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Jin T, Ren J, Bai B, Wu W, Cao Y, Meng J, Zhang L. Effects of Klebsiella michiganensis LDS17 on Codonopsis pilosula growth, rhizosphere soil enzyme activities, and microflora, and genome-wide analysis of plant growth-promoting genes. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0405623. [PMID: 38563743 PMCID: PMC11064500 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04056-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Codonopsis pilosula is a perennial herbaceous liana with medicinal value. It is critical to promote Codonopsis pilosula growth through effective and sustainable methods, and the use of plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) is a promising candidate. In this study, we isolated a PGPB, Klebsiella michiganensis LDS17, that produced a highly active 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase from the Codonopsis pilosula rhizosphere. The strain exhibited multiple plant growth-promoting properties. The antagonistic activity of strain LDS17 against eight phytopathogenic fungi was investigated, and the results showed that strain LDS17 had obvious antagonistic effects on Rhizoctonia solani, Colletotrichum camelliae, Cytospora chrysosperma, and Phomopsis macrospore with growth inhibition rates of 54.22%, 49.41%, 48.89%, and 41.11%, respectively. Inoculation of strain LDS17 not only significantly increased the growth of Codonopsis pilosula seedlings but also increased the invertase and urease activities, the number of culturable bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi, as well as the functional diversity of microbial communities in the rhizosphere soil of the seedlings. Heavy metal (HM) resistance tests showed that LDS17 is resistant to copper, zinc, and nickel. Whole-genome analysis of strain LDS17 revealed the genes involved in IAA production, siderophore synthesis, nitrogen fixation, P solubilization, and HM resistance. We further identified a gene (koyR) encoding a plant-responsive LuxR solo in the LDS17 genome. Klebsiella michiganensis LDS17 may therefore be useful in microbial fertilizers for Codonopsis pilosula. The identification of genes related to plant growth and HM resistance provides an important foundation for future analyses of the molecular mechanisms underlying the plant growth promotion and HM resistance of LDS17. IMPORTANCE We comprehensively evaluated the plant growth-promoting characteristics and heavy metal (HM) resistance ability of the LDS17 strain, as well as the effects of strain LDS17 inoculation on the Codonopsis pilosula seedling growth and the soil qualities in the Codonopsis pilosula rhizosphere. We conducted whole-genome analysis and identified lots of genes and gene clusters contributing to plant-beneficial functions and HM resistance, which is critical for further elucidating the plant growth-promoting mechanism of strain LDS17 and expanding its application in the development of plant growth-promoting agents used in the environment under HM stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Jin
- Department of Life Sciences, Changzhi University, Changzhi, China
| | - Jiahong Ren
- Department of Life Sciences, Changzhi University, Changzhi, China
| | - Bianxia Bai
- Department of Life Sciences, Changzhi University, Changzhi, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Life Sciences, Changzhi University, Changzhi, China
| | - Yongqing Cao
- Department of Life Sciences, Changzhi University, Changzhi, China
| | - Jing Meng
- Department of Life Sciences, Changzhi University, Changzhi, China
| | - Lihui Zhang
- Department of Life Sciences, Changzhi University, Changzhi, China
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Zhang P, Huguet-Tapia J, Peng Z, Liu S, Obasa K, Block AK, White FF. Genome analysis and hyphal movement characterization of the hitchhiker endohyphal Enterobacter sp. from Rhizoctonia solani. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0224523. [PMID: 38319098 PMCID: PMC10952491 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02245-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial-fungal interactions are pervasive in the rhizosphere. While an increasing number of endohyphal bacteria have been identified, little is known about their ecology and impact on the associated fungal hosts and the surrounding environment. In this study, we characterized the genome of an Enterobacter sp. Crenshaw (En-Cren), which was isolated from the generalist fungal pathogen Rhizoctonia solani, and examined the genetic potential of the bacterium with regard to the phenotypic traits associated with the fungus. Overall, the En-Cren genome size was typical for members of the genus and was capable of free-living growth. The genome was 4.6 MB in size, and no plasmids were detected. Several prophage regions and genomic islands were identified that harbor unique genes in comparison with phylogenetically closely related Enterobacter spp. Type VI secretion system and cyanate assimilation genes were identified from the bacterium, while some common heavy metal resistance genes were absent. En-Cren contains the key genes for indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and phenylacetic acid (PAA) biosynthesis, and produces IAA and PAA in vitro, which may impact the ecology or pathogenicity of the fungal pathogen in vivo. En-Cren was observed to move along hyphae of R. solani and on other basidiomycetes and ascomycetes in culture. The bacterial flagellum is essential for hyphal movement, while other pathways and genes may also be involved.IMPORTANCEThe genome characterization and comparative genomics analysis of Enterobacter sp. Crenshaw provided the foundation and resources for a better understanding of the ecology and evolution of this endohyphal bacteria in the rhizosphere. The ability to produce indole-3-acetic acid and phenylacetic acid may provide new angles to study the impact of phytohormones during the plant-pathogen interactions. The hitchhiking behavior of the bacterium on a diverse group of fungi, while inhibiting the growth of some others, revealed new areas of bacterial-fungal signaling and interaction, which have yet to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqi Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jose Huguet-Tapia
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Zhao Peng
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Sanzhen Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Ken Obasa
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- High Plains Plant Disease Diagnostic Lab, Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service, Amarillo, Texas, USA
| | - Anna K. Block
- Chemistry Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Frank F. White
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Li Y, Huang X, Zhou G, Ye A, Deng Y, Shi L, Zhang R. Characterization of a novel endornavirus isolated from the phytopathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani. Arch Virol 2024; 169:15. [PMID: 38163823 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05915-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani endornavirus 8 (RsEV8) was isolated from strain XY175 of Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA. The full-length genome of RsEV8 is 16,147 nucleotides (nt) in length and contains a single open reading frame that encodes a large polyprotein of 5227 amino acids. The polyprotein contains four conserved domains: viral methyltransferase, putative DEAH box helicase, viral helicase, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). RsEV8 has a shorter 3'-UTR (58 nt) and a longer 5'-UTR (404 nt). A multiple sequence alignment indicated that the RdRp of RsEV8 possesses eight typical RdRp motifs. According to a BLASTp analysis, RsEV8 shares 39.31% sequence identity with Rhizoctonia cerealis endornavirus-1084-7. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that RsEV8 clusters with members of the genus Betaendornavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyi Li
- Institute of Vegetable Research, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430045, Hubei, China
| | - Xingxue Huang
- Institute of Vegetable Research, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430045, Hubei, China
| | - Guolin Zhou
- Institute of Vegetable Research, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430045, Hubei, China
| | - Anhua Ye
- Institute of Vegetable Research, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430045, Hubei, China
| | - Yaohua Deng
- Institute of Vegetable Research, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430045, Hubei, China
| | - Lingfang Shi
- Institute of Vegetable Research, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430045, Hubei, China
| | - Runhua Zhang
- Institute of Vegetable Research, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430045, Hubei, China.
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Su Z, Liu G, Li C, Liu X, Guo Q, Wang P, Dong L, Lu X, Zhao W, Zhang X, Qu Y, Zhang J, Mo S, Li S, Ma P. Establishment and application of quantitative detection of Bacillus velezensis HMB26553, a biocontrol agent against cotton damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300412. [PMID: 38375560 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
A highly sensitive quantitative PCR (qPCR) method was developed for detection and quantification of Bacillus velezensis HMB26553 in cotton rhizosphere. The study aimed to develop a quantitative detection method for the strain HMB26553, and explore the relationship between its colonization of the cotton rhizosphere and its control effect. The whole genome sequence of strain HMB26553 was obtained by genome sequencing and a unique specific sequence pB-gene0026 on plasmid plaBV2 was identified by using high-throughput alignment against NCBI. Plasmid plaBV2 could be stably genetically inherited. Based on this sequence, specific primers for amplifying 106 bp and a minor groove binder (MGB) TaqMan probe for enhancing sensitivity were designed. The copy number of plaBV2 in strain HMB26553, which was 2, was confirmed by internal reference primers and the MGB TaqMan probe based on housekeeping gene gyrB. The established detection technique based on these primers and probes had high specificity and sensitivity compared to traditional plate counting method, with a detection limit of 1.5 copy genome. Using this method, the study discovered a likely correlation between the quantity of colonization in cotton rhizosphere and efficacy against cotton damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia after seed soaking and irrigation with strain HMB26553. Thus, this method provides scientific support for the rational application of strain HMB26553 in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhe Su
- Plant Protection Institute, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Integrated Pest Management Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of IPM on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Baoding, China
| | - Gaoge Liu
- Plant Protection Institute, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Integrated Pest Management Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of IPM on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Baoding, China
| | - Cong Li
- Plant Protection Institute, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Integrated Pest Management Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of IPM on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaomeng Liu
- Plant Protection Institute, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Integrated Pest Management Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of IPM on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Baoding, China
| | - Qinggang Guo
- Plant Protection Institute, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Integrated Pest Management Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of IPM on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Baoding, China
| | - Peipei Wang
- Plant Protection Institute, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Integrated Pest Management Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of IPM on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Baoding, China
| | - Lihong Dong
- Plant Protection Institute, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Integrated Pest Management Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of IPM on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Baoding, China
| | - Xiuyun Lu
- Plant Protection Institute, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Integrated Pest Management Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of IPM on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Baoding, China
| | - Weisong Zhao
- Plant Protection Institute, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Integrated Pest Management Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of IPM on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- Plant Protection Institute, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Integrated Pest Management Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of IPM on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Baoding, China
| | - Yuanghang Qu
- Plant Protection Institute, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Integrated Pest Management Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of IPM on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Baoding, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- Plant Protection Institute, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Integrated Pest Management Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of IPM on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Baoding, China
| | - Shaojing Mo
- Plant Protection Institute, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Integrated Pest Management Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of IPM on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Baoding, China
| | - Shezeng Li
- Plant Protection Institute, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Integrated Pest Management Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of IPM on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Baoding, China
| | - Ping Ma
- Plant Protection Institute, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Integrated Pest Management Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of IPM on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Baoding, China
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Zhang D, Lin R, Yamamoto N, Wang Z, Lin H, Okada K, Liu Y, Xiang X, Zheng T, Zheng H, Yi X, Noutoshi Y, Zheng A. Mitochondrial-targeting effector RsIA_CtaG/Cox11 in Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA has two functions: plant immunity suppression and cell death induction mediated by a rice cytochrome c oxidase subunit. Mol Plant Pathol 2024; 25:e13397. [PMID: 37902589 PMCID: PMC10799210 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA causes a necrotrophic rice disease and is a serious threat to rice production. To date, only a few effectors have been characterized in AG-1 IA. We previously identified RsIA_CtaG/Cox11 and showed that infiltration of the recombinant protein into rice leaves caused disease-like symptoms. In the present study, we further characterized the functionality of RsIA_CtaG/Cox11. RsIA_CtaG/Cox11 is an alternative transcript of cytochrome c oxidase copper chaperone Cox11 that starts from the second AUG codon, but contains a functional secretion signal peptide. RNA interference with RsIA_CtaG/Cox11 reduced the pathogenicity of AG-1 IA towards rice and Nicotiana benthamiana without affecting its fitness or mycelial morphology. Transient expression of the RsIA_CtaG/Cox11-GFP fusion protein demonstrated the localization of RsIA_CtaG/Cox11 to mitochondria. Agro-infiltration of RsIA_CtaG/Cox11 into N. benthamiana leaves inhibited cell death by BAX and INF1. In contrast to rice, agro-infiltration of RsIA_CtaG/Cox11 did not induce cell death in N. benthamiana. However, cell death was observed when it was coinfiltrated with Os_CoxVIIa, which encodes a subunit of cytochrome c oxidase. Os_CoxVIIa appeared to interact with RsIA_CtaG/Cox11. The cell death triggered by coexpression of RsIA_CtaG/Cox11 and Os_CoxVIIa is independent of the leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases BAK1/SOBIR1 and enhanced the susceptibility of N. benthamiana to AG-1 IA. Two of the three evolutionarily conserved cysteine residues at positions 25 and 126 of RsIA_CtaG/Cox11 were essential for its immunosuppressive activity, but not for cell death induction. This report suggests that RsIA_CtaG/Cox11 appears to have a dual role in immunosuppression and cell death induction during pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danhua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaChengduChina
- School of AgronomySichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Runmao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests Ministry of EducationHainan UniversityHaikouChina
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- School of AgronomySichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Zhaoyilin Wang
- Rice Research InstituteSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Hui Lin
- School of AgronomySichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Kazunori Okada
- Agro‐Biotechnology Research CenterThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Yao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Crop Research InstituteSichuan Academy of Agricultural SciencesChengduChina
| | - Xing Xiang
- School of AgronomySichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Tengda Zheng
- School of AgronomySichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | | | - Xiaoqun Yi
- School of AgronomySichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yoshiteru Noutoshi
- Graduate School of Environmental, Life, and Natural Science and TechnologyOkayama UniversityOkayamaJapan
| | - Aiping Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaChengduChina
- School of AgronomySichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
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Moliszewska E, Maculewicz D, Stępniewska H. Characterization of three-nucleate Rhizoctonia AG-E based on their morphology and phylogeny. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17328. [PMID: 37833315 PMCID: PMC10575891 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44448-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Rhizoctonia has been classified into two main groups according to the number of nuclei. Binucleate Rhizoctonia strains have two nuclei in each cell, whereas multinucleate Rhizoctonia fungi were observed to have a variable number of nuclei ranging from 4 to 16 in each cell. In the study, twelve Polish isolates were tested. According to ITS1-5,8S-ITS2 rDNA sequences, the isolates were classified in the AG-E. Their affiliation to AG was confirmed by anastomosis reactions with tester isolates. The number of nuclei was counted with DAPI staining under a fluorescent microscope, and the diameter of the hyphae was also measured. Not all AG-E isolates had the same number of nuclei in their cells: one group among these fungi produced cells with a diverse number of nuclei, usually 3; however, this number ranged from 2 to 4, making the average number of nuclei close to 3. It can be assumed that all isolates with three nuclei belong to this group, which may greatly facilitate the preliminary identification of trinucleate isolates of Rhizoctonia spp. belonging to AG-E. Based on these characters, we call these isolates AG-E-3n isolates. The thiamine requirement is not helpful in classifying and describing the AG-E strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Moliszewska
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Institute of Environmental Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Opole, Opole, Poland.
| | - Dagna Maculewicz
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
| | - Hanna Stępniewska
- Department of Forest Ecosystems Protection, Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Kraków, Poland
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He Y, Zhang K, Li S, Lu X, Zhao H, Guan C, Huang X, Shi Y, Kang Z, Fan Y, Li W, Chen C, Li G, Long O, Chen Y, Hu M, Cheng J, Xu B, Chapman MA, Georgiev MI, Fernie AR, Zhou M. Multiomics analysis reveals the molecular mechanisms underlying virulence in Rhizoctonia and jasmonic acid-mediated resistance in Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum). Plant Cell 2023; 35:2773-2798. [PMID: 37119263 PMCID: PMC10396374 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani is a devastating soil-borne pathogen that seriously threatens the cultivation of economically important crops. Multiple strains with a very broad host range have been identified, but only 1 (AG1-IA, which causes rice sheath blight disease) has been examined in detail. Here, we analyzed AG4-HGI 3 originally isolated from Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum), but with a host range comparable to AG1-IA. Genome comparison reveals abundant pathogenicity genes in this strain. We used multiomic approaches to improve the efficiency of screening for disease resistance genes. Transcriptomes of the plant-fungi interaction identified differentially expressed genes associated with virulence in Rhizoctonia and resistance in Tartary buckwheat. Integration with jasmonate-mediated transcriptome and metabolome changes revealed a negative regulator of jasmonate signaling, cytochrome P450 (FtCYP94C1), as increasing disease resistance probably via accumulation of resistance-related flavonoids. The integration of resistance data for 320 Tartary buckwheat accessions identified a gene homolog to aspartic proteinase (FtASP), with peak expression following R. solani inoculation. FtASP exhibits no proteinase activity but functions as an antibacterial peptide that slows fungal growth. This work reveals a potential mechanism behind pathogen virulence and host resistance, which should accelerate the molecular breeding of resistant varieties in economically essential crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi He
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Crop Gene Bank Building, Beijing 100081, China
- National Nanfan Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Kaixuan Zhang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Crop Gene Bank Building, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shijuan Li
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Crop Gene Bank Building, Beijing 100081, China
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xiang Lu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Crop Gene Bank Building, Beijing 100081, China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Crop Gene Bank Building, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chaonan Guan
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Crop Gene Bank Building, Beijing 100081, China
- National Nanfan Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Xu Huang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Crop Gene Bank Building, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yaliang Shi
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Crop Gene Bank Building, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhen Kang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Crop Gene Bank Building, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yu Fan
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Crop Gene Bank Building, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wei Li
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Crop Gene Bank Building, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Crop Gene Bank Building, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guangsheng Li
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Crop Gene Bank Building, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ou Long
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Crop Gene Bank Building, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Crop Gene Bank Building, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Mang Hu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Crop Gene Bank Building, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jianping Cheng
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Bingliang Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Mark A Chapman
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Milen I Georgiev
- Laboratory of Metabolomics, Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Meiliang Zhou
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Crop Gene Bank Building, Beijing 100081, China
- National Nanfan Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572024, China
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Liu Y, Jia L, Zhou C, Mao Y, Shen S, Hao Z, Li Z. Genome Resource of Rhizoctonia solani Anastomosis Group 4 Strain AG4-JY, a Pathomycete of Sheath Blight of Foxtail Millet. Plant Dis 2023; 107:926-928. [PMID: 36265148 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-22-1542-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The basidiomycetous fungus Rhizoctonia solani Kühn (teleomorph Thanatephorus cucumeris [Frank] Donk) is a fungal pathogen that causes various diseases on economically important crops, such as foxtail millet, maize, and rice. Using the PacBio Sequel platform, we assembled a draft genome of an R. solani strain AG4-JY that was isolated from foxtail millet with sheath blight at the stem. The genome was approximately 43.43 Mb on 53 scaffolds, with a scaffold N50 length of 2.10 Mb. In all, 10,545 genes and 179 noncoding RNAs were predicted, and 10,488 genes had at least one database annotation. In addition, the proteins encoded by 709 genes were predicted as secretory proteins. The AG4-JY genome sequence provides a valuable resource for understanding the interactions between R. solani and foxtail millet and controls sheath blight in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Bioinformatic Utilization and Technological Innovation Center for Agricultural Microbes, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Lixia Jia
- Institute of Agricultural Information and Economics, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Yanan Mao
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Bioinformatic Utilization and Technological Innovation Center for Agricultural Microbes, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Shen Shen
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Bioinformatic Utilization and Technological Innovation Center for Agricultural Microbes, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Zhimin Hao
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Bioinformatic Utilization and Technological Innovation Center for Agricultural Microbes, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Zhiyong Li
- Institute of Millet Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Utilization for Featured Coarse Cereals (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Minor Cereal Crops of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
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Cao H, Yang Z, Song S, Xue M, Liang G, Li N. Transcriptome analysis reveals genes potentially related to maize resistance to Rhizoctonia solani. Plant Physiol Biochem 2022; 193:78-89. [PMID: 36343463 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Banded leaf and sheath blight (BLSB) is a devasting disease caused by the necrotrophic fungus Rhizoctonia solani that affects maize (Zea mays L.) fields worldwide, especially in China and Southeast Asia. Understanding how maize plants respond to R. solani infection is a key step towards controlling the spread of this fungal pathogen. In this study, we determined the transcriptome of maize plants infected by a low-virulence strain (LVS) and a high-virulence strain (HVS) of R. solani for 3 and 5 days by transcriptome deep-sequencing (RNA-seq). We identified 3,015 (for LVS infection) and 1,628 (for HVS infection) differentially expressed genes (DEGs). We confirmed the expression profiles of 10 randomly selected DEGs by quantitative reverse transcription PCR. We also performed a Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis to establish which biological processes are associated with these DEGs, which revealed the enrichment of defense-related GO terms in LVS- and HVS-regulated genes. We selected 388 DEGs upregulated upon fungal infection as possible candidate genes. Among them, the overexpression of ZmNAC41 (encoding NAC transcription factor 41) or ZmBAK1 (encoding BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-associated receptor kinase 1) in rice enhanced resistance to R. solani. In addition, overexpressing ZmBAK1 in rice also increased plant height, plant weight, thousand-grain weight, and grain length. The identification of 388 potential key maize genes related to resistance to R. solani provides significant insights into improving BLSB resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, 271018, China
| | - Zhangshuai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, 271018, China
| | - Shu Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, 271018, China
| | - Min Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, 271018, China
| | - Guanyu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, 271018, China
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai an, 271018, China.
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10
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Woodhall JW, Brown L, Harrington M, Murdock M, Pizolotto CA, Wharton PS, Duellman K. Anastomosis Groups of Rhizoctonia solani and Binucleate Rhizoctonia Associated with Potatoes in Idaho. Plant Dis 2022; 106:3127-3132. [PMID: 35536211 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-21-2683-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A survey of the relative incidence of anastomosis groups (AGs) of Rhizoctonia spp. associated with potato disease was conducted in Idaho, the leading potato producing state in the U.S.A. In total, 169 isolates of Rhizoctonia solani and seven binucleate Rhizoctonia (BNR) isolates were recovered from diseased potato plants. The AG of each isolate was determined through real-time PCR assays for AG 3-PT and phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA. AG 3-PT was the predominant AG, accounting for 85% of isolates recovered, followed by AG 2-1 (5.7%) and AG 4 HG-II (4.5%). Two different subsets of AG 2-1 isolates were recovered (subset 2 and 3). Three isolates each of AG A and AG K were recovered, as well as one isolate each of AG 5 and AG W. An experiment carried out under greenhouse conditions with representative isolates of the different AGs recovered from Idaho potatoes showed differences in aggressiveness between AGs to potato stems, with AG 3-PT being the most aggressive followed by an isolate of AG 2-1 (subset 3). The three BNR isolates representative of AG A, AG K, and AG W appeared to be less aggressive to potato stems than the R. solani isolates except for the AG 2-1 (subset 2) isolate. This is the first comprehensive study of the relative incidences of Rhizoctonia species associated with Idaho potatoes and the first study to report the presence of BNR AG W outside of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Woodhall
- Parma Research and Extension Center, University of Idaho, Parma, ID 83660, U.S.A
| | - L Brown
- Parma Research and Extension Center, University of Idaho, Parma, ID 83660, U.S.A
| | - M Harrington
- Parma Research and Extension Center, University of Idaho, Parma, ID 83660, U.S.A
| | - M Murdock
- Parma Research and Extension Center, University of Idaho, Parma, ID 83660, U.S.A
| | - C A Pizolotto
- Department of Plant Pathology, Cooperativa Central Gaúcha Ltda., Cruz Alta, Rio Grande do Sul 98005, Brazil
| | - P S Wharton
- Aberdeen Research and Extension Center, University of Idaho, Aberdeen, ID 83210, U.S.A
| | - K Duellman
- Idaho Falls Research and Extension Center, University of Idaho, Idaho Falls, ID 83402, U.S.A
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11
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Kodati S, Gambir N, Yuen G, Adesemoye AO, Everhart SE. Diversity and Aggressiveness of Rhizoctonia spp. from Nebraska on Soybean and Cross-Pathogenicity to Corn and Wheat. Plant Dis 2022; 106:2689-2700. [PMID: 35285264 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-21-0872-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Rhizoctonia and Rhizoctonia-like species of fungi that cause disease are known to have varying host ranges and aggressiveness. Accurate identification of these species causing disease is important for soybean disease management that relies upon crop rotation. The anamorphic genus Rhizoctonia contains several diverse species and anastomosis groups (AGs) including some known soybean pathogens, such as Rhizoctonia solani, whereas for others the ability to cause disease on soybean has not been well described. The present study was conducted to identify the predominant species and AG of Rhizoctonia from soybean, corn, and wheat fields that are pathogenic on soybean and characterize cross-pathogenicity to common rotational crops, corn and wheat. We surveyed for Rhizoctonia spp. in Nebraska; isolates were identified to species and AG, and aggressiveness was assessed. A total of 59 R. zeae isolates, 49 R. solani, nine binucleate Rhizoctonia, three R. circinata, and two R. oryzae isolates were collected in 2016 and 2017 from a total of 29 fields in 15 counties. The most abundant R. solani AGs were AG-4, AG-1 IB, AG-2-1, AG-3, and AG-5. R. solani AG-4 and R. zeae were found in all three regions of the state (west, central, and eastern). Some isolates that were most aggressive to soybean seedlings were cross-pathogenic on both wheat and corn. In addition, R. zeae was pathogenic on soybean when evaluated at 25°C, which is warmer than temperatures used previously, and isolates were identified that were aggressive on soybean and cross-pathogenic on both corn and wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Kodati
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
- West Central Research and Extension Center, University of Nebraska, North Platte, NE
| | - Nikita Gambir
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Gary Yuen
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Anthony O Adesemoye
- West Central Research and Extension Center, University of Nebraska, North Platte, NE
| | - Sydney E Everhart
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
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12
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Yang Q, Yang L, Wang Y, Chen Y, Hu K, Yang W, Zuo S, Xu J, Kang Z, Xiao X, Li G. A High-Quality Genome of Rhizoctonia solani, a Devastating Fungal Pathogen with a Wide Host Range. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2022; 35:954-958. [PMID: 36173255 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-22-0126-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, the Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, the Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, the Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yilyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, the Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Keming Hu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of The Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 25009, China
| | - Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, the Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shimin Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of The Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 25009, China
| | - Jiandi Xu
- Institute of Wetland Agriculture and Ecology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi China
| | - Xueqiong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, the Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Guotian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, the Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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13
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Li X, Mu K, Yang S, Wei J, Wang C, Yan W, Yuan F, Wang H, Han D, Kang Z, Zeng Q. Reduction of Rhizoctonia cerealis Infection on Wheat Through Host- and Spray-Induced Gene Silencing of an Orphan Secreted Gene. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2022; 35:803-813. [PMID: 36102883 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-22-0075-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rhizoctonia cerealis is a soilborne fungus that can cause sharp eyespot in wheat, resulting in massive yield losses found in many countries. Due to the lack of resistant cultivars, fungicides have been widely used to control this pathogen. However, chemical control is not environmentally friendly and is costly. Meanwhile, the lack of genetic transformation tools has hindered the functional characterization of virulence genes. In this study, we attempted to characterize the function of virulence genes by two transient methods, host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) and spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS), which use RNA interference to suppress the pathogenic development. We identified ten secretory orphan genes from the genome. After silencing these ten genes, only the RcOSP1 knocked-down plant significantly inhibited the growth of R. cerealis. We then described RcOSP1 as an effector that could impair wheat biological processes and suppress pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity in the infection process. These findings confirm that HIGS and SIGS can be practical tools for researching R. cerealis virulence genes. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Keqing Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Shuqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jiajing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Congnawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Weiyi Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Fengping Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Haiying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Dejun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Yangling Seed Industry Innovation Center, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qingdong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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14
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Das A, Moin M, Sahu A, Kshattry M, Kirti PB, Barah P. Time-course transcriptome analysis identifies rewiring patterns of transcriptional regulatory networks in rice under Rhizoctonia solani infection. Gene X 2022; 828:146468. [PMID: 35390443 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Sheath Blight (SB) disease in rice is caused by the infection from the fungal pathogen Rhizoctonia solani (R. solani). SB is one of the most severe rice diseases that can cause up to 50% yield losses in rice. Naturally occurring rice varieties resistant to SB have not been reported yet. We have performed a Time-Series RNA-Seq analysis on a widely cultivated rice variety BPT-5204 for identifying transcriptome level response signatures during R. solani infection at 1st, 2nd and 5th day post infection (dpi). In total, 428, 3225 and 1225 genes were differentially expressed in the treated rice plants on 1, 2 and 5 dpi, respectively. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis identified significant processes and pathways differentially altered in the rice plants during the fungal infection. Machine learning and network based integrative approach was used to construct rice Transcriptional Regulatory Networks (TRNs) for the three time points. TRN analysis identified SUB1B, MYB30 and CCA1 as important regulatory hub transcription factors in rice during R. solani infection. Jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, ethylene biogenesis and signaling were induced on infection. SAR was up regulated, while photosynthesis and carbon fixation processes were significantly down regulated. Involvement of MAPK, CYPs, peroxidase, PAL, chitinase genes were also observed in response to the fungal infection. The integrative analysis identified seven putative SB resistance genes differentially regulated in rice during R. solani infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Das
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Assam 784028, India
| | - Mazahar Moin
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad 500030, India
| | - Ankur Sahu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Assam 784028, India
| | - Mrinmoy Kshattry
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Assam 784028, India
| | | | - Pankaj Barah
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Assam 784028, India.
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Li Y, Li S, Liang Z, Cai Q, Zhou T, Zhao C, Wu X. RNA-seq Analysis of Rhizoctonia solani AG-4HGI Strain BJ-1H Infected by a New Viral Strain of Rhizoctonia solani Partitivirus 2 Reveals a Potential Mechanism for Hypovirulence. Phytopathology 2022; 112:1373-1385. [PMID: 34965159 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-21-0349-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani partitivirus 2 (RsPV2), in the genus Alphapartitivirus, confers hypovirulence on R. solani AG-1-IA, the causal agent of rice sheath blight. In this study, a new strain of RsPV2 obtained from R. solani AG-4HGI strain BJ-1H, the causal agent of black scurf on potato, wasidentified and designated as Rhizoctonia solani partitivirus 2 strain BJ-1H (RsPV2-BJ). An RNA sequencing analysis of strain BJ-1H and the virus RsPV2-BJ-free strain BJ-1H-VF derived from strain BJ-1H was conducted to investigate the potential molecular mechanism of hypovirulence induced by RsPV2-BJ. In total, 14,319 unigenes were obtained, and 1,341 unigenes were identified as differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with 570 DEGs being down-regulated and 771 being up-regulated. Notably, several up-regulated DEGs were annotated to cell wall degrading enzymes, including β-1,3-glucanases. Strain BJ-1H exhibited increased expression of β-1,3-glucanase after RsPV2-BJ infection, suggesting that cell wall autolysis activity in R. solani AG-4HGI strain BJ-1H might be promoted by RsPV2-BJ, inducing hypovirulence in its host fungus R. solani AG-4HGI. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the potential mechanism of hypovirulence induced by a mycovirus in R. solani.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Li
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Siwei Li
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijian Liang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingnian Cai
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Can Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuehong Wu
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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16
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Zhao C, Li Y, Liang Z, Gao L, Han C, Wu X. Molecular Mechanisms Associated with the Resistance of Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 Isolates to the Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitor Thifluzamide. Phytopathology 2022; 112:567-578. [PMID: 34615378 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-21-0266-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Thifluzamide, a succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) inhibitor, possesses high activity against Rhizoctonia. In this study, 144 Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 (4HGI, 4HGII, and 4HGIII) isolates, the predominate pathogen associated with sugar beet seedling damping-off, were demonstrated to be sensitive to thifluzamide with a calculated mean median effective concentration of 0.0682 ± 0.0025 μg/ml. Thifluzamide-resistant isolates were generated using fungicide-amended media, resulting in four AG-4HGI isolates and eight AG-4HGII isolates with stable resistance and almost no loss in fitness. Evaluation of cross-resistance of the 12 thifluzamide-resistant isolates and their corresponding parental-sensitive isolates revealed a moderately positive correlation between thifluzamide resistance and the level of resistance to eight other fungicides from three groups, the exception being fludioxonil. An active efflux of fungicide through ATP-binding cassette and major facilitator superfamily transporters was found to be correlated to the resistance of R. solani AG-4HGII isolates to thifluzamide based on RNA-sequencing and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR analyses. Sequence analysis of sdhA, sdhB, sdhC, and sdhD revealed replacement of isoleucine by phenylalanine at position 61 in SDHC in 9 of the 12 generated thifluzamide-resistant isolates. No other mutations were found in any of the other genes. Collectively, the data indicate that the active efflux of fungicide and a point mutation in sdhC may contribute to the resistance of R. solani AG-4HGI and AG-4HGII isolates to thifluzamide in vitro. This is the first characterization of the potential molecular mechanism associated with the resistance of R. solani AG-4 isolates to thifluzamide and provides practical guidance for the use of this fungicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuting Li
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijian Liang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihong Gao
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenggui Han
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuehong Wu
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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Guo X, Liu N, Zhang Y, Chen J. Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern Active Sites of GH45 Endoglucanohydrolase from Rhizoctonia solani. Phytopathology 2022; 112:355-363. [PMID: 34165320 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-21-0164-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A 207-amino-acid residue endoglucanohydrolase (EG1) belonging to the glycoside hydrolase 45 (GH45) from Rhizoctonia solani acts as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP). However, the mechanism of EG1 inducing plant immunity is unclear. Here, we found that EG1 contains two domains related to its PAMP function. Transient expression showed that EG1-1, the mutation deleting 60 amino acid residues from the N-terminal, still reserved the PAMP function. Further truncation of EG1-1 obtained two truncating mutations: EG1-2, deleting seven amino acid residues from the N-terminal of EG1-1 (SPWAVND), and EG1-3, deleting five amino acid residues from the C-terminal of EG1-1 (GCSRK). Transient expression showed that the two truncating mutations EG1-2 and EG1-3 all lost the PAMP function. Site-directed mutagenesis of EG1-1 showed that the three amino acid residues (P, W, and D) in the region SPWAVND and the two amino acid residues (C and R) in the region GCSRK were involved in the PAMP function. The homology model showed that the two regions were located at a surface on the EG1 and structurally independent. These results demonstrate that there are two functional regions for the plant immune function of the EG1 released by R. solani, and the two functional regions are independent of each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuna Guo
- Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Jinyin Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
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18
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Zhao M, Wang C, Wan J, Li Z, Liu D, Yamamoto N, Zhou E, Shu C. Functional validation of pathogenicity genes in rice sheath blight pathogen Rhizoctonia solani by a novel host-induced gene silencing system. Mol Plant Pathol 2021; 22:1587-1598. [PMID: 34453407 PMCID: PMC8578826 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Rice sheath blight, caused by the soilborne fungus Rhizoctonia solani, causes severe yield losses worldwide. Elucidation of the pathogenic mechanism of R. solani is highly desired. However, the lack of a stable genetic transformation system has made it challenging to examine genes' functions in this fungus. Here, we present functional validation of pathogenicity genes in the rice sheath blight pathogen R. solani by a newly established tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) system using the virulent R. solani AG-1 IA strain GD-118. RNA interference constructs of 33 candidate pathogenicity genes were infiltrated into Nicotiana benthamiana leaves with the TRV-HIGS system. Of these constructs, 29 resulted in a significant reduction in necrosis caused by GD-118 infection. For further validation of one of the positive genes, trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (Rstps2), stable rice transformants harbouring the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) construct for Rstps2 were created. The transformants exhibited reduced gene expression of Rstps2, virulence, and trehalose accumulation in GD-118. We showed that the dsRNA for Rstps2 was taken up by GD-118 mycelia and sclerotial differentiation of GD-118 was inhibited. These findings offer gene identification opportunities for the rice sheath blight pathogen and a theoretical basis for controlling this disease by spray-induced gene silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zhao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlDepartment of Plant PathologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Chenjiaozi Wang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlDepartment of Plant PathologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jun Wan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlDepartment of Plant PathologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Zanfeng Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlDepartment of Plant PathologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Dilin Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice BreedingGuangzhouChina
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- College of AgronomySichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Erxun Zhou
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlDepartment of Plant PathologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Canwei Shu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlDepartment of Plant PathologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
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19
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Zhang Z, Xia X, Du Q, Xia L, Ma X, Li Q, Liu W. Genome Sequence of Rhizoctonia solani Anastomosis Group 4 Strain Rhs4ca, a Widespread Pathomycete in Field Crops. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2021; 34:826-829. [PMID: 33646817 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-20-0362-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani is an important soil-borne fungal pathogen that causes serious diseases on many agricultural crops and vegetables. Here, we report a complete genome assembly of R. solani AG4 (assembly: 45.47 Mb; contig N50: 1.56 Mb), using a combination of Illumina paired-end and PacBio long-read sequencing data. A total of 267 noncoding RNAs and 11,592 genes were predicted, including 109 genes associated with carbohydrate-active enzymes and 2,488 genes involved in host-pathogen interactions. The complete genome of R. solani AG4 represents a valuable base for studying interactions between host plants and pathogenic fungi and to search for potential antimicrobial targets.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengkun Zhang
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jilin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northeast, Ministry of Agriculture, Changchun, Jilin Province 130033, China
| | - Xinyao Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qian Du
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jilin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northeast, Ministry of Agriculture, Changchun, Jilin Province 130033, China
| | - Lei Xia
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jilin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northeast, Ministry of Agriculture, Changchun, Jilin Province 130033, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qiyun Li
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jilin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northeast, Ministry of Agriculture, Changchun, Jilin Province 130033, China
| | - Wende Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100193, China
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Shang XF, Dai LX, Zhang ZJ, Yang CJ, Du SS, Wu TL, He YH, Zhu JK, Liu YQ, Yan YF, Miao XL, Zhang JY. Integrated Proteomics and Transcriptomics Analyses Reveals the Possible Antifungal Mechanism of an Indoloquinoline Alkaloid Neocryptolepine against Rhizoctonia solani. J Agric Food Chem 2021; 69:6455-6464. [PMID: 34075744 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani causes serious plant diseases. Neocryptolepine presented the significant antifungal activity against R. solani, however the mode of action is unclear. In this paper, we investigated the potential mode of action of neocryptolepine against R. solani integrated the proteomics and transcriptomics. Results showed that after treatment with neocryptolepine, 1012 differentially expressed proteins and 10 920 differentially expressed genes of R. solani were found, most of them were enriched in mitochondrial respiratory chain. It affected oxidative phosphorylation led to the enrichment of ROS and the decrease of MMP, and inhibited complex III activity with the inhibition rate of 63.51% at 10 μg/mL. The mitochondrial structural and function were damaged. Cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit Rieske (UQCRFS1) with the high binding score to neocryptolepine was found as a potential target. In addition, it inhibited the sclerotia formation and presented antifungal efficacy by decreasing the diameter of a wound in potato in a concentration-dependent manner. Above results indicated that neocryptolepine inhibited the complex III activity by binding UQCRFS1 and blocked the ion transfer to cause the death of R. solani mycelia. This study laid the foundation for the future development of neocryptolepine as an alternative biofungicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fei Shang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 335 Jiangouyan, Lanzhou 730050, P.R. China
| | - Li-Xia Dai
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 335 Jiangouyan, Lanzhou 730050, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Jun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Cheng-Jie Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Sha-Sha Du
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Tian-Lin Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Hui He
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Kai Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Qian Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Yin-Fang Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Lou Miao
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 335 Jiangouyan, Lanzhou 730050, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Yu Zhang
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 335 Jiangouyan, Lanzhou 730050, P.R. China
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Kodati S, Adesemoye AO, Yuen GY, Volesky JD, Everhart SE. Origin of agricultural plant pathogens: Diversity and pathogenicity of Rhizoctonia fungi associated with native prairie grasses in the Sandhills of Nebraska. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249335. [PMID: 33905422 PMCID: PMC8078757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sandhills of Nebraska is a complex ecosystem, covering 50,000 km2 in central and western Nebraska and predominantly of virgin grassland. Grasslands are the most widespread vegetation in the U.S. and once dominated regions are currently cultivated croplands, so it stands to reason that some of the current plant pathogens of cultivated crops originated from grasslands, particularly soilborne plant pathogens. The anamorphic genus Rhizoctonia includes genetically diverse organisms that are known to be necrotrophic fungal pathogens, saprophytes, mycorrhiza of orchids, and biocontrol agents. This study aimed to evaluate the diversity of Rhizoctonia spp. on four native grasses in the Sandhills of Nebraska and determine pathogenicity to native grasses and soybean. In 2016 and 2017, a total of 84 samples were collected from 11 sites in the Sandhills, located in eight counties of Nebraska. The samples included soil and symptomatic roots from the four dominant native grasses: sand bluestem, little bluestem, prairie sandreed, and needle-and-thread. Obtained were 17 Rhizoctonia-like isolates identified, including five isolates of binucleate Rhizoctonia AG-F; two isolates each from binucleate Rhizoctonia AG-B, AG-C, and AG-K, Rhizoctonia solani AGs: AG-3, and AG-4; one isolate of binucleate Rhizoctonia AG-L, and one isolate of R. zeae. Disease severity was assessed for representative isolates of each AG in a greenhouse assay using sand bluestem, needle-and-thread, and soybean; prairie sandreed and little bluestem were unable to germinate under artificial conditions. On native grasses, all but two isolates were either mildly aggressive (causing 5–21% disease severity) or aggressive (21–35% disease severity). Among those, three isolates were cross-pathogenic on soybean, with R. solani AG-4 shown to be highly aggressive (86% disease severity). Thus, it is presumed that Rhizoctonia spp. are native to the sandhills grasslands and an emerging pathogen of crops cultivated may have survived in the soil and originate from grasslands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Kodati
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- West Central Research and Extension Center, University of Nebraska, North Platte, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Anthony O. Adesemoye
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- West Central Research and Extension Center, University of Nebraska, North Platte, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Gary Y. Yuen
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Jerry D. Volesky
- West Central Research and Extension Center, University of Nebraska, North Platte, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Sydney E. Everhart
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Meng H, Wang S, Yang W, Ding X, Li N, Chu Z, Li X. Identification of virulence associated milRNAs and their bidirectional targets in Rhizoctonia solani and maize during infection. BMC Plant Biol 2021; 21:155. [PMID: 33771101 PMCID: PMC8004440 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02930-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anastomosis group 1 IA (AG1-IA) of Rhizoctonia solani is the major agent of banded leaf and sheath blight (BLSB) disease that causes severe yield loss in many worldwide crops. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are ~ 22 nt non-coding RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression levels by mRNA degradation or translation inhibition. A better understanding of miRNA function during AG1-IA infection can expedite to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of fungi-host interactions. RESULTS In this study, we sequenced three small RNA libraries obtained from the mycelium of AG1-IA isolate, non-infected maize sheath and mixed maize sheath 3 days after inoculation. In total, 137 conserved and 34 novel microRNA-like small RNAs (milRNAs) were identified from the pathogen. Among these, one novel and 17 conserved milRNAs were identified as potential virulence-associated (VA) milRNAs. Subsequently, the prediction of target genes for these milRNAs was performed in both AG1-IA and maize, while functional annotation of these targets suggested a link to pathogenesis-related biological processes. Further, expression patterns of these virulence-associated milRNAs demonstrated that theyparticipate in the virulence of AG1-IA. Finally, regulation of one maize targeting gene, GRMZM2G412674 for Rhi-milRNA-9829-5p, was validated by dual-luciferase assay and identified to play a positive role in BLSB resistance in two maize mutants. These results suggest the global differentially expressed milRNAs of R. solani AG1-IA that participate in the regulation of target genes in both AG1-IA and maize to reinforce its pathogenicity. CONCLUSIONS Our data have provided a comprehensive overview of the VA-milRNAs of R. solani and identified that they are probably the virulence factors by directly interfered in host targeting genes. These results offer new insights on the molecular mechanisms of R.solani-maize interactions during the process of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxu Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoli Wang
- Yantai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yan'tai, 265500, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, School of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinhua Ding
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaohui Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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Miao J, Mu W, Bi Y, Zhang Y, Zhang S, Song J, Liu X. Heterokaryotic state of a point mutation (H249Y) in SDHB protein drives the evolution of thifluzamide resistance in Rhizoctonia solani. Pest Manag Sci 2021; 77:1392-1400. [PMID: 33098218 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sheath blight, caused by Rhizoctonia solani, can be effectively controlled by application of the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor thifluzamide. Although the risk of resistance to thifluzamide in R. solani had been reported, the thifluzamide-resistance mechanism and the evolution of thifluzamide-resistance in R. solani have not been investigated in detail. RESULTS No differences were found between the sequences of proteins SDHA, SDHC, and SDHD in thifluzamide-sensitive isolates and thifluzamide-resistant mutants, but a single point mutation H249Y was found in SDHB. Two different types of thifluzamide-resistant R. solani mutants were characterized: homokaryotic, carrying only the resistance allele; and heterokaryotic, retaining the wild-type allele in addition to the resistance allele. The resistance level differed according to the nuclear composition at codon 249 in the sdhB gene. Molecular docking results suggested that the point mutation (H249Y) might significantly alter the affinity of thifluzamide and SDHB protein. Heterokaryotic mutants were able to evolve into a homokaryon when repeatedly cultured on agar media or rice plants in the presence of thifluzamide, but thifluzamide treatment had no effect on the genotypes of homokaryotic mutants or sensitive isolates. CONCLUSION This study showed that H249Y in SDHB protein could cause thifluzamide resistance in R. solani. Fungicide application could promote heterokaryotic mutants to evolve into a homokaryon. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjun Mu
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment and Leaf Tobacco Quality, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of China National Tobacco Corporation, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yang Bi
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yanling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment and Leaf Tobacco Quality, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of China National Tobacco Corporation, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shaoliang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jizhen Song
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment and Leaf Tobacco Quality, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of China National Tobacco Corporation, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xili Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Mat Razali N, Hisham SN, Kumar IS, Shukla RN, Lee M, Abu Bakar MF, Nadarajah K. Comparative Genomics: Insights on the Pathogenicity and Lifestyle of Rhizoctonia solani. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042183. [PMID: 33671736 PMCID: PMC7926851 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper management of agricultural disease is important to ensure sustainable food security. Staple food crops like rice, wheat, cereals, and other cash crops hold great export value for countries. Ensuring proper supply is critical; hence any biotic or abiotic factors contributing to the shortfall in yield of these crops should be alleviated. Rhizoctonia solani is a major biotic factor that results in yield losses in many agriculturally important crops. This paper focuses on genome informatics of our Malaysian Draft R. solani AG1-IA, and the comparative genomics (inter- and intra- AG) with four AGs including China AG1-IA (AG1-IA_KB317705.1), AG1-IB, AG3, and AG8. The genomic content of repeat elements, transposable elements (TEs), syntenic genomic blocks, functions of protein-coding genes as well as core orthologous genic information that underlies R. solani’s pathogenicity strategy were investigated. Our analyses show that all studied AGs have low content and varying profiles of TEs. All AGs were dominant for Class I TE, much like other basidiomycete pathogens. All AGs demonstrate dominance in Glycoside Hydrolase protein-coding gene assignments suggesting its importance in infiltration and infection of host. Our profiling also provides a basis for further investigation on lack of correlation observed between number of pathogenicity and enzyme-related genes with host range. Despite being grouped within the same AG with China AG1-IA, our Draft AG1-IA exhibits differences in terms of protein-coding gene proportions and classifications. This implies that strains from similar AG do not necessarily have to retain similar proportions and classification of TE but must have the necessary arsenal to enable successful infiltration and colonization of host. In a larger perspective, all the studied AGs essentially share core genes that are generally involved in adhesion, penetration, and host colonization. However, the different infiltration strategies will depend on the level of host resilience where this is clearly exhibited by the gene sets encoded for the process of infiltration, infection, and protection from host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurhani Mat Razali
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.M.R.); (S.N.H.); (I.S.K.)
| | - Siti Norvahida Hisham
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.M.R.); (S.N.H.); (I.S.K.)
| | - Ilakiya Sharanee Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.M.R.); (S.N.H.); (I.S.K.)
| | - Rohit Nandan Shukla
- Bionivid Technology Pte Ltd., 209, 4th Cross Rd, B Channasandra, East of NGEF Layout, Kasturi Nagar, Bengaluru 560043, Karnataka, India;
| | - Melvin Lee
- Codon Genomics Sdn. Bhd., No 26, Jalan Dutamas 7 Taman Dutamas Balakong, Seri Kembangan 43200, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | | | - Kalaivani Nadarajah
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.M.R.); (S.N.H.); (I.S.K.)
- Correspondence:
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Wei S, Li G, Li P, Qiu C, Jiang C, Liu M, Wu M, Li Z. Molecular level changes during suppression of Rhizoctonia solani growth by humic substances and relationships with chemical structure. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2021; 209:111749. [PMID: 33348258 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Elucidation of the inhibitory effects of humic substances (HSs) on phytopathogenic fungi and the underlying molecular mechanisms are highly important for improved biocontrol. In this study, we investigated the growth suppression, morphological characteristics, transcriptomic sequence, and radical signals of Rhizoctonia solani following HS addition (50 mg/L). Through mycelial cultured experiment, mycelia growth of R. solani had been suppressed with HS addition, and the inhibition rate was 24.88 ± 0.11% compared to the control. Field emission-scanning electron microscopy showed increased and superimposed branching mycelial growth, with a shriveled appearance. RNA samples of R. solani cultured with or without HSs were both extracted to examine the sequence on molecular level by Illumina HiSeq sequencing platform. RNA sequencing analysis revealed 175 differentially expressed genes (DEGs; 111 upregulated and 64 downregulated) between the HSs treatment and control. The upregulated unigenes were annotated and significantly enriched to three molecular processes: vitamin B6 metabolism, ABC transporters, and glutathione metabolism, while the downregulated unigenes were annotated to carbohydrate metabolism, but not significantly enriched. Real time-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that the unigenes related to hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, glutathione synthase, and glutathione reductase were significantly decreased (by 60.03%, 70.70%, 60.33%, and 57.59%, respectively), while those related to glutathione S-transferase were significantly increased (2.66-fold). The electron paramagnetic resonance spectra showed that HSs induced increased the intensity of radical signals of R. solani in a cultured system increased by 59.56% compared to CK (without HSs addition). Network analysis based on DEGs expression and the chemical structure of HSs revealed that the carbonyl moiety in HSs formed the most links with nodes of the DEGs (sum of the links of positive and negative effects = 70), implicating this structure as the active fraction responsible for the inhibitory effect. This study provides molecular and chemical evidence of the biofungicidal activity of HSs with the potential for practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiping Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71, East Beijing Road, P.O. Box 821, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guilong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71, East Beijing Road, P.O. Box 821, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pengfa Li
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71, East Beijing Road, P.O. Box 821, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Cunpu Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71, East Beijing Road, P.O. Box 821, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71, East Beijing Road, P.O. Box 821, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71, East Beijing Road, P.O. Box 821, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Meng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71, East Beijing Road, P.O. Box 821, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Zhongpei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 71, East Beijing Road, P.O. Box 821, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Ghosh S, Kant R, Pradhan A, Jha G. RS_CRZ1, a C2H2-Type Transcription Factor Is Required for Pathogenesis of Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA in Tomato. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2021; 34:26-38. [PMID: 33030394 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-20-0121-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani is a necrotrophic fungal pathogen that causes disease in diverse plant species. In recent years, the genomic and transcriptomic studies have identified several candidate pathogenicity determinants of R. solani; however, most of them remain to be validated. In this study, we report a viral vector-based host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) as well as a dsRNA (double-stranded RNA)-based approach to effectively downregulate genes of R. solani AG1-IA (BRS1 strain) during pathogenesis in tomato. We tested a few of the in-planta upregulated R. solani genes and observed that silencing of one of them, i.e., RS_CRZ1 (a C2H2 type zinc finger transcription factor) significantly compromises the pathogenesis of R. solani in tomato. The RS_CRZ1-silenced plants not only exhibited significant reduction in disease symptoms, but the depth of pathogen colonization was also compromised. Furthermore, we identified the R. solani genes that were coregulated with RS_CRZ1 during the pathogenicity process. The HIGS-mediated silencing of a few of them [CL1756Contig1; subtilisin-like protease and CL1817Contig2; 2OG-Fe(II) oxygenase] compromised the pathogenesis of R. solani in tomato. The ectopic expression of RS_CRZ1 complemented the crz1 mutant of yeast and restored tolerance against various metal ion stress. Overall, our study reveals the importance of RS_CRZ1 in managing the hostile environment encountered during host colonization. Also, it emphasizes the relevance of the HIGS and dsRNA-based gene silencing approach toward functional characterization of pathogenicity determinants of R. solani.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srayan Ghosh
- Plant Microbe Interactions Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Ravi Kant
- Plant Microbe Interactions Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Amrita Pradhan
- Plant Microbe Interactions Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Gopaljee Jha
- Plant Microbe Interactions Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India
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Zhao Y, Yang N, Deng Y, Tao K, Jin H, Hou T. Mechanism of Action of Novel Pyrazole Carboxamide Containing a Diarylamine Scaffold against Rhizoctonia solani. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:11068-11076. [PMID: 32924467 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the last few decades, Rhizoctonia solani causing rice sheath blight has resulted in a lot of economic losses in the world. Therefore, many novel pyrazole carboxamide fungicides have been intensively researched and employed to fight against it. In this regard, in recent years, our group reported a novel pyrazole carboxamide containing a diarylamine scaffold with good antifungal activity against rice sheath blight in the pot test and field trial. Following this project, the antifungal mechanism of action of the pyrazole carboxamide has been elucidated in this work. The antifungal result showed that compound SCU2028, N-[2-[(3-chlorophenyl)amino]-phenyl]-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, was equivalent to the commercial fungicide thifluzamide and its EC50 value was 0.022 mg/L against R. solani. Also, the observation results by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy showed that it could destroy the fungus' cell walls or membranes and result in the leakage of contents and increase of the number of mitochondria and abnormal morphology. Meanwhile, the result on the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) showed that it could decrease R. solani's MMP. Furthermore, the results by label-free quantitative proteomic analysis showed that 1153 proteins were found after R. solani was treated with compound SCU2028, including 212 proteins in the control group and 257 proteins in the treatment group. A total of 142 differential proteins were obtained, of which 92 proteins were upregulated and 50 proteins were downregulated. The differentially expressed proteins affected a series of physiological and biochemical pathways in the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome, and other related GO and KEGG pathways. In particular, the inhibition of the respiratory chain caused by the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation KEGG pathway indicated that complex II (succinate dehydrogenase) and complex IV (cytochrome oxidase) might be compound SCU2028's main action targets. In addition, multiple experiments of qRT-PCR, enzyme activity detection, and molecular docking confirmed complex II and complex IV as targets. It could be seen that these findings provided a theoretical support for further research and development of the pyrazole carboxamide fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongtian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
- College of Agroforestry and Health, Sichuan Radio and TV University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610073, China
| | - Na Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Yiming Deng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Ke Tao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Hong Jin
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Taiping Hou
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
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Yu B, Zhou S, Cao L, Hao Z, Yang D, Guo X, Zhang N, Bakulev VA, Fan Z. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of the Antifungal Activity of Novel Pyrazole-Thiazole Carboxamides as Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:7093-7102. [PMID: 32530619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) is regarded as a promising target for fungicide discovery. To continue our ongoing studies on the discovery of novel SDH inhibitors as fungicides, novel pyrazole-thiazole carboxamides were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their antifungal activity. The results indicated that compounds 9ac, 9bf, and 9cb showed excellent in vitro activities against Rhizoctonia cerealis with EC50 values from 1.1 to 4.9 mg/L, superior to that of the commercial fungicide thifluzamide (EC50 = 23.1 mg/L). Compound 9cd (EC50 = 0.8 mg/L) was far more active than thifluzamide (EC50 = 4.9 mg/L) against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Compound 9ac exhibited promising in vivo activity against Rhizoctonia solani (90% at 10 mg/L), which was better than that of thifluzamide (80% at 10 mg/L). The field experiment showed that compound 9ac had 74.4% efficacy against Rhizoctonia solani on the 15th day after two consecutive sprayings at an application rate of 4.80 g a.i./667 m2, which was close to that of thifluzamide (83.3%). Furthermore, molecular docking explained the possible binding mode of compound 9ac in the RcSDH active site. Our studies indicated that the pyrazole-thiazole carboxamide hybrid is a new scaffold of SDH inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Lixin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Zesheng Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Dongyan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Guo
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Nailou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Vasiliy A Bakulev
- The Ural Federal University Named after the First President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
| | - Zhijin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
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Ajayi-Oyetunde OO, Everhart SE, Brown PJ, Tenuta AU, Dorrance AE, Bradley CA. Genetic Structure of Rhizoctonia solani AG-2-2IIIB from Soybean in Illinois, Ohio, and Ontario. Phytopathology 2019; 109:2132-2141. [PMID: 31381483 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-19-0015-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani AG-2-2IIIB is an important seedling pathogen of soybean in North America and other soybean-growing regions around the world. There is no information regarding the population genetics of field populations of R. solani associated with soybean seedling disease. More specifically, information regarding genetic diversity, the mode of reproduction, and the evolutionary factors that shape different R. solani populations separated in time and space are lacking. We exploited genotyping by sequencing as a tool to assess the genetic structure of R. solani AG-2-2IIIB populations from Illinois, Ohio, and Ontario and investigate the reproductive mode of this subgroup. Our results revealed differences in genotypic diversity among three populations, with the Ontario population having greatest diversity. An overrepresentation of multilocus genotypes (MLGs) and a rejection of the null hypothesis of random mating in all three populations suggested clonality within each population. However, phylogenetic analysis revealed long terminal multifurcating branches for most members of the Ontario population, suggesting a mixed reproductive mode for this population. Analysis of molecular variance revealed low levels of population differentiation, and sharing of similar MLGs among populations highlights the role of genotype flow as an evolutionary force shaping population structure of this subgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sydney E Everhart
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, U.S.A
| | - Patrick J Brown
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, U.S.A
| | - Albert U Tenuta
- Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Ridgetown, Ontario N0P2C0, Canada
| | - Anne E Dorrance
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster 44691, OH, U.S.A
| | - Carl A Bradley
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, U.S.A
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Rao TB, Chopperla R, Methre R, Punniakotti E, Venkatesh V, Sailaja B, Reddy MR, Yugander A, Laha GS, Madhav MS, Sundaram RM, Ladhalakshmi D, Balachandran SM, Mangrauthia SK. Pectin induced transcriptome of a Rhizoctonia solani strain causing sheath blight disease in rice reveals insights on key genes and RNAi machinery for development of pathogen derived resistance. Plant Mol Biol 2019; 100:59-71. [PMID: 30796712 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-019-00843-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
RNAi mediated silencing of pectin degrading enzyme of R. solani gives a high level of resistance against sheath blight disease of rice. Rice sheath blight disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn (telemorph; Thanatephorus cucumeris) is one of the most devastating fungal diseases which cause severe loss to rice grain production. In the absence of resistant cultivars, the disease is currently managed through fungicides which add to environmental pollution. To explore the potential of utilizing RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated resistance against sheath blight disease, we identified genes encoding proteins and enzymes involved in the RNAi pathway in this fungal pathogen. The RNAi target genes were deciphered by RNAseq analysis of a highly virulent strain of the R. solani grown in pectin medium. Additionally, pectin metabolism associated genes of R. solani were analyzed through transcriptome sequencing of infected rice tissues obtained from six diverse rice cultivars. One of the key candidate gene AG1IA_04727 encoding polygalacturonase (PG), which was observed to be significantly upregulated during infection, was targeted through RNAi to develop disease resistance. Stable expression of PG-RNAi construct in rice showed efficient silencing of AG1IA_04727 and suppression of sheath blight disease. This study highlights important information about the existence of RNAi machinery and key genes of R. solani which can be targeted through RNAi to develop pathogen-derived resistance, thus opening an alternative strategy for developing sheath blight-resistant rice cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ramesh Methre
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, 500030, Hyderabad, India
- College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bheemarayan gudi, Raichur, India
| | - E Punniakotti
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, 500030, Hyderabad, India
| | - V Venkatesh
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, 500030, Hyderabad, India
| | - B Sailaja
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, 500030, Hyderabad, India
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Arra Yugander
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, 500030, Hyderabad, India
| | - G S Laha
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, 500030, Hyderabad, India
| | - M Sheshu Madhav
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, 500030, Hyderabad, India
| | - R M Sundaram
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, 500030, Hyderabad, India
| | - D Ladhalakshmi
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, 500030, Hyderabad, India
| | - S M Balachandran
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, 500030, Hyderabad, India
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Blanco AJV, Costa MO, Silva RDN, Albuquerque FSD, Melo ATDO, Lopes FAC, Steindorff AS, Barbosa ET, Ulhoa CJ, Lobo Junior M. Diversity and Pathogenicity of Rhizoctonia Species from the Brazilian Cerrado. Plant Dis 2018; 102:773-781. [PMID: 30673401 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-17-0721-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Eighty-one Rhizoctonia-like isolates were identified based on morphology and nuclei-staining methods from natural and agricultural soils of the Cerrado (Brazilian savanna). The nucleotide similarity analysis of ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 regions identified 14 different taxa, with 39.5% of isolates assigned to Waitea circinata (zeae, oryzae, and circinata varieties), while 37.0% belonged to Thanatephorus cucumeris anastomosis groups (AGs) AG1-IB, AG1-ID, AG1-IE, AG4-HGI, and AG4-HGIII. Ceratobasidium spp. AG-A, AG-F, AG-Fa, AG-P, and AG-R comprised 23.5%. Rhizoctonia zeae (19.8%), R. solani AG1-IE (18.6%), and binucleate Rhizoctonia AG-A (8.6%) were the most frequent anamorphic states found. Root rot severity caused by the different taxa varied from low to high on common beans, and tended to be low to average in maize. Twenty-two isolates were pathogenic to both hosts, suggesting difficulties in managing Rhizoctonia root rots with crop rotation. These results suggest that cropping history affects the geographical arrangement of AGs, with a prevalence of AG1 in the tropical zone from central to north Brazil while the AG4 group was most prevalent from central to subtropical south. W. circinata var. zeae was predominant in soils under maize production. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the occurrence of W. circinata var. circinata in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel José Vieira Blanco
- Goiás Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology - Campus Inhumas, Inhumas, GO, Brazil 75400-000
| | - Marília Oliveira Costa
- Goiás Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology - Campus Inhumas, Inhumas, GO, Brazil 75400-000
| | - Roberto do Nascimento Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil 14049-900
| | | | | | | | - Andrei Stecca Steindorff
- Department of Cell Biology, Biological Sciences Institute, Brasília University Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, DF, Brazil, 70910-900
| | - Elder Tadeu Barbosa
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Arroz e Feijão, Santo Antônio de Goiás, GO, Brazil, 75375-000
| | - Cirano José Ulhoa
- Biological Sciences Institute, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Goiás Federal University, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, Brazil, 74690-900
| | - Murillo Lobo Junior
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Arroz e Feijão, Santo Antônio de Goiás, GO, Brazil, 75375-000
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Muzhinji N, Woodhall JW, Truter M, van der Waals JE. Relative Contribution of Seed Tuber- and Soilborne Inoculum to Potato Disease Development and Changes in the Population Genetic Structure of Rhizoctonia solani AG 3-PT under Field Conditions in South Africa. Plant Dis 2018; 102:60-66. [PMID: 30673447 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-17-0329-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the contribution of seed tuber- and soilborne inocula of Rhizoctonia solani AG 3-PT in causing potato disease epidemics is an important step in implementing effective management strategies for the pathogen. A 2-year study was conducted to evaluate the contribution of each source of inoculum using an integrative experimental approach combining field trials and molecular techniques. Two distinct sets of genetically marked isolates were used as seed tuberborne and soilborne inocula in a mark-release-recapture experiment. Disease assessments were done during tuber initiation and at tuber harvest. Both inoculum sources were found to be equally important in causing black scurf disease, whereas soilborne inocula appeared to be more important for root and stolon infection, and seedborne inocula contributed more to stem canker. However, seed tuber-transmitted genotypes accounted for 60% of the total recovered isolates when genotyped using three polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism markers. The changes in population structure of the experimental R. solani population over the course of the growing season and across two growing seasons were investigated using eight microsatellite markers. The populations at different sampling times were somewhat genetically differentiated, as indicated by Nei's gene diversity (0.24 to 0.27) and the fixation index (FST). The proportion of isolates with genotypes that differed from the inoculants ranged from 13 to 16% in 2013 and 2014, respectively, suggesting the possibility of emergence of new genotypes in the field. Because both soilborne and tuberborne inocula are critical, it is important to ensure the use of pathogen-free seed tubers to eliminate seed tuberborne inoculum and the introduction of new genotypes of R. solani for sustainable potato production in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman Muzhinji
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; and Tobacco Research Board, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - James W Woodhall
- Parma Research and Extension Center, University of Idaho, Parma 83660
| | - Mariette Truter
- Agricultural Research Council-Vegetable and Ornamental Plants, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
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Portieles R, Ochagavia ME, Canales E, Silva Y, Chacón O, Hernández I, López Y, Rodríguez M, Terauchi R, Borroto C, Santos R, Bolton MD, Ayra-Pardo C, Borrás-Hidalgo O. High-throughput SuperSAGE for gene expression analysis of Nicotiana tabacum-Rhizoctonia solani interaction. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:603. [PMID: 29162149 PMCID: PMC5697063 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-2934-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The ubiquitous soil pathogen Rhizoctonia solani causes serious diseases in different plant species. Despite the importance of this disease, little is known regarding the molecular basis of susceptibility. SuperSAGE technology and next-generation sequencing were used to generate transcript libraries during the compatible Nicotiana tabacum-R. solani interaction. Also, we used the post-transcriptional silencing to evaluate the function of a group of important genes. RESULTS A total of 8960 and 8221 unique Tag sequences identified as differentially up- and down-regulated were obtained. Based on gene ontology classification, several annotated UniTags corresponded to defense response, metabolism and signal transduction. Analysis of the N. tabacum transcriptome during infection identified regulatory genes implicated in a number of hormone pathways. Silencing of an mRNA induced by salicylic acid reduced the susceptibility of N. tabacum to R. solani. We provide evidence that the salicylic acid pathway was involved in disease development. This is important for further development of disease management strategies caused by this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Portieles
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 10600 Havana, Cuba
| | | | - Eduardo Canales
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 10600 Havana, Cuba
| | - Yussuan Silva
- Tobacco Research Institute, Carretera de Tumbadero 8, 6063, San Antonio de los Baños, Havana, Cuba
| | - Osmani Chacón
- Tobacco Research Institute, Carretera de Tumbadero 8, 6063, San Antonio de los Baños, Havana, Cuba
| | - Ingrid Hernández
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 10600 Havana, Cuba
| | - Yunior López
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 10600 Havana, Cuba
| | - Mayra Rodríguez
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 10600 Havana, Cuba
| | - Ryohei Terauchi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003 Japan
| | - Carlos Borroto
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 130, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97200 Mérida, Yucatán Mexico
| | - Ramón Santos
- Universidad Técnica Luis Vargas Torres de Esmeraldas, Av. Kennedy 704, Esmeraldas, Ecuador
| | - Melvin D. Bolton
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Northern Crops Science Laboratory, 1605 Albrecht Blvd., Fargo, ND 58102-2765 USA
| | - Camilo Ayra-Pardo
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 10600 Havana, Cuba
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insect Bio-reactor, Nanyang Normal University, Henan, 473061 People’s Republic of China
| | - Orlando Borrás-Hidalgo
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 10600 Havana, Cuba
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Qi Lu University of Technology, Jinan, 250353 People’s Republic of China
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Copley TR, Duggavathi R, Jabaji S. The transcriptional landscape of Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA during infection of soybean as defined by RNA-seq. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184095. [PMID: 28877263 PMCID: PMC5587340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani Kühn infects most plant families and can cause significant agricultural yield losses worldwide; however, plant resistance to this disease is rare and short-lived, and therefore poorly understood, resulting in the use of chemical pesticides for its control. Understanding the functional responses of this pathogen during host infection can help elucidate the molecular mechanisms that are necessary for successful host invasion. Using the pathosystem model soybean-R. solani anastomosis group AG1-IA, we examined the global transcriptional responses of R. solani during early and late infection stages of soybean by applying an RNA-seq approach. Approximately, 148 million clean paired-end reads, representing 93% of R. solani AG1-IA genes, were obtained from the sequenced libraries. Analysis of R. solani AG1-IA transcripts during soybean invasion revealed that most genes were similarly expressed during early and late infection stages, and only 11% and 15% of the expressed genes were differentially expressed during early and late infection stages, respectively. Analyses of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) revealed shifts in molecular pathways involved in antibiotics biosynthesis, amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism, as well as pathways involved in antioxidant production. Furthermore, several KEGG pathways were unique to each time point, particularly the up-regulation of genes related to toxin degradation (e.g., nicotinate and nicotinamid metabolism) at onset of necrosis, and those linked to synthesis of anti-microbial compounds and pyridoxine (vitamin B6) biosynthesis 24 h.p.o. of necrosis. These results suggest that particular genes or pathways are required for either invasion or disease development. Overall, this study provides the first insights into R. solani AG1-IA transcriptome responses to soybean invasion providing beneficial information for future targeted control methods of this successful pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya R. Copley
- Plant Science Department, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Raj Duggavathi
- Animal Science Department, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Suha Jabaji
- Plant Science Department, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
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Xia Y, Fei B, He J, Zhou M, Zhang D, Pan L, Li S, Liang Y, Wang L, Zhu J, Li P, Zheng A. Transcriptome analysis reveals the host selection fitness mechanisms of the Rhizoctonia solani AG1IA pathogen. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10120. [PMID: 28860554 PMCID: PMC5579035 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10804-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani AG1IA is a major generalist pathogen that causes sheath blight. Its genome, which was the first to be sequenced from the Rhizoctonia genus, may serve as a model for studying pathogenic mechanisms. To explore the pathogen-host fitness mechanism of sheath-blight fungus, a comprehensive comparative transcriptome ecotype analysis of R. solani AG1IA isolated from rice, soybean and corn during infection was performed. Special characteristics in gene expression, gene ontology terms and expression of pathogenesis-associated genes, including genes encoding secreted proteins, candidate effectors, hydrolases, and proteins involved in secondary metabolite production and the MAPK pathway, were revealed. Furthermore, as an important means of pathogenic modulation, diverse alternative splicing of key pathogenic genes in Rhizoctonia solani AG1IA during infections of the abovementioned hosts was uncovered for the first time. These important findings of key factors in the pathogenicity of R. solani AG1IA ecotypes during infection of various hosts explain host preference and provide novel insights into the pathogenic mechanisms and host-pathogen selection. Furthermore, they provide information on the fitness of Rhizoctonia, a severe pathogen with a wide host range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xia
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Binghong Fei
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jiayu He
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Menglin Zhou
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Danhua Zhang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Linxiu Pan
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Shuangcheng Li
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Corp Gene Resource and Genetic Improvement of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Yueyang Liang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Corp Gene Resource and Genetic Improvement of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Lingxia Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Corp Gene Resource and Genetic Improvement of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Jianqing Zhu
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Corp Gene Resource and Genetic Improvement of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Ping Li
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Corp Gene Resource and Genetic Improvement of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Aiping Zheng
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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Tiwari IM, Jesuraj A, Kamboj R, Devanna BN, Botella JR, Sharma TR. Host Delivered RNAi, an efficient approach to increase rice resistance to sheath blight pathogen (Rhizoctonia solani). Sci Rep 2017; 7:7521. [PMID: 28790353 PMCID: PMC5548729 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07749-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani, the causal agent of rice sheath blight disease, causes significant losses worldwide as there are no cultivars providing absolute resistance to this fungal pathogen. We have used Host Delivered RNA Interference (HD-RNAi) technology to target two PATHOGENICITY MAP KINASE 1 (PMK1) homologues, RPMK1-1 and RPMK1-2, from R. solani using a hybrid RNAi construct. PMK1 homologues in other fungal pathogens are essential for the formation of appressorium, the fungal infection structures required for penetration of the plant cuticle, as well as invasive growth once inside the plant tissues and overall viability of the pathogen within the plant. Evaluation of transgenic rice lines revealed a significant decrease in fungal infection levels compared to non-transformed controls and the observed delay in disease symptoms was further confirmed through microscopic studies. Relative expression levels of the targeted genes, RPMK1-1 and RPMK1-2, were determined in R. solani infecting either transgenic or control lines with significantly lower levels observed in R. solani infecting transgenic lines carrying the HD-RNAi constructs. This is the first report demonstrating the effectiveness of HD-RNAi against sheath blight and offers new opportunities for durable control of the disease as it does not rely on resistance conferred by major resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ila Mukul Tiwari
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Arun Jesuraj
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Richa Kamboj
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - B N Devanna
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Jose R Botella
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - T R Sharma
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India.
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, India, 160071.
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Verwaaijen B, Wibberg D, Kröber M, Winkler A, Zrenner R, Bednarz H, Niehaus K, Grosch R, Pühler A, Schlüter A. The Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IB (isolate 7/3/14) transcriptome during interaction with the host plant lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177278. [PMID: 28486484 PMCID: PMC5423683 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The necrotrophic pathogen Rhizoctonia solani is one of the most economically important soil-borne pathogens of crop plants. Isolates of R. solani AG1-IB are the major pathogens responsible for bottom-rot of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and are also responsible for diseases in other plant species. Currently, there is lack of information regarding the molecular responses in R. solani during the pathogenic interaction between the necrotrophic soil-borne pathogen and its host plant. The genome of R. solani AG1-IB (isolate 7/3/14) was recently established to obtain insights into its putative pathogenicity determinants. In this study, the transcriptional activity of R. solani AG1-IB was followed during the course of its pathogenic interaction with the host plant lettuce under controlled conditions. Based on visual observations, three distinct pathogen-host interaction zones on lettuce leaves were defined which covered different phases of disease progression on tissue inoculated with the AG1-IB (isolate 7/3/14). The zones were defined as: Zone 1-symptomless, Zone 2-light brown discoloration, and Zone 3-dark brown, necrotic lesions. Differences in R. solani hyphae structure in these three zones were investigated by microscopic observation. Transcriptional activity within these three interaction zones was used to represent the course of R. solani disease progression applying high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis of samples collected from each Zone. The resulting three transcriptome data sets were analyzed for their highest expressed genes and for differentially transcribed genes between the respective interaction zones. Among the highest expressed genes was a group of not previously described genes which were transcribed exclusively during early stages of interaction, in Zones 1 and 2. Previously described importance of up-regulation in R. solani agglutinin genes during disease progression could be further confirmed; here, the corresponding genes exhibited extremely high transcription levels. Most differentially higher expressed transcripts were found within Zone 2. In Zone 3, the zone with the strongest degree of interaction, gene transcripts indicative of apoptotic activity were highly abundant. The transcriptome data presented in this work support previous models of the disease and interaction cycle of R. solani and lettuce and may influence effective techniques for control of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Verwaaijen
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Daniel Wibberg
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Magdalena Kröber
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Anika Winkler
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Rita Zrenner
- Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Hanna Bednarz
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Karsten Niehaus
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Rita Grosch
- Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Alfred Pühler
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Andreas Schlüter
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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Sun HY, Lu CQ, Li W, Deng YY, Chen HG. Homozygous and heterozygous point mutations in succinate dehydrogenase subunits b, c and d of Rhizoctonia cerealis conferring resistance to thifluzamide. Pest Manag Sci 2017; 73:896-903. [PMID: 27415408 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thifluzamide, a succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicide, is a promising fungicide for controlling wheat sharp eyespot (WSE). WSE is caused by Rhizoctonia cerealis. Information on the resistance mechanism of this pathogen to thifluzamide remains unavailable. RESULTS We used selective reculturing and UV mutagenesis to generate thifluzamide-resistant mutants. Thifluzamide-resistant mutants were only generated through UV mutagenesis. Sequence analysis of succinate dehydrogenase (Sdh) genes revealed that two mutants had no mutation in RCSdhB, RCSdhC and RCSdhD, and the other 18 mutants all had at least one mutation in RCSdhB, RCSdhC or RCSdhD, either in a homozygous or heterozygous state. The majority of mutants included either RCSdhD-H116Y or RCSdhC-H139Y. They showed slight resistance to boscalid, bixafen and penflufen. Only one mutant possessed RCSdhB-H246Y, and it showed medium resistance to boscalid and penflufen and a slight resistance to bixafen. All the thifluzamide mutants were sensitive to flutolanil. Compared with their parental isolates, these mutants present no or minor fitness penalties. CONCLUSION Homozygous and heterozygous point mutations in the succinate dehydrogenase subunits b, c and d of R. cerealis may be involved in thifluzamide resistance. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Sun
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao-Qun Lu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan-Yu Deng
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Huai-Gu Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
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Xiong L, Li H, Jiang LN, Ge JM, Yang WC, Zhu XL, Yang GF. Structure-Based Discovery of Potential Fungicides as Succinate Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase Inhibitors. J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:1021-1029. [PMID: 28110534 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A series of diphenyl ether-containing pyrazole-carboxamide derivatives was designed and synthesized as new succinate ubiquinone oxidoreductase (SQR) inhibitors. This highly potent molecular scaffold was developed from a moderately activie hit 3, obtained from our previous pharmacophore-linked fragment virtual screening (PFVS) method. The results of greenhouse tests indicated that some analogues showed good SQR inhibitory activity, with promising fungicidal activity against Rhizoctonia solani and Sphaerotheca fuliginea at a dosage of 200 mg/L. Most surprisingly, compound 62 showed the highest SQR inhibitory activity with a Ki value of 0.081 μM, about 4-fold more potent than penthiopyrad (Ki = 0.307 μM). In addition, compounds 43 and 62 displayed excellent fungicidal activity even at a dosage as low as 6.25 mg/L, which was superior to thifluzamide. Moreover, compound 62 exhibited excellent protection effect against R. solani and provided about 81.2% protective control efficancy after 21 days with two sprayings. The present work indicated that these two compounds could be used as potential agricultural fungicides targeting SQR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Li
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Na Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Ming Ge
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Chao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Lei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering , Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
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Li W, Guo Y, Zhang A, Chen H. Genetic Structure of Populations of the Wheat Sharp Eyespot Pathogen Rhizoctonia cerealis Anastomosis Group D Subgroup I in China. Phytopathology 2017; 107:224-230. [PMID: 27726498 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-16-0213-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Sharp eyespot on wheat is caused by Rhizoctonia cerealis anastomosis group D subgroup I (AG-DI) and is an economically important stem-base disease of wheat in temperate regions worldwide. However, the understanding about the field population structure of R. cerealis is limited. In this study, the genetic structure of four wheat-infecting populations in China was investigated using six microsatellite markers characterized from the transcriptome data of R. cerealis AG-DI. A total of 173 unique genotypes were identified among 235 fungal isolates. Departure from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, a significant degree of inbreeding, and a significant deficit in heterozygotes indicated a nonrandom mating pattern. Combining the low to intermediate degrees of gametic disequilibrium, although with high genotypic diversity and low to moderate clonal fractions, sexual reproduction probably existed, but the asexual reproduction should be the predominant reproductive mode. Structural analysis showed three gene pools among the four populations, which indicated the existence of three evolutionary origins of R. cerealis AG-DI. The long-distance movement of contaminated material, especially the infected seed, might have caused the moderate gene flow among these populations, which was consistent with the high differentiation among these populations. Overall, the genetic characteristics of the populations suggested a moderate evolutionary potential for R. cerealis AG-DI in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingpeng Guo
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Aixiang Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaigu Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, People's Republic of China
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41
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Pereira DADS, Ceresini PC, Castroagudín VL, Ramos-Molina LM, Chavarro-Mesa E, Negrisoli MM, Campos SN, Pegolo MES, Takada HM. Population Genetic Structure of Rhizoctonia oryzae-sativae from Rice in Latin America and Its Adaptive Potential to Emerge as a Pathogen on Urochloa Pastures. Phytopathology 2017; 107:121-131. [PMID: 27571310 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-16-0219-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The fungus Rhizoctonia oryzae-sativae is an important pathogen that causes the aggregated sheath spot disease on rice. In this study, we investigated the genetic structure of rice-adapted populations of R. oryzae-sativae sampled from traditional rice-cropping areas from the Paraíba Valley, São Paulo, Brazil, and from Meta, in the Colombian Llanos, in South America. We used five microsatellite loci to measure population differentiation and infer the pathogen's reproductive system. Gene flow was detected among the three populations of R. oryzae-sativae from lowland rice in Brazil and Colombia. In contrast, a lack of gene flow was observed between the lowland and the upland rice populations of the pathogen. Evidence of sexual reproduction including low clonality, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium within loci and gametic equilibrium between loci, indicated the predominance of a mixed reproductive system in all populations. In addition, we assessed the adaptive potential of the Brazilian populations of R. oryzae-sativae to emerge as a pathogen to Urochloa spp. (signalgrass) based on greenhouse aggressiveness assays. The Brazilian populations of R. oryzae-sativae were probably only incipiently adapted as a pathogen to Urochloa spp. Comparison between RST and QST showed the predominance of diversifying selection in the divergence between the two populations of R. oryzae-sativae from Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo A Dos Santos Pereira
- First, second, third, sixth, seventh and eighth authors, UNESP University of São Paulo State, Campus de Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil; fourth and fifth authors, UNESP Campus de Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil; eighth author, APTA/IAC, Agronomic Institute of Campinas, Vale do Paraíba Regional Center, Pindamonhangaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo C Ceresini
- First, second, third, sixth, seventh and eighth authors, UNESP University of São Paulo State, Campus de Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil; fourth and fifth authors, UNESP Campus de Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil; eighth author, APTA/IAC, Agronomic Institute of Campinas, Vale do Paraíba Regional Center, Pindamonhangaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Vanina L Castroagudín
- First, second, third, sixth, seventh and eighth authors, UNESP University of São Paulo State, Campus de Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil; fourth and fifth authors, UNESP Campus de Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil; eighth author, APTA/IAC, Agronomic Institute of Campinas, Vale do Paraíba Regional Center, Pindamonhangaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Lina M Ramos-Molina
- First, second, third, sixth, seventh and eighth authors, UNESP University of São Paulo State, Campus de Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil; fourth and fifth authors, UNESP Campus de Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil; eighth author, APTA/IAC, Agronomic Institute of Campinas, Vale do Paraíba Regional Center, Pindamonhangaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Edisson Chavarro-Mesa
- First, second, third, sixth, seventh and eighth authors, UNESP University of São Paulo State, Campus de Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil; fourth and fifth authors, UNESP Campus de Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil; eighth author, APTA/IAC, Agronomic Institute of Campinas, Vale do Paraíba Regional Center, Pindamonhangaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Matheus Mereb Negrisoli
- First, second, third, sixth, seventh and eighth authors, UNESP University of São Paulo State, Campus de Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil; fourth and fifth authors, UNESP Campus de Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil; eighth author, APTA/IAC, Agronomic Institute of Campinas, Vale do Paraíba Regional Center, Pindamonhangaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Samara Nunes Campos
- First, second, third, sixth, seventh and eighth authors, UNESP University of São Paulo State, Campus de Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil; fourth and fifth authors, UNESP Campus de Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil; eighth author, APTA/IAC, Agronomic Institute of Campinas, Vale do Paraíba Regional Center, Pindamonhangaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Mauro E S Pegolo
- First, second, third, sixth, seventh and eighth authors, UNESP University of São Paulo State, Campus de Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil; fourth and fifth authors, UNESP Campus de Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil; eighth author, APTA/IAC, Agronomic Institute of Campinas, Vale do Paraíba Regional Center, Pindamonhangaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Hélio Minoru Takada
- First, second, third, sixth, seventh and eighth authors, UNESP University of São Paulo State, Campus de Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil; fourth and fifth authors, UNESP Campus de Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil; eighth author, APTA/IAC, Agronomic Institute of Campinas, Vale do Paraíba Regional Center, Pindamonhangaba, SP, Brazil
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Schulze S, Koch HJ, Märländer B, Varrelmann M. Effect of Sugar Beet Variety and Nonhost Plant on Rhizoctonia solani AG2-2IIIB Soil Inoculum Potential Measured in Soil DNA Extracts. Phytopathology® 2016; 106:1047-1054. [PMID: 27143412 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-15-0318-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A direct soil DNA extraction method from soil samples (250 g) was applied for detection of the soilborne sugar-beet-infecting pathogen Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group (AG) 2-2IIIB using a newly developed real-time polymerase chain reaction assay that showed specificity to AG2-2IIIB when tested against various R. solani AG. The assay showed a good relation between cycle threshold and amount of AG2-2IIIB sclerotia detected in three spiked field soils and was also able to detect the pathogen in naturally infested field soil samples. A field trial was conducted to quantify R. solani AG2-2IIIB soil inoculum potential (IP) before and after growing a susceptible and a resistant sugar beet variety as well as after subsequent growth of an expected nonhost winter rye. Plants of the susceptible sugar beet variety displayed a higher disease severity. A more than sixfold increase of the R. solani AG2-2IIIB soil IP was observed in contrast to the resistant variety that resulted in a constant IP. Growing winter rye significantly reduced soil IP to the initial level at sowing. Further research is required to better understand the interaction between disease occurrence and soil IP as well as the environmental influence on IP development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Schulze
- Institute of Sugar Beet Research at the University of Göttingen, Holtenser Landstr. 77, D-37079 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Heinz-Josef Koch
- Institute of Sugar Beet Research at the University of Göttingen, Holtenser Landstr. 77, D-37079 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bernward Märländer
- Institute of Sugar Beet Research at the University of Göttingen, Holtenser Landstr. 77, D-37079 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mark Varrelmann
- Institute of Sugar Beet Research at the University of Göttingen, Holtenser Landstr. 77, D-37079 Göttingen, Germany
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Jaaffar AKM, Paulitz TC, Schroeder KL, Thomashow LS, Weller DM. Molecular Characterization, Morphological Characteristics, Virulence, and Geographic Distribution of Rhizoctonia spp. in Washington State. Phytopathology 2016; 106:459-473. [PMID: 26780436 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-15-0208-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Rhizoctonia root rot and bare patch, caused by Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group (AG)-8 and R. oryzae, are chronic and important yield-limiting diseases of wheat and barley in the Inland Pacific Northwest (PNW) of the United States. Major gaps remain in our understanding of the epidemiology of these diseases, in part because multiple Rhizoctonia AGs and species can be isolated from the same cereal roots from the field, contributing to the challenge of identifying the causal agents correctly. In this study, a collection totaling 498 isolates of Rhizoctonia was assembled from surveys conducted from 2000 to 2009, 2010, and 2011 over a wide range of cereal production fields throughout Washington State in the PNW. To determine the identity of the isolates, PCR with AG- or species-specific primers and/or DNA sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacers was performed. R. solani AG-2-1, AG-8, AG-10, AG-3, AG-4, and AG-11 comprised 157 (32%), 70 (14%), 21 (4%), 20 (4%), 1 (0.2%), and 1 (0.2%), respectively, of the total isolates. AG-I-like binucleate Rhizoctonia sp. comprised 44 (9%) of the total; and 53 (11%), 80 (16%), and 51 (10%) were identified as R. oryzae genotypes I, II, and III, respectively. Isolates of AG-2-1, the dominant Rhizoctonia, occurred in all six agronomic zones defined by annual precipitation and temperature within the region sampled. Isolates of AG-8 also were cosmopolitan in their distribution but the frequency of isolation varied among years, and they were most abundant in zones of low and moderate precipitation. R. oryzae was cosmopolitan, and collectively the three genotypes comprised 37% of the isolates. Only isolates of R. solani AG-8 and R. oryzae genotypes II and III (but not genotype I) caused symptoms typically associated with Rhizoctonia root rot and bare patch of wheat. Isolates of AG-2-1 caused only mild root rot and AG-I-like binucleate isolates and members of groups AG-3, AG-4, and AG-11 showed only slight or no discoloration of the roots. However, all isolates of AG-2-1 caused severe damping-off of canola, resulting in 100% mortality. Isolates of Rhizoctonia AG-8, AG-2-1, AG-10, AG-I-like binucleate Rhizoctonia, and R. oryzae genotypes I, II, and III could be distinguished by colony morphology on potato dextrose agar, by PCR with specific primers, or by the type and severity of disease on wheat and canola seedlings, and results of these approaches correlated completely. Based on cultured isolates, we also identified the geographic distribution of all of these Rhizoctonia isolates in cereal-based production systems throughout Washington State.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Kamil Mohd Jaaffar
- First and third authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430; and second, fourth, and fifth authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Wheat Health, Genetics and Quality Research Unit, Pullman, WA 99164-6430
| | - Timothy C Paulitz
- First and third authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430; and second, fourth, and fifth authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Wheat Health, Genetics and Quality Research Unit, Pullman, WA 99164-6430
| | - Kurtis L Schroeder
- First and third authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430; and second, fourth, and fifth authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Wheat Health, Genetics and Quality Research Unit, Pullman, WA 99164-6430
| | - Linda S Thomashow
- First and third authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430; and second, fourth, and fifth authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Wheat Health, Genetics and Quality Research Unit, Pullman, WA 99164-6430
| | - David M Weller
- First and third authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430; and second, fourth, and fifth authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Wheat Health, Genetics and Quality Research Unit, Pullman, WA 99164-6430
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44
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Zhou B, Bailey A, Niblett CL, Qu R. Control of brown patch (Rhizoctonia solani) in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) by host induced gene silencing. Plant Cell Rep 2016; 35:791-802. [PMID: 26800976 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1921-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic tall fescue plants expressing RNAi constructs of essential genes of Rhizoctonia solani were resistant to R. solani. Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) is an important turf and forage grass species widely used for home lawns and on golf courses in North Carolina and other transition zone states in the US. The most serious and frequently occurring disease of tall fescue is brown patch, caused by a basidiomycete fungus, Rhizoctonia solani. This research demonstrates resistance to brown patch disease achieved by the application of host induced gene silencing. We transformed tall fescue with RNAi constructs of four experimentally determined "essential" genes from R. solani (including genes encoding RNA polymerase, importin beta-1 subunit, Cohesin complex subunit Psm1, and a ubiquitin E3 ligase) to suppress expression of those genes inside the fungus and thus inhibit fungal infection. Four gene constructs were tested, and 19 transgenic plants were obtained, among which 12 plants had detectable accumulation of siRNAs of the target genes. In inoculation tests, six plants displayed significantly improved resistance against R. solani. Lesion size was reduced by as much as 90 %. Plants without RNAi accumulation did not show resistance. To our knowledge, this is the first case that RNAi constructs of pathogen genes introduced into a host plant can confer resistance against a necrotrophic fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Zhou
- Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7287, USA
- Omicsoft Corp., Cary, NC, 27513, USA
| | - Ana Bailey
- Venganza Inc., St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
| | - C L Niblett
- Venganza Inc., St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
| | - Rongda Qu
- Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7287, USA.
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45
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Chen L, Ai P, Zhang J, Deng Q, Wang S, Li S, Zhu J, Li P, Zheng A. RSIADB, a collective resource for genome and transcriptome analyses in Rhizoctonia solani AG1 IA. Database (Oxford) 2016; 2016:baw031. [PMID: 27022158 PMCID: PMC4809263 DOI: 10.1093/database/baw031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rice [Oryza sativa (L.)] feeds more than half of the world's population. Rhizoctonia solaniis a major fungal pathogen of rice causing extreme crop losses in all rice-growing regions of the world. R. solani AG1 IA is a major cause of sheath blight in rice. In this study, we constructed a comprehensive and user-friendly web-based database, RSIADB, to analyse its draft genome and transcriptome. The database was built using the genome sequence (10,489 genes) and annotation information for R. solani AG1 IA. A total of six RNAseq samples of R. solani AG1 IA were also analysed, corresponding to 10, 18, 24, 32, 48 and 72 h after infection of rice leaves. The RSIADB database enables users to search, browse, and download gene sequences for R. solani AG1 IA, and mine the data using BLAST, Sequence Extractor, Browse and Construction Diagram tools that were integrated into the database. RSIADB is an important genomic resource for scientists working with R. solani AG1 IA and will assist researchers in analysing the annotated genome and transcriptome of this pathogen. This resource will facilitate studies on gene function, pathogenesis factors and secreted proteins, as well as provide an avenue for comparative analyses of genes expressed during different stages of infection. Database URL:http://genedenovoweb.ticp.net:81/rsia/index.php.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, ChinaKey laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, ChinaKey Laboratory of Southwest Crop Gene Resource and Genetic Improvement of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Peng Ai
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, ChinaKey laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, ChinaKey Laboratory of Southwest Crop Gene Resource and Genetic Improvement of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Jinfeng Zhang
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, ChinaKey laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, ChinaKey Laboratory of Southwest Crop Gene Resource and Genetic Improvement of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Qiming Deng
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, ChinaKey laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, ChinaKey Laboratory of Southwest Crop Gene Resource and Genetic Improvement of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Shiquan Wang
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, ChinaKey laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, ChinaKey Laboratory of Southwest Crop Gene Resource and Genetic Improvement of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Shuangcheng Li
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, ChinaKey laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, ChinaKey Laboratory of Southwest Crop Gene Resource and Genetic Improvement of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, ChinaKey laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, ChinaKey Laboratory of Southwest Crop Gene Resource and Genetic Improvement of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Ping Li
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, ChinaKey laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, ChinaKey Laboratory of Southwest Crop Gene Resource and Genetic Improvement of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Aiping Zheng
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, ChinaKey laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, ChinaKey Laboratory of Southwest Crop Gene Resource and Genetic Improvement of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
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Shrestha BK, Karki HS, Groth DE, Jungkhun N, Ham JH. Biological Control Activities of Rice-Associated Bacillus sp. Strains against Sheath Blight and Bacterial Panicle Blight of Rice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146764. [PMID: 26765124 PMCID: PMC4713167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Potential biological control agents for two major rice diseases, sheath blight and bacterial panicle blight, were isolated from rice plants in this study. Rice-associated bacteria (RABs) isolated from rice plants grown in the field were tested for their antagonistic activities against the rice pathogens, Rhizoctonia solani and Burkholderia glumae, which cause sheath blight and bacterial panicle blight, respectively. Twenty-nine RABs were initially screened based on their antagonistic activities against both R. solani and B. glumae. In follow-up retests, 26 RABs of the 29 RABs were confirmed to have antimicrobial activities, but the rest three RABs did not reproduce any observable antagonistic activity against R. solani or B. glumae. According to16S rDNA sequence identity, 12 of the 26 antagonistic RABs were closest to Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, while seven RABs were to B. methylotrophicus and B, subtilis, respectively. The 16S rDNA sequences of the three non-antagonistic RABs were closest to Lysinibacillus sphaericus (RAB1 and RAB12) and Lysinibacillus macroides (RAB5). The five selected RABs showing highest antimicrobial activities (RAB6, RAB9, RAB16, RAB17S, and RAB18) were closest to B. amyloliquefaciens in DNA sequence of 16S rDNA and gyrB, but to B. subtilis in that of recA. These RABs were observed to inhibit the sclerotial germination of R. solani on potato dextrose agar and the lesion development on detached rice leaves by artificial inoculation of R. solani. These antagonistic RABs also significantly suppressed the disease development of sheath blight and bacterial panicle blight in a field condition, suggesting that they can be potential biological control agents for these rice diseases. However, these antagonistic RABs showed diminished disease suppression activities in the repeated field trial conducted in the following year probably due to their reduced antagonistic activities to the pathogens during the long-term storage in -70C, suggesting that development of proper storage methods to maintain antagonistic activity is as crucial as identification of new biological control agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishnu K. Shrestha
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, United States of America
| | - Hari Sharan Karki
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, United States of America
| | - Donald E. Groth
- Rice Research Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Rayne, Louisiana, 70578, United States of America
| | - Nootjarin Jungkhun
- Chiang Rai Rice Research Center, Bureau of Rice Research and Development, Rice Department, 474 Moo 9, Phaholyothin Rd., Muang Phan, Phan, Chiang Rai, 57120, Thailand
| | - Jong Hyun Ham
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, United States of America
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Wibberg D, Rupp O, Blom J, Jelonek L, Kröber M, Verwaaijen B, Goesmann A, Albaum S, Grosch R, Pühler A, Schlüter A. Development of a Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IB Specific Gene Model Enables Comparative Genome Analyses between Phytopathogenic R. solani AG1-IA, AG1-IB, AG3 and AG8 Isolates. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144769. [PMID: 26690577 PMCID: PMC4686921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani, a soil-born plant pathogenic basidiomycetous fungus, affects various economically important agricultural and horticultural crops. The draft genome sequence for the R. solani AG1-IB isolate 7/3/14 as well as a corresponding transcriptome dataset (Expressed Sequence Tags—ESTs) were established previously. Development of a specific R. solani AG1-IB gene model based on GMAP transcript mapping within the eukaryotic gene prediction platform AUGUSTUS allowed detection of new genes and provided insights into the gene structure of this fungus. In total, 12,616 genes were recognized in the genome of the AG1-IB isolate. Analysis of predicted genes by means of different bioinformatics tools revealed new genes whose products potentially are involved in degradation of plant cell wall components, melanin formation and synthesis of secondary metabolites. Comparative genome analyses between members of different R. solani anastomosis groups, namely AG1-IA, AG3 and AG8 and the newly annotated R. solani AG1-IB genome were performed within the comparative genomics platform EDGAR. It appeared that only 21 to 28% of all genes encoded in the draft genomes of the different strains were identified as core genes. Based on Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) and Average Amino-acid Identity (AAI) analyses, considerable sequence differences between isolates representing different anastomosis groups were identified. However, R. solani isolates form a distinct cluster in relation to other fungi of the phylum Basidiomycota. The isolate representing AG1-IB encodes significant more genes featuring predictable functions in secondary metabolite production compared to other completely sequenced R. solani strains. The newly established R. solani AG1-IB 7/3/14 gene layout now provides a reliable basis for post-genomics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wibberg
- Institute for Genome Research and Systems Biology, CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Oliver Rupp
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Gießen University, Gießen, Germany
| | - Jochen Blom
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Gießen University, Gießen, Germany
| | - Lukas Jelonek
- Institute for Genome Research and Systems Biology, CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Gießen University, Gießen, Germany
| | - Magdalena Kröber
- Institute for Genome Research and Systems Biology, CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Bart Verwaaijen
- Institute for Genome Research and Systems Biology, CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Albaum
- Institute for Genome Research and Systems Biology, CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Rita Grosch
- Leibniz-Institute of Vegetables and Ornamental Crops, Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Alfred Pühler
- Institute for Genome Research and Systems Biology, CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Andreas Schlüter
- Institute for Genome Research and Systems Biology, CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- * E-mail:
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48
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Lu C, Song B, Zhang H, Wang Y, Zheng X. Rapid Diagnosis of Soybean Seedling Blight Caused by Rhizoctonia solani and Soybean Charcoal Rot Caused by Macrophomina phaseolina Using LAMP Assays. Phytopathology 2015; 105:1612-7. [PMID: 26606587 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-15-0023-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A new method of direct detection of pathogenic fungi in infected soybean tissues has been reported here. The method rapidly diagnoses soybean seedling blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani and soybean charcoal rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina, and features loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). The primers were designed and screened using internal transcribed spacers (ITS) as target DNAs of both pathogens. An ITS-Rs-LAMP assay for R. solani and an ITS-Mp-LAMP assay for M. phaseolina that can detect the pathogen in diseased soybean tissues in the field have been developed. Both LAMP assays efficiently amplified the target genes over 60 min at 62°C. A yellow-green color (visible to the naked eye) or intense green fluorescence (visible under ultraviolet light) was only observed in the presence of R. solani or M. phaseolina after addition of SYBR Green I. The detection limit of the ITS-Rs-LAMP assay was 10 pg μl⁻¹ of genomic DNA; and that of the ITS-Mp-LAMP assay was 100 pg μl⁻¹ of genomic DNA. Using the two assays described here, we successfully and rapidly diagnosed suspect diseased soybean samples collected in the field from Jiangsu and Anhui provinces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Lu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Bi Song
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - HaiFeng Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - YuanChao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - XiaoBo Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
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Chavarro Mesa E, Ceresini PC, Ramos Molina LM, Pereira DAS, Schurt DA, Vieira JR, Poloni NM, McDonald BA. The Urochloa Foliar Blight and Collar Rot Pathogen Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA Emerged in South America Via a Host Shift from Rice. Phytopathology 2015; 105:1475-86. [PMID: 26222889 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-15-0093-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
The fungus Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group (AG)-1 IA emerged in the early 1990s as an important pathogen causing foliar blight and collar rot on pastures of the genus Urochloa (signalgrass) in South America. We tested the hypothesis that this pathogen emerged following a host shift or jump as a result of geographical overlapping of host species. The genetic structure of host and regional populations of R. solani AG-1 IA infecting signalgrass, rice, and soybean in Colombia and Brazil was analyzed using nine microsatellite loci in 350 isolates to measure population differentiation and infer the pathogen reproductive system. Phylogeographical analyses based on the microsatellite loci and on three DNA sequence loci were used to infer historical migration patterns and test hypotheses about the origin of the current pathogen populations. Cross pathogenicity assays were conducted to measure the degree of host specialization in populations sampled from different hosts. The combined analyses indicate that the pathogen populations currently infecting Urochloa in Colombia and Brazil most likely originated from a population that originally infected rice. R. solani AG-1 IA populations infecting Urochloa exhibit a mixed reproductive system including both sexual reproduction and long-distance dispersal of adapted clones, most likely on infected seed. The pathogen population on Urochloa has a genetic structure consistent with a high evolutionary potential and showed evidence for host specialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edisson Chavarro Mesa
- First and third authors: UNESP University of São Paulo State, Jaboticabal Campus, SP, Brazil; second, fourth, and seventh authors: UNESP, Ilha Solteira Campus, SP, Brazil; fifth author: EMBRAPA Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Boa Vista, RR, Brazil; sixth author: EMBRAPA, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; and eighth author: Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paulo C Ceresini
- First and third authors: UNESP University of São Paulo State, Jaboticabal Campus, SP, Brazil; second, fourth, and seventh authors: UNESP, Ilha Solteira Campus, SP, Brazil; fifth author: EMBRAPA Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Boa Vista, RR, Brazil; sixth author: EMBRAPA, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; and eighth author: Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lina M Ramos Molina
- First and third authors: UNESP University of São Paulo State, Jaboticabal Campus, SP, Brazil; second, fourth, and seventh authors: UNESP, Ilha Solteira Campus, SP, Brazil; fifth author: EMBRAPA Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Boa Vista, RR, Brazil; sixth author: EMBRAPA, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; and eighth author: Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Danilo A S Pereira
- First and third authors: UNESP University of São Paulo State, Jaboticabal Campus, SP, Brazil; second, fourth, and seventh authors: UNESP, Ilha Solteira Campus, SP, Brazil; fifth author: EMBRAPA Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Boa Vista, RR, Brazil; sixth author: EMBRAPA, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; and eighth author: Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel A Schurt
- First and third authors: UNESP University of São Paulo State, Jaboticabal Campus, SP, Brazil; second, fourth, and seventh authors: UNESP, Ilha Solteira Campus, SP, Brazil; fifth author: EMBRAPA Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Boa Vista, RR, Brazil; sixth author: EMBRAPA, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; and eighth author: Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - José R Vieira
- First and third authors: UNESP University of São Paulo State, Jaboticabal Campus, SP, Brazil; second, fourth, and seventh authors: UNESP, Ilha Solteira Campus, SP, Brazil; fifth author: EMBRAPA Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Boa Vista, RR, Brazil; sixth author: EMBRAPA, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; and eighth author: Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nadia M Poloni
- First and third authors: UNESP University of São Paulo State, Jaboticabal Campus, SP, Brazil; second, fourth, and seventh authors: UNESP, Ilha Solteira Campus, SP, Brazil; fifth author: EMBRAPA Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Boa Vista, RR, Brazil; sixth author: EMBRAPA, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; and eighth author: Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bruce A McDonald
- First and third authors: UNESP University of São Paulo State, Jaboticabal Campus, SP, Brazil; second, fourth, and seventh authors: UNESP, Ilha Solteira Campus, SP, Brazil; fifth author: EMBRAPA Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Boa Vista, RR, Brazil; sixth author: EMBRAPA, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; and eighth author: Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
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Yokoya K, Zettler LW, Kendon JP, Bidartondo MI, Stice AL, Skarha S, Corey LL, Knight AC, Sarasan V. Preliminary findings on identification of mycorrhizal fungi from diverse orchids in the Central Highlands of Madagascar. Mycorrhiza 2015; 25:611-25. [PMID: 25771863 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-015-0635-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The Orchid flora of Madagascar is one of the most diverse with nearly 1000 orchid taxa, of which about 90% are endemic to this biodiversity hotspot. The Itremo Massif in the Central Highlands of Madagascar with a Highland Subtropical climate range encompasses montane grassland, igneous and metamorphic rock outcrops, and gallery and tapia forests. Our study focused on identifying culturable mycorrhizae from epiphytic, lithophytic, and terrestrial orchid taxa to understand their diversity and density in a spatial matrix that is within the protected areas. We have collected both juvenile and mature roots from 41 orchid taxa for isolating their orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF), and to culture, identify, and store in liquid nitrogen for future studies. Twelve operational taxonomic units (OTUs), of three known orchid mycorrhizal genera, were recognized by analysis of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of 85 isolates, and, by comparing with GenBank database entries, each OTU was shown to have closely related fungi that were also found as orchid associates. Orchid and fungal diversity were greater in gallery forests and open grasslands, which is very significant for future studies and orchid conservation. As far as we know, this is the first ever report of detailed identification of mycorrhizal fungi from Madagascar. This study will help start to develop a programme for identifying fungal symbionts from this unique biodiversity hotspot, which is undergoing rapid ecosystem damage and species loss. The diversity of culturable fungal associates, their density, and distribution within the Itremo orchid hotspot areas will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lawrence W Zettler
- Department of Biology, Illinois College, 1101 West College Avenue, Jacksonville, IL, 62650, USA
| | | | - Martin I Bidartondo
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Andrew L Stice
- Department of Biology, Illinois College, 1101 West College Avenue, Jacksonville, IL, 62650, USA
| | - Shannon Skarha
- Department of Biology, Illinois College, 1101 West College Avenue, Jacksonville, IL, 62650, USA
| | - Laura L Corey
- Department of Biology, Illinois College, 1101 West College Avenue, Jacksonville, IL, 62650, USA
| | - Audrey C Knight
- Department of Biology, Illinois College, 1101 West College Avenue, Jacksonville, IL, 62650, USA
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