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Motyka S, Szopa A, Ochatt SJ. Distinction of chia varieties in vivo and in vitro based on the flow cytometry and rosmarinic acid production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:337. [PMID: 38767664 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13171-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Flow cytometry has made a significant contribution to the study of several complex fundamental mechanisms in plant cytogenetics, becoming a useful analytical tool to understand several mechanisms and processes underlying plant growth, development, and function. In this study, the genome size, DNA ploidy level, and A-T/G-C ratio were measured for the first time for two genotypes of chia, Salvia hispanica, an herbaceous plant commonly used in phytotherapy and nutrition. This study also evaluated, for the first time by flow cytometry, the capacity to produce organic acids of tissues stained with LysoTracker Deep Red after elicitation with either yeast extract or cadmium chloride. Rosmarinic acid content differed between the two chia varieties treated with different elicitor concentrations, compared with non-elicited plant material. Elicited tissues of both varieties contained a higher content of rosmarinic acid compared with non-elicited cultures, and cadmium chloride at 500 μM was much better than that at 1000 μM, which led to plant death. For both genotypes, a dose-response was observed with yeast extract, as the higher the concentration of elicitor used, the higher rosmarinic acid content, resulting also in better results and a higher content of rosmarinic acid compared with cadmium chloride. This study demonstrates that flow cytometry may be used as a taxonomy tool, to distinguish among very close genotypses of a given species and, for the first time in plants, that this approach can also be put to profit for a characterization of the cytoplasmic acid phase and the concomitant production of secondary metabolites of interest in vitro, with or without elicitation. KEY POINTS: • Genome size, ploidy level, A-T/G-C ratio, and cytoplasm acid phase of S. hispanica • Cytometry study of cytoplasm acid phase of LysoTracker Deep Red-stained plant cells • Yeast extract or cadmium chloride elicited rosmarinic acid production of chia tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Motyka
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
- Doctoral School of Medical and Health Sciences, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Łazarza 16, 31-530, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Szopa
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Sergio J Ochatt
- INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, AgroécologieDijon, France
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Wang F, Huang Y, Hou Z, Chen Y, Lou G, Qi Z, Zhang X, Dennis M, Zhang L, Wei Y, Yang D. Evolution and chemical diversity of the volatile compounds in Salvia species. Phytochem Anal 2024; 35:493-506. [PMID: 38114450 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The plant essential oils are composed of volatile compounds and have significant value in preventing and treating neurological diseases, anxiety, depression, among others. The genus Salvia has been shown to be an important medicinal resource, especially the aerial parts of genus Salvia, which are rich in volatile compounds; however, the chemical diversity and distribution patterns of volatile compounds in Salvia species are still unknown. OBJECTIVE The work is performed to analyse the chemical diversity and distribution patterns of volatile compounds in genus Salvia. METHODS The genomic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to explore the evolution and chemical diversity of Salvia volatile compounds. Initially, the genetic relationship of genus Salvia was revealed by phylogenetic tree that was constructed based on SNPs. And then, GC-MS was applied to explore the chemical diversity of volatile compounds. RESULTS The results indicated that the volatile compounds were mainly monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, and aliphatic compounds. The genomic SNPs divided species involved in this work into four branches. The volatile compounds in the first and second branches were mainly sesquiterpenoids and monoterpenoids, respectively. Species in the third branch contained more aliphatic compounds and sesquiterpenoids. And those in the fourth branch were also rich in monoterpenoids but had relatively simple chemical compositions. CONCLUSION This study offered new insights into the phylogenetic relationships besides chemistry diversity and distribution pattern of volatile compounds of genus Salvia, providing theoretical guidance for the investigations and development of secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation in Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanbo Huang
- Eastern China Conservation Centre for Wild Endangered Plant Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, China
| | - Zuoni Hou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation in Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation in Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ganggui Lou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation in Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhechen Qi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation in Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation in Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mans Dennis
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Anton de Kom University of Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation in Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yukun Wei
- Eastern China Conservation Centre for Wild Endangered Plant Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Botanical Garden/Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Sustainable Plant Innovation, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongfeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation in Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Centre for the Development Technology of Medicinal and Edible Homologous Health Food, Shaoxing Biomedical Research Institute of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Co., Ltd, Shaoxing, China
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Tomou EM, Fraskou P, Dimakopoulou K, Dariotis E, Krigas N, Skaltsa H. Chemometric Analysis Evidencing the Variability in the Composition of Essential Oils in 10 Salvia Species from Different Taxonomic Sections or Phylogenetic Clades. Molecules 2024; 29:1547. [PMID: 38611827 PMCID: PMC11013157 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Essential oil (EO) of Salvia spp. has been widely used for culinary purposes and in perfumery and cosmetics, as well as having beneficial effects on human health. The present study aimed to investigate the quantitative and qualitative variations in EOs in wild-growing and cultivated pairs of samples from members in four Salvia sections or three clades, namely S. argentea L. (Sect. Aethiopis; Clade I-C), S. ringens Sm. (Sect. Eusphace; Clade I-D), S. verticillata L. (Sect. Hemisphace; Clade I-B), S. amplexicaulis Lam., and S. pratensis L. (Sect. Plethiosphace; Clade I-C). Furthermore, the natural variability in EO composition due to different genotypes adapted in different geographical and environmental conditions was examined by employing members of three Salvia sections or two phylogenetic clades, namely S. sclarea L. (six samples; Sect. Aethiopis or Clade I-C), S. ringens (three samples; Sect. Eusphace or Clade I-D), and S. amplexicaulis (five samples; Sect. Plethiosphace or Clade I-C). We also investigated the EO composition of four wild-growing species of two Salvia sections, i.e., S. aethiopis L., S. candidissima Vahl, and S. teddii of Sect. Aethiopis, as well as the cultivated material of S. virgata Jacq. (Sect. Plethiosphace), all belonging to Clade I-C. The EO composition of the Greek endemic S. teddii is presented herein only for the first time. Taken together, the findings of previous studies are summarized and critically discussed with the obtained results. Chemometric analysis (PCA, HCA, and clustered heat map) was used to identify the sample relationships based on their chemical classes, resulting in the classification of two distinct groups. These can be further explored in assistance of classical or modern taxonomic Salvia studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina-Michaela Tomou
- Department of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece;
| | - Panagiota Fraskou
- Department of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece;
| | - Konstantina Dimakopoulou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Eleftherios Dariotis
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization DEMETER (ELGO Dimitra), 57001 Thermi, Greece (N.K.)
| | - Nikos Krigas
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization DEMETER (ELGO Dimitra), 57001 Thermi, Greece (N.K.)
| | - Helen Skaltsa
- Department of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece;
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Surina B, Balant M, Glasnović P, Gogala A, Fišer Ž, Satovic Z, Liber Z, Radosavljević I, Classen-Bockhoff R. Lack of pollinators selects for increased selfing, restricted gene flow and resource allocation in the rare Mediterranean sage Salvia brachyodon. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5017. [PMID: 38424151 PMCID: PMC10904396 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55344-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Range contraction and habitat fragmentation can cause biodiversity loss by creating conditions that directly or indirectly affect the survival of plant populations. Fragmented habitats can alter pollinator guilds and impact their behavior, which may result in pollen/pollinator limitation and selection for increased selfing as a mechanism for reproductive assurance. We used Salvia brachyodon, a narrowly distributed and endangered sage from eastern Adriatic, to test the consequences of range contraction and habitat fragmentation. Molecular data indicate a severe and relatively recent species range reduction. While one population is reproductively almost completely isolated, moderate gene flow has been detected between the remaining two populations. The high pollen-to-ovule ratio and the results of controlled hand pollination indicate that S. brachyodon has a mixed mating system. Quantitative and qualitative differences in the community and behaviour of flower visitors resulted in limited pollination services in one population where no effective pollinator other than pollen and nectar robbers were observed. In this population, self-pollination predominated over cross-pollination. Various environmental factors, in which plant-pollinator interactions play a pivotal role, have likely created selection pressures that have led to genetic and phenotypic differentiation and different resource allocation strategies among populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boštjan Surina
- Natural History Museum Rijeka, Lorenzov Prolaz 1, 51000, Rijeka, Croatia.
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Glagoljaška 8, 6000, Koper, Slovenia.
| | - Manica Balant
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Glagoljaška 8, 6000, Koper, Slovenia
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB, CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona), Passeig del Migdia S.N., Parc de Montjuïc, 08038, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Peter Glasnović
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Glagoljaška 8, 6000, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Andrej Gogala
- Slovenian Museum of Natural History, Prešernova cesta 20, P.O. Box 290, 1001, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Živa Fišer
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Glagoljaška 8, 6000, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Zlatko Satovic
- Department of Plant Biodiversity, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska Cesta 25, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding, Svetošimunska Cesta 25, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zlatko Liber
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding, Svetošimunska Cesta 25, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
- Division of Botany, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Marulićev Trg 9A, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Radosavljević
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding, Svetošimunska Cesta 25, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
- Division of Botany, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Marulićev Trg 9A, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Regine Classen-Bockhoff
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099, Mainz, Germany
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Yang H, Chen C, Han L, Zhang X, Yue M. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the MYB Transcription Factor Family in Salvia nemorosa. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:110. [PMID: 38254999 PMCID: PMC10815335 DOI: 10.3390/genes15010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The MYB transcription factor gene family is among the most extensive superfamilies of transcription factors in plants and is involved in various essential functions, such as plant growth, defense, and pigment formation. Salvia nemorosa is a perennial herb belonging to the Lamiaceae family, and S. nemorosa has various colors and high ornamental value. However, there is little known about its genome-wide MYB gene family and response to flower color formation. In this study, 142 SnMYB genes (MYB genes of S. nemorosa) were totally identified, and phylogenetic relationships, conserved motifs, gene structures, and expression profiles during flower development stages were analyzed. A phylogenetic analysis indicated that MYB proteins in S. nemorosa could be categorized into 24 subgroups, as supported by the conserved motif compositions and gene structures. Furthermore, according to their similarity with AtMYB genes associated with the control of anthocyanin production, ten SnMYB genes related to anthocyanin biosynthesis were speculated and chosen for further qRT-PCR analyses. The results indicated that five SnMYB genes (SnMYB75, SnMYB90, SnMYB6, SnMYB82, and SnMYB12) were expressed significantly differently in flower development stages. In conclusion, our study establishes the groundwork for understanding the anthocyanin biosynthesis of the SnMYB gene family and has the potential to enhance the breeding of S. nemorosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yang
- The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi’an 710069, China;
| | - Chen Chen
- Xi’an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province, Institute of Botany of Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Engineering Research Centre for Conservation and Utilization of Botanical Resources, No. 17 Cuihua South Road, Xi’an 710061, China; (C.C.); (X.Z.)
| | - Limin Han
- College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Shenhe Avenue, Xi’an 710100, China;
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Xi’an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province, Institute of Botany of Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Engineering Research Centre for Conservation and Utilization of Botanical Resources, No. 17 Cuihua South Road, Xi’an 710061, China; (C.C.); (X.Z.)
| | - Ming Yue
- The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi’an 710069, China;
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Khodadadi F, Ahmadi FS, Talebi M, Matkowski A, Szumny A, Afshari M, Rahimmalek M. Metabolic and Transcriptomic Approaches of Chitosan and Water Stress on Polyphenolic and Terpenoid Components and Gene Expression in Salvia abrotanoides (Karl.) and S. yangii. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15426. [PMID: 37895107 PMCID: PMC10607810 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this research, a HPLC analysis, along with transcriptomics tools, was applied to evaluate chitosan and water stress for the prediction of phenolic flavonoids patterns and terpenoid components accumulation in Salvia abrotanoides Karel and S. yangii. The results indicated that the tanshinone contents under drought stress conditions increased 4.2-fold with increasing drought stress intensity in both species. The rosmarinic acid content in the leaves varied from 0.038 to 11.43 mg/g DW. In addition, the flavonoid content was increased (1.8 and 1.4-fold) under mild water deficit conditions with a moderate concentration of chitosan (100 mg L-1). The application of foliar chitosan at 100 and 200 mg L-1 under well-watered and mild stress conditions led to increases in hydroxyl cryptotanshinone (OH-CT) and cryptotanshinone (CT) contents as the major terpenoid components in both species. The expressions of the studied genes (DXS2, HMGR, KSL, 4CL, and TAT) were also noticeably induced by water deficit and variably modulated by the treatment with chitosan. According to our findings, both the drought stress and the application of foliar chitosan altered the expression levels of certain genes. Specifically, we observed changes in the expression levels of DXS and HMGR, which are upstream genes in the MEP and MVA pathways, respectively. Additionally, the expression level of KSL, a downstream gene involved in diterpenoid synthesis, was also affected. Finally, the present investigation confirmed that chitosan treatments and water stress were affected in both the methylerythritol phosphate pathway (MEP) and mevalonate (MVA) pathways, but their commitment to the production of other isoprenoids has to be considered and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Khodadadi
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 91779-48974, Iran;
| | - Farajollah Shahriai Ahmadi
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Plant Breeding, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 91779-48974, Iran;
| | - Majid Talebi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran;
| | - Adam Matkowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Botany, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Antoni Szumny
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mahvash Afshari
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 83111-84156, Iran;
| | - Mehdi Rahimmalek
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
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Yu D, Pei Y, Cui N, Zhao G, Hou M, Chen Y, Chen J, Li X. Comparative and phylogenetic analysis of complete chloroplast genome sequences of Salvia regarding its worldwide distribution. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14268. [PMID: 37652950 PMCID: PMC10471775 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41198-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Salvia is widely used as medicine, food, and ornamental plants all over the world, with three main distribution centers, the Central and western Asia/Mediterranean (CAM), the East Aisa (EA), and the Central and South America (CASA). Along with its large number of species and world-wide distribution, Salvia is paraphyletic with multiple diversity. Chloroplast genomes (CPs) are useful tools for analyzing the phylogeny of plants at lower taxonomic levels. In this study, we reported chloroplast genomes of five species of Salvia and performed phylogenetic analysis with current available CPs of Salvia. Repeated sequence analysis and comparative analysis of Salvia CPs were also performed with representative species from different distribution centers. The results showed that the genetic characters of the CPs are related to the geographic distribution of plants. Species from CAM diverged first to form a separate group, followed by species from EA, and finally species from CASA. Larger variations of CPs were observed in species from CAM, whereas more deficient sequences and less repeated sequences in the CPs were observed in species from CASA. These results provide valuable information on the development and utilization of the worldwide genetic resources of Salvia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dade Yu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yifei Pei
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Ning Cui
- Shandong Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Guiping Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Mengmeng Hou
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yingying Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jialei Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Xiwen Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650500, China.
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
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Alejo-Jacuinde G, Nájera-González HR, Chávez Montes RA, Gutierrez Reyes CD, Barragán-Rosillo AC, Perez Sanchez B, Mechref Y, López-Arredondo D, Yong-Villalobos L, Herrera-Estrella L. Multi-omic analyses reveal the unique properties of chia (Salvia hispanica) seed metabolism. Commun Biol 2023; 6:820. [PMID: 37550387 PMCID: PMC10406817 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05192-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chia (Salvia hispanica) is an emerging crop considered a functional food containing important substances with multiple potential applications. However, the molecular basis of some relevant chia traits, such as seed mucilage and polyphenol content, remains to be discovered. This study generates an improved chromosome-level reference of the chia genome, resolving some highly repetitive regions, describing methylation patterns, and refining genome annotation. Transcriptomic analysis shows that seeds exhibit a unique expression pattern compared to other organs and tissues. Thus, a metabolic and proteomic approach is implemented to study seed composition and seed-produced mucilage. The chia genome exhibits a significant expansion in mucilage synthesis genes (compared to Arabidopsis), and gene network analysis reveals potential regulators controlling seed mucilage production. Rosmarinic acid, a compound with enormous therapeutic potential, was classified as the most abundant polyphenol in seeds, and candidate genes for its complex pathway are described. Overall, this study provides important insights into the molecular basis for the unique characteristics of chia seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Alejo-Jacuinde
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance (IGCAST), Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Héctor-Rogelio Nájera-González
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance (IGCAST), Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Ricardo A Chávez Montes
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance (IGCAST), Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | | | - Alfonso Carlos Barragán-Rosillo
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance (IGCAST), Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Benjamin Perez Sanchez
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance (IGCAST), Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Damar López-Arredondo
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance (IGCAST), Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Lenin Yong-Villalobos
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance (IGCAST), Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA.
| | - Luis Herrera-Estrella
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance (IGCAST), Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA.
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada/Langebio, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Irapuato, Gto., 36821, Mexico.
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Hu J, Qiu S, Wang F, Li Q, Xiang CL, Di P, Wu Z, Jiang R, Li J, Zeng Z, Wang J, Wang X, Zhang Y, Fang S, Qiao Y, Ding J, Jiang Y, Xu Z, Chen J, Chen W. Functional divergence of CYP76AKs shapes the chemodiversity of abietane-type diterpenoids in genus Salvia. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4696. [PMID: 37542034 PMCID: PMC10403556 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40401-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Salvia L. (Lamiaceae) comprises myriad distinct medicinal herbs, with terpenoids as one of their major active chemical groups. Abietane-type diterpenoids (ATDs), such as tanshinones and carnosic acids, are specific to Salvia and exhibit taxonomic chemical diversity among lineages. To elucidate how ATD chemical diversity evolved, we carried out large-scale metabolic and phylogenetic analyses of 71 Salvia species, combined with enzyme function, ancestral sequence and chemical trait reconstruction, and comparative genomics experiments. This integrated approach showed that the lineage-wide ATD diversities in Salvia were induced by differences in the oxidation of the terpenoid skeleton at C-20, which was caused by the functional divergence of the cytochrome P450 subfamily CYP76AK. These findings present a unique pattern of chemical diversity in plants that was shaped by the loss of enzyme activity and associated catalytic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiadong Hu
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital of Navy Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Shi Qiu
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Feiyan Wang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital of Navy Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Chun-Lei Xiang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Peng Di
- State Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ginseng Breeding and Application, College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Ziding Wu
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Rui Jiang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jinxing Li
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhen Zeng
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jing Wang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xingxing Wang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yuchen Zhang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Shiyuan Fang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yuqi Qiao
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jie Ding
- Urban Horticulture Research and Extension Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Yun Jiang
- Urban Horticulture Research and Extension Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Zhichao Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Junfeng Chen
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Wansheng Chen
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital of Navy Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China.
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10
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Grauso L, de Falco B, Bochicchio R, Scarpato S, Addesso R, Lanzotti V. Leaf metabolomics and molecular networking of wild type and mutant genotypes of chia (Salvia hispanica L.). Phytochemistry 2023; 209:113611. [PMID: 36804479 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Salvia hispanica L., commonly named Chia, is a food plant from Central America and Australia, producing seeds whose consumption has been increasing in the last decade. Several articles analysed the seeds metabolite content. However, few is known about Chia leaves. This work is the first report on the whole metabolite profile of chia leaves, determined by spectroscopic methods including NMR, GC-MS and LC-MS coupled with chemometrics analysis. Additionally, molecular networking has been applied to the LC-MS data to determine the flavonoid composition. Different chia sources were compared: one commercial (black) and three early flowering (G3, G8 and G17) mutant genotypes cultivated at two irrigation regimes (50 and 100%). Organic extracts were mainly composed by saturated and mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids with palmitic being the most abundant followed by oleic and linolenic acids. Aqueous extracts contained glucose, galactose, and fructose as main sugars. Flavonoids were based on vitexin and orientin and their analogues. Chemical composition of early flowering genotypes was quite similar to commercial black chia with the exception of G8 showing significant differences in the polar phase. A generally highest content of omega-9 fatty acids has been found in the early flowering genotypes along with high content of nutraceuticals suggesting them as a potential source of raw materials for the food/feed industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Grauso
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, I-80055 Portici, Naples, Italy.
| | - Bruna de Falco
- Canarian Science and Technology Park Foundation, Spanish Bank of Algae, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35214, Telde, Spain.
| | - Rocco Bochicchio
- Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università della Basilicata, viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, I-85100 Potenza, Italy.
| | - Silvia Scarpato
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano, 49, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Rosangela Addesso
- Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università della Basilicata, viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, I-85100 Potenza, Italy.
| | - Virginia Lanzotti
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, I-80055 Portici, Naples, Italy.
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11
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Schmiderer C, Steinborn R, Novak J. Monoterpene synthases of three closely related sage species (Salvia officinalis, S. fruticosa and S. pomifera, Lamiaceae). Plant Physiol Biochem 2023; 196:318-327. [PMID: 36738511 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The diversity of plant monoterpenes is largely based on the catalytic activity of monoterpene synthases. Additionally, copy number variation of monoterpene synthase genes may contribute to the quantity of transcripts and hence to the essential oil profile. This study used whole-genome sequencing and digital PCR for the measurement of copy number variation and quantification of gene expression in three closely related Salvia species, namely Salvia officinalis, Salvia pomifera and Salvia fruticosa. Twelve, 13 and 15 monoterpene synthase-encoding open-reading frames were predicted for Salvia officinalis, Salvia pomifera and Salvia fruticosa, respectively. In Salvia officinalis, one of the open reading frames was disrupted indicating a pseudogene. Monoterpene synthase genes were generally single copy per haploid genome, only a few were double or triple copy genes. Expression levels of monoterpene synthases in leaves corresponded generally well with essential oil composition. In some cases, a higher expression level of a certain monoterpene synthase could be explained by its duplication or triplication. The very high content of thujones in Salvia pomifera, for example, was accompanied by gene duplication and increased gene expression of (+)-sabinene synthase responsible for the thujone precursor sabinene. In Salvia officinalis, three individuals different in their essential oil profile showed significant differences in their monoterpene synthase expression levels corresponding roughly to the profile of the essential oils. Transcript expression of monoterpene synthase genes were measured in leaf, calyx and corolla. The corolla differed significantly from leaves, while calyces usually showed a profile intermediary between leaf and corolla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Schmiderer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ralf Steinborn
- Genomics Core Facility, VetCore, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Novak
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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12
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Han D, Li W, Hou Z, Lin C, Xie Y, Zhou X, Gao Y, Huang J, Lai J, Wang L, Zhang L, Yang C. The chromosome-scale assembly of the Salvia rosmarinus genome provides insight into carnosic acid biosynthesis. Plant J 2023; 113:819-832. [PMID: 36579923 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus) is considered a sacred plant because of its special fragrance and is commonly used in cooking and traditional medicine. Here, we report a high-quality chromosome-level assembly of the S. rosmarinus genome of 1.11 Gb in size; the genome has a scaffold N50 value of 95.5 Mb and contains 40 701 protein-coding genes. In contrast to other diploid Labiataceae, an independent whole-genome duplication event occurred in S. rosmarinus at approximately 15 million years ago. Transcriptomic comparison of two S. rosmarinus cultivars with contrasting carnosic acid (CA) content revealed 842 genes significantly positively associated with CA biosynthesis in S. rosmarinus. Many of these genes have been reported to be involved in CA biosynthesis previously, such as genes involved in the mevalonate/methylerythritol phosphate pathways and CYP71-coding genes. Based on the genomes and these genes, we propose a model of CA biosynthesis in S. rosmarinus. Further, comparative genome analysis of the congeneric species revealed the species-specific evolution of CA biosynthesis genes. The genes encoding diterpene synthase and the cytochrome P450 (CYP450) family of CA synthesis-associated genes form a biosynthetic gene cluster (CPSs-KSLs-CYP76AHs) responsible for the synthesis of leaf and root diterpenoids, which are located on S. rosmarinus chromosomes 1 and 2, respectively. Such clustering is also observed in other sage (Salvia) plants, thus suggesting that genes involved in diterpenoid synthesis are conserved in the Labiataceae family. These findings provide new insights into the synthesis of aromatic terpenoids and their regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danlu Han
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenliang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuangwei Hou
- Shenzhen Branch Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture/Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture/Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chufang Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofang Zhou
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, 510642, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junwen Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianbin Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Wang
- Shenzhen Branch Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture/Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture/Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liangsheng Zhang
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chengwei Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, 510631, Guangzhou, China
- SCNU Qingyuan Institute of Science and Technology Innovation Co., Ltd., Qingyuan, 511517, China
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13
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Parveen I, Techen N, Handy SM, Li J, Wu C, Chittiboyina AG, Khan IA. The Low Copy Nuclear Gene Region, Granule Bound Starch Synthase (GBSS1), as a Novel Mini-DNA Barcode for the Identification of Different Sage (Salvia) Species. Planta Med 2022; 88:985-993. [PMID: 34544191 DOI: 10.1055/a-1618-6496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Morphological similarity within species makes the identification and authentication of Salvia species challenging, especially in dietary supplements that contain processed root or leaf powder of different sage species. In the present study, the species discriminatory power of 2 potential DNA barcode regions from the nuclear genome was evaluated in 7 medicinally important Salvia species from the family Lamiaceae. The nuclear internal transcribed spacer 2 and the exon 9 - 14 region of low copy nuclear gene WAXY coding for granule-bound starch synthase 1 were tested for their species discrimination ability using distance, phylogenetic, and BLAST-based methods. A novel 2-step PCR method with 2 different annealing temperatures was developed to achieve maximum amplification from genomic DNA. The granule-bound starch synthase 1 region showed higher amplification and sequencing success rates, higher interspecific distances, and a perfect barcode gap for the tested species compared to the nuclear internal transcribed spacer 2. Hence, these novel mini-barcodes generated from low copy nuclear gene regions (granule-bound starch synthase) that were proven to be effective barcodes for identifying 7 Salvia species have potential for identification and authentication of other Salvia species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iffat Parveen
- National Center for Natural Products Research; School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Natascha Techen
- National Center for Natural Products Research; School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Sara M Handy
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Botanical Review Team, Immediate Office, Office of New Drug Product, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Charles Wu
- Botanical Review Team, Immediate Office, Office of New Drug Product, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Amar G Chittiboyina
- National Center for Natural Products Research; School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research; School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
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14
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Wang L, Lee M, Sun F, Song Z, Yang Z, Yue GH. A chromosome-level genome assembly of chia provides insights into high omega-3 content and coat color variation of its seeds. Plant Commun 2022; 3:100326. [PMID: 35605203 PMCID: PMC9284293 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Chia (Salvia hispanica) is a functional food crop for humans. Although its seeds contain high omega-3 fatty acids, the seed yield of chia is still low. Genomic resources available for this plant are limited. We report the first high-quality chromosome-level genome sequence of chia. The assembled genome size was 347.6 Mb and covered 98.1% of the estimated genome size. A total of 31 069 protein-coding genes were predicted. The absence of recent whole-genome duplication and the relatively low intensity of transposable element expansion in chia compared to its sister species contribute to its small genome size. Transcriptome sequencing and gene duplication analysis reveal that the expansion of the fab2 gene family is likely to be related to the high content of omega-3 in seeds. The white seed coat color is determined by a single locus on chromosome 4. This study provides novel insights into the evolution of Salvia species and high omega-3 content, as well as valuable genomic resources for genetic improvement of important commercial traits of chia and its related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Wang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - May Lee
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Fei Sun
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Zhuojun Song
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Zituo Yang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Gen Hua Yue
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore 117604, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
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15
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Dimos N, Helmer CPO, Chánique AM, Wahl MC, Kourist R, Hilal T, Loll B. CryoEM analysis of small plant biocatalysts at sub-2 Å resolution. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2022; 78:113-123. [PMID: 34981767 PMCID: PMC8725159 DOI: 10.1107/s205979832101216x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzyme catalysis has emerged as a key technology for developing efficient, sustainable processes in the chemical, biotechnological and pharmaceutical industries. Plants provide large and diverse pools of biosynthetic enzymes that facilitate complex reactions, such as the formation of intricate terpene carbon skeletons, with exquisite specificity. High-resolution structural analysis of these enzymes is crucial in order to understand their mechanisms and modulate their properties by targeted engineering. Although cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) has revolutionized structural biology, its applicability to high-resolution structural analysis of comparatively small enzymes has so far been largely unexplored. Here, it is shown that cryoEM can reveal the structures of plant borneol dehydrogenases of ∼120 kDa at or below 2 Å resolution, paving the way for the rapid development of new biocatalysts that can provide access to bioactive terpenes and terpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Dimos
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Laboratory of Structural Biochemistry, Free University of Berlin, Takustrasse 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carl P. O. Helmer
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Laboratory of Structural Biochemistry, Free University of Berlin, Takustrasse 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea M. Chánique
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocesses Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, 7810000 Santiago, Chile
| | - Markus C. Wahl
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Laboratory of Structural Biochemistry, Free University of Berlin, Takustrasse 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Macromolecular Crystallography, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Kourist
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Tarek Hilal
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Research Center of Electron Microscopy and Core Facility BioSupraMol, Free University of Berlin, Fabeckstrasse 36A, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Loll
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Laboratory of Structural Biochemistry, Free University of Berlin, Takustrasse 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- moloX GmbH, Takustrasse 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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16
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de Falco B, Grauso L, Fiore A, Bochicchio R, Amato M, Lanzotti V. Metabolomic analysis and antioxidant activity of wild type and mutant chia (Salvia hispanica L.) stem and flower grown under different irrigation regimes. J Sci Food Agric 2021; 101:6010-6019. [PMID: 33855720 PMCID: PMC8518854 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is a functional food from Central America. Interest in it is growing rapidly due to the many health benefits from the seed. However, when chia is grown at high latitudes, seed yield may be low whereas a high stem biomass and immature inflorescences are produced. Little is known about the chemical composition and the properties of stems and flowers. In this work, the metabolite profile, the antioxidant activity, and the total polyphenol content of stems and inflorescences were evaluated in a factorial experiment with different chia populations (commercial black chia and long-day flowering mutants G3, G8, and G17) and irrigation (100% and 50% of evapotranspiration). RESULTS The results show the influence of irrigation and seed source on the antioxidant activity and total polyphenol content of chia flower and stem. Inflorescences exhibit higher antioxidant activity, suggesting their potential use as natural antioxidant. The mutants G3 and G8, at 50% irrigation, contained the highest amounts of compounds with nutraceutical value, especially within the flower. The mutant G17 showed lower antioxidant activity and polyphenol content compared to other seed sources but exhibited high omega 3 content in flowers but low in stems. This indicates that chia varieties should be chosen according to the objective of cultivation. CONCLUSION These findings, indicating a close relation of metabolite content with irrigation and seed source, may provide the basis for the use of chia flower and stem for their nutraceutical value in the food, feed, and supplement industries. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna de Falco
- School of Science, Engineering & Technology, Division of Food & DrinkUniversity of AbertayDundeeUK
- School of Pharmacy, Centre for Analytical BioscienceUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Laura Grauso
- Department of Agricultural SciencesUniversity of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
| | - Alberto Fiore
- School of Science, Engineering & Technology, Division of Food & DrinkUniversity of AbertayDundeeUK
| | - Rocco Bochicchio
- Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali Alimentari ed AmbientaliUniversità della BasilicataPotenzaItaly
| | - Mariana Amato
- Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali Alimentari ed AmbientaliUniversità della BasilicataPotenzaItaly
| | - Virginia Lanzotti
- Department of Agricultural SciencesUniversity of Naples Federico IINaplesItaly
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17
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Kentsop RAD, Iobbi V, Donadio G, Ruffoni B, De Tommasi N, Bisio A. Abietane Diterpenoids from the Hairy Roots of Salvia corrugata. Molecules 2021; 26:5144. [PMID: 34500582 PMCID: PMC8434070 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salvia corrugata Vahl. is an interesting source of abietane and abeo-abietane compounds that showed antibacterial, antitumor, and cytotoxic activities. The aim of the study was to obtain transformed roots of S. corrugata and to evaluate the production of terpenoids in comparison with in vivo root production. Hairy roots were initiated from leaf explants by infection with ATCC 15834 Agrobacterium rhizogenes onto hormone-free Murashige and Skoog (MS) solid medium. Transformation was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction analysis of rolC and virC1 genes. The biomass production was obtained in hormone-free liquid MS medium using Temporary Immersion System bioreactor RITA®. The chromatographic separation of the methanolic extract of the untransformed roots afforded horminone, ferruginol, 7-O-acetylhorminone and 7-O-methylhorminone. Agastol and ferruginol were isolated and quantified from the hairy roots. The amount of these metabolites indicated that the hairy roots of S. corrugata can be considered a source of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roméo Arago Dougué Kentsop
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (R.A.D.K.); (V.I.)
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura—CREA Centro di Ricerca Orticoltura e Florovivaismo, Corso degli Inglesi, 508, 18038 Sanremo, Italy;
| | - Valeria Iobbi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (R.A.D.K.); (V.I.)
| | - Giuliana Donadio
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Salerno, Italy;
| | - Barbara Ruffoni
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura—CREA Centro di Ricerca Orticoltura e Florovivaismo, Corso degli Inglesi, 508, 18038 Sanremo, Italy;
| | - Nunziatina De Tommasi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Salerno, Italy;
| | - Angela Bisio
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (R.A.D.K.); (V.I.)
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Chalvin C, Drevensek S, Chollet C, Gilard F, Šolić EM, Dron M, Bendahmane A, Boualem A, Cornille A. Study of the genetic and phenotypic variation among wild and cultivated clary sages provides interesting avenues for breeding programs of a perfume, medicinal and aromatic plant. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248954. [PMID: 34288908 PMCID: PMC8294528 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A road-map of the genetic and phenotypic diversities in both crops and their wild related species can help identifying valuable genetic resources for further crop breeding. The clary sage (Salvia sclarea L.), a perfume, medicinal and aromatic plant, is used for sclareol production and ornamental purposes. Despite its wide use in the field of cosmetics, the phenotypic and genetic diversity of wild and cultivated clary sages remains to be explored. We characterized the genetic and phenotypic variation of a collection of six wild S. sclarea populations from Croatia, sampled along an altitudinal gradient, and, of populations of three S. sclarea cultivars. We showed low level of genetic diversity for the two S. sclarea traditional cultivars used for essential oil production and for ornamental purposes, respectively. In contrast, a recent cultivar resulting from new breeding methods, which involve hybridizations among several genotypes rather than traditional recurrent selection and self-crosses over time, showed high genetic diversity. We also observed a marked phenotypic differentiation for the ornamental clary sage compared with other cultivated and wild clary sages. Instead, the two cultivars used for essential oil production, a traditional and a recent one, respectively, were not phenotypically differentiated from the wild Croatian populations. Our results also featured some wild populations with high sclareol content and early-flowering phenotypes as good candidates for future breeding programs. This study opens up perspectives for basic research aiming at understanding the impact of breeding methods on clary sage evolution, and highlights interesting avenues for clary breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Chalvin
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris‐Saclay (IPS2), UMR 9213/UMR 1403, Université Paris‐Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Stéphanie Drevensek
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris‐Saclay (IPS2), UMR 9213/UMR 1403, Université Paris‐Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Christel Chollet
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris‐Saclay (IPS2), UMR 9213/UMR 1403, Université Paris‐Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Françoise Gilard
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris‐Saclay (IPS2), UMR 9213/UMR 1403, Université Paris‐Saclay, Orsay, France
| | | | - Michel Dron
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris‐Saclay (IPS2), UMR 9213/UMR 1403, Université Paris‐Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Abdelhafid Bendahmane
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris‐Saclay (IPS2), UMR 9213/UMR 1403, Université Paris‐Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Adnane Boualem
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris‐Saclay (IPS2), UMR 9213/UMR 1403, Université Paris‐Saclay, Orsay, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Amandine Cornille
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, GQE - Le Moulon, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Cui N, Liao BS, Liang CL, Li SF, Zhang H, Xu J, Li XW, Chen SL. Complete chloroplast genome of Salvia plebeia: organization, specific barcode and phylogenetic analysis. Chin J Nat Med 2021; 18:563-572. [PMID: 32768163 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(20)30068-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Salvia plebeia has been in use as traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for more than 500 years. In this study, the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of S. plebeia was sequenced, assembled and compared to those of other five published Salvia cp genomes. It was found that the cp genome structure of S. plebeia was well conserved and had a total size of 151 062 bp. Four parameters were used to display the usage conditions of the codons of the amino acids in Salvia genus. Although the number of protein-coding genes in each species was the same, the total number of codons was different. Except for amino acids Trp and Met whose Relative Synonymous Codon Usage (RSCU) value of one condon was equal to 1, the remaining 19 amino acids had 1-3 preferred codons. The preferred codon names of each amino acid were coincident. The period size for the tandem repeats of six species ranged from 9 to 410 bp. Salvia cp genomes mainly possessed tandem repeats with a copy number less than or equal to 3. The sequence length of tandem repeats of the six species ranged from 25 to 824 bp. Highly viarable regions including four intergenic spacers and six partial genes were discovered as potential specific barcodes for Salvia species through cp genome-wide comparison. Finally, we performed phylogenetic analyses based on the complete cp genome and coding sequences respectively. These results provide information to help construct the cp genome library for Salvia, which may support studies of phylogenetics, DNA barcoding, population and transplastomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Cui
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan 250300, China; Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; Central Laboratory, Shandong Academy of Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan 250014, China
| | - Bao-Sheng Liao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Cong-Lian Liang
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan 250300, China
| | - Shi-Feng Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Jiang Xu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xi-Wen Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Shi-Lin Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
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20
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Bielecka M, Pencakowski B, Stafiniak M, Jakubowski K, Rahimmalek M, Gharibi S, Matkowski A, Ślusarczyk S. Metabolomics and DNA-Based Authentication of Two Traditional Asian Medicinal and Aromatic Species of Salvia subg. Perovskia. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010112. [PMID: 33435339 PMCID: PMC7826587 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Subgenus Perovskia of the extended genus of Salvia comprises several Central Asian medicinal and aromatic species, of which S. yangii and S. abrotanoides are the most widespread. These plants are cultivated in Europe as robust ornamentals, and several cultivars are available. However, their medicinal potential remains underutilized because of limited information about their phytochemical and genetic diversity. Thus, we combined an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS) based metabolomics with DNA barcoding approach based on trnH-psbA and ITS2 barcodes to clarify the relationships between these two taxa. Metabolomic analysis demonstrated that aerial parts are more similar than roots and none of the major compounds stand out as distinct. Sugiol in S. yangii leaves and carnosic acid quinone in S. abrotanoides were mostly responsible for their chemical differentiation, whereas in roots the distinction was supported by the presence of five norditerpenoids in S. yangii and two flavonoids and one norditerpenoid in S. abrotanoides. To verify the metabolomics-based differentiation, we performed DNA authentication that revealed S. yangii and S. abrotanoides to be very closely related but separate species. We demonstrated that DNA barcoding coupled with parallel LC-MS profiling constitutes a powerful tool in identification of taxonomically close Salvia species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Bielecka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (B.P.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.:+48-717840500
| | - Bartosz Pencakowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (B.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Marta Stafiniak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (B.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Klemens Jakubowski
- Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Wroclaw Medical University, Jana Kochanowskiego 14, 51-601 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.J.); (M.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Mehdi Rahimmalek
- Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Wroclaw Medical University, Jana Kochanowskiego 14, 51-601 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.J.); (M.R.); (A.M.)
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 841583111, Iran
| | - Shima Gharibi
- Core Research Facility (CRF), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Hezar Jerib Street, Isfahan 8174673461, Iran;
| | - Adam Matkowski
- Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Wroclaw Medical University, Jana Kochanowskiego 14, 51-601 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.J.); (M.R.); (A.M.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Botany, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Sylwester Ślusarczyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Botany, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
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Tichy HV, Bruhs A, Palisch A. Development of Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Systems for the Detection of So-Called "Superfoods" Chia and Quinoa in Commercial Food Products. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:14334-14342. [PMID: 32648753 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chia (Salvia hispanica) and quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) seeds are often referred to as a "superfood" or functional food as a result of the claims of numerous health benefits. This often resulted in a sudden increase in demand, which frequently exceeds existing supply capacities, fostering fraudulent practices, such as mislabeling and use of other species of inferior quality. To assess the authenticity of food products containing chia and quinoa, we developed real-time polymerase chain reaction systems for the detection of seeds of these plant species. The developed methodology using chia- and quinoa-specific primer-probe sets based on TaqMan technology was validated, and specificity, cross-reactivity, limit of detection, efficiency, and robustness were determined. The methods were successfully applied to 12 (chia) and 7 (quinoa) commercial samples, proving its suitability for the verification of the authenticity of chia- and quinoa-containing products in commercial trade.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anika Bruhs
- AGROLAB LUFA GmbH, Doktor-Hell-Straße 6, 24107 Kiel, Germany
| | - Anja Palisch
- AGROLAB LUFA GmbH, Doktor-Hell-Straße 6, 24107 Kiel, Germany
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22
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Li J, Li B, Luo L, Cao F, Yang B, Gao J, Yan Y, Zhang G, Peng L, Hu B. Increased phenolic acid and tanshinone production and transcriptional responses of biosynthetic genes in hairy root cultures of Salvia przewalskii Maxim. treated with methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:8565-8578. [PMID: 33048323 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05899-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to reveal the impact of the plant hormone salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on the growth, effective components accumulation, and related gene expression of the hairy root of Salvia przewalskii Maxim. Various concentrations of SA (0, 25, 50, 100, 200 μM) or MeJA (0, 50, 100, 200, 400, 600 μM) were added to the culture medium of Salvia przewalskii Maxim. Low concentrations of SA promoted the growth of hairy root, while a high concentration inhibited it. 0 to 400 μM MeJA promoted the growth of hairy root, but 600 μM MeJA starts to inhibit its growth. 50 μM SA and 400 μM MeJA significantly enhanced the production of caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acid B, cryptotanshinone, and tanshinone IIA. In general, 50 μM SA can be used to accumulate of tanshinone in hairy roots of S. przewalskii with 6 days. 400 μM MeJA can be used to accumulate of phenolic acids in hairy roots of S. przewalskii with 3 days. The selected genes in the tanshinone and phenolic acid biosynthetic pathway were upregulated with elicitation. To obtain a higher yield and content of secondary metabolites, it is advisable to use 50 μM SA or 400 μM MeJA as the optimal doses to cultivate the hairy root of S. przewalskii. This study provides, for the first time, an efficient tanshinone and phenolic acid production method for S. przewalskii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
| | - Bo Li
- Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712083, China
- State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Xianyang, 712083, China
| | - Lu Luo
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
| | - Fulin Cao
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
| | - Bingyue Yang
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
| | - Yonggang Yan
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
| | - Gang Zhang
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
| | - Liang Peng
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China.
| | - Benxiang Hu
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China.
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23
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Jongedijk E, Müller S, van Dijk ADJ, Schijlen E, Champagne A, Boutry M, Levisson M, van der Krol S, Bouwmeester H, Beekwilder J. Novel routes towards bioplastics from plants: elucidation of the methylperillate biosynthesis pathway from Salvia dorisiana trichomes. J Exp Bot 2020; 71:3052-3065. [PMID: 32090266 PMCID: PMC7260718 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce a large variety of highly functionalized terpenoids. Functional groups such as partially unsaturated rings and carboxyl groups provide handles to use these compounds as feedstock for biobased commodity chemicals. For instance, methylperillate, a monoterpenoid found in Salvia dorisiana, may be used for this purpose, as it carries both an unsaturated ring and a methylated carboxyl group. The biosynthetic pathway of methylperillate in plants is still unclear. In this work, we identified glandular trichomes from S. dorisiana as the location of biosynthesis and storage of methylperillate. mRNA from purified trichomes was used to identify four genes that can encode the pathway from geranyl diphosphate towards methylperillate. This pathway includes a (-)-limonene synthase (SdLS), a limonene 7-hydroxylase (SdL7H, CYP71A76), and a perillyl alcohol dehydrogenase (SdPOHDH). We also identified a terpene acid methyltransferase, perillic acid O-methyltransferase (SdPAOMT), with homology to salicylic acid OMTs. Transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana of these four genes, in combination with a geranyl diphosphate synthase to boost precursor formation, resulted in production of methylperillate. This demonstrates the potential of these enzymes for metabolic engineering of a feedstock for biobased commodity chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmer Jongedijk
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Müller
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aalt D J van Dijk
- Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Biometris, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elio Schijlen
- Wageningen Plant Research, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Antoine Champagne
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, University of Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Arrhenius laboratories, Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marc Boutry
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, University of Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Mark Levisson
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander van der Krol
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harro Bouwmeester
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Plant Hormone Biology Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam (UVA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Fabriki-Ourang S, Karimi H. Assessment of genetic diversity and relationships among Salvia species using gene targeted CAAT box-derived polymorphism markers. J Genet 2019; 98:75. [PMID: 31544779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To detect the genetic variation and relationships among different Salvia ecotypes/species, the gene targeted CAAT box derived polymorphism (CBDP) markers were employed in terms of their efficiency. In this study, 25 CBDP primers amplified a total of 323 different polymorphic fragments that discriminate all 26 Salvia ecotypes/species and produced an informative and differentiated dendrogram and population structure. The CBDP markers were found to be effective in Salvia genetic diversity estimation with regard to the averages polymorphism (100%), polymorphism information content (PIC = 0.89), marker index (MI = 4.5) and the effective multiplex ratio (EMR = 5.01) which were higher than other reported markers on Salvia. The extent of heterozygosity (0.034≤H≤0.223) and Shannon index (0.042≤I≤0.278) indicated a high level of genetic variation among Salvia species. The species containing the highest basic chromosome number (X = 12) revealed the highest values for the number of different (Na) and effective (N e) alleles, Shannon index (I), and heterozygosity (H). Additionally, the tetraploid species showed high values of N a, Ne, I and H compared to the diploid species. Mean of gene differentiation (Gst) among Salvia species was 0.792, and the estimation of gene flow (Nm) was 0.13, indicating high genetic differentiation. Remarkably, similar results were obtained from the principal co-ordinate analysis (PCoA) as compared with the cluster analysis, in which all different Salvia species formed individual groups. In conclusion, because the CBDP markers are derived from the gene containing regions of the genome, consequently, the high genetic diversity among studied Salvia species would be more useful for crop improvement programmes, such as hybridization between species and QTL mapping. The potential of CBDPs for analysing the phylogeny and genetic diversity of Salvia species is another key result with practical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedigheh Fabriki-Ourang
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Imam Khomeini International University, P.O. Box 34149-16818, Qazvin, Iran. ,
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Zhang B, Claßen-Bockhoff R. Sex-differential reproduction success and selection on floral traits in gynodioecious Salvia pratensis. BMC Plant Biol 2019; 19:375. [PMID: 31455268 PMCID: PMC6712674 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1972-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gynodioecy, a sexual system with hermaphrodite and female individuals in a population, raises the question how the two sexual morphs are maintained. Salvia pratensis is a gynodioecious species featured by its modified stamens that act as a lever mechanism in pollination. Given sexual dimorphism in floral traits of the species, it is predictable that two sexual morphs differ in their interplay with pollinators and thus in their fitness. In this study, we investigated sex-specific reproduction success and floral adaptation in a population of S. pratensis. RESULTS We found that two sexual morphs in S. pratensis distinctly differed in their floral proportions. Female flowers fitted better to the pollinators than hermaphrodites in terms of touching the stigmas when being probed, and hence were more efficient in pollen deposition. Floral traits overall underwent stronger selection in the population, with stigma position and corolla length subject to disruptive selection mediated by different body-sized bumble bees; some selections on floral traits were significantly different in the strength, even opposite in the direction between two morphs. Flower production tended to be under correlational selection with floral structural traits, implying that a large plant with many flowers did not show an advantage in fitness unless its flower construction mechanically matched the pollinators well. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the pollinator-mediated selection likely played an important role in the evolution and maintenance of sexual dimorphism in the gynodioecious S. pratensis; and sex-divergent mechanical interaction with pollinators served as a critical mechanism by which female individuals were maintained in the population with a female advantage in pollen deposition efficiency (i.e. receiving pollen).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem of Ministry of Education, and Sino-U.S. Centers for Grazingland Ecosystem Sustainability, College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55099, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Regine Claßen-Bockhoff
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55099, Mainz, Germany.
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Vaccaro M, Ocampo Bernal V, Malafronte N, De Tommasi N, Leone A. High Yield of Bioactive Abietane Diterpenes in Salvia sclarea Hairy Roots by Overexpressing Cyanobacterial DXS or DXR Genes. Planta Med 2019; 85:973-980. [PMID: 31026875 DOI: 10.1055/a-0895-5878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Abietane diterpenoids, containing a quinone moiety, are synthesized in the roots of several Salvia species. Promising cytotoxicity and antiproliferative activities have been reported for these compounds in various cell and animal models. We have recently shown that aethiopinone, an o-naphto-quinone diterpene, produced in the roots of different Salvia species, is selectively cytotoxic against the A375 melanoma cell line. To enhance the synthesis of this abietane diterpenoid, we have engineered the plastidial 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate-derived isoprenoid pathway in Salvia sclarea hairy roots by ectopic expression and plastid targeting of cyanobacterial genes encoding the 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase or 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase gene, the first two enzymatic steps of the plastidial MEP pathway, from which plant diterpenes primarily derive. Plastid-targeted expression of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase and 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase proteins significantly enhanced the yield of aethiopinone by a 3-fold and about 6-fold increase, respectively. The accumulation of other abietane-type diterpenes (ferruginol, salvipisone, and carnosic acid), with interesting antiproliferative activity, was also increased. Compared to our previous data obtained by overexpressing the plant orthologous 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase and 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase genes in S. sclarea hairy roots, the results presented here confirm that the bacterial 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase enzyme plays a major role than the DXS enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of this class of compounds and that its ectopic expression does not conflict with active hairy root growth, resulting in a balanced trade-off between the transgenic hairy root final biomass and the increased content of o-naphto-quinone diterpenes, with interesting biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicola Malafronte
- Department of Pharmacy, DIFARMA, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | | | - Antonietta Leone
- Department of Pharmacy, DIFARMA, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
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Dong A, Wang J, Zhang H, Xin H, Zhao Z, Liang F, Li Z, Cong R, Lin Y, Song L, Tan L, Zhang P, Cui R. Comparative transcriptomic analysis provides insights into the development of a Salvia splendens Ker-Gawler mutant, SX919M. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213446. [PMID: 30870444 PMCID: PMC6417697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Salvia splendens is a perennial, ornamental herbaceous flower that is widely cultivated as a bedding plant in gardens. The development of novel S. splendens cultivars and investigating the relevant molecular mechanisms are of great significance. In this study, RNA-sequencing and real-time PCR methods were used to analyze the possible molecular mechanism of S. splendens mutant, SX919M. From the wild-type S. splendens 919CK, we firstly selected a natural mutant, SX919M, which displayed multiple branches, clustered spheroids, and radial symmetrical inflorescence with higher numbers of calyces, ovules, stamens, and perianth tubes. Further, the RNA-seq was used to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the mutant which included a total of 3568 upregulated and 3290 downregulated unigenes. We further observed that the indole alkaloid biosynthesis pathway showed the highest DEG enrichment, which was supported by a significant increase in the IAA content in mutant SX919M. In addition, we validated three DEGs, namely, CL2200.Contig2_All encoding methyl IAA esterase, CL12462.Contig1_All and CL12462.Contig2_All, which encoded strictosidine synthase, upregulated in mutant SX919M. We selected a novel S. splendens germplasm SX919M with a high ornamental value and determined that the upregulation of IAA biogenesis may be associated with its development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aixiang Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Greening Plants Breeding, Beijing Institute of Landscape Architecture, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huali Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Greening Plants Breeding, Beijing Institute of Landscape Architecture, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haibo Xin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Greening Plants Breeding, Beijing Institute of Landscape Architecture, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengnan Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Greening Plants Breeding, Beijing Institute of Landscape Architecture, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Liang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Greening Plants Breeding, Beijing Institute of Landscape Architecture, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zijing Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Greening Plants Breeding, Beijing Institute of Landscape Architecture, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Richen Cong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Greening Plants Breeding, Beijing Institute of Landscape Architecture, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Lin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Greening Plants Breeding, Beijing Institute of Landscape Architecture, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lina Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Greening Plants Breeding, Beijing Institute of Landscape Architecture, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lingling Tan
- School of life sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengwei Zhang
- ShiJiaZhuang Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Zhaoxian, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rongfeng Cui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Greening Plants Breeding, Beijing Institute of Landscape Architecture, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Sabzehzari M, Naghavi MR. Phyto-miRNAs-based regulation of metabolites biosynthesis in medicinal plants. Gene 2019; 682:13-24. [PMID: 30267812 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal plants, are known to produce a wide range of plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) applied as insecticides, drugs, dyes and toxins in agriculture, medicine, industry and bio-warfare plus bio-terrorism, respectively. However, production of PSMs is usually in small quantities, so we need to find novel ways to increase both quantity and quality of them. Fortunately, biotechnology suggests several options through which secondary metabolism in plants can be engineered in innovative ways to: 1) over-produce the useful metabolites, 2) down-produce the toxic metabolites, 3) produce the new metabolites. Among the ways, RNA interference (RNAi) technology which involves gene-specific regulation by small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) have been recently emerged as a promising tool for plant biotechnologist, not only to decipher the function of plant genes, but also for development of the plants with improved and novel traits through manipulation of both desirable and undesirable genes. Among sncRNAs, miRNAs have been recorded various regulatory roles in plants such as development, signal transduction, response to environmental stresses, metabolism. Certainly, the use of miRNAs in metabolic engineering requires identification of miRNAs involved in metabolites biosynthesis, understanding of the biosynthetic pathways, as well as the identification of key points of the pathways in which the miRNAs have their own effect. Thus, we firstly consider these three issues on metabolic engineering of medicinal plants. Our review shows, application of miRNAs can open a novel perspective to metabolic engineering of medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sabzehzari
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Iran
| | - M R Naghavi
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Iran.
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Hu GX, Takano A, Drew BT, Liu ED, Soltis DE, Soltis PS, Peng H, Xiang CL. Phylogeny and staminal evolution of Salvia (Lamiaceae, Nepetoideae) in East Asia. Ann Bot 2018; 122:649-668. [PMID: 29945172 PMCID: PMC6153483 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Salvia is the largest genus within Lamiaceae, with about 980 species currently recognized. East Asia, with approx. 100 species, is one of the three major biodiversity centres of Salvia. However, relationships within this lineage remain unclear, and the staminal lever mechanism, which may represent a key innovation within the genus, has been understudied. By using six genetic markers and nearly comprehensive taxon sampling, this study attempts to elucidate relationships and examine evolutionary trends of staminal development within the East Asia (EA) Salvia clade. METHODS Ninety-one taxa of EA Salvia were sampled and 34 taxa representing all other major lineages of Salvia were included for analysis. Two nuclear [internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and external transcribed spacer (ETS)] and four chloroplast (psbA-trnH, ycf1-rps15, trnL-trnF and rbcL) DNA markers were used for phylogenetic analysis employing maximum parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML) and BEAST, with the latter also used to estimate divergence times. KEY RESULTS All Salvia species native to East Asia form a clade, and eight major subclades (A-G) were recognized. Subclade A, comprising two limestone endemics (S. sonchifolia and S. petrophila), is sister to the remainder of EA Salvia. Six distinct stamen types were observed within the EA clade. Stamen type A, with two fully fertile posterior thecae, only occurs in S. sonchifolia and may represent the ancestral stamen type within EA Salvia. Divergence time estimates showed that the crown of EA Salvia began to diversify approx. 17.4 million years ago. CONCLUSIONS This study supports the adoption of a broadly defined Salvia and treats EA Salvia as a subgenus, Glutinaria, recognizing eight sections within this subgenus. Stamen type A is ostensibly plesiomorphic within EA Salvia, and the other five types may have been derived from it. Staminal morphology has evolved in parallel within the EA Salvia, and staminal structure alone is inadequate to delimit infrageneric categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Xiong Hu
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Atsuko Takano
- Museum of Nature and Human Activities, Hyogo, Yayoigaoka, Sanda, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Bryan T Drew
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska-Kearney, Kearney, NE, USA
| | - En-De Liu
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Douglas E Soltis
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Pamela S Soltis
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Hua Peng
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Chun-Lei Xiang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Dong AX, Xin HB, Li ZJ, Liu H, Sun YQ, Nie S, Zhao ZN, Cui RF, Zhang RG, Yun QZ, Wang XN, Maghuly F, Porth I, Cong RC, Mao JF. High-quality assembly of the reference genome for scarlet sage, Salvia splendens, an economically important ornamental plant. Gigascience 2018; 7:5040257. [PMID: 29931210 PMCID: PMC6030905 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giy068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salvia splendens Ker-Gawler, scarlet or tropical sage, is a tender herbaceous perennial widely introduced and seen in public gardens all over the world. With few molecular resources, breeding is still restricted to traditional phenotypic selection, and the genetic mechanisms underlying phenotypic variation remain unknown. Hence, a high-quality reference genome will be very valuable for marker-assisted breeding, genome editing, and molecular genetics. Findings We generated 66 Gb and 37 Gb of raw DNA sequences, respectively, from whole-genome sequencing of a largely homozygous scarlet sage inbred line using Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) single-molecule real-time and Illumina HiSeq sequencing platforms. The PacBio de novo assembly yielded a final genome with a scaffold N50 size of 3.12 Mb and a total length of 808 Mb. The repetitive sequences identified accounted for 57.52% of the genome sequence, and 54,008 protein-coding genes were predicted collectively with ab initio and homology-based gene prediction from the masked genome. The divergence time between S. splendens and Salvia miltiorrhiza was estimated at 28.21 million years ago (Mya). Moreover, 3,797 species-specific genes and 1,187 expanded gene families were identified for the scarlet sage genome. Conclusions We provide the first genome sequence and gene annotation for the scarlet sage. The availability of these resources will be of great importance for further breeding strategies, genome editing, and comparative genomics among related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Xiang Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Greening Plants Breeding, Beijing Institute of Landscape Architecture, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Hai-Bo Xin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Greening Plants Breeding, Beijing Institute of Landscape Architecture, Beijing, 100102, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zi-Jing Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Greening Plants Breeding, Beijing Institute of Landscape Architecture, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yan-Qiang Sun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shuai Nie
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zheng-Nan Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Greening Plants Breeding, Beijing Institute of Landscape Architecture, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Rong-Feng Cui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Greening Plants Breeding, Beijing Institute of Landscape Architecture, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Ren-Gang Zhang
- Beijing Ori-Gene Science and Technology Co. Ltd, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Quan-Zheng Yun
- Beijing Ori-Gene Science and Technology Co. Ltd, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xin-Ning Wang
- Beijing Ori-Gene Science and Technology Co. Ltd, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Fatemeh Maghuly
- Plant Biotechnology Unit, Department of Biotechnology, BOKU-VIBT, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ilga Porth
- Département des sciences du bois et de la forêt, Pavillon Charles-Eugène-Marchand, 1030, Avenue de la Médecine, Université Laval, Québec (Québec) G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Ri-Chen Cong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Greening Plants Breeding, Beijing Institute of Landscape Architecture, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Jian-Feng Mao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
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Liu L, Yang D, Xing B, Zhang H, Liang Z. Salvia castanea Hairy Roots are More Tolerant to Phosphate Deficiency than Salvia miltiorrhiza Hairy Roots Based on the Secondary Metabolism and Antioxidant Defenses. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23051132. [PMID: 29747474 PMCID: PMC6099837 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza is a well-known traditional Chinese herb which is used to treat heart disease. Salvia castanea is a substitute product for S. miltiorrhiza in the medicinal field. Previous study has shown that phosphate (Pi) deficiency could promote the accumulation of secondary metabolism in herbs, and it has also developed a strategy for saving Pi resources and increasing the yield of active substances in herbs. In the present study, the hairy roots of S. miltiorrhiza and S. castanea were used to identify the Pi deficiency response mechanisms of these two Salvia species. The results showed that Pi deficiency increased the accumulation of specifically secondary metabolites, such as phenolic acids and tanshinones, which were caused by promoting the expression levels of key enzyme genes. In addition, Pi deficiency promoted the antioxidant activity in these two Salvia species. The data demonstrated that Pi deficiency increased the quality of the medicinal material in the plant. The hairy roots of S. castanea were more adaptive to Pi deficiency than those of S. miltiorrhiza in terms of biomass, secondary metabolism, and antioxidant activity. The results of this study provide insights into breeding herbs that are better adapted to Pi deficiency, which could increase the yield of active ingredients in herbs and save Pi resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Dongfeng Yang
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Bingcong Xing
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, CAS & MWR, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - Haihua Zhang
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Zongsuo Liang
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, CAS & MWR, Yangling 712100, China.
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Doganay-Knapp K, Orland A, König GM, Knöss W. The potential of three different PCR-related approaches for the authentication of mixtures of herbal substances and finished herbal medicinal products. Phytomedicine 2018; 43:60-67. [PMID: 29747755 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herbal substances and preparations thereof play an important role in healthcare systems worldwide. Due to the variety of these products regarding origin, composition and processing procedures, appropriate methodologies for quality assessment need to be considered. A majority of herbal substances is administered as multicomponent mixtures, especially in the field of Traditional Chinese Medicine and ayurvedic medicine, but also in finished medicinal products. Quality assessment of complex mixtures of herbal substances with conventional methods is challenging. Thus, emphasis of the present work was directed on the development of complementary methods to elucidate the composition of mixtures of herbal substances and finished herbal medicinal products. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE An indispensable prerequisite for the safe and effective use of herbal medicines is the unequivocal authentication of the medicinal plants used therein. In this context, we investigated the potential of three different PCR-related methods in the characterization and authentication of herbal substances. METHODS A multiplex PCR assay and a quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay were established to analyze defined mixtures of the herbal substances Quercus cortex, Juglandis folium, Aristolochiae herba, Matricariae flos and Salviae miltiorrhizae radix et rhizoma and a finished herbal medicinal product. Furthermore, a standard cloning approach using universal primers targeting the ITS region was established in order to allow the investigation of herbal mixtures with unknown content. RESULTS The cloning approach had some limitations regarding the detection/recovery of the components in defined mixtures of herbal substances, but the complementary use of two sets of universal primer pairs increased the detection of components out of the mixture. While the multiplex PCR did not retrace all components in the defined mixtures of herbal substances, the established qPCR resulted in simultaneous and specific detection of the five target sequences in all defined mixtures. CONCLUSION These data indicate that for authentication purposes, complementary PCR-related methods are highly recommendable for the analysis of herbal mixtures in parallel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Doganay-Knapp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, Kurt-Georg-Kiesinger-Allee 3, Bonn 53175, Germany
| | - Annika Orland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, Kurt-Georg-Kiesinger-Allee 3, Bonn 53175, Germany
| | - Gabriele M König
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Werner Knöss
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, Kurt-Georg-Kiesinger-Allee 3, Bonn 53175, Germany.
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Pei T, Ma P, Ding K, Liu S, Jia Y, Ru M, Dong J, Liang Z. SmJAZ8 acts as a core repressor regulating JA-induced biosynthesis of salvianolic acids and tanshinones in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots. J Exp Bot 2018; 69:1663-1678. [PMID: 29281115 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonates (JAs) are important plant hormones that regulate a variety of plant development and defense processes, including biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. The JASMONATE ZIM DOMAIN (JAZ) proteins act as negative regulators in the JA signaling pathways of plants. We first verified that methyl jasmonate (MeJA) enhanced the accumulation of both salvianolic acids and tanshinones in Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen) hairy roots by inducing the expression of their biosynthetic pathway genes. Nine JAZ genes were cloned from Danshen and their expression levels in hairy roots were all increased by treatment with MeJA. When analyzed in detail, however, SmJAZ8 showed the strongest expression in the induced hairy roots. Overexpression or RNAi of SmJAZ8 deregulated or up-regulated the yields of salvianolic acids and tanshinones in the MeJA-induced transgenic hairy roots, respectively, and transcription factors and biosynthetic pathway genes showed an expression pattern that mirrored the production of the compounds. Genetic transformation of SmJAZ8 altered the expression of other SmJAZ genes, suggesting evidence of crosstalk occurring in JAZ-regulated secondary metabolism. Furthermore, the transcriptome analysis revealed a primary-secondary metabolism balance regulated by SmJAZ8. Altogether, we propose a novel role for SmJAZ8 as a negative feedback loop controller in the JA-induced biosynthesis of salvianolic acids and tanshinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlin Pei
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
| | - Pengda Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
| | - Kai Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
| | - Sijia Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yanyan Jia
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
| | - Mei Ru
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
| | - Juane Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zongsuo Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
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Hatipoglu SD, Yalcinkaya B, Akgoz M, Ozturk T, Goren AC, Topcu G. Screening of Hallucinogenic Compounds and Genomic Characterisation of 40 Anatolian Salvia Species. Phytochem Anal 2017; 28:541-549. [PMID: 28722248 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Salvia, an important and widely available member of Lamiaceae family. Although comparative analysis on secondary metabolites in several Salvia species from Turkey has been reported, their hallucinogenic chemicals have not been screened thoroughly. OBJECTIVE This study provides LC-MS/MS analysis of 40 Salvia species for screening their psychoactive constituents of salvinorin A and salvinorin B. 5S-rRNA gene non-coding region of Salvia plants was sequenced, aligned and compared with that sequence of Salvia divinorum plant. METHODOLOGY Targeted molecules of salvinorin A and salvinorin B were quantified, using LC-MS/MS, from all aerial parts of 40 Salvia species, collected from different parts of Turkey. Regions of 5S-rRNA gene from different species were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequences were aligned with Salvia divinorum DNA sequences. RESULTS Very few of the Salvia species (S. recognita, S. cryptantha and S. glutinosa) contained relatively high levels of salvinorin A (212.86 ± 20.46 μg/g, 51.50 ± 4.95 μg/g and 38.92 ± 3.74 μg/g, respectively). Salvinorin B was also found in Salvia species of S. potentillifolia, S. adenocaulon and S. cryptantha as 2351.99 ± 232.22 μg/g, 768.78 ± 75.90 μg/g and 402.24 ± 39.71 μg/g, respectively. The sequences of 5S-rRNA gene of 40 different Salvia species were presented and it was found that none of the Salvia species in Turkey had similar DNA sequence to Salvia divinorum plant. CONCLUSION This is the first report of screening 40 Salvia species in Turkey according to their psychoactive constituents, salvinorin A and salvinorin B and their genomic structures. It is possible that some of these Salvia species may exhibit some psycho activity. Thus, they need to be screened further. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seda Damla Hatipoglu
- TUBITAK National Metrology Institute (UME), Reference Materials Laboratory, 41400, Kocaeli, Turkey
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Burhanettin Yalcinkaya
- Bioanalysis Laboratory, TUBITAK National Metrology Institute (UME), 41400, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Muslum Akgoz
- Bioanalysis Laboratory, TUBITAK National Metrology Institute (UME), 41400, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Turan Ozturk
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory, TUBITAK National Metrology Institute (UME), 41400, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ahmet C Goren
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory, TUBITAK National Metrology Institute (UME), 41400, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Gulacti Topcu
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bezmialem Vakıf University, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey
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Pelot KA, Mitchell R, Kwon M, Hagelthorn LM, Wardman JF, Chiang A, Bohlmann J, Ro DK, Zerbe P. Biosynthesis of the psychotropic plant diterpene salvinorin A: Discovery and characterization of the Salvia divinorum clerodienyl diphosphate synthase. Plant J 2017; 89:885-897. [PMID: 27865008 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Salvia divinorum commonly known as diviner's sage, is an ethnomedicinal plant of the mint family (Lamiaceae). Salvia divinorum is rich in clerodane-type diterpenoids, which accumulate predominantly in leaf glandular trichomes. The main bioactive metabolite, salvinorin A, is the first non-nitrogenous natural compound known to function as an opioid-receptor agonist, and is undergoing clinical trials for potential use in treating neuropsychiatric diseases and drug addictions. We report here the discovery and functional characterization of two S. divinorum diterpene synthases (diTPSs), the ent-copalyl diphosphate (ent-CPP) synthase SdCPS1, and the clerodienyl diphosphate (CLPP) synthase SdCPS2. Mining of leaf- and trichome-specific transcriptomes revealed five diTPSs, two of which are class II diTPSs (SdCPS1-2) and three are class I enzymes (SdKSL1-3). Of the class II diTPSs, transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana identified SdCPS1 as an ent-CPP synthase, which is prevalent in roots and, together with SdKSL1, exhibits a possible dual role in general and specialized metabolism. In vivo co-expression and in vitro assays combined with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis identified SdCPS2 as a CLPP synthase. A role of SdCPS2 in catalyzing the committed step in salvinorin A biosynthesis is supported by its biochemical function, trichome-specific expression and absence of additional class II diTPSs in S. divinorum. Structure-guided mutagenesis revealed four catalytic residues that enabled the re-programming of SdCPS2 activity to afford four distinct products, thus advancing our understanding of how neo-functionalization events have shaped the array of different class II diTPS functions in plants, and may promote synthetic biology platforms for a broader spectrum of diterpenoid bioproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A Pelot
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California-Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Rod Mitchell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N1N4, Canada
| | - Moonhyuk Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N1N4, Canada
| | - Lynne M Hagelthorn
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California-Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jacob F Wardman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N1N4, Canada
| | - Angela Chiang
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jörg Bohlmann
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Dae-Kyun Ro
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N1N4, Canada
| | - Philipp Zerbe
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California-Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Al-Gharaibeh MM, Hamasha HR, Rosche C, Lachmuth S, Wesche K, Hensen I. Environmental gradients shape the genetic structure of two medicinal Salvia species in Jordan. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2017; 19:227-238. [PMID: 27714972 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Environmental gradients, and particularly climatic variables, exert a strong influence on plant distribution and, potentially, population genetic diversity and differentiation. Differences in water availability can cause among-population variation in ecological processes and can thus interrupt populations' connectivity and isolate them environmentally. The present study examines the effect of environmental heterogeneity on plant populations due to environmental isolation unrelated to geographic distance. Using AFLP markers, we analyzed genetic diversity and differentiation among 12 Salvia spinosa populations and 13 Salvia syriaca populations from three phytogeographical regions (Mediterranean, Irano-Turanian and Saharo-Arabian) representing the extent of the species' geographic range in Jordan. Differences in geographic location and climate were considered in the analyses. For both species, flowering phenology varied among populations and regions. Irano-Turanian and Saharo-Arabian populations had higher genetic diversity than Mediterranean populations, and genetic diversity increased significantly with increasing temperature. Genetic diversity in Salvia syriaca was affected by population size, while genetic diversity responded to drought in S. spinosa. For both species, high levels of genetic differentiation were found as well as two well-supported phytogeographical groups of populations, with Mediterranean populations clustering in one group and the Irano-Turanian and Saharo-Arabian populations in another. Genetic distance was significantly correlated to environmental distance, but not to geographic distance. Our data indicate that populations from moist vs. arid environments are environmentally isolated, where environmental gradients affect their flowering phenology, limit gene flow and shape their genetic structure. We conclude that environmental heterogeneity may act as driver for the observed variation in genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Al-Gharaibeh
- Institute of Biology, Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
- Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - H R Hamasha
- Biology Department, Jerash University, Jerash, Jordan
| | - C Rosche
- Institute of Biology, Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - S Lachmuth
- Institute of Biology, Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - K Wesche
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz, Görlitz, Germany
| | - I Hensen
- Institute of Biology, Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Vaccaro MC, Alfieri M, Malafronte N, De Tommasi N, Leone A. Increasing the synthesis of bioactive abietane diterpenes in Salvia sclarea hairy roots by elicited transcriptional reprogramming. Plant Cell Rep 2017; 36:375-386. [PMID: 27853836 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-016-2076-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional activation of genes belonging to the plastidial MEP-derived isoprenoid pathway by elicitation with methyl jasmonate and coronatine enhanced the content of bioactive abietane diterpenes in Salvia sclarea hairy roots. We have shown that aethiopinone, an abietane diterpene synthesized in Salvia sclarea roots is cytotoxic and induces apoptosis in human melanoma cells. To develop a production platform for this compound and other abietane diterpenes, hairy root technology was combined with the elicitation of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) or the phytotoxin coronatine (Cor). Both MeJA and Cor induced a significant accumulation of aethiopinone, but prolonged exposure to MeJA irremediably caused inhibition of hairy root growth, which was unaffected by Cor treatment. Considering together the fold increase in aethiopinone content and the final hairy root biomass, the best combination was a Cor treatment for 28 days, which allowed to obtain up to 105.34 ± 2.30 mg L-1 of this compound to be obtained, corresponding to a 24-fold increase above the basal content in untreated hairy roots. MeJA or Cor elicitation also enhanced the synthesis of other bioactive abietane-quinone diterpenes. The elicitor-dependent steering effect was due to a coordinated transcriptional activation of several biosynthetic genes belonging to the plastidial MEP-derived isoprenoid pathway. High correlations between aethiopinone content and MeJA or Cor-elicited level of gene transcripts were found for DXS2 (r 2 = 0.99), DXR (r 2 = 0.99), and GGPPS (r 2 = 0.98), encoding enzymes acting upstream of GGPP, the common precursor of diterpenes and other plastidial-derived terpenes, as well as CPPS (r 2 = 0.99), encoding the enzyme involved in the first cyclization steps leading to copalyl-diphosphate, the precursor of abietane-like diterpenes. These results point to these genes as possible targets of metabolic engineering approaches to establish a more efficient production platform for such promising anti-proliferative plant-derived compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Vaccaro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 134D, 80084, Fisciano, Italy
| | - M Alfieri
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 134D, 80084, Fisciano, Italy
| | - N Malafronte
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 134D, 80084, Fisciano, Italy
| | - N De Tommasi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 134D, 80084, Fisciano, Italy
| | - A Leone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 134D, 80084, Fisciano, Italy.
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38
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Chen X, Berim A, Dayan FE, Gang DR. A (-)-kolavenyl diphosphate synthase catalyzes the first step of salvinorin A biosynthesis in Salvia divinorum. J Exp Bot 2017; 68:1109-1122. [PMID: 28204567 PMCID: PMC5441855 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Salvia divinorum (Lamiaceae) is an annual herb used by indigenous cultures of Mexico for medicinal and ritual purposes. The biosynthesis of salvinorin A, its major bioactive neo-clerodane diterpenoid, remains virtually unknown. This investigation aimed to identify the enzyme that catalyzes the first reaction of salvinorin A biosynthesis, the formation of (-)-kolavenyl diphosphate [(-)-KPP], which is subsequently dephosphorylated to afford (-)-kolavenol. Peltate glandular trichomes were identified as the major and perhaps exclusive site of salvinorin accumulation in S. divinorum. The trichome-specific transcriptome was used to identify candidate diterpene synthases (diTPSs). In vitro and in planta characterization of a class II diTPS designated as SdKPS confirmed its activity as (-)-KPP synthase and its involvement in salvinorin A biosynthesis. Mutation of a phenylalanine into histidine in the active site of SdKPS completely converts the product from (-)-KPP into ent-copalyl diphosphate. Structural elements were identified that mediate the natural formation of the neo-clerodane backbone by this enzyme and suggest how SdKPS and other diTPSs may have evolved from ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164,USA
| | - Anna Berim
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164,USA
| | - Franck E Dayan
- Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1177, USA
| | - David R Gang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164,USA
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39
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Estaji A, Hosseine B, Ghotbi Ravandi E, Sefidkon F, Dehghan E. [Not Available]. Tsitol Genet 2017; 51:81-82. [PMID: 30484613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nuruozak (Salvia leriifolia Benth), is a perennial herbaceous plant that is endemic to Iran and has recently been introduced as a medicinal plant. Artificial polyploidy is an efficient method to increase the production of secondary metabolites and can result in a whole spectrum of genetic, molecular and physiological modifications. In order to produce an autotetraploid population of nuruozak, various concentrations of colchicine (0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20 or 0.50 % w/v) were applied to the seeds and shoot apical meristems of young seedlings at the fourth leaf-stage. Microscopic studies, flow cytometry analysis and chromosome counting were conducted to select tetraploid nuruozak plants. Furthermore, the effects of ploidy level on the essential oil content and composition and biomass production of nuruozak plants, as well as selected structural and physiological characteristics were studied. Based on the number of the obtained tetraploids, treatment of shoot apical meristems was more efficient than seed treatment. Structural and phytochemical characteristics, chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate were affected by the increase in ploidy level. In addition to the higher potential in biomass production, tetraploid plants produced eight new compounds which were absent in diploids.
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40
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Senol FS, Ślusarczyk S, Matkowski A, Pérez-Garrido A, Girón-Rodríguez F, Cerón-Carrasco JP, den-Haan H, Peña-García J, Pérez-Sánchez H, Domaradzki K, Orhan IE. Selective in vitro and in silico butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of diterpenes and rosmarinic acid isolated from Perovskia atriplicifolia Benth. and Salvia glutinosa L. Phytochemistry 2017; 133:33-44. [PMID: 27817931 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cholinesterase inhibition is one of the most treatment strategies against Alzheimer's disease (AD) where metal accumulation is also strongly associated with pathology of the disease. In the current study, we assessed inhibitory effect against acetyl- (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and metal-chelating capacity of twelve diterpenes: arucadiol, miltirone, tanshinone IIa, 1-oxomiltirone, cryptotanshinone, 1,2-didehydromiltirone, 1,2-didehydrotanshinone IIa, 1β-hydroxycryptotanshinone, 15,16-dihydrotanshinone, tanshinone I, isotanshinone II, 1(S)-hydroxytanshinone IIa, and rosmarinic acid, isolated from Perovskia atriplicifolia and Salvia glutinosa. The compounds were tested at 10 μg/mL using ELISA microtiter assays against AChE and BChE. QSAR and molecular docking studies have been also performed on the active compounds. All of the compounds showed higher [e.g., IC50 = 1.12 ± 0.07 μg/mL for 1,2-didehydromiltirone, IC50 = 1.15 ± 0.07 μg/mL for cryptotanshinone, IC50 = 1.20 ± 0.03 μg/mL for arucadiol, etc.)] or closer [1,2-didehydrotanshinone IIa (IC50 = 5.98 ± 0.49 μg/mL) and 1(S)-hydroxytanshinone IIa (IC50 = 5.71 ± 0.27 μg/mL)] inhibition against BChE as compared to that of galanthamine (IC50 = 12.56 ± 0.37 μg/mL), whereas only 15,16-dihydrotanshinone moderately inhibited AChE (65.17 ± 1.39%). 1,2-Didehydrotanshinone IIa (48.94 ± 0.26%) and 1(S)-hydroxytanshinone IIa (47.18 ± 5.10%) possessed the highest metal-chelation capacity. The present study affords an evidence for the fact that selective BChE inhibitors should be further investigated as promising candidate molecules for AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sezer Senol
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sylwester Ślusarczyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Botany, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland; Bioinformatics and High Performance Computing Research Group, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM), Spain
| | - Adam Matkowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Botany, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Alfonso Pérez-Garrido
- Bioinformatics and High Performance Computing Research Group, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM), Spain
| | - Francisco Girón-Rodríguez
- Department of Food and Nutrition Technology, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM), Spain
| | - José P Cerón-Carrasco
- Bioinformatics and High Performance Computing Research Group, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM), Spain
| | - Helena den-Haan
- Bioinformatics and High Performance Computing Research Group, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM), Spain
| | - Jorge Peña-García
- Bioinformatics and High Performance Computing Research Group, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM), Spain
| | - Horacio Pérez-Sánchez
- Bioinformatics and High Performance Computing Research Group, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM), Spain.
| | - Krzysztof Domaradzki
- Department of Weed Science and Soil Tillage Systems, IUNG-Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ilkay Erdogan Orhan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, Turkey.
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Li B, Wang B, Li H, Peng L, Ru M, Liang Z, Yan X, Zhu Y. Establishment of Salvia castanea Diels f. tomentosa Stib. hairy root cultures and the promotion of tanshinone accumulation and gene expression with Ag⁺, methyl jasmonate, and yeast extract elicitation. Protoplasma 2016; 253:87-100. [PMID: 25783026 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0790-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Salvia castanea Diels f. tomentosa Stib. is an endemic medicinal plant distributed in China, and the notably high content of tanshinone IIA in the root is proven effective for the therapy of heart diseases. Hairy root induction of this Salvia species was inoculated with Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain ATCC 15834. Transformed hairy root was cultured in 6,7-V liquid medium for growth kinetics assessment and elicitation. An S curve was present in the hairy root cultures based on the fresh and dry weights with an interval of 3 days. An optimum concentration of the applied elicitors (15 μM Ag(+), 200 μM methyl jasmonate, and 200 mg l(-1) yeast extract elicitor) benefitted both the growth status and tanshinone accumulation in the hairy root cultures. Tanshinone IIA contents were mostly stimulated 1.8-fold and 1.99-fold compared with the control by Ag(+) and methyl jasmonate elicitation, respectively. Yeast extract dramatically enhanced dry mass accumulation, while it promoted cryptotanshinone content of 2.84 ± 0.33 mg g(-1) dry weight at most in the hairy root cultures. Selected elicitors diversely influenced tanshinone accumulation in the time courses of hairy root cultures within 7 days. Furthermore, transcripts of selected genes in the tanshinone biosynthetic pathway were remarkably upregulated with elicitation. Yeast extract elicitor heightened 13.9-fold of isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase expression level at 12 h, while it increased 16.7-fold of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase transcript at 24 h compared with that of the control, which was more effective than Ag(+) and methyl jasmonate. This study provided a convenient hairy root culture system of S. castanea Diels f. tomentosa Stib. for tanshinone production for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Bangqing Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, People's Republic of China
- Hanzhong Institute of Botany, 723000, Hanzhong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Peng
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, People's Republic of China
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, 712046, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Ru
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 712100, Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongsuo Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, People's Republic of China.
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, 310018, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xijun Yan
- Tianjin Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd., 300410, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghong Zhu
- Tianjin Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd., 300410, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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Božić D, Papaefthimiou D, Brückner K, de Vos RCH, Tsoleridis CA, Katsarou D, Papanikolaou A, Pateraki I, Chatzopoulou FM, Dimitriadou E, Kostas S, Manzano D, Scheler U, Ferrer A, Tissier A, Makris AM, Kampranis SC, Kanellis AK. Towards Elucidating Carnosic Acid Biosynthesis in Lamiaceae: Functional Characterization of the Three First Steps of the Pathway in Salvia fruticosa and Rosmarinus officinalis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124106. [PMID: 26020634 PMCID: PMC4447455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnosic acid (CA) is a phenolic diterpene with anti-tumour, anti-diabetic, antibacterial and neuroprotective properties that is produced by a number of species from several genera of the Lamiaceae family, including Salvia fruticosa (Cretan sage) and Rosmarinus officinalis (Rosemary). To elucidate CA biosynthesis, glandular trichome transcriptome data of S. fruticosa were mined for terpene synthase genes. Two putative diterpene synthase genes, namely SfCPS and SfKSL, showing similarities to copalyl diphosphate synthase and kaurene synthase-like genes, respectively, were isolated and functionally characterized. Recombinant expression in Escherichia coli followed by in vitro enzyme activity assays confirmed that SfCPS is a copalyl diphosphate synthase. Coupling of SfCPS with SfKSL, both in vitro and in yeast, resulted in the synthesis miltiradiene, as confirmed by 1D and 2D NMR analyses (1H, 13C, DEPT, COSY H-H, HMQC and HMBC). Coupled transient in vivo assays of SfCPS and SfKSL in Nicotiana benthamiana further confirmed production of miltiradiene in planta. To elucidate the subsequent biosynthetic step, RNA-Seq data of S. fruticosa and R. officinalis were searched for cytochrome P450 (CYP) encoding genes potentially involved in the synthesis of the first phenolic compound in the CA pathway, ferruginol. Three candidate genes were selected, SfFS, RoFS1 and RoFS2. Using yeast and N. benthamiana expression systems, all three where confirmed to be coding for ferruginol synthases, thus revealing the enzymatic activities responsible for the first three steps leading to CA in two Lamiaceae genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Božić
- Group of Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitra Papaefthimiou
- Group of Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kathleen Brückner
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ric C. H. de Vos
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Constantinos A. Tsoleridis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitra Katsarou
- Group of Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Antigoni Papanikolaou
- Group of Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Irini Pateraki
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra-Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fani M. Chatzopoulou
- Group of Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Dimitriadou
- Group of Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stefanos Kostas
- Laboratory of Floriculture, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - David Manzano
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra-Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ulschan Scheler
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Albert Ferrer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra-Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alain Tissier
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Antonios M. Makris
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thermi Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sotirios C. Kampranis
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, 710 03 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Angelos K. Kanellis
- Group of Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Plants, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
- * E-mail:
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R. V. S, Kumari P, Rupwate SD, Rajasekharan R, Srinivasan M. Exploring triacylglycerol biosynthetic pathway in developing seeds of Chia (Salvia hispanica L.): a transcriptomic approach. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123580. [PMID: 25875809 PMCID: PMC4395390 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chia (Salvia hispanica L.), a member of the mint family (Lamiaceae), is a rediscovered crop with great importance in health and nutrition and is also the highest known terrestrial plant source of heart-healthy omega-3 fatty acid, alpha linolenic acid (ALA). At present, there is no public genomic information or database available for this crop, hindering research on its genetic improvement through genomics-assisted breeding programs. The first comprehensive analysis of the global transcriptome profile of developing Salvia hispanica L. seeds, with special reference to lipid biosynthesis is presented in this study. RNA from five different stages of seed development was extracted and sequenced separately using the Illumina GAIIx platform. De novo assembly of processed reads in the pooled transcriptome using Trinity yielded 76,014 transcripts. The total transcript length was 66,944,462 bases (66.9 Mb), with an average length of approximately 880 bases. In the molecular functions category of Gene Ontology (GO) terms, ATP binding and nucleotide binding were found to be the most abundant and in the biological processes category, the metabolic process and the regulation of transcription-DNA-dependent and oxidation-reduction process were abundant. From the EuKaryotic Orthologous Groups of proteins (KOG) classification, the major category was “Metabolism” (31.97%), of which the most prominent class was ‘carbohydrate metabolism and transport’ (5.81% of total KOG classifications) followed by ‘secondary metabolite biosynthesis transport and catabolism’ (5.34%) and ‘lipid metabolism’ (4.57%). A majority of the candidate genes involved in lipid biosynthesis and oil accumulation were identified. Furthermore, 5596 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were identified. The transcriptome data was further validated through confirmative PCR and qRT-PCR for select lipid genes. Our study provides insight into the complex transcriptome and will contribute to further genome-wide research and understanding of chia. The identified novel UniGenes will facilitate gene discovery and creation of genomic resource for this crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreedhar R. V.
- CSIR-Lipidomic Centre (CSIR-LIPIC), CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR-CFTRI) Resource Centre, Allalasandra, GKVK Post, Bangalore—560 065, Karnataka, India
| | - Priya Kumari
- CSIR-Lipidomic Centre (CSIR-LIPIC), CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR-CFTRI) Resource Centre, Allalasandra, GKVK Post, Bangalore—560 065, Karnataka, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR, New Delhi—110 025, India
| | - Sunny D. Rupwate
- CSIR-Lipidomic Centre (CSIR-LIPIC), CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR-CFTRI), Mysore—570 020, Karnataka, India
| | - Ram Rajasekharan
- CSIR-Lipidomic Centre (CSIR-LIPIC), CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR-CFTRI), Mysore—570 020, Karnataka, India
| | - Malathi Srinivasan
- CSIR-Lipidomic Centre (CSIR-LIPIC), CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR-CFTRI) Resource Centre, Allalasandra, GKVK Post, Bangalore—560 065, Karnataka, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR, New Delhi—110 025, India
- * E-mail:
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Erbano M, Schühli GSE, dos Santos ÉP. Genetic variability and population structure of Salvia lachnostachys: implications for breeding and conservation programs. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:7839-50. [PMID: 25856679 PMCID: PMC4425052 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16047839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic diversity and population structure of Salvia lachnostachys Benth were assessed. Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) molecular markers were used to investigate the restricted distribution of S. lachnostachys in Parana State, Brazil. Leaves of 73 individuals representing three populations were collected. DNA was extracted and submitted to PCR-ISSR amplification with nine tested primers. Genetic diversity parameters were evaluated. Our analysis indicated 95.6% polymorphic loci (stress value 0.02) with a 0.79 average Simpson's index. The Nei-Li distance dendrogram and principal component analysis largely recovered the geographical origin of each sample. Four major clusters were recognized representing each collected population. Nei's gene diversity and Shannon's information index were 0.25 and 0.40 respectively. As is typical for outcrossing herbs, the majority of genetic variation occurred at the population level (81.76%). A high gene flow (Nm = 2.48) was observed with a correspondingly low fixation index. These values were generally similar to previous studies on congeneric species. The results of principal coordinate analysis (PCA) and of arithmetic average (UPGMA) were consistent and all three populations appear distinct as in STRUCTURE analysis. In addition, this analysis indicated a majority intrapopulation genetic variation. Despite the human pressure on natural populations our study found high levels of genetic diversity for S. lachnostachys. This was the first molecular assessment for this endemic species with medicinal proprieties and the results can guide for subsequent bioprospection, breeding programs or conservation actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Erbano
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, 80210-170 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; E-Mail:
| | | | - Élide Pereira dos Santos
- Departamento de Botânica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, 81530-900 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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Will M, Claßen-Bockhoff R. Why Africa matters: evolution of Old World Salvia (Lamiaceae) in Africa. Ann Bot 2014; 114:61-83. [PMID: 24966353 PMCID: PMC4071099 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Salvia is the largest genus in Lamiaceae and it has recently been found to be non-monophyletic. Molecular data on Old World Salvia are largely lacking. In this study, we present data concerning Salvia in Africa. The focus is on the colonization of the continent, character evolution and the switch of pollination systems in the genus. METHODS Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference were used for phylogenetic reconstruction. Analyses were based on two nuclear markers [internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and external transcribed spacer (ETS)] and one plastid marker (rpl32-trnL). Sequence data were generated for 41 of the 62 African taxa (66 %). Mesquite was used to reconstruct ancestral character states for distribution, life form, calyx shape, stamen type and pollination syndrome. KEY RESULTS Salvia in Africa is non-monophyletic. Each of the five major regions in Africa, except Madagascar, was colonized at least twice, and floristic links between North African, south-west Asian and European species are strongly supported. The large radiation in Sub-Saharan Africa (23 species) can be traced back to dispersal from North Africa via East Africa to the Cape Region. Adaptation to bird pollination in southern Africa and Madagascar reflects parallel evolution. CONCLUSIONS The phenotypic diversity in African Salvia is associated with repeated introductions to the continent. Many important evolutionary processes, such as colonization, adaptation, parallelism and character transformation, are reflected in this comparatively small group. The data presented in this study can help to understand the evolution of Salvia sensu lato and other large genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Will
- Institut für Spezielle Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Johannes Gutenberg Universität, Mainz, Germany
| | - Regine Claßen-Bockhoff
- Institut für Spezielle Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Johannes Gutenberg Universität, Mainz, Germany
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Ge X, Chen H, Wang H, Shi A, Liu K. De novo assembly and annotation of Salvia splendens transcriptome using the Illumina platform. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87693. [PMID: 24622329 PMCID: PMC3951189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As an important perennial herbaceous flower, Salvia splendens possesses high ornamental value. Understanding its branching processes may help scientists select the best plant type. Although Salvia splendens is a frequently-used horticultural flower, only limited transcriptomic or genomic research is available in public databases. In the present study, we, for the first time, constructed a comprehensive dataset for Salvia splendens through de novo high-throughput transcriptome sequencing. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We performed de novo transcriptome sequencing on two different branching type plants (Strain 35 and Cailinghong) using the Illumina paired-end sequencing technology. For Strain 35, a total of 16,488,829 reads were generated and assembled into 38,498 unigenes, with a mean length of approximately 779 bp. For Cailinghong, 16,464,713 reads were generated and assembled into 34,302 unigenes, with a mean length of approximately 812 bp. Moreover, a total of 49,310 unigenes for Salvia splendens were identified, among them 33,925 (68.80%) were annotated in the non-redundant NCBI database, 25,371 (51.45%) were annotated in the Swiss-Prot database, while 24,888 (50.47%) and 9,896 (20.07%) unigenes were assigned to gene ontology categories and clusters of orthologous groups, respectively. Using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway database, we identified 134 differently expressed unigenes between Strain 35 and Cailinghong, and then these unigenes were mapped to 79 pathways. In addition, we detected 2,453 simple sequence repeats (SSRs). CONCLUSIONS We obtained a comprehensive transcriptomic information from this work and provided a valuable resource of transcript sequences of Salvia splendens in public databases. Moreover, some candidate genes potentially involved in branching were identified. Furthermore, numerous obtained SSRs might contribute to marker-assisted selection. These data could be further utilized in functional genomics studies on Salvia splendens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxiu Ge
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Chen
- College of Urban & Rural Development, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hongli Wang
- College of Horticulture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Aiping Shi
- College of Horticulture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Kefeng Liu
- College of Urban & Rural Development, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, P. R. China
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Li XJ, Han JP, Li JX, Chen XC, Zhang LF, Li J, Gu ZW, Zhang YQ. [Identification of Salvia shandongensis new species based on sequences of the plastid psbA-trnH intergenic region]. Yao Xue Xue Bao 2013; 48:1338-1344. [PMID: 24187846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To identify Salvia shandongensis and its relatives at molecular level, the psbA-trnH intergenic region of three species including Salvia shandongensis, Salvia miltiorrhiza and S. miltiorrhiza f. alba were amplified and sequenced. Sequences were assembled with CodonCode Aligner. The K2P genetic distances between Salvia shandongensis and its relatives were calculated and UPGMA tree was performed by MEGA5.0. The results indicated that the lengths of psbA-trnH regions of Salvia shandongensis were about 391 bp, while the lengths of psbA-trnH regions of Salvia miltiorrhiza and S. miltiorrhiza f. alba were about 386 bp. The psbA-trnH sequences showed considerable variations between species and thus were revealed as a promising candidate for barcoding of Salvia shandongensis and its relatives. The intra-specific genetic distances of Salvia shandongensis were 0, while the intra-specific genetic distances of Salvia miltiorrhiza and S. miltiorrhiza f. alba were 0.002 and 0.001 respectively. Additionally, the genetic distance of Salvia shandongensis and Salvia miltiorrhiza ranged from 0.034 to 0.04, and the genetic distance of Salvia shandongensis and S. miltiorrhiza f. alba ranged from 0.005 to 0.008, the intra-specific genetic distances of Salvia shandongensis were much smaller than that of Salvia miltiorrhiza and S. miltiorrhiza f. alba; clustering results showed that there were obvious differences between Salvia shandongensis, Salvia miltiorrhiza and S. miltiorrhiza f. alba, which was consistent with morphological characteristics. This study not only firstly provides the scientific basis for establishing the taxonomy position in molecular level and revealing their genetic relationships of S. shandongensis, S. miltiorrhiza and S. miltiorrhiza f. alba; but also provides DNA molecular identification scientific basis for the development of new medicinal plant resources of Salvia shandongensis. Our results suggest that the psbA-trnH intergenic spacer region can be used as a barcoding to identify Salvia shandongensis, Salvia miltiorrhiza and S. miltiorrhiza f. alba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Juan Li
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
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Yang W, Zhou Y, Liu W, Shen H, Zhao ZK. [Engineering Saccharomyces cerevisiae for sclareol production]. Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao 2013; 29:1185-1192. [PMID: 24364354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Sclareol is a member of labdane type diterpenes mostly used as fragrance ingredient. To enable microbial production of sclareol, synthetic pathways were constructed by incorporating labdenediol diphosphate synthase (LPPS) and terpene synthase (TPS) of the plant Salvia sclarea into Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It was found that sclareol production could be benefited by overexpression of key enzyme for precursor biosynthesis, construction of fusion protein for substrate channeling, and removal of signal peptides from LPPS and TPS. Under optimal shake flask culture conditions, strain S6 produced 8.96 mg/L sclareol. These results provided useful information for development of heterologous hosts for production of terpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, China
| | - Yongjin Zhou
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, China
| | - Wujun Liu
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, China
| | - Hongwei Shen
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, China
| | - Zongbao K Zhao
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, China
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Jenks AA, Walker JB, Kim SC. Phylogeny of New World Salvia subgenus Calosphace (Lamiaceae) based on cpDNA (psbA-trnH) and nrDNA (ITS) sequence data. J Plant Res 2013; 126:483-96. [PMID: 23263465 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-012-0543-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Salvia subgenus Calosphace (Lamiaceae) is economically and ethnomedicinally significant and comprised of more than 500 species. Although strongly supported as monophyletic, it has received no comprehensive systematic research since the initial establishment of 91 taxonomic sections in 1939. Representative taxa of 73 sections of Calosphace were sampled to investigate the phylogenetic relationships and identify major lineages using chloroplast (intergenic spacer psbA-trnH) and nuclear ribosomal DNA (internal transcribed spacer). Phylogenetic analysis of the combined data sets established monophyly of seven sections (Blakea, Corrugatae, Erythrostachys, Hastatae, Incarnatae, Microsphace, and Sigmoideae) and four major lineages (S. axillaris, "Hastatae clade", "Uliginosae clade", and "core Calosphace"). Sections spanning two or more centers of diversity are not supported by our results; rather, supported relationships exhibit significant geographic structure. Mexico is supported as the geographic origin of Calosphace, and no more than seven dispersal events to South America are required to account for current disjunct distributions.
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Caniard A, Zerbe P, Legrand S, Cohade A, Valot N, Magnard JL, Bohlmann J, Legendre L. Discovery and functional characterization of two diterpene synthases for sclareol biosynthesis in Salvia sclarea (L.) and their relevance for perfume manufacture. BMC Plant Biol 2012; 12:119. [PMID: 22834731 PMCID: PMC3520730 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sclareol is a diterpene natural product of high value for the fragrance industry. Its labdane carbon skeleton and its two hydroxyl groups also make it a valued starting material for semisynthesis of numerous commercial substances, including production of Ambrox® and related ambergris substitutes used in the formulation of high end perfumes. Most of the commercially-produced sclareol is derived from cultivated clary sage (Salvia sclarea) and extraction of the plant material. In clary sage, sclareol mainly accumulates in essential oil-producing trichomes that densely cover flower calices. Manool also is a minor diterpene of this species and the main diterpene of related Salvia species. RESULTS Based on previous general knowledge of diterpene biosynthesis in angiosperms, and based on mining of our recently published transcriptome database obtained by deep 454-sequencing of cDNA from clary sage calices, we cloned and functionally characterized two new diterpene synthase (diTPS) enzymes for the complete biosynthesis of sclareol in clary sage. A class II diTPS (SsLPPS) produced labda-13-en-8-ol diphosphate as major product from geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) with some minor quantities of its non-hydroxylated analogue, (9 S, 10 S)-copalyl diphosphate. A class I diTPS (SsSS) then transformed these intermediates into sclareol and manool, respectively. The production of sclareol was reconstructed in vitro by combining the two recombinant diTPS enzymes with the GGPP starting substrate and in vivo by co-expression of the two proteins in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Tobacco-based transient expression assays of green fluorescent protein-fusion constructs revealed that both enzymes possess an N-terminal signal sequence that actively targets SsLPPS and SsSS to the chloroplast, a major site of GGPP and diterpene production in plants. CONCLUSIONS SsLPPS and SsSS are two monofunctional diTPSs which, together, produce the diterpenoid specialized metabolite sclareol in a two-step process. They represent two of the first characterized hydroxylating diTPSs in angiosperms and generate the dihydroxylated labdane sclareol without requirement for additional enzymatic oxidation by activities such as cytochrome P450 monoxygenases. Yeast-based production of sclareol by co-expresssion of SsLPPS and SsSS was efficient enough to warrant the development and use of such technology for the biotechnological production of scareol and other oxygenated diterpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Caniard
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 301-2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, F-42023, France
- Université de Saint-Etienne, Jean Monnet, Saint-Etienne, F-42000, France
- Laboratoire BVpam, EA3061, 23 rue du Dr Paul Michelon, Saint-Etienne, F-42000, France
| | - Philipp Zerbe
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 301-2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Sylvain Legrand
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, F-59000, France
- Université Lille1, Villeneuve d’Ascq, F-59655, France
- Stress Abiotiques et Différenciation des Végétaux Cultivés (SADV), UMR INRA 1281, Bâtiment SN2, Villeneuve d'Ascq, F-59655, France
| | - Allison Cohade
- Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, F-42023, France
- Université de Saint-Etienne, Jean Monnet, Saint-Etienne, F-42000, France
- Laboratoire BVpam, EA3061, 23 rue du Dr Paul Michelon, Saint-Etienne, F-42000, France
| | - Nadine Valot
- Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, F-42023, France
- Université de Saint-Etienne, Jean Monnet, Saint-Etienne, F-42000, France
- Laboratoire BVpam, EA3061, 23 rue du Dr Paul Michelon, Saint-Etienne, F-42000, France
| | - Jean-Louis Magnard
- Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, F-42023, France
- Université de Saint-Etienne, Jean Monnet, Saint-Etienne, F-42000, France
- Laboratoire BVpam, EA3061, 23 rue du Dr Paul Michelon, Saint-Etienne, F-42000, France
| | - Jörg Bohlmann
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 301-2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Laurent Legendre
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69622, France
- Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- CNRS, UMR5557, Ecologie Microbienne, Villeurbanne, France
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