734337 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.10.4943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Among the factors produced at inflammatory sites and those capable of modulating dendritic cell (DC) functions, PGD(2) may be important in the outcome of immune responses. The biological roles for PGD(2) are in part effected through two plasma membrane G protein-coupled receptors: the D prostanoid (DP) receptor and the chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 lymphocytes (CRTH2). In this report, we studied the effects of PGD(2) and of its major physiological metabolite, 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-PGJ(2) (15d-PGJ(2)), on the functions of human monocyte-derived DC. First, we show that PGD(2) exerts in vitro chemotactic effects on monocytes via CRTH2 activation while it inhibits the chemokine-driven migration of monocyte-derived DC through DP. We also report that PGD(2) and 15d-PGJ(2) alter the LPS- and allergen-induced DC maturation and enhance the CD80/CD86 ratio on mature DC in a DP- and CRTH2-independent manner. Moreover, PGD(2) and 15d-PGJ(2) strongly reduce the secretion of the Th1 promoting cytokine IL-12 and affect the synthesis of chemokines involved in Th1 cell chemotaxis, particularly CXCL10. Inhibition of cytokine/chemokine secretion implicates at least in part DP, but not CRTH2. The effects exerted by PGD(2) are associated with the phosphorylation of CREB, but do not parallel with the deactivation of the NF-kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. In contrast, 15d-PGJ(2) seems to target other cellular proteins. Finally, in a model of Th CD45RA(+) differentiation induced by allergen- and superantigen-pulsed DC, PGD(2) impacts on the orientation of the immune response by favoring a Th2 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Gosset
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 416 and Institut Fédératif de Recherche 17, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France.
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Woodward DF, Krauss AHP, Chen J, Liang Y, Li C, Protzman CE, Bogardus A, Chen R, Kedzie KM, Krauss HA, Gil DW, Kharlamb A, Wheeler LA, Babusis D, Welty D, Tang-Liu DDS, Cherukury M, Andrews SW, Burk RM, Garst ME. Pharmacological characterization of a novel antiglaucoma agent, Bimatoprost (AGN 192024). J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 305:772-85. [PMID: 12606640 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.102.047837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Replacement of the carboxylic acid group of prostaglandin (PG) F(2alpha) with a nonacidic moiety, such as hydroxyl, methoxy, or amido, results in compounds with unique pharmacology. Bimatoprost (AGN 192024) is also a pharmacologically novel PGF(2alpha) analog, where the carboxylic acid is replaced by a neutral ethylamide substituent. Bimatoprost potently contracted the feline lung parenchymal preparation (EC(50) value of 35-55 nM) but exhibited no meaningful activity in a variety of PG-sensitive tissue and cell preparations. Its activity seemed unrelated to FP receptor stimulation according to the following evidence. 1) Bimatoprost exhibited no meaningful activity in tissues and cells containing functional FP receptors. 2) Bimatoprost activity in the cat lung parenchyma is not species-specific because its potent activity in this preparation could not be reproduced in cells stably expressing the feline FP receptor. 3) Radioligand binding studies using feline and human recombinant FP receptors exhibited minimal competition versus [(3)H]17-phenyl PGF(2a) for Bimatoprost. 4) Bimatoprost pretreatment did not attenuate PGF(2alpha)-induced Ca(2+) signals in Swiss 3T3 cells. 5) Regional differences were apparent for Bimatoprost but not FP agonist effects in the cat lung. Bimatoprost reduced intraocular pressure in ocular normotensive and hypertensive monkeys over a 0.001 to 0.1% dose range. A single-dose and multiple-dose ocular distribution/metabolism studies using [(3)H]Bimatoprost (0.1%) were performed. Within the globe, bimatoprost concentrations were 10- to 100-fold higher in anterior segment tissues compared with the aqueous humor. Bimatoprost was overwhelmingly the predominant molecular species identified at all time points in ocular tissues, indicating that the intact molecule reduces intraocular pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Woodward
- Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Inc., 2525 Dupont Dr., Irvine, CA 92612, USA.
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29
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Abstract
1. Prostaglandins play a major role in maintaining ductal patency in utero. Ductal tone is regulated by both locally released and circulating vasodilatory prostaglandins. In infants with ductus arteriosus-dependent congenital heart disease, ductal patency is maintained by intravenous administration of prostaglandin (PG) E(1). Little information is available regarding the expression of prostaglandin receptors in man. 2. By means of RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry we studied the expression of the PGI(2) receptor (IP), the four different PGE(2) receptors (EP1, EP2, EP3 and EP4), and the receptors for thromboxane (Tx) A(2) (TP), PGD(2) (DP) and PGF(2alpha) (FP) in the ductus arteriosus of three newborn infants with ductus arteriosus-dependent congenital heart disease and intravenous infusion of PGE(1) and of one 8 month old child with a patent ductus arteriosus. 3. The EP3, EP4, FP, IP and TP receptor were markedly expressed at the mRNA and protein level, whereas the EP2 receptor was weakly expressed and the EP1 receptor was detected in two out of four tissue specimens only. The DP receptor was not detected in any of the samples. The most pronounced expression, which was located in the media of the ductus arteriosus, was observed for the EP4 and TP receptors followed by IP and FP receptor protein. 4. These data indicate that ductal patency during the infusion of PGE(1) in infants with ductus arteriosus-dependent congenital heart disease might be mediated by the EP4 and IP receptor. The data further suggest that a heterogeneous population of prostanoid receptors may contribute to the regulation of ductus arteriosus tone in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Leonhardt
- Department of Pediatrics, Philipp's University, 35033 Marburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Glaser
- Department of Pediatrics, Philipp's University, 35033 Marburg, Germany
| | - Markus Wegmann
- Department of Pediatrics, Philipp's University, 35033 Marburg, Germany
| | - Dietmar Schranz
- Department of Pediatrics, Philipp's University, 35033 Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Rolf Nüsing
- Department of Pediatrics, Philipp's University, 35033 Marburg, Germany
- Author for correspondence:
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Sawyer N, Cauchon E, Chateauneuf A, Cruz RPG, Nicholson DW, Metters KM, O'Neill GP, Gervais FG. Molecular pharmacology of the human prostaglandin D2 receptor, CRTH2. Br J Pharmacol 2002; 137:1163-72. [PMID: 12466225 PMCID: PMC1573602 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1. The recombinant human prostaglandin D(2) (PGD(2)) receptor, hCRTH2, has been expressed in HEK293(EBNA) and characterized with respect to radioligand binding and signal transduction properties. High and low affinity binding sites for PGD(2) were identified in the CRTH2 receptor population by saturation analysis with respective equilibrium dissociation constants (K(D)) of 2.5 and 109 nM. This revealed that the affinity of PGD(2) for CRTH2 is eight times less than its affinity for the DP receptor. 2. Equilibrium competition binding assays revealed that of the compounds tested, only PGD(2) and several related metabolites bound with high affinity to CRTH2 (K(i) values ranging from 2.4 to 34.0 nM) with the following rank order of potency: PGD(2)>13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGD(2)>15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-PGJ(2)>PGJ(2)>Delta(12)-PGJ(2)>15(S)-15 methyl-PGD(2). This is in sharp contrast with the rank order of potency obtained at DP : PGD(2)>PGJ(2)>Delta(12)-PGJ(2)>15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-PGJ(2) >>>13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGD(2). 3. Functional studies demonstrated that PGD(2) activation of recombinant CRTH2 results in decrease of intracellular cAMP in a pertussis toxin-sensitive manner. Therefore, we showed that CRTH2 can functionally couple to the G-protein G(alphai/o). PGD(2) and related metabolites were tested and their rank order of potency followed the results of the membrane binding assay. 4. By Northern blot analysis, we showed that, besides haemopoietic cells, CRTH2 is expressed in many other tissues such as brain, heart, thymus, spleen and various tissues of the digestive system. In addition, in situ hybridization studies revealed that CRTH2 mRNA is expressed in human eosinophils. Finally, radioligand binding studies demonstrated that two eosinophilic cell lines, butyric acid-differentiated HL-60 and AML 14.3D10, also endogenously express CRTH2.
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MESH Headings
- Binding, Competitive/drug effects
- Binding, Competitive/physiology
- Cell Line
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation/physiology
- HL-60 Cells
- Humans
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/agonists
- Receptors, Immunologic/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/agonists
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/physiology
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Sawyer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada H9R 4P8
| | - Elizabeth Cauchon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada H9R 4P8
| | - Anne Chateauneuf
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada H9R 4P8
| | - Rani P G Cruz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada H9R 4P8
| | - Donald W Nicholson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada H9R 4P8
| | - Kathleen M Metters
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada H9R 4P8
| | - Gary P O'Neill
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada H9R 4P8
| | - Francois G Gervais
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada H9R 4P8
- Author for correspondence:
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31
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Sales KJ, Katz AA, Millar RP, Jabbour HN. Seminal plasma activates cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandin E2 receptor expression and signalling in cervical adenocarcinoma cells. Mol Hum Reprod 2002; 8:1065-70. [PMID: 12468638 PMCID: PMC2694307 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/8.12.1065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced cyclooxygenase (COX) expression and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis are regarded as promoters of neoplastic cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Expression of COX-2 and synthesis of PGE2 are up-regulated in cervical carcinomas. In sexually active women, growth and invasiveness of neoplastic cervical epithelial cells may be also under the direct influence of PGE2 present in seminal plasma. The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of seminal plasma and PGE2 on the expression of COX-2 and expression and signalling of the PGE2 receptor subtypes (EP1-EP4) in HeLa (cervical adenocarcinoma) cells. Treatment of HeLa cells with seminal plasma or PGE2 resulted in up-regulation of COX-2 expression (P < 0.05). In addition, seminal plasma induced the mRNA expression of EP1, EP2 and EP4 receptors, whilst PGE2 treatment of HeLa cells induced the expression of the EP4 receptor (P < 0.05). This was coincident with a rapid accumulation of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) in HeLa cells stimulated with seminal plasma or PGE2, which was greater in seminal plasma stimulated cells compared with PGE2 stimulated cells (P < 0.05). Subsequently, we investigated whether the effect of seminal plasma on cAMP signalling in HeLa cells was mediated via the cAMP-linked EP2/EP4 receptors. Stimulation of HeLa cells with seminal plasma or PGE2 resulted in an augmented cAMP accumulation in cells transfected with the EP2 or EP4 receptor cDNA compared with control transfected cells (P < 0.05). These data suggest that, in sexually active women, seminal plasma may play a role in modulating neoplastic cell function and cervical tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt J. Sales
- MRC Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, Academic Centre, 49 Little France Crescent, Old Dalkeith Road, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town Medical School, Cape Town, 7925, Republic of South Africa
| | - Arieh A. Katz
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Cape Town Medical School, Cape Town, 7925, Republic of South Africa
| | - Robert P. Millar
- MRC Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, Academic Centre, 49 Little France Crescent, Old Dalkeith Road, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Henry N. Jabbour
- MRC Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, Academic Centre, 49 Little France Crescent, Old Dalkeith Road, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
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32
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Abstract
The cellular events that serve to regulate lung mucosal Th2 responses and limit allergic inflammatory reactions are unclear. Using the DO11.10 TCR transgenic mouse, we developed a model of T cell-mediated pulmonary inflammation and demonstrated that high levels of PGI(2) are produced in the airways following OVA inhalation. Selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 in vivo specifically reduced PGI(2) synthesis and resulted in a marked increase in Th2-mediated, but not Th1-mediated, lung inflammation. The elevated Th2-mediated inflammatory response elicited by the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor was associated with enhanced airway hyperreactivity and was coincident with a marked increase in the levels of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in the airways, but a reduction in IL-10 production. In keeping with these observations, we found that the mRNA for the PGI(2) receptor was expressed by Th2, but not Th1, cells, and transcripts for the PGI(2) receptor were induced by IL-4 and OVA peptide stimulation. Interestingly, treatment with PGI(2) or its stable analog, carbaprostacyclin, augmented IL-10 production by Th2 cells. Collectively, our findings reveal a key role for PGI(2) in differentially limiting Th2 responses, possibly by promoting production of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 at the site of allergic lung inflammation. These results indicate an important role for prostanoids generated during inflammation in regulating mucosal T cell responses and highlight a potential risk in the use of cyclooxygenase-2-specific inhibitors by allergic asthmatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeina Jaffar
- Medical Specialities, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, U.K., SO16 6YD
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33
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Amateau SK, McCarthy MM. A novel mechanism of dendritic spine plasticity involving estradiol induction of prostaglandin-E2. J Neurosci 2002; 22:8586-96. [PMID: 12351732 PMCID: PMC6757802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms establishing and maintaining dendritic spines in the mammalian CNS remain primarily unknown. We report a novel mechanism of neuronal spine plasticity in the developing preoptic area in which estradiol induces prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) synthesis that in turn increases the density of spine-like processes. Estradiol requires PGE2 synthesis, in vivo and in vitro, and upregulates the dendritic spine protein spinophilin, an effect attenuated by antagonism of the AMPA-kainate receptor. This signaling pathway may involve cross talk between neighboring neurons and astrocytes and appears specific to the preoptic area in that hippocampal neurons responded with an increase in spinophilin to estradiol but not PGE2. Regionally specific mechanisms of estradiol-mediated synaptic plasticity allow for epigenetic control of complex sex-typic behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart K Amateau
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland at Baltimore, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
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Sakurai S, Alam S, Pagan-Mercado G, Hickman F, Tsai JY, Zelenka P, Sato S. Retinal capillary pericyte proliferation and c-Fos mRNA induction by prostaglandin D2 through the cAMP response element. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002; 43:2774-81. [PMID: 12147615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Cycloxygenase inhibitors have been shown to prevent angiogenesis in some circumstances, suggesting that growth of capillary pericytes or endothelial cells may be regulated by prostaglandins (PGs). The present study tests the effects of PGs on the growth of human retinal capillary pericytes. METHODS Cell growth was assayed by formazan formation and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation. The expression of mRNAs corresponding to c-fos, PG receptors, and VEGF was examined by RT-PCR. Signal transduction was evaluated by immunoblot analysis using phosphospecific antibodies against mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB). Synthesis of cAMP was inhibited with the adenyl cyclase inhibitor SQ22536. A reporter gene (luciferase) assay was conducted using the expression vector pSVOADelta5' containing the 379-bp c-fos promoter with and without a mutation in cAMP response element (CRE). RESULTS. PGD2 treatment induced c-fos mRNA, stimulated pericyte growth, and increased expression of VEGF mRNA. PGE2 and -F(2alpha) had similar effects on c-fos induction and pericyte growth, whereas PGI2 was ineffective. RT-PCR confirmed that mRNAs corresponding to the receptors for PGD2, -E2, -F(2alpha), and -I(2) were expressed in human retinal pericytes. Stimulation by PGD2 led to phosphorylation of CREB, but had negligible effect on phosphorylation of p44/42 MAPK. The adenylyl cyclase inhibitor inhibited CREB activation and c-fos induction by PGD2. In a reporter gene assay, c-fos induction occurred only with wild-type c-fos promoter. Mutation in CRE eliminated the response to PGD2. CONCLUSIONS PGD2 promotes the growth of retinal capillary pericytes by signaling through cAMP and CREB. The findings underscore the importance of PGs in the growth of human retinal capillary pericytes and raise the possibility that PGs may play a role in proliferative retinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Sakurai
- Laboratory of Ocular Therapeutics, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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35
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Abstract
Using human and bovine corneal tissue, we investigated the in vitro metabolism of bimatoprost (17-phenyl-18,19,20-trinor-prostaglandin F(2alpha) ethyl amide, Lumigan (Allergan, Inc, Irvine, CA). Enzymatic amidase activity, which converts bimatoprost to the corresponding prostaglandin carboxylic acid, was found to be present in corneal tissue from both species. Using HPLC and mass spectrometry for analyses, conversion of bimatoprost to 17-phenyl-18,19,20-trinor prostaglandin F(2alpha) continued for at least 24 hours after excision of the cornea, with a conversion rate of approximately 25 microg/24 hours. This hydrolysis product is identical to the free acid of latanoprost with the exception of a double, rather than a single, bond at the carbon 13-14 position. Assuming that this conversion also occurs in vivo at a similar rate, this hydrolysis product may account for the reduction of intraocular pressure occurring in patients treated with bimatoprost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk M Maxey
- Cayman Chemical Company, 1180 E Ellsworth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA.
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36
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Hirai H, Tanaka K, Takano S, Ichimasa M, Nakamura M, Nagata K. Cutting edge: agonistic effect of indomethacin on a prostaglandin D2 receptor, CRTH2. J Immunol 2002; 168:981-5. [PMID: 11801628 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.3.981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Indomethacin is a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug and is generally known to exhibit its multiple biological functions by inhibiting cyclooxygenases or activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. In this study, we present evidence demonstrating that the novel PGD(2) receptor chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells (CRTH2) is another functional target for indomethacin. Indomethacin induced Ca(2+) mobilization in CRTH2-transfected K562 cells at submicromolar concentrations (approximate EC(50), 50 nM) in a G(alphai)-dependent manner as PGD(2) did. Other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (aspirin, sulindac, diclofenac, and acemetacin) had no such effect even at micromolar concentrations. In chemotaxis assay, three CRTH2-expressing cell types, Th2 cells, eosinophils, and basophils, were all significantly attracted by indomethacin (EC(50), 50-500 nM) as well as by PGD(2) (EC(50), 2-20 nM), and the effects of indomethacin were blocked by anti-CRTH2 mAb. These results suggest the involvement of CRTH2 in mediating some of therapeutic and/or unwanted side effects of indomethacin, independently of cyclooxygenases and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology
- Calcium/metabolism
- Calcium Signaling/drug effects
- Calcium Signaling/immunology
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/drug effects
- Humans
- Indomethacin/pharmacology
- Jurkat Cells
- K562 Cells
- Prostaglandin D2/metabolism
- Prostaglandin D2/pharmacology
- Receptors, Immunologic/agonists
- Receptors, Immunologic/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Immunologic/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/agonists
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/genetics
- Th2 Cells/drug effects
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Hirai
- R&D Center, BML, 1361-1 Matoba, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-1101, Japan
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37
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Fujitani Y, Kanaoka Y, Aritake K, Uodome N, Okazaki-Hatake K, Urade Y. Pronounced eosinophilic lung inflammation and Th2 cytokine release in human lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase transgenic mice. J Immunol 2002; 168:443-9. [PMID: 11751991 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.1.443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PGD(2) is a major lipid mediator released from mast cells, but little is known about its role in the development of allergic reactions. We used transgenic (TG) mice overexpressing human lipocalin-type PGD synthase to examine the effect of overproduction of PGD(2) in an OVA-induced murine asthma model. The sensitization of wild-type (WT) and TG mice was similar as judged by the content of OVA-specific IgE. After OVA challenge, PGD(2), but not PGE(2), substantially increased in the lungs of WT and TG mice with greater PGD(2) increment in TG mice compared with WT mice. The numbers of eosinophils and lymphocytes in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were significantly greater in TG mice than in WT mice on days 1 and 3 post-OVA challenge, whereas the numbers of macrophages and neutrophils were the same in both WT and TG mice. The levels of IL-4, IL-5, and eotaxin in BAL fluid were also significantly higher in TG mice than in WT mice, although the level of IFN-gamma in the BAL fluid of TG mice was decreased compared with that in WT mice. Furthermore, lymphocytes isolated from the lungs of TG mice secreted less IFN-gamma than those from WT mice, whereas IL-4 production was unchanged between WT and TG mice. Thus, overproduction of PGD(2) caused an increase in the levels of Th2 cytokines and a chemokine, accompanied by the enhanced accumulation of eosinophils and lymphocytes in the lung. These results indicate that PGD(2) plays an important role in late phase allergic reactions in the pathophysiology of bronchial asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Fujitani
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Corp., Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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Fortier I, Patry C, Lora M, Samadfan R, de Brum-Fernandes AJ. Immunohistochemical localization of the prostacyclin receptor (IP) human bone. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2001; 65:79-83. [PMID: 11545623 DOI: 10.1054/plef.2001.0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Prostacyclin (PGI(2)) is an important mediator implicated in bone metabolism. Among the natural prostaglandins it is the most potent inhibitor of bone resorption and mediates bone modelling and remodelling induced by strain changes. The effects of prostacyclin depend on its interaction with a specific receptor (IP). Despite its well documented effects on bone the localization and distribution of the IP receptor in human bone remain unknown. The present study used specific antipeptide antibodies to IP receptor for immunolocalization of the IP receptor in normal, osteoporotic and Pagetic human adult bone and in human fetal bone. The IP receptor was detected in fetal and adult osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Fetal osteocytes also expressed IP receptor but not adult osteocytes. Interestingly, the expression of IP receptor in adult osteoblasts was gradually lost as these cells were trapped in the matrix and became osteocytes. The IP receptor showed a perinuclear distribution within the cells, but in multinuclear osteoclasts not all nuclei were positive. Our results showed differences in IP receptor expression in fetal and adult human bone and, in adult bone, with the differentiation of osteoblasts into osteocytes. They also showed that there is no difference on the expression of prostacyclin receptors in Pagetic, osteoporotic and normal human bone, and they confirm the presence of the IP receptor in human osteoblasts as had been demonstrated by our previous study with human osteoblasts in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Fortier
- Rheumatic Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
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Olson KK, Anderson LE, Wiltbank MC, Townson DH. Actions of prostaglandin F2alpha and prolactin on intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression and monocyte/macrophage accumulation in the rat corpus luteum. Biol Reprod 2001; 64:890-7. [PMID: 11207205 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod64.3.890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and the accumulation of monocytes/macrophages are inflammatory events that occur during PRL (PRL)-induced regression of the rat corpus luteum. Here we have compared the ability of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF) and PRL to induce, in rat corpora lutea, inflammatory events thought to perpetuate luteal regression. Immature rats were ovulated with eCG-hCG and then hypophysectomized (Day 0), which resulted in a single cohort of persistent, functional corpora lutea. On Days 9-11, the rats received twice daily injections of saline, PGF (Lutalyse, 250 microg/injection), or PRL (312 microg/injection) to induce luteal regression. Surprisingly, luteal weight and plasma progestin concentrations (progesterone and 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone) did not differ between PGF-treated rats and controls; whereas both luteal weight and plasma progestins declined significantly in PRL-treated rats. Furthermore, corpora lutea of PGF-treated rats and controls contained relatively minimal ICAM-1 staining and few monocytes/macrophages. In contrast, but as expected, corpora lutea of PRL-treated rats stained intensely for ICAM-1 and contained numerous monocytes/macrophages. In an additional experiment, there was no indication that luteal prostaglandin F2alpha receptor mRNA diminished as a result of hypophysectomy. These findings suggest that prolactin, not PGF, induces the inflammatory events that accompany regression of the rat corpus luteum.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Olson
- Department of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824-3590, USA
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Sarrazin P, Bkaily G, Haché R, Patry C, Dumais R, Rocha FA, de Brum-Fernandes AJ. Characterization of the prostaglandin receptors in human osteoblasts in culture. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2001; 64:203-10. [PMID: 11334557 DOI: 10.1054/plef.1999.0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandins have complex actions on bone metabolism that depend on interactions with different types and subtypes of receptors. Our objective was to characterize the prostaglandins receptors present in primary cultures of human osteoblasts. RT-PCR analysis revealed the presence of DP, EP(4), IP, FP and TP receptor mRNA in primary cultures of human osteoblasts. FP receptor mRNA was detected only after 3 weeks of confluency, all the others were detected at every culture time tested. To verify the functionality of these receptors we challenged the cells with the prostanoids and synthetic analogues and determined the intracellular levels of cAMP. All receptors found by RT-PCR were coupled to second messengers except for the DP subtype. These results clearly show the presence of functional EP(4), IP, FP and TP receptors in human osteoblasts in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sarrazin
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
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Erkinheimo TL, Saukkonen K, Narko K, Jalkanen J, Ylikorkala O, Ristimäki A. Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and prostanoid receptors by human myometrium. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85:3468-75. [PMID: 10999850 DOI: 10.1210/jcem.85.9.6809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Prostanoids play an important role in the regulation of parturition. All reproductive tissues, including fetal membranes, decidua, and myometrium, have the capacity to synthesize prostanoids, and fetal membranes have been shown to express elevated levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) at the onset of labor. We have now investigated the expression of Cox-2 in human myometrium. Myometrial samples collected from women in labor during lower segment cesarean section expressed 15-fold higher levels of Cox-2 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) compared to myometrial specimens collected from women not in labor, as detected by Northern blot analysis. Immunohistochemical detection of Cox-2 protein showed cytoplasmic staining in the smooth muscle cells of the myometrium. Cultured myometrial cells expressed low levels of Cox-2 mRNA under baseline conditions, but interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) caused a 17-fold induction of expression of the Cox-2 transcript after incubation for 6 h. IL-1beta also induced expression of biologically active Cox-2 protein, as detected by immunofluorescence, Western blot analysis, and measuring the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostanoids in the presence and absence of a Cox-2-selective inhibitor, NS-398. PGE2 receptor subtype EP2 mRNA was expressed in cultured myometrial smooth muscle cells, whereas transcripts for EP1, EP3, EP4, FP, and IP were low or below the detection limit as measured by Northern blot analysis. However, IL-1beta stimulated expression of EP4 receptor mRNA. Our data suggest that expression of Cox-2 transcript is elevated at the onset of labor in myometrial smooth muscle cells, which may depend on induction by cytokines. As, in addition to Cox-2, the expression of prostanoid receptors is regulated, not only the production of prostanoids, but also responsiveness to them, may be modulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Erkinheimo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland
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Cook JL, Zaragoza DB, Sung DH, Olson DM. Expression of myometrial activation and stimulation genes in a mouse model of preterm labor: myometrial activation, stimulation, and preterm labor. Endocrinology 2000; 141:1718-28. [PMID: 10803582 DOI: 10.1210/endo.141.5.7474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Myometrial contractions of labor result from an increase in myometrial activation and stimulation. Activation develops through the expression of contraction associated proteins (CAPs), including oxytocin receptors (OTR), connexin-43 (Cx-43), and prostaglandin F2 alpha, receptors (FP). Stimulation involves increases in contractile agonists including prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2 alpha. (PGF2 alpha) that may result from increases in prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthase (PGHS)-2. A mouse model of preterm birth was used to study gene expression involved in myometrial activation and stimulation. To induce preterm birth, pregnant C57BL/6J mice were intubated with 6 g/kg ethanol on gestational day 16 and were killed every 6 h from treatment until birth. RIA was used to measure uterine PGE2 and PGF2 alpha, while PGHS-2, OTR, Cx-43, and FP messenger RNA levels were measured by ribonuclease protection assay. Increases in CAP mRNA were associated with term and preterm birth. There were differences in stimulation effectors associated with preterm and term birth. Uterine PGF2 alpha values were increased only at the time of term birth, but PGE2 was elevated during both preterm and term labor. These data suggest that existing levels of PGF2 alpha are sufficient for preterm birth when CAP expression is increased, but term labor requires increases in PGE2, PGF2alpha, and CAPs. The PGHS-2 messenger RNA expression pattern suggests that it is a CAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Cook
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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Marvin KW, Eykholt RL, Keelan JA, Sato TA, Mitchell MD. The 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2)receptor, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) is expressed in human gestational tissues and is functionally active in JEG3 choriocarcinoma cells. Placenta 2000; 21:436-40. [PMID: 10833383 DOI: 10.1053/plac.1999.0485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
RNA was extracted from human gestational membranes and villous placental tissue following spontaneous delivery (n = 15) or elective caesarean section (n = 15) at term. The samples were subjected to Northern analysis, using a 2 kb cDNA probe for peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma. The mRNA was detectable in all choriodecidual and villous placental samples, irrespective of mode of delivery, but was only rarely detectable in the amnion. The JEG3 choriocarcinoma cell line also expressed PPARgamma. In order to evaluate PPAR mediated transcriptional activation in JEG3 cells, the cells were transfected with pTK-PPREx3-luc, a PPAR response element (PPRE) containing luciferase reporter construct. Subsequent treatment with 10 microm 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)prostaglandin J(2)(15dPGJ(2)) resulted in an eight-fold stimulation of luciferase production relative to controls transfected with the same construct lacking the PPRE. This stimulation was concentration-dependent. These results suggest roles for PPARgamma and its ligand in lipid, steroid and inflammatory mediator homeostasis and in remodelling of gestational tissues.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Blotting, Northern
- Choriocarcinoma/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Genes, Reporter
- Humans
- Luciferases/biosynthesis
- Placenta/drug effects
- Placenta/metabolism
- Pregnancy
- Prostaglandin D2/analogs & derivatives
- Prostaglandin D2/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Marvin
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Ma X, Wu WX, Nathanielsz PW. Differential regulation of prostaglandin EP and FP receptors in pregnant sheep myometrium and endometrium during spontaneous term labor. Biol Reprod 1999; 61:1281-6. [PMID: 10529275 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod61.5.1281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we characterized the mRNA abundance of prostaglandin E(2) receptor subtypes (EP1 and EP3, which stimulate excitatory responses; EP2 and EP4, which stimulate inhibitory responses) and the FP receptor in pregnant sheep myometrium and endometrium in relation to parturition. Myometrial and endometrial poly(A) RNA was extracted from control ewes at 143-147 days gestational age (dGA, n = 6) and from ewes in spontaneous term labor at 145-147 dGA (n = 6), and was subjected to Northern blot analysis for FP, EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4 mRNA. Myometrial EP3, EP4, and FP mRNA abundance increased during labor (P<0.05); EP2 mRNA did not change. EP1 mRNA was not detectable in the myometrium. Endometrial EP2 and EP4 mRNA remained unchanged during labor. EP3 mRNA was expressed at a very low level, and EP1 and FP mRNA were not detected in endometrium in any animals studied. In conclusion, there is differential expression in myometrium and endometrium of EP subtypes and FP receptor in relation to labor. Increases in EP3 and FP, together with increased prostaglandin production from intrauterine tissues, may lead to the switch in the myometrial contraction pattern that occurs during labor. These differences within and between myometrium and endometrium may result from different anatomical location, such as longitudinal or circular layers of myometrium, or vascular location.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Ma
- Laboratory for Pregnancy and Newborn Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-6401, USA
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45
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Wang J, Yamamoto K, Sugimoto Y, Ichikawa A, Yamamoto S. Induction of prostaglandin I(2) receptor by tumor necrosis factor alpha in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1999; 1441:69-76. [PMID: 10526229 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(99)00139-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Mouse osteoblastic cells MC3T3-E1 produced prostaglandin E(2) via the reaction of cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha). Originally, the mRNA level for prostaglandin I(2) receptor (IP) was low in the cells. However, the addition of TNFalpha brought about a marked increase in the IP mRNA with a lag of about 3 h up to an about 8-fold higher level for 24 h. In addition, the induction of IP was supported by a binding experiment of [(3)H]iloprost (a stable analogue of prostaglandin I(2)). The amount of iloprost bound to the TNFalpha-stimulated cell membranes increased to a saturation level around 30 nM. Dexamethasone, cycloheximide and cyclooxygenase inhibitor suppressed the IP mRNA induction. The finding with the latter two compounds suggested a TNFalpha-dependent de novo synthesis of a protein, which is involved in the IP mRNA induction and may be attributed partially to the induced cyclooxygenase-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Tokushima, School of Medicine, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, Japan
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46
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Satoh T, Ishikawa Y, Kataoka Y, Cui Y, Yanase H, Kato K, Watanabe Y, Nakadate K, Matsumura K, Hatanaka H, Kataoka K, Noyori R, Suzuki M, Watanabe Y. CNS-specific prostacyclin ligands as neuronal survival-promoting factors in the brain. Eur J Neurosci 1999; 11:3115-24. [PMID: 10510175 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00791.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Prostacyclin (PGI2) is a critical regulator of the cardiovascular system, via dilatation of vascular smooth muscle and inhibition of platelet aggregation (Moncada, S. 1982, Br. J. Pharmacol., 76, 3). Our previous studies demonstrated that a novel subtype of PGI2 receptor, which is clearly distinct from a peripheral subtype in terms of ligand specificity, is expressed in the rostral region of the brain, e.g. cerebral cortex, hippocampus, thalamus and striatum, and that (15R)-16-m-17,18,19,20-tetranorisocarbacyclin (15R-TIC) and 15-deoxy-16-m-17,18,19,20-tetranorisocarbacyclin (15-deoxy-TIC) specifically bind to the central nervous system (CNS)-specific PGI2 receptor. Here, we report that these CNS-specific PGI2 receptor ligands, including PGI2 itself, prevented the neuronal death. They prevented apoptotic cell death of hippocampal neurons induced by high (50%) oxygen atmosphere, xanthine + xanthine oxidase, and serum deprivation. IC50s for neuronal death were approximately 30 and 300 nM for 15-deoxy-TIC and 15R-TIC, respectively, which well correlated with the binding potency for the CNS-specific PGI2 receptor. 6-Keto-PGF1alpha (a stable metabolite of PGI2), peripheral nervous system-specific PGI2 ligands and other prostaglandins (PGs) than PGI2 did not show such neuroprotective effects. In vivo, 15R-TIC protected CA1 pyramidal neurons against ischaemic damage in gerbils. These results indicate that CNS-specific PGI2 ligands have neuronal survival-promoting activity both in vitro and in vivo, and may represent a new type of therapeutic drug for neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Satoh
- Department of Neuroscience, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Furuedai, Suita-shi, Japan
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Abstract
For the EP3 subtype of prostaglandin E receptors, different C-terminal splice variants are known, which are coupled to distinct heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins (G-proteins). To test the hypothesis that the C-terminal domain is essential for the G-protein-coupling specificity of the EP3 receptor, we exchanged the carboxyl-terminal tail of a porcine Gi-coupled EP3 receptor isoform for the corresponding C-terminal part of a Gs-coupled prostaglandin receptor. The porcine EP3 receptor was truncated at a lysine (K350) residue at the end of the seventh transmembrane region, representing the splicing site of the different EP3 receptor isoforms. The wild-type C-terminus (37 amino acids) was substituted by the C-terminal tail (89 amino acids) of the human I-type prostaglandin receptor (hIP-R). The G-protein coupling of the resulting chimeric receptor protein was studied in transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Stimulation of the chimeric receptor protein with the EP3 receptor-specific agonist M&B 28.767 did not increase adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) formation but did reduce the forskolin-stimulated cAMP formation, indicating Gi coupling. Furthermore, the chimeric receptor did not show constitutive activity as demonstrated for the C-terminally truncated EP3 receptor. Thus, coupling specificity of the EP3 receptor is not exclusively mediated by the carboxyl-terminal tail, and constitutive activity of a C-terminally truncated EP3 receptor can be suppressed by the hIP-R C-terminus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Meyer-Kirchrath
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Germany
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if expression of relaxatory prostaglandin (PG) E2 receptors (EP2 isoform) and contractile PG F receptors (FP isoform) changes during gestation and with labor in pregnant human myometrium. METHODS Lower segment myometrium was removed at cesarean from four groups of parturients (preterm [28-36 weeks] or term [37-41 weeks], either in or not in labor, ten per group). Myometrial RNA was isolated and used for reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis with specific primer sets for human smooth muscle protein calponin and PGEP2 or FP receptor isoform mRNA. Polymerase chain reaction products were electrophoresed on gels and visualized, band intensity was measured, and EP2 and FP receptor expression was normalized to calponin. RESULTS Reverse transcription-PCR yielded products of expected sizes, and restriction enzyme cleavage confirmed identities. Prostaglandin EP2 receptor isoform mRNA expression (relative to calponin mRNA) was significantly greater in the preterm, no labor group (1.28+/-0.22, mean +/-standard error of the mean [SE]) compared with the term, no labor group (0.71+/-0.09) (P < .05 Student-Neuman-Kuels) and declined significantly with gestational age in patients not in labor (R = -.446, P = .001). Prostaglandin FP receptor isoform mRNA expression was significantly less in the term, no labor group (0.61+/-0.06) compared with all others (P < .02 Student-Neuman-Kuels). Prostaglandin FP receptor expression declined significantly with gestational age in patients not in labor (R = -.646, P = .012) and increased significantly with labor at term. CONCLUSION Changes in prostaglandin EP2 receptor isoform expression are consistent with influence on maintenance of quiescence. Labor at term is associated with a significant increase in FP receptor expression, consistent with influence on contraction. The balance between the two receptor isoforms might mediate myometrial contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Brodt-Eppley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Ohio 45267-0526, USA
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Pimpinelli F, Rovati GE, Capra V, Piva F, Martini L, Maggi R. Expression of prostacyclin receptors in luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone immortalized neurons: role in the control of hormone secretion. Endocrinology 1999; 140:171-7. [PMID: 9886823 DOI: 10.1210/endo.140.1.6445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PGs of the E series are involved in the control of LHRH secretion. The present experiments were conducted to clarify whether PGI2 (prostacyclin) might be also involved in such a control, using multiple methodological approaches on immortalized LHRH-secreting neurons. A RT-PCR procedure to detect mouse PGI2 receptor (IP) messenger RNA was first applied, and the results obtained showed the presence of a specific transcript in two cell lines of immortalized LHRH neurons (GT1-1 and GN11 cell lines). Receptor binding assays on membrane preparations from GT1-1 cells showed the presence of a single specific and saturable class of binding sites (Kd = 4.6 nM; 10,000 sites/cell) for [3H]iloprost, a stable analog of PGI2. Competition experiments showed that the binding sites labeled by [3H]iloprost possess the pharmacological characteristics of IP receptors. In functional studies, PGI2 and its analogs, iloprost and cicaprost, were able to stimulate LHRH release from the GT1-1 cells with elevated potencies (EC50 = 0.6-4.3 nM); PGE1 was only slightly less active (EC50 = 28.5 nM), whereas PGE2, considered the major PG involved in LHRH secretion, was poorly effective (EC50 = 921 nM). The relative potencies (EC50) of these compounds in stimulating the intracellular accumulation of cAMP were in line with their LHRH-releasing activities. In conclusion, these results indicate that immortalized LHRH-secreting neurons express IP receptors through which PGI2 may exert relevant effects on LHRH release.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pimpinelli
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
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50
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Abstract
The binding of insulin in physiological amounts to human blood platelets, which increases adenylate cyclase-linked prostacyclin receptor numbers on the cell surface, was found to be directly related to the ADP-ribosylation of the Gi alpha. Conversely, resuspension of the insulin-treated platelets in the hormone-free medium decreased both the prostaglandin receptor numbers and ADP-ribosylation of Gi alpha. Furthermore, incubation of platelets with pertussis toxin or its A-protomer, which ADP-ribosylates Gi alpha, also stimulated the binding of the prostanoid. These results suggest that the increase of prostacyclin receptor numbers in platelets is mediated through the ADP-ribosylation of Gi alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Kahn
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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