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Liu X, Ren X, Li R, Deng Q, Li X, He Y, Yao J, Zhang F, Liu W, Sun M, Li M, Ma J, Zheng Y, She G. Integrated pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling and metabolomic research on polyphenol-rich fraction of Thymus quinquecostatus Celak. Alleviating cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Ethnopharmacol 2024; 330:118229. [PMID: 38670403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Thymus quinquecostatus Celak., a member of thymus genus in Lamiaceae family, has been used as a folk medicine for relieving exterior syndrome and alleviating pain in China. The polyphenol-rich fraction (PRF) derived from Thymus quinquecostatus Celak. had been validated that it can protect cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) by activating Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. AIM OF THIS STUDY To explore effective components and their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics as well as possible mechanisms of PRF in treating CIRI. MATERIALS AND METHODS Normal treated group (NTG) and tMCAO model treated group (MTG) rats were administrated PRF intragastrically. The prototype components and metabolites of PRF in plasma and brain were analyzed by the UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MSn method. Subsequently, the pharmacokinetics properties of indicative components were performed based on HPLC-QQQ-MS/MS. SOD and LDH activities were determined to study the pharmacodynamic (PD) properties of PRF. The PK-PD relationship of PRF was constructed. In addition, the effect of PRF on endogenous metabolites in plasma and brain was investigated using metabolomic method. RESULTS Salvianic acid A, caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, scutellarin, and apigenin-7-O-glucuronide were selected as indicative components based on metabolic analysis. The non-compartmental parameters were calculated for indicative components in plasma and brain of NTG and MTG rats. Furthermore, single-component and multi-component PK-PD modeling involved Emax, Imax PD models for effect indexes were fitted as well as ANN models were established, which indicated that these components can work together to regulate SOD and LDH activities in plasma and SOD activity in brain tissue to improve CIRI. Additionally, PRF may ameliorate CIRI by regulating the disorder of endogenous metabolites in lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and purine metabolism pathways in vivo, among which lipid metabolism and purine metabolism are closely related to oxidative stress. CONCLUSION The PK-PD properties of effect substances and mechanisms of PRF anti-CIRI were further elaborated. The findings provide a convincing foundation for the application of T. quinquecostatus Celak. in the maintenance of human health disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Xueyang Ren
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Ruiwen Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Qingyue Deng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Xianxian Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Yingyu He
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Jianling Yao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Feng Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Mengyu Sun
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Mingxia Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Jiamu Ma
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Yuan Zheng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Gaimei She
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Fangshan District, Beijing, 102488, China.
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Vidács A, Kerekes EB, Takó M, Vágvölgyi C, Krisch J. Eradication of multiple-species biofilms from food industrial and domestic surfaces using essential oils. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2024; 30:361-369. [PMID: 36959708 DOI: 10.1177/10820132231165543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Microbial biofilm formation represents a serious problem for both food industry and households. Natural biofilms are formed mostly by multiple species, and show resistance against most of the usual sanitizers. In this study, the effects of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), marjoram (Origanum majorana) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) essential oils (EOs) and their main components (cinnamaldehyde, terpinene-4-ol, and thymol) were investigated on four-species biofilms of Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas putida and Staphylococcus aureus. Minimum bactericide concentration (MBC) and killing time were determined by means of the microdilution method. MBC of the investigated EOs and components was between 0.5 mg/mL (cinnamaldehyde) to 25 mg/mL (terpinene-4-ol). Killing times for the four-species suspension were 5 or 10 min, time spans usable in the food industry. For eradication of the mixed-population biofilm from stainless steel (SS), polypropylene (PP), tile and wood surfaces, EO- or EO component-based disinfectant solutions were developed, and their effects were compared to a peracetic acid-based industrial sanitizer (HC-DPE). Total eradication of biofilms (99.9%) was achieved, with solutions containing cinnamon and thyme EO and EO components, from SS and PP, but not from tile or wood surfaces. Apparently, cinnamon EO, terpinene-4-ol and thymol have better disinfectant activity than HC-DPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Vidács
- Institute of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Erika Beáta Kerekes
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Miklós Takó
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csaba Vágvölgyi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Judit Krisch
- Institute of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Ito M, Sperandio NC, da Silva YH, Boeloni JN, Ignacchiti MDC, de Avelar BR, de Queiroz VT, Costa AV, Martins IVF. Chemical composition and effect of essential oils of Thymus vulgaris and Origanum vulgare on adults and ovigerous masses of Pseudosuccinea columella. Nat Prod Res 2024; 38:2007-2011. [PMID: 37408510 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2233046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Fasciolosis is a worldwide distribution zoonosis that causes great damage in ruminant breeding and has the aquatic mollusc Pseudosuccinea columella as an intermediate host. Synthetic molluscicides are the most used for control; however, they are harmful to fauna and flora. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of essential oils from Thymus vulgaris, Origanum vulgare, and terpene carvacrol, on adult molluscs and eggs of P. columella. Analysis of EO volatile components was carried out on a gas chromatograph equipment coupled with mass spectrometry selective detector. The studied components were diluted in concentrations of 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 ppm, and it was observed that O. vulgare at concentrations of 60, 80 and 100 ppm, carvacrol at the concentrations of 80 and 100 ppm, and T. vulgaris at a concentration of 80 ppm led to 100% mortality of molluscs. All concentrations the substances tested showed 100% ovicidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsue Ito
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Alegre, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Natânia C Sperandio
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Alegre, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Ygor H da Silva
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ) Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jankerle N Boeloni
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Alegre, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Mariana D C Ignacchiti
- Departamento de Farmácia e Nutrição, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Alegre, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Barbara R de Avelar
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ) Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vagner T de Queiroz
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Agroquímica, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Alegre, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Adilson V Costa
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Agroquímica, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Alegre, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Isabella V F Martins
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Alegre, Espírito Santo, Brazil
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Raeeszadeh M, Shokrollahi B, Akbari A, Masumi S, Amiri AA. Thyme extract could overcome diabetes-induced reproductive dysfunction by inhibiting oxidative damage and increasing the expression of insulin receptor substrate and pyruvate kinase in the rat sperm. J Pharm Pharmacol 2024; 76:534-544. [PMID: 38007396 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgad099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Oxidative stress and disruption of energy metabolism in the reproductive system, especially sperm, play a significant role in diabetes-related infertility. Zataria multiflora Boissis (ZMB), a medicinal plant containing various bioactive compounds, may have efficacy in treating metabolic diseases and reproductive disorders. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different doses of ZMB extract on diabetes-induced reproductive dysfunction by assessing oxidative damage and the gene expression of insulin receptor substrate (IRS) and pyruvate kinase (PK) in male rats' sperm. METHODS Sixty adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups; control (C), diabetes (D), and diabetic animals treated with glibenclamide (G, 50 mg/kg) and thyme extract (T100, T200, and T400). Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of Streptozotocin (STZ) (50 mg/kg). Insulin, glucose, oxidative and pro-inflammatory markers in the serum, and gene expressions of IRS, and PK were measured in the stored sperms in the epididymis. Changes in the process of spermatogenesis were assessed through the histological evaluation of the testis. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to analyze the quantity and quality of thyme extract. KEY FINDINGS The study results indicated that body weight, food intake, and sperm parameters significantly improved in a dose-dependent manner in the T200 group compared to the other groups. Additionally, in the same group, pro-inflammatory biomarkers, DNA fragmentation, and MDA levels decreased, while the levels of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzymes in the stored epididymal sperm significantly improved compared to the other groups. The expression of IRS and PK, along with the mean counts of spermatogenesis cell lines (especially Sertoli cells), significantly increased in the T200 group. SUMMARY In conclusion, thymol appears to alleviate diabetes-induced reproductive dysfunction by inhibiting oxidative damage, improving the metabolic state, and upregulating the expression of IRS and PK genes in the sperm of male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Raeeszadeh
- Department of Basic Sciences, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Borhan Shokrollahi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Akbari
- Department of Physiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sima Masumi
- Graduate of Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Amiri
- Department of Basic Sciences, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
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López-Velázquez JG, Barraza-López FJ, Vega-García MO, López-López ME, Gutiérrez-Dorado R, Chaidez-Gastelum DC, Ayón-Reyna LE. Microstructural and physicochemical quality maintenance in green bell pepper infected with Botrytis cinerea and treated with thyme essential oil combined with carnauba wax. J Food Sci 2024; 89:2943-2955. [PMID: 38557930 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.17041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Bell pepper presents rapid weight loss and is highly susceptible to gray mold caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea. The most employed method to control this disease is the application of synthetic fungicides such as thiabendazole (TBZ); however, its continued use causes resistance in fungi as well as environmental problems. For these reasons, natural alternatives arise as a more striking option. Currently, bell pepper fruits are coated with carnauba wax (CW) to prevent weight loss and improve appearance. Moreover, CW can be used as a carrier to incorporate essential oils, and previous studies have shown that thyme essential oil (TEO) is highly effective against B. cinerea. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of CW combined with TEO on the development of gray mold and maintenance of microestructural and postharvest quality in bell pepper stored at 13°C. The minimal inhibitory concentration of TEO was 0.5%. TEO and TBZ provoked the leakage of intracellular components. TEO and CW + TEO treatments were equally effective to inhibit the development of gray mold. On the quality parameters, firmness and weight loss were ameliorated with CW and CW + TEO treatments; whereas lightness increased in these treatments. The structural analysis showed that CW + TEO treatment maintained the cell structure reducing the apparition of deformities. The results suggest that CW + TEO treatment could be used as a natural and effective antifungal retarding the appearance of gray mold and maintaining the postharvest quality of bell pepper. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: CW and TEO are classified as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This combination can be employed on the bell pepper packaging system to extend shelf life and oppose gray mold developments. Bell pepper fruits are normally coated with lipid-base coatings such as CW before commercialization; therefore, TEO addition would represent a small investment without any changes on the packaging system infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi G López-Velázquez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Cd. Universitaria, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Francisco J Barraza-López
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Cd. Universitaria, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Misael O Vega-García
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Cd. Universitaria, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | | | - Roberto Gutiérrez-Dorado
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Cd. Universitaria, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Diana C Chaidez-Gastelum
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Cd. Universitaria, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Lidia E Ayón-Reyna
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Cd. Universitaria, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
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Mirahmadi SF, Shayganfar A. Inhibitory Effects of Endemic Thyme's Thymol-Carvacrol Chemotype Essential Oil on Aspergillus Species with Free Radical Scavenging Properties. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202302115. [PMID: 38415904 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202302115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
There is a burgeoning focus on utilizing the antifungal and antioxidant properties of essential oils derived from various plants as a modern and natural approach to combat the growth of fungi that contaminate food. In this study, we used essential oils extracted from Thymus daenensis Celak. subsp. daenensis to address three mycotoxin-producing species of Aspergillus, specifically A. flavus, A. parasiticus, and A. niger, all of which are recognized contaminants of food and agricultural products. Concurrently, the antioxidant properties of the essential oils were evaluated, revealing their noteworthy role in the antifungal activity. Essential oils were derived from T. daenensis subsp. daenensis was observed to have a significant inhibitory effect on all three species of Aspergillus, as evidenced by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging from 575 to 707 ppm and the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) ranging from 237 to 280 ppm. These results confirm the strong antifungal activity of the essential oils. Furthermore, the essential oil exhibited free radical scavenging activity, resulting in an EC50 value of 37.1 μg/ml. In summary, T. daenensis subsp. daenensis essential oil demonstrated a competitive advantage over other similar plants and synthetic antibiotics. This indicates the promising potential of this essential oil as a natural antifungal agent to control Aspergillus growth and mycotoxin contamination. It offers an alternative or complementary approach to conventional antifungal agents and could be a valuable addition to the arsenal of natural remedies to address fungal contamination in food and agricultural products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alireza Shayganfar
- Department of Horticultural Science and Landscape Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran
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Kulbat-Warycha K, Nawrocka J, Kozłowska L, Żyżelewicz D. Effect of Light Conditions, Trichoderma Fungi and Food Polymers on Growth and Profile of Biologically Active Compounds in Thymus vulgaris and Thymus serpyllum. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4846. [PMID: 38732065 PMCID: PMC11084565 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The research investigates the influence of different lighting conditions and soil treatments, in particular the application of food polymers separately and in combination with spores of Trichoderma consortium, on the growth and development of herbs-Thymus vulgaris and Thymus serpyllum. The metabolic analysis focuses on detecting changes in the levels of biologically active compounds such as chlorophyll a and b, anthocyanins, carotenoids, phenolic compounds (including flavonoids), terpenoids, and volatile organic compounds with potential health-promoting properties. By investigating these factors, the study aims to provide insights into how environmental conditions affect the growth and chemical composition of selected plants and to shed light on potential strategies for optimising the cultivation of these herbs for the improved quality and production of bioactive compounds. Under the influence of additional lighting, the growth of T. vulgaris and T. serpyllum seedlings was greatly accelerated, resulting in an increase in shoot biomass and length, and in the case of T. vulgaris, an increase in carotenoid and anthocyanin contents. Regarding secondary metabolites, the most pronounced changes were observed in total antioxidant capacity and flavonoid content, which increased significantly under the influence of additional lighting. The simultaneous or separate application of Trichoderma and food polymers resulted in an increase in flavonoid content in the leaves of both Thymus species. The increase in terpenoid content under supplemental light appears to be related to the presence of Trichoderma spores as well as food polymers added to the soil. However, the nature of these changes depends on the thyme species. Volatile compounds were analysed using an electronic nose (E-nose). Eight volatile compounds (VOCs) were tentatively identified in the vapours of T. vulgaris and T. serpyllum: α-pinene, myrcene, α-terpinene, γ-terpinene; 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol), thymol, carvacrol, and eugenol. Tendencies to increase the percentage of thymol and γ-terpinene under supplemental lighting were observed. The results also demonstrate a positive effect of food polymers and, to a lesser extent, Trichoderma fungi on the synthesis of VOCs with health-promoting properties. The effect of Trichoderma and food polymers on individual VOCs was positive in some cases for thymol and γ-terpinene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Kulbat-Warycha
- Institute of Food Technology and Analysis, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10 St., 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Justyna Nawrocka
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16 St., 90-237 Lodz, Poland; (J.N.); (L.K.)
| | - Liliana Kozłowska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16 St., 90-237 Lodz, Poland; (J.N.); (L.K.)
| | - Dorota Żyżelewicz
- Institute of Food Technology and Analysis, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10 St., 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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Preljević K, Pašić I, Vlaović M, Matić IZ, Krivokapić S, Petrović N, Stanojković T, Živković V, Perović S. Comparative analysis of chemical profiles, antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer effects of essential oils of two Thymus species from Montenegro. Fitoterapia 2024; 174:105871. [PMID: 38428618 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.105871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
The essential oils of Thymus vulgaris (TVEO) and Thymus serpyllum (TSEO) show different biological activities. The aim of the study was to evaluate the biological activities of TVEO and TSEO from Montenegro. The main components of TVEO were p-cymene (29.52%), thymol (22.8%) and linalool (4.73%) while the main components of TSEO were p-cymene (19.04%), geraniol (11,09%), linalool (9.16%), geranyl acetate (6.49%) and borneol (5.24%). Antioxidant activity determined via DPPH for TVEO was 4.49 and FRAP 1130.27, while for TSEO it was estimated that DPPH was 4.88 μL/mL and FRAP was 701.25 μmol FRAP/L. Both essential oils were active against all tested bacteria, with the highest level of sensitivity of E. coli with MIC of 1.5625 μL/mL. Essential oils showed strong cytotoxic effects on human cancer cell lines, with IC50 values ranging from 0.20 to 0.24 μL/mL for TVEO and from 0.32 to 0.49 μL/mL for TSEO. TVEO caused apoptosis in cervical adenocarcinoma HeLa cells through activation of caspase-3 and caspase-8, while TSEO caused apoptosis through caspase-3. EOs decreased levels of oxidative stress in normal MRC-5 cells. HeLa cells treated with TVEO had reduced MMP2 expression levels, while cells treated with TSEO had lowered MMP2 and MMP9 levels. The treatment of HeLa cells with TVEO increased the levels of miR-16 and miR-34a, indicating potential tumor-suppressive properties. Our findings suggest that Thymus essential oils may be considered as good candidates for further investigation as cancer-chemopreventive and cancer-therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenan Preljević
- University of Montenegro, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Department of Biology, Podgorica 81000, Montenegro
| | - Ivana Pašić
- Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Milorad Vlaović
- University of Montenegro, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Department of Biology, Podgorica 81000, Montenegro
| | - Ivana Z Matić
- Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade 11000, Serbia.
| | - Slađana Krivokapić
- University of Montenegro, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Department of Biology, Podgorica 81000, Montenegro
| | - Nina Petrović
- Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade 11000, Serbia; "VINČA" Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | | | - Vladimir Živković
- Center for Ecotoxicological Researches of Montenegro, Podgorica 81000, Montenegro
| | - Svetlana Perović
- University of Montenegro, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Department of Biology, Podgorica 81000, Montenegro
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Meerasri J, Sukatta U, Rugthaworn P, Klinsukhon K, Khacharat L, Sakayaroj S, Chollakup R, Sothornvit R. Synergistic effects of thyme and oregano essential oil combinations for enhanced functional properties of sericin/pectin film. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 263:130288. [PMID: 38378108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
This work aimed to assess the synergistic antibacterial effects of thyme and oregano essential oils in various ratios (thyme:oregano; 10:0, 8:2, 6:4, 4:6, 2:8, 10:0). We hypothesized that the synergistic combination of thyme and oregano essential oils can be effectively incorporated into sericin/pectin film to enhance its functional properties. Among the combinations tested, the mixture of thyme/oregano essential oil (TOE) at an 8:2 ratio exhibited the most potent synergistic activity against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, with fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICindex) of 0.9. In this combination, thymol constituting 51.83 % of TOE (8:2), was the predominant component. TOE at an 8:2 ratio was selected to incorporate into sericin/pectin film. Different concentrations of TOE (0.8 %, 1.2 % and 1.6 %) were applied to evaluate their impact on film properties compared to a film without essential oil (control). It was found that increasing TOE concentration (control; 0 %) to 1.6 % reduced film moisture content (from 21.53 % to 16.91 %), decreased yellowness (from 18.24 to 15.92), diminished gloss (from 63.79 to 11.18), lowered swelling index (from 1.24 to 0.98), and reduced tensile strength (from 9.70 to 4.14 MPa). However, the addition of TOE showed higher film total phenolic content (8.59-31.53 mg gallic acid/g dry sample) and increased antioxidant activity (0.99-3.68 μmol Trolox /g dry sample). Moreover, the film with 1.2 % and 1.6 % of thyme/oregano essential oil exhibited inhibitory effects against all tested bacteria. Therefore, the thyme/oregano essential oil combination can provide the desirable physicochemical properties of the sericin/pectin film, as well as its antibacterial and antioxidant activities, making it a promising alternative for food packaging material applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitrawadee Meerasri
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering at Kamphaengsaen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaengsaen Campus, Nakhonpathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Udomlak Sukatta
- Kasetsart Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Product Improvement Institute, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Prapassorn Rugthaworn
- Kasetsart Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Product Improvement Institute, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Ketsaree Klinsukhon
- Kasetsart Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Product Improvement Institute, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Lalita Khacharat
- Kasetsart Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Product Improvement Institute, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Surisa Sakayaroj
- Kasetsart Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Product Improvement Institute, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Rungsima Chollakup
- Kasetsart Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Product Improvement Institute, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Rungsinee Sothornvit
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering at Kamphaengsaen, Kasetsart University, Kamphaengsaen Campus, Nakhonpathom 73140, Thailand.
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Gupta N, Bhattacharya S, Dutta A, Tauchen J, Landa P, Urbanová K, Houdková M, Fernández-Cusimamani E, Leuner O. Synthetic polyploidization induces enhanced phytochemical profile and biological activities in Thymus vulgaris L. essential oil. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5608. [PMID: 38454146 PMCID: PMC10920654 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56378-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Essential oil from Thymus vulgaris L. has valuable therapeutic potential that is highly desired in pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries. Considering these advantages and the rising market demand, induced polyploids were obtained using oryzalin to enhance essential oil yield. However, their therapeutic values were unexplored. So, this study aims to assess the phytochemical content, and antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of tetraploid and diploid thyme essential oils. Induced tetraploids had 41.11% higher essential oil yield with enhanced thymol and γ-terpinene content than diploid. Tetraploids exhibited higher antibacterial activity against all tested microorganisms. Similarly, in DPPH radical scavenging assay tetraploid essential oil was more potent with half-maximal inhibitory doses (IC50) of 180.03 µg/mL (40.05 µg TE/mg) than diploid with IC50 > 512 µg/mL (12.68 µg TE/mg). Tetraploids exhibited more effective inhibition of in vitro catalytic activity of pro-inflammatory enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) than diploids at 50 µg/mL concentration. Furthermore, molecular docking revealed higher binding affinity of thymol and γ-terpinene towards tested protein receptors, which explained enhanced bioactivity of tetraploid essential oil. In conclusion, these results suggest that synthetic polyploidization using oryzalin could effectively enhance the quality and quantity of secondary metabolites and can develop more efficient essential oil-based commercial products using this induced genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Gupta
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Suchdol, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Soham Bhattacharya
- Department of Agroecology and Crop Production, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, Prague 6, 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Adrish Dutta
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Suchdol, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Tauchen
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Přemysl Landa
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnologies, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 165 02, Lysolaje, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Klára Urbanová
- Department of Sustainable Technologies, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Houdková
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Suchdol, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Eloy Fernández-Cusimamani
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Suchdol, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Olga Leuner
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Suchdol, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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11
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Nadeem HA, Pervaiz M, Ejaz A, Saeed Z, Imran M, Khan RRM, Younas U. Comparative phytochemical study of methanolic and ethanolic extracts of Thymus linearis and their antibacterial and antioxidant potential. Biomed Chromatogr 2024; 38:e5808. [PMID: 38191948 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Thymus linearis (Thyme) is a medicinal plant widely distributed throughout Asia. Various parts of thyme are utilized for diverse medicinal purposes, including its use as a tonic and diuretic, for cough relief, as a flavoring agent, in treating dysentery, and for alleviating stomach disorders. Numerous studies have been conducted to explore the unexploited potential of thyme. Thyme was collected from the northern region of Pakistan, and sun-mediated extraction was conducted. Phytochemical analysis, utilizing GC-MS, revealed numerous bioactive phytochemical constituents with disease-preventing roles, including detoxifying agents, antioxidants, anticancer compounds, dietary fiber, neuropharmacological agents, and immunity-potentiating agents, in the methanolic and ethanolic (14 days) extracts of the flower, leaf, and stem. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay results indicated that the ethanolic and methanolic extracts of the stem exhibited the highest antioxidant activity, reaching up to 67.34% and 62.73%, respectively, while the values for the flower and leaf extracts (both methanol and ethanol) were around 60%. The IC50 (half maximal inhibitory concentration) values were also calculated for all the samples, ranging between 7 and 9 μg/mL. Positive antibacterial and antifungal effects against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli, as well as Aspergillus niger (fungi), were observed only in the extracts of the flower (both methanol and ethanol). The sun-mediated technique was used for extraction for the first time in this study. Therefore, this study introduces a novel approach to the extraction of bioactive compounds from medicinal plants, ultimately contributing to the development of herbal drugs with more convenient and cost-effective methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Amir Nadeem
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Pervaiz
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Anam Ejaz
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zohaib Saeed
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Umer Younas
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
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Kováčová M, Bodnár Yankovych H, Augustyniak A, Casas-Luna M, Remešová M, Findoráková L, Stahorský M, Čelko L, Baláž M. Triggering antibacterial activity of a common plant by biosorption of selected heavy metals. J Biol Inorg Chem 2024; 29:201-216. [PMID: 38587623 PMCID: PMC11098919 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-024-02045-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The presented study proposes an efficient utilization of a common Thymus serpyllum L. (wild thyme) plant as a highly potent biosorbent of Cu(II) and Pb(II) ions and the efficient interaction of the copper-laden plant with two opportunistic bacteria. Apart from biochars that are commonly used for adsorption, here we report the direct use of native plant, which is potentially interesting also for soil remediation. The highest adsorption capacity for Cu(II) and Pb(II) ions (qe = 12.66 and 53.13 mg g-1, respectively) was achieved after 10 and 30 min of adsorption, respectively. Moreover, the Cu-laden plant was shown to be an efficient antibacterial agent against the bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, the results being slightly better in the former case. Such an activity is enabled only via the interaction of the adsorbed ions effectively distributed within the biological matrix of the plant with bacterial cells. Thus, the sustainable resource can be used both for the treatment of wastewater and, after an effective embedment of metal ions, for the fight against microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária Kováčová
- Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Halyna Bodnár Yankovych
- Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Adrian Augustyniak
- Chair of Building Materials and Construction Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355, Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, The West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Avenue 42, 71 065, Szczecin, Poland
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, ul. Wąska 13, 71-415, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Mariano Casas-Luna
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 3, 121 16, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Remešová
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Findoráková
- Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Martin Stahorský
- Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Ladislav Čelko
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Matej Baláž
- Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia.
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Yao Y, Whent M, Li Y, Liu Z, Pehrsson P, Sun J, Chen P, Huang D, Wang TTY, Wu X, Yu L. Chemical Composition of Thyme ( Thymus vulgaris) Extracts, Potential Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein-ACE2 Binding and ACE2 Activity, and Radical Scavenging Capacity. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:19523-19530. [PMID: 38039415 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Water and ethanol extracts of dried thyme (Thymus vulgaris) were analyzed for chemical composition, inhibition of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-ACE2 interaction, inhibition of ACE2 activity, and free radical scavenging capacity. Thirty-two compounds were identified in water extract (WE) and 27 were identified in ethanol extract (EE) of thyme through HPLC-MS. The WE (33.3 mg/mL) and EE (3.3 mg/mL) of thyme inhibited the spike protein-ACE2 interaction by 82.6 and 86.4%, respectively. The thyme WE at 5 mg/mL inhibited ACE2 activity by 99%, and the EE at 5 mg/mL inhibited ACE2 by 65.8%. Total phenolics were determined to be 38.9 and 8.8 mg of GAE/g in WE and EE, respectively. The HO• scavenging capacities were 1121.1 and 284.4 μmol of TE/g in WE and EE, respectively. The relative DPPH• scavenging capacities were 126.3 μmol TE/g in WE and 28.2 μmol TE/g in EE. The ABTS•+ scavenging capacities were 267.1 μmol TE/g in WE and 96.7 μmol TE/g in EE. The results suggested that the thyme extract could be potentially used to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection and mitigate the complications from the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhang Yao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Monica Whent
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Yanfang Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Zhihao Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Pamela Pehrsson
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Jianghao Sun
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Pei Chen
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Dejian Huang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Thomas T Y Wang
- Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Xianli Wu
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Liangli Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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Benedetti S, Nasoni MG, Luchetti F, Palma F. New insights into the cytotoxic effects of Thymus vulgaris essential oil on the human triple-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 93:105705. [PMID: 37775061 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) are natural products that have gained wide interest due to their biological activities and anticancer properties through various mechanisms. The present study aimed to test the cytotoxicity of Thymus vulgaris L. (thyme) EO of Italian origin, rich in thymol (49.6%) and p-cymene (18.8%), towards the triple-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 and to investigate the biochemical mechanisms underlying its antitumor activity. Thyme EO reduced cancer cell viability in a dose-dependent manner after 24 h treatment, with an IC50 value equal to 75.1 ± 15.2 μg/ml; simultaneously, the inhibition of cancer cell migration and colony formation capacity was evidenced. Thyme EO antiproliferative effects were related to the induction of apoptosis as demonstrated by the increased expression of the pro-apoptotic proteins Bax, cleaved caspase-3, phospho-p53, and SMAC/Diablo and by the reduction of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2, cIAP-1, cIAP-2, HIF-1α, survivin, and XIAP. Thyme EO administration led to the early formation of intracellular ROS, followed by the increment of MDA as an index of lipid peroxidation and by the decreased expression of the antioxidant enzymes catalase and PON2. The upregulation of Nrf2 mRNA expression and the strong induction of HO-1 sustained the activation of the Nrf2 pathway by thyme EO. These data showed that the EO from Thymus vulgaris L. might inhibit the malignant phenotype of MDA-MB-231, thus suggesting potential benefits against human triple-negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Benedetti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Saffi 2, Urbino, Italy.
| | - Maria Gemma Nasoni
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Saffi 2, Urbino, Italy
| | - Francesca Luchetti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Saffi 2, Urbino, Italy
| | - Francesco Palma
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Via Saffi 2, Urbino, Italy
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Baldassarre F, Schiavi D, Di Lorenzo V, Biondo F, Vergaro V, Colangelo G, Balestra GM, Ciccarella G. Cellulose Nanocrystal-Based Emulsion of Thyme Essential Oil: Preparation and Characterisation as Sustainable Crop Protection Tool. Molecules 2023; 28:7884. [PMID: 38067613 PMCID: PMC10707935 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential oil-based pesticides, which contain antimicrobial and antioxidant molecules, have potential for use in sustainable agriculture. However, these compounds have limitations such as volatility, poor water solubility, and phytotoxicity. Nanoencapsulation, through processes like micro- and nanoemulsions, can enhance the stability and bioactivity of essential oils. In this study, thyme essential oil from supercritical carbon dioxide extraction was selected as a sustainable antimicrobial tool and nanoencapsulated in an oil-in-water emulsion system. The investigated protocol provided high-speed homogenisation in the presence of cellulose nanocrystals as stabilisers and calcium chloride as an ionic crosslinking agent. Thyme essential oil was characterised via GC-MS and UV-vis analysis, indicating rich content in phenols. The cellulose nanocrystal/essential oil ratio and calcium chloride concentration were varied to tune the nanoemulsions' physical-chemical stability, which was investigated via UV-vis, direct observation, dynamic light scattering, and Turbiscan analysis. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the nanosized droplet formation. The nanoemulsion resulting from the addition of crosslinked nanocrystals was very stable over time at room temperature. It was evaluated for the first time on Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi, the causal agent of olive knot disease. In vitro tests showed a synergistic effect of the formulation components, and in vivo tests on olive seedlings demonstrated reduced bacterial colonies without any phytotoxic effect. These findings suggest that crosslinked cellulose nanocrystal emulsions can enhance the stability and bioactivity of thyme essential oil, providing a new tool for crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Baldassarre
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, UdR INSTM of Lecce University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (F.B.); (V.V.)
- Institute of Nanotechnology, CNR NANOTEC, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Daniele Schiavi
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (D.S.); (V.D.L.); (G.M.B.)
| | - Veronica Di Lorenzo
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (D.S.); (V.D.L.); (G.M.B.)
| | - Francesca Biondo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, UdR INSTM of Lecce University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (F.B.); (V.V.)
| | - Viviana Vergaro
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, UdR INSTM of Lecce University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (F.B.); (V.V.)
- Institute of Nanotechnology, CNR NANOTEC, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Gianpiero Colangelo
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Giorgio Mariano Balestra
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (D.S.); (V.D.L.); (G.M.B.)
| | - Giuseppe Ciccarella
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, UdR INSTM of Lecce University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (F.B.); (V.V.)
- Institute of Nanotechnology, CNR NANOTEC, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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Zejli H, Fitat A, Lefrioui Y, Siddique F, Bourhia M, Bousseraf FZ, Salamatullah AM, Nafidi HA, Mekonnen AB, Gourch A, Taleb M, Abdellaoui A. Phytochemical analysis and biological activities of essential oils extracted from Origanum grossii and Thymus pallidus: in vitro and in silico analysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20021. [PMID: 37973884 PMCID: PMC10654524 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47215-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aimed at investigating the phytochemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of essential oils (EOs) of Origanum grossii and Thymus pallidus. The selection of these plants for the study was driven by a comprehensive survey conducted in the Ribat Elkheir region of Morocco, where these plants are widely utilized. The results reflect the valorization of these plants based on the findings of the regional survey. The GC-MS phytochemical analysis revealed that the main constituents of the essential oil were carvacrol and thymol for O. grossii and T. pallidus respectively. Quantitative assays demonstrated that O. grossii exhibited higher levels of polyphenols (0.136 mg AGE/mg EO) and flavonoids (0.207 mg QE/mg EO) compared to T. pallidus. The DPPH assay indicated that O. grossii EOs possessed approximately twice the antiradical activity of T. pallidus, with IC50 values of approximately 0.073 mg/mL and 0.131 mg/mL, respectively. The antibacterial activity tests showed that both essential oils exhibited significant inhibition zones ranging from 26 to 42 mm against all tested bacterial strains. The MIC values varied among the bacteria, generally falling within the range of 0.31 to 2.44 µg/mL, demonstrating the potency of the EOs to serve as antibacterial. Molecular docking revealed that O. grossii and T. pallidus essential oils interact with antibacterial and antioxidant proteins (1AJ6 and 6QME). Key compounds in O. grossii include p-cymene, eucalyptol, and carvacrol, while T. pallidus contains potent chemicals like p-cymene, ɤ-maaliene, valencene, α-terpinene, caryophyllene, himachalene, and thymol. Notably, the most potent chemicals in Origanum grossii are p-cymene, eucalyptol, and carvacrol, while the most potent chemicals in Thymus pallidus are p-cymene, α-terpinene, and thymol. These findings suggest that these plant EOs could be used to develop new natural products with antibacterial and antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hind Zejli
- Laboratory of Engineering, Electrochemistry, Modeling and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, B. P. 1796, Fes-Atlas, Morocco.
| | - Aziza Fitat
- Laboratory of Engineering, Electrochemistry, Modeling and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, B. P. 1796, Fes-Atlas, Morocco
| | - Youssra Lefrioui
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Health, Agrofood and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, B. P. 1796, Fes-Atlas, Morocco
| | - Farhan Siddique
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Mohammed Bourhia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Zohr University, 70000, Laayoune, Morocco
| | - Fatima Zahra Bousseraf
- Laboratory of Engineering, Electrochemistry, Modeling and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, B. P. 1796, Fes-Atlas, Morocco
| | - Ahmad Mohammad Salamatullah
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, 11, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hiba-Allah Nafidi
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Laval University, 2325, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | | | - Abdelkader Gourch
- Laboratory of Engineering, Electrochemistry, Modeling and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, B. P. 1796, Fes-Atlas, Morocco
| | - Mustapha Taleb
- Laboratory of Engineering, Electrochemistry, Modeling and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, B. P. 1796, Fes-Atlas, Morocco
| | - Abdelfattah Abdellaoui
- Laboratory of Engineering, Electrochemistry, Modeling and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, B. P. 1796, Fes-Atlas, Morocco
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Saleem R, Sana A, Ghani Y, Mushtaq F, Abid R, Alam J, Tariq M, Dawar S, Sultana R, Faizi S. Chemical characterization, nematicidal and antioxidant activities of Thymus linearis Benth. Pak J Pharm Sci 2023; 36:1561-1571. [PMID: 37869932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Thymus linearis and its essential oil (EO) are used to cure a range of diseases in traditional medicine. GC-MS analysis of Thymus linearis EO revealed the presence of sixty-four components. Thymol (50.62%), carvacrol (13.23 %), carvacrol acetate (7.72%), -bisabolene (5.47%) and o-cymene (5.47%) are the only five basic constituents in the oil which accounts for 82.07% of oil. When compared to other compounds, the EO and its primary components thymol and carvacrol had the largest proportion of mortality in Meloidogyne javanica. Carvacrol has also been proven to be helpful in suppressing the hatching of M. javanica eggs. This is the first time T. linearis EO and its constituents, such as borneol and caryophyllene, have been studied for nematicidal action. The antioxidant activity of EO components and active compounds was assessed using the ABTS radical scavenging method. Thymol and carvacrol were found to exhibit high antioxidant activity. The IC50 of thymol and carvacrol are found to be 38.18 g/ml and 49.65 g/ml, respectively and are comparable to the positive control trolox (47.12 g/ml). Results clearly showed high potency for EO and its constituents, thymol and carvacrol as nematicidal and antioxidant agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubeena Saleem
- Department of Chemistry, Jinnah University for Women, Karachi, Pakistan/International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Aisha Sana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jinnah University for Women, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Yusra Ghani
- Department of Chemistry, Jinnah University for Women, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Faiza Mushtaq
- Department of Chemistry, Jinnah University for Women, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Rubina Abid
- Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Jan Alam
- Department of Botany, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Marium Tariq
- MAH Qadri Biological Research Centre, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Shahnaz Dawar
- Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Razia Sultana
- Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Laboratories, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Shaheen Faizi
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
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Kalinovskii AP, Pushkarev AP, Mikhailenko AD, Kudryavtsev DS, Belozerova OA, Shmygarev VI, Yatskin ON, Korolkova YV, Kozlov SA, Osmakov DI, Popov A, Andreev YA. Dual Modulator of ASIC Channels and GABA A Receptors from Thyme Alters Fear-Related Hippocampal Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13148. [PMID: 37685955 PMCID: PMC10487430 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are proton-gated ion channels that mediate nociception in the peripheral nervous system and contribute to fear and learning in the central nervous system. Sevanol was reported previously as a naturally-occurring ASIC inhibitor from thyme with favorable analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity. Using electrophysiological methods, we found that in the high micromolar range, the compound effectively inhibited homomeric ASIC1a and, in sub- and low-micromolar ranges, positively modulated the currents of α1β2γ2 GABAA receptors. Next, we tested the compound in anxiety-related behavior models using a targeted delivery into the hippocampus with parallel electroencephalographic measurements. In the open field, 6 µM sevanol reduced both locomotor and θ-rhythmic activity similar to GABA, suggesting a primary action on the GABAergic system. At 300 μM, sevanol markedly suppressed passive avoidance behavior, implying alterations in conditioned fear memory. The observed effects could be linked to distinct mechanisms involving GABAAR and ASIC1a. These results elaborate the preclinical profile of sevanol as a candidate for drug development and support the role of ASIC channels in fear-related functions of the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr P. Kalinovskii
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia (D.S.K.); (O.A.B.); (S.A.K.); (A.P.); (Y.A.A.)
| | - Anton P. Pushkarev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia (D.S.K.); (O.A.B.); (S.A.K.); (A.P.); (Y.A.A.)
| | - Anastasia D. Mikhailenko
- Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology—MVA named after K.I. Skryabin, ul. Akademika Skryabina, 23, 109472 Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis S. Kudryavtsev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia (D.S.K.); (O.A.B.); (S.A.K.); (A.P.); (Y.A.A.)
| | - Olga A. Belozerova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia (D.S.K.); (O.A.B.); (S.A.K.); (A.P.); (Y.A.A.)
| | - Vladimir I. Shmygarev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia (D.S.K.); (O.A.B.); (S.A.K.); (A.P.); (Y.A.A.)
| | - Oleg N. Yatskin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia (D.S.K.); (O.A.B.); (S.A.K.); (A.P.); (Y.A.A.)
| | - Yuliya V. Korolkova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia (D.S.K.); (O.A.B.); (S.A.K.); (A.P.); (Y.A.A.)
| | - Sergey A. Kozlov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia (D.S.K.); (O.A.B.); (S.A.K.); (A.P.); (Y.A.A.)
| | - Dmitry I. Osmakov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia (D.S.K.); (O.A.B.); (S.A.K.); (A.P.); (Y.A.A.)
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya Str. 8, bld. 2, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Popov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia (D.S.K.); (O.A.B.); (S.A.K.); (A.P.); (Y.A.A.)
| | - Yaroslav A. Andreev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia (D.S.K.); (O.A.B.); (S.A.K.); (A.P.); (Y.A.A.)
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya Str. 8, bld. 2, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Yang R, Dong Y, Gao F, Li J, Stevanovic ZD, Li H, Shi L. Comprehensive Analysis of Secondary Metabolites of Four Medicinal Thyme Species Used in Folk Medicine and Their Antioxidant Activities In Vitro. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062582. [PMID: 36985554 PMCID: PMC10052123 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyme is a colloquial term for number of aromatic species belonging to the genus Thymus L., known for their expressed biological activities and therefore used worldwide for seasoning and in folk medicine. In the present paper, the content of the total polyphenols (TP), total flavonoids (TF), and antioxidant capacity were assessed in the extracts of four traditionally used thyme species. Moreover, a comprehensive metabolomic study of thyme bioactive compounds was performed, and the obtained data were processed using multivariate statistical tests. The results clearly demonstrated the positive correlation between the content of the TP, TF, and antioxidant activity, and TF was more significant than TP. The findings revealed that four selected thyme species contained 528 secondary metabolites, including 289 flavonoids and 146 phenolic acids. Thymus marschallianus had a higher concentration of active ingredients, which improve its antioxidant capacity. Differentially accumulated metabolites were formed by complex pathways such as flavonoid, flavone, flavonol, isoflavonoid, and anthocyanin biosynthesis. Correlation analysis showed that 59 metabolites (including 28 flavonoids, 18 phenolic acids, and 7 terpenoid compounds) were significantly correlated with obtained values of the antioxidant capacity. The results suggested that selected thyme species exhibit a great diversity in antioxidant-related components, whereas flavonoids may be responsible for the high antioxidant capacity of all studied thyme species. The present study greatly expands our understanding of the complex phytochemical profiles and related applications of selected medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; (R.Y.); (Y.D.); (F.G.); (J.L.)
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanmei Dong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; (R.Y.); (Y.D.); (F.G.); (J.L.)
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; (R.Y.); (Y.D.); (F.G.); (J.L.)
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; (R.Y.); (Y.D.); (F.G.); (J.L.)
| | - Zora Dajic Stevanovic
- Department of Agrobotany, University of Belgrade Faculty of Agriculture, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Zemun, Serbia;
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; (R.Y.); (Y.D.); (F.G.); (J.L.)
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (L.S.)
| | - Lei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; (R.Y.); (Y.D.); (F.G.); (J.L.)
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (L.S.)
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Oliveira AS, Rolo J, Gaspar C, Ramos L, Cavaleiro C, Salgueiro L, Palmeira-de-Oliveira R, Teixeira JP, Martinez-de-Oliveira J, Palmeira-de-Oliveira A. Thymus mastichina (L.) L. and Cistus ladanifer L. for skin application: chemical characterization and in vitro bioactivity assessment. J Ethnopharmacol 2023; 302:115830. [PMID: 36243295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Thymus mastichina (L.) L. (TM) and Cistus ladanifer L. (CL) are two Portuguese autochthonous species with traditional skin application in folk medicine. TM is majorly known for its antiseptic and wound healing properties, as an external anti-inflammatory agent and for its application in folk cosmetics and hygiene products. Its use in acne vulgaris has also been reported. CL is traditionally used in remedies for wounds, ulcers and other skin ailments such as psoriasis and eczema. Its application has been found useful due to its anti-inflammatory, astringent, wound healing and antiseptic properties. AIM OF THE STUDY With this work, we aimed to investigate relevant bioactivities related with the traditional application of TM and CL essential oils (EOs) and hydrolates (by-products of EO production) in skin ailments. Specifically their in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, wound healing and antimicrobial properties were evaluated. The chemical composition of both EOs and respective hydrolates was also characterized. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemical characterization of EOs and hydrolates was performed by GC-FID and GC-MS. Cellular biocompatibility was evaluated using the MTT assay in macrophages (RAW 264.7) and fibroblasts (L929) cell lines. Anti-inflammatory activity was investigated by studying nitric oxide (NO) production by macrophages with Griess reagent. Wound healing potential was evaluated with the scratch-wound assay. The antioxidant potential was studied by the DPPH scavenging method. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by broth microdilution assay against relevant microbial strains and skin pathogens, namely Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Cutibacterium acnes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans and Aspergillus brasiliensis. RESULTS The major compounds present in TM and CL EOs were 1,8-cineole and α-pinene, respectively. 1,8-cineole and E-pinocarveol were the major compounds in the correspondent hydrolates. CL EO presented the highest anti-inflammatory potential [EC50 = 0.002% (v/v)], still with significant cytotoxicity [IC50 = 0.012% (v/v)]. TM preparations presented anti-inflammatory potential, also presenting higher biocompatibility. The same profile was present on fibroblasts regarding biocompatibility of the tested preparations. CL EO and hydrolate increased fibroblasts' migration by 155.7% and 148.4%, respectively. TM hydrolate presented a milder activity than CL hydrolate, but wound healing potential was still present, increasing cell migration by 125.1%. All preparations presented poor antioxidant capacity. CL EO presented higher antimicrobial activity, with MICs ranging from 0.06% (v/v) to 2% (v/v), against different microorganisms. CONCLUSIONS Anti-inflammatory and skin repairing potential were present for CL preparations. TM hydrolate presented an interesting biocompatible profile on both cell lines, also presenting anti-inflammatory potential. Furthermore, EOs from both species presented antimicrobial activity against a panel of different microorganisms. These in vitro bioactivities support some of their traditional skin applications, specifically regarding their antiseptic, wound healing and anti-inflammatory uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S Oliveira
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Joana Rolo
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Gaspar
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal; Labfit-Health Products Research and Development Lda, UBImedical, Estrada Nacional 506, 6200-284, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Leonor Ramos
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Cavaleiro
- Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Lígia Salgueiro
- Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Rita Palmeira-de-Oliveira
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal; Labfit-Health Products Research and Development Lda, UBImedical, Estrada Nacional 506, 6200-284, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - João Paulo Teixeira
- National Institute of Health, Environmental Health Department, Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-055, Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal.
| | - José Martinez-de-Oliveira
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Ana Palmeira-de-Oliveira
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal; Labfit-Health Products Research and Development Lda, UBImedical, Estrada Nacional 506, 6200-284, Covilhã, Portugal.
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Kim M, Sowndhararajan K, Deepa P, Kim S. Variations in the Chemical Composition of Essential Oils in Native Populations of Korean Thyme, Thymus quinquecostatus Celak. Molecules 2022; 27:7203. [PMID: 36364030 PMCID: PMC9658411 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Thymus (Lamiaceae) contains numerous medicinally important species. Among them, Thymus quinquecostatus Celak. has been extensively utilized as a traditional medicine and a food flavoring agent in the Korean peninsula, owing to its unique aroma. In particular, T. quinquecostatus has been used for the treatment of gastroenteritis, inflammation, stomach problems, liver disease, arthritis, arteriosclerosis, and menstrual problems. This study aimed to investigate the chemical diversity of essential oils among 103 Korean native populations of T. quinquecostatus. For this purpose, seedlings of T. quinquecostatus populations were purchased from different regions in the Korean Peninsula, and seedlings were grown in the experimental field under the same environmental conditions. The chemical compositions of steam-distilled essential oils were determined using GC-MS. In total, 212 components were identified from 103 populations of T. quinquecostatus. Furthermore, principal component analysis (PCA) was performed in order to understand variations in the essential oil compositions among 103 Korean native populations of T. quinquecostatus. According to the essential oil compositions, 30 components were selected for PCA. Based on the most abundant essential oil components, four chemotypes were identified in T. quinquecostatus populations. PCA and cluster analyses revealed that 103 individuals of T. quinquecostatus could be classified into four clusters, such as thymol, geraniol, geranyl acetate, and linalool. Furthermore, dendrogram construction demonstrated that geraniol and geranyl acetate, as well as linalool and thymol groups, were closely related. This study suggested the significant chemical polymorphism of essential oils in local populations of T. quinquecostatus in Korea. It could be concluded that the intraspecific variations in the essential oil compositions may be associated with genetic diversity among the individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minju Kim
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | | | - Ponnuvel Deepa
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Songmun Kim
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
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22
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Volić M, Pećinar I, Micić D, Đorđević V, Pešić R, Nedović V, Obradović N. Design and characterization of whey protein nanocarriers for thyme essential oil encapsulation obtained by freeze-drying. Food Chem 2022; 386:132749. [PMID: 35339086 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Innovative coating powders, based on whey protein concentrate (10-15 wt%) as native (WPC) or denatured protein (d-WPC), solely or in combination with alginate (0.75 wt%, AL), containing thyme essential oil, were produced using the freeze-drying technique. The impact of individual components (protein, alginate and oil) as well as the effect of heat-induced protein denaturation, was resolved regarding physicochemical, thermal and morphological properties of powders. High product yield (∼100%), particle size (223-257 nm), low moisture content (0.10-0.13%) and zeta potential (-19 to -25.6 mV) were determined for all samples. Strong antimicrobial activity of thyme oil nanocarriers against foodborne pathogens was demonstrated. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated enhanced thermal stability of encapsulated oil. The most specific bands of structural compounds were identified in Raman spectra of the tested formulations, but principal component analysis (PCA) on recorded spectra was necessary to show the differences between carriers of different wall materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Volić
- University of Belgrade, Innovation Center of Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Karnegijeva 4, Belgrade 11000, Serbia.
| | - Ilinka Pećinar
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Nemanjina 6, Belgrade 11080, Serbia
| | - Darko Micić
- University of Belgrade, Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, Studentski trg 41, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Verica Đorđević
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Karnegijeva 4, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Radojica Pešić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Karnegijeva 4, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Viktor Nedović
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Nemanjina 6, Belgrade 11080, Serbia
| | - Nataša Obradović
- University of Belgrade, Innovation Center of Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Karnegijeva 4, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
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23
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Koulis GA, Tsagkaris AS, Katsianou PA, Gialouris PLP, Martakos I, Stergiou F, Fiore A, Panagopoulou EI, Karabournioti S, Baessmann C, van der Borg N, Dasenaki ME, Proestos C, Thomaidis NS. Thorough Investigation of the Phenolic Profile of Reputable Greek Honey Varieties: Varietal Discrimination and Floral Markers Identification Using Liquid Chromatography–High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144444. [PMID: 35889316 PMCID: PMC9323402 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Honey is a highly consumed commodity due to its potential health benefits upon certain consumption, resulting in a high market price. This fact indicates the need to protect honey from fraudulent acts by delivering comprehensive analytical methodologies. In this study, targeted, suspect and non-targeted metabolomic workflows were applied to identify botanical origin markers of Greek honey. Blossom honey samples (n = 62) and the unifloral fir (n = 10), oak (n = 24), pine (n = 39) and thyme (n = 34) honeys were analyzed using an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-q-TOF-MS) system. Several potential authenticity markers were revealed from the application of different metabolomic workflows. In detail, based on quantitative targeted analysis, three blossom honey markers were found, namely, galangin, pinocembrin and chrysin, while gallic acid concentration was found to be significantly higher in oak honey. Using suspect screening workflow, 12 additional bioactive compounds were identified and semi-quantified, achieving comprehensive metabolomic honey characterization. Lastly, by combining non-targeted screening with advanced chemometrics, it was possible to discriminate thyme from blossom honey and develop binary discriminatory models with high predictive power. In conclusion, a holistic approach to assessing the botanical origin of Greek honey is presented, highlighting the complementarity of the three applied metabolomic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios A. Koulis
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (G.A.K.); (P.A.K.); (P.-L.P.G.); (I.M.); (F.S.); (E.I.P.)
- Food Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, 15771 Athens, Greece;
| | - Aristeidis S. Tsagkaris
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Panagiota A. Katsianou
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (G.A.K.); (P.A.K.); (P.-L.P.G.); (I.M.); (F.S.); (E.I.P.)
| | - Panagiotis-Loukas P. Gialouris
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (G.A.K.); (P.A.K.); (P.-L.P.G.); (I.M.); (F.S.); (E.I.P.)
- Food Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, 15771 Athens, Greece;
| | - Ioannis Martakos
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (G.A.K.); (P.A.K.); (P.-L.P.G.); (I.M.); (F.S.); (E.I.P.)
- Food Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, 15771 Athens, Greece;
| | - Fotis Stergiou
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (G.A.K.); (P.A.K.); (P.-L.P.G.); (I.M.); (F.S.); (E.I.P.)
- Division of Engineering and Food Science, School of Applied Science, Abertay University, Bell Street, Dundee DD1 1HG, UK;
| | - Alberto Fiore
- Division of Engineering and Food Science, School of Applied Science, Abertay University, Bell Street, Dundee DD1 1HG, UK;
| | - Eleni I. Panagopoulou
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (G.A.K.); (P.A.K.); (P.-L.P.G.); (I.M.); (F.S.); (E.I.P.)
| | | | - Carsten Baessmann
- Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Fahrenheitstraße 4, 28359 Bremen, Germany; (C.B.); (N.v.d.B.)
| | - Noud van der Borg
- Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Fahrenheitstraße 4, 28359 Bremen, Germany; (C.B.); (N.v.d.B.)
| | - Marilena E. Dasenaki
- Food Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, 15771 Athens, Greece;
- Correspondence: (M.E.D.); (N.S.T.); Tel.: +30-210-727-4326 (M.E.D.); +30-210-727-4430 (N.S.T.)
| | - Charalampos Proestos
- Food Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, 15771 Athens, Greece;
| | - Nikolaos S. Thomaidis
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (G.A.K.); (P.A.K.); (P.-L.P.G.); (I.M.); (F.S.); (E.I.P.)
- Correspondence: (M.E.D.); (N.S.T.); Tel.: +30-210-727-4326 (M.E.D.); +30-210-727-4430 (N.S.T.)
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Kim M, Sowndhararajan K, Kim S. The Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Essential Oil from Korean Native Thyme Bak-Ri-Hyang (Thymus quinquecostatus Celak.). Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134251. [PMID: 35807496 PMCID: PMC9268194 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymus quinquecostatus Celak. (Korean name: bak-ri-hyang) is an important medicinal and aromatic herb in Korea, which is named for the spread of its fragrance over a distance of approximately 40 km. In traditional Korean systems of medicine, T. quinquecostatus has been used to treat cancer, constipation, hepatic disease, arteriosclerosis, poor circulation in women, constipation, and menstrual irregularities. At present, T. quinquecostatus is used only for ornamental and ground cover purposes. A literature search was conducted to retrieve information regarding the essential oil composition and biological properties of T. quinquecostatus from PubMed, Science Direct, Wiley, Springer, Taylor and Francis, Wiley, and other literature databases. T. quinquecostatus can be divided into different chemotypes, such as γ-terpinene, thymol, phenol, carvacrol, and geraniol, according to the presence of major components in its essential oil. Further, the essential oil from T. quinquecostatus has been reported to possess various therapeutic properties such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, sleep prolonging, soothing, skin protection and whitening, anti-aging, anti-obesity, and anti-acne properties. In conclusion, this review will be helpful for utilizing the T. quinquecostatus plant in different industries including food, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, perfumery, and cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minju Kim
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea;
| | | | - Songmun Kim
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-33-250-6447
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Coimbra A, Ferreira S, Duarte AP. Biological properties of Thymus zygis essential oil with emphasis on antimicrobial activity and food application. Food Chem 2022; 393:133370. [PMID: 35667177 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Thymus plants have been used for centuries in traditional medicine and as a food spice, among this genus, Thymus zygis (red thyme) is a widespread plant, vastly used as a culinary flavouring agent. Its essential oil has demonstrated diverse bioactive properties, such as antimicrobial, insecticidal, larvicidal and antiparasitic activities. Numerous studies have characterized this essential oil showing that it possesses a broad antimicrobial spectrum and may even enhance the effect of certain antimicrobial agents. Its potential application as a food preservative has been analysed on different matrixes pointing to its antimicrobial activity against spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms in food. This review provides an insight in the chemical composition, antimicrobial, insecticidal, larvicidal and antiparasitic activities and toxicity of T. zygis essential oil, as well as its potential application in food as a preservative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Coimbra
- CICS-UBI Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Susana Ferreira
- CICS-UBI Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Ana Paula Duarte
- CICS-UBI Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
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Oliveira AS, Rolo J, Gaspar C, Cavaleiro C, Salgueiro L, Palmeira-de-Oliveira R, Ferraz C, Coelho S, Pastorinho MR, Sousa AC, Teixeira JP, Martinez-de-Oliveira J, Palmeira-de-Oliveira A. Chemical characterization and bioactive potential of Thymus×citriodorus (Pers.) Schreb. preparations for anti-acne applications: Antimicrobial, anti-biofilm, anti-inflammatory and safety profiles. J Ethnopharmacol 2022; 287:114935. [PMID: 34954264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Thymus × citriodorus (Pers.) Schreb. is an interspecific hybrid between Thymus pulegioides and Thymus vulgaris, known for its pharmacological activities as diaphoretic, deodorant, antiseptic and disinfectant, the last mostly related with its antimicrobial activity. The folk use of other extracts, as hydrolates, have also been disseminated, as regulators of oily skin with anti-acne effect. AIM OF THE STUDY We aimed to evaluate the anti-acne potential of two Thymus x citriodorus (TC) preparations, the essential oil (EO) and the hydrolate, to be used as active ingredients for skin applications. Specifically, we intend to validate their anti-acne potential by describing their activity on acne related bacteria, bacterial virulence, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory potential, and biocompatibility on inflammatory cells. Additionally, we aimed to report their ecotoxicity under the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), thus focusing not only on the consumer, but also on environmental safety assessment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against C. acnes, S. aureus and S. epidermidis was evaluated. Minimum lethal concentration (MLC) was also determined. The effect on C. acnes biofilm formation and disruption was evaluated with crystal violet staining. Anti-inflammatory activity was investigated on LPS-stimulated mouse macrophages (RAW 264.7), by studying nitric oxide (NO) production (Griess reagent) and cellular biocompatibility through MTT assay. In-vitro NO and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging potential were also evaluated. The ecotoxicity was evaluated using Daphnia magna acute toxicity assays. RESULTS EO presented direct antimicrobial activity, with visual MICs ranging from 0.06% for S. epidermidis and C. acnes to 0.125% for S. aureus. MLCs were higher than the obtained MICs. Hydrolate revealed visual MIC only for C. acnes. TC essential oil was effective in preventing biofilm formation and disrupting preformed biofilms even at sub-inhibitory concentrations. Hydrolate showed a more modest anti-biofilm effect. Regarding anti-inflammatory activity, TC hydrolate has a higher cellular biocompatibility. Still, both plant preparations were able to inhibit at least 50% of NO production at non-cytotoxic concentrations. Both EO and hydrolate have poor anti-oxidant activities. Regarding the ecotoxicity, TC essential oil was classified under acute 3 category, while the hydrolate has proved to be nontoxic, in accordance to the GHS. CONCLUSIONS These results support the anti-acne value of different TC preparations for different applications. TC hydrolate by presenting higher biocompatibility, anti-inflammatory potential and the ability to modulate C. acnes virulence, can be advantageous in a product for everyday application. On the other hand, EO by presenting a marked antimicrobial, anti-biofilm and anti-inflammatory activities, still with some cytotoxicity, may be better suited for application in acute flare-ups, for short treatment periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S Oliveira
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Joana Rolo
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Gaspar
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal; Labfit-Health Products Research and Development Lda, UBImedical, Estrada Nacional 506, 6200-284, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Cavaleiro
- Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Lígia Salgueiro
- Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Rita Palmeira-de-Oliveira
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal; Labfit-Health Products Research and Development Lda, UBImedical, Estrada Nacional 506, 6200-284, Covilhã, Portugal; CNC - Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine (Polo 1), Rua Larga, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Celso Ferraz
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal; NuESA-Health and Environment Study Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Susana Coelho
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal; NuESA-Health and Environment Study Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - M Ramiro Pastorinho
- NuESA-Health and Environment Study Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal; Department of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal; Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), University of Évora, Évora, Portugal.
| | - Ana Catarina Sousa
- NuESA-Health and Environment Study Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal; Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), University of Évora, Évora, Portugal; Department of Biology, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal.
| | - João Paulo Teixeira
- National Institute of Health, Environmental Health Department, Rua Alexandre Herculano 321, 4000-055, Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal.
| | - José Martinez-de-Oliveira
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Ana Palmeira-de-Oliveira
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal; Labfit-Health Products Research and Development Lda, UBImedical, Estrada Nacional 506, 6200-284, Covilhã, Portugal.
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Giannakas AE, Salmas CE, Leontiou A, Moschovas D, Baikousi M, Kollia E, Tsigkou V, Karakassides A, Avgeropoulos A, Proestos C. Performance of Thyme Oil@Na-Montmorillonite and Thyme Oil@Organo-Modified Montmorillonite Nanostructures on the Development of Melt-Extruded Poly-L-lactic Acid Antioxidant Active Packaging Films. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27041231. [PMID: 35209022 PMCID: PMC8875974 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Today, the use of natural biodegradable materials in the production processes is more and more adopted by industry to achieve cyclic economy targets and to improve environmental and human health indexes. Active packaging is the latest trend for food preservation. In this work, nanostructures were prepared by incorporation of thyme oil with natural natrium-montmorillonite and organo-montmorillonite with two different techniques, direct impregnation and the green evaporation–adsorption process. Such nanostructures were mixed with poly-L-lactic-acid for the first time via an extrusion molding process to develop a new packaging film. Comparisons of morphological, mechanical, and other basic properties for food packaging were carried out via XRD, FTIR, TG, SEM/EDS, oxygen and water vapor permeation, and antimicrobial and antioxidant activity for the first time. Results showed that poly-L-lactic-acid could be modified with clays and essential oils to produce improved active packaging films. The final product exhibits food odor prevention characteristics and shelf-life extension capabilities, and it could be used for active packaging. The films based on OrgMt clay seems to be more promising, while the thyme oil addition improves their behavior as active packaging. The PLLA/3%TO@OrgMt and PLLA/5%TO@OrgMt films were qualified between the tested samples as the most promising materials for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aris E. Giannakas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Patras, 30100 Agrinio, Greece
- Correspondence: (A.E.G.); (C.E.S.); (C.P.)
| | - Constantinos E. Salmas
- Department of Material Science & Engineering, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (D.M.); (M.B.); (A.K.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence: (A.E.G.); (C.E.S.); (C.P.)
| | - Areti Leontiou
- Laboratory of Food Technology, Department of Business Administration of Agricultural and Food Enterprises, University of Patras, 30100 Agrinio, Greece;
| | - Dimitrios Moschovas
- Department of Material Science & Engineering, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (D.M.); (M.B.); (A.K.); (A.A.)
| | - Maria Baikousi
- Department of Material Science & Engineering, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (D.M.); (M.B.); (A.K.); (A.A.)
| | - Eleni Kollia
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (E.K.); (V.T.)
| | - Vasiliki Tsigkou
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (E.K.); (V.T.)
| | - Anastasios Karakassides
- Department of Material Science & Engineering, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (D.M.); (M.B.); (A.K.); (A.A.)
| | - Apostolos Avgeropoulos
- Department of Material Science & Engineering, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (D.M.); (M.B.); (A.K.); (A.A.)
| | - Charalampos Proestos
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (E.K.); (V.T.)
- Correspondence: (A.E.G.); (C.E.S.); (C.P.)
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Romoli JCZ, Silva MV, Pante GC, Hoeltgebaum D, Castro JC, Oliveira da Rocha GH, Capoci IRG, Nerilo SB, Mossini SAG, Micotti da Gloria E, Svidzinski TIE, Graton Mikcha JM, Machinski M. Anti-mycotoxigenic and antifungal activity of ginger, turmeric, thyme and rosemary essential oils in deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) producing Fusarium graminearum. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:362-372. [PMID: 34854801 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1996636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the antimycotoxigenic effect of essential oils (EOs) obtained from four different aromatic plants on the production of deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) by Fusarium graminearum. The EOs from ginger (GEO), turmeric (TEO), thyme (ThEO) and rosemary (REO) were obtained by hydrodistillation and identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The major compounds found were mostly monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicide concentration (MFC) were 11.25, 364, 366 and 11,580 µg mL-1 for ThEO, GEO, REO and TEO, respectively. The results evidenced that the assessed EOs inhibited DON and partially ZEA production by F. graminearum. ThEO and GEO were the EOs with most potent antimycotoxigenic action for DON and ZEA, respectively. These EOs have shown promising results in vitro regarding inhibition of mycotoxin production and might be used in the future as substitutes for synthetic fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Milena Veronezi Silva
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Laboratory of Toxicology, State University of Maringá, Brazil
| | - Giseli Cristina Pante
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Laboratory of Toxicology, State University of Maringá, Brazil
| | - Danielle Hoeltgebaum
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Laboratory of Toxicology, State University of Maringá, Brazil
| | - Juliana Cristina Castro
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Laboratory of Toxicology, State University of Maringá, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Henrique Oliveira da Rocha
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Experimental Toxicology, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isis Regina Grenier Capoci
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Medical Mycology, State University of Maringá, Brazil
| | | | | | - Eduardo Micotti da Gloria
- Departament of Agri-Food, Food and Nutrition, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | | | - Jane Martha Graton Mikcha
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Medical Mycology, State University of Maringá, Brazil
| | - Miguel Machinski
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Laboratory of Toxicology, State University of Maringá, Brazil
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Abed DZ, Sadeghian R, Mohammadi S, Akram M. Thymus persicus (Ronniger ex Rech. f.) Jalas alleviates nociceptive and neuropathic pain behavior in mice: Multiple mechanisms of action. J Ethnopharmacol 2022; 283:114695. [PMID: 34597655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Thymus persicus (Roniger ex Reach F.) is an Iranian endemic medicinal plant of which essential oil and various products have numerous food and pharmaceutical applications (headache and fever treatments). OBJECTIVE This modern research included Swiss mice to investigate the anti-nociceptive and anti-neuropathic effects of Thymus persicus aerial parts essential oil (TPEO). MATERIALS AND METHODS To determine TPEO's anti-nociceptive function in the formalin-induced paw licking (FML), researchers looked at the L-arginine/NO/cGMP/KATP channel signaling pathway as well as multiple receptors as with serotonin, morphine, dopamine, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. The CVC or cervical spinal cord contusion exemplar has also been used to induce neuropathic pain. RESULTS TPEO (50, 100, and 150 mg/kg) relative to control mice in the phase-II of FML provided strong antinociception (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.001, respectively). Furthermore, methylene blue, glibenclamide, Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, naloxonazine, nor-binaltorphimine, prazosin, yohimbine, and ondansetron pre-treating restored the TPEO anti-nociceptive activity in the FML (phase-II) exemplar (p < 0.05). In phase-II of the FML exemplar, carvacrol (one of the active components of TPEO) also greatly reduced pain (p < 0.001). Likewise, in CVC mice, TPEO altered mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia. CONCLUSION It was attained magnificently that TPEO could exerts antinociceptive effects through the involvement of L-arginine/NO/cGMP/KATP signaling pathway, adrenergic, opioid, and serotonin receptors. Moreover, it is demonstrate that anti-neuropathic activity of TPEO may be mediated by inflammatory function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reihaneh Sadeghian
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Saeed Mohammadi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Muhammad Akram
- Department of Eastern Medicine, Directorate of Medical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
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Arshad L, Alamgeer , Irfan HM, Noor N, Alotaibi NH, Saad Alharbi K, Abbas Bukhari SN, Althobaiti YS, Ullah A, Khan SW. Cardioprotective potential of Thymus linearis Benth. Pak J Pharm Sci 2022; 35:281-285. [PMID: 35228189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In developing countries, myocardial ischemia and the resulting impairments in heart function are the leading cause of illness and mortality. Thymus linearis Benth has been used as an antibiotic, antioxidant, and antihypertensive agent for centuries. The goal of this investigation was to see if Thymus linearis could protect isoproterenol and doxorubicin-induced myocardial ischemia in vivo at doses of 25 mg/kg s.c. and 15 mg/kg i.p., respectively. The level of cardiac enzymes (CK-MB, LDH, and AST) in the serum isolated from the experimental animal's blood was used to determine myocardial ischemia. The anti-ischemic potential was assessed by comparing the levels of the aforementioned cardiac biomarkers in the intoxicated and treated animal groups. The study found substantial increase (p0.0001) in the serum levels of CK-MB, LDH, AST when compared to intoxicated groups, while pretreatment of animals with crude extract of Thymus linearis significantly reduced the rise in serum cardiac indicators. The findings of the study indicated that the aqueous methanolic Thymus linearis crude extract has cardioprotective potential against Isoproterenol and Doxorubicin-induced cardiac necrosis in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laiba Arshad
- Department of Pharmacy, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore, Pakistan / College of Pharmacy University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - - Alamgeer
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy University of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Nabeela Noor
- College of Pharmacy University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | - Yusuf S Althobaiti
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia / Addiction and Neuroscience Research Unit, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aman Ullah
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sher Wali Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Karakoram International University, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan
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Yousefi M, Ghafarifarsani H, Hoseini SM, Hoseinifar SH, Abtahi B, Vatnikov YA, Kulikov EV, Van Doan H. Effects of dietary thyme essential oil and prebiotic administration on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) welfare and performance. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2022; 120:737-744. [PMID: 34923114 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the combined effects of thyme essential oil (TEO) and prebiotic (Immunogen ®) on growth performance, hematological parameters, innate immunity, and oxidative status of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. For this purpose, the fish (11.92 ± 0.06 g) were fed (3% of biomass) experimental diets that contained 0 (Control; without Immunogen and/or TEO); 1% TEO + 0.1% Immunogen (T1); 1% TEO + 0.2% Immunogen (T2); 2% TEO + 0.1% Immunogen (T3) and 2% TEO + 0.2% Immunogen (T4) for 60 days. According to results, all experimental treatments exhibited similar final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), and survival rate (SR), which were significantly higher than those of the control treatment. Although all treatments reduced the feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to the control group, the lowest value was observed in T4. All experimental treatments showed a significant increase in amylase and protease activity compared to the control group. Moreover, the fish fed on T4 and T1 diets showed the highest and lowest lipase activity. Dietary TEO and Immunogen supplementations significantly increased WBC count and Hb level compared to the control group. Fish fed on control and T2 diets displayed lower hematocrit than fish fed on other experimental diets. The highest and lowest MCH index were recorded in T3 and control groups, respectively. The fish fed diets supplemented with T3 diet presented significantly higher MCV index compared to the control and T2 treatment. All experimental treatments exhibited similar AST, and ALP activities, which were significantly lower than those of the control group. Also, the lowest ALT activity was observed in T2 and T4 treatments compared to other groups. Dietary TEO and Immunogen supplementations significantly enhanced skin mucus total Ig, total protein level, and ACH50, protease, and lysozyme. All experimental treatments exhibited enhanced intestine total Ig, ACH50, and lysozyme level. Dietary thyme essential oil and Immunogen supplementations significantly enhanced liver antioxidant parameters including catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and decreased MDA production compared to fish fed on control diet. As a result, it can be suggested that the combination of thyme essential oil and Immunogen (specially 2% TEO + 0.2% Immunogen) is useful for enhancing the yield and well-being of farmed rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Yousefi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation
| | - Hamed Ghafarifarsani
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Seyyed Morteza Hoseini
- Inland Waters Aquatics Resources Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Hoseinifar
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Behrooz Abtahi
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yury Anatolyevich Vatnikov
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation
| | - Evgeny Vladimirovich Kulikov
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation
| | - Hien Van Doan
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Science and Technology Research Institute, Chiang Mai University, 239 Huay Keaw Rd., Suthep, Muang, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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Masek A, Cichosz S, Piotrowska M. Comparison of Aging Resistance and Antimicrobial Properties of Ethylene-Norbornene Copolymer and Poly(Lactic Acid) Impregnated with Phytochemicals Embodied in Thyme ( Thymus vulgaris) and Clove ( Syzygium aromaticum). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13025. [PMID: 34884831 PMCID: PMC8657585 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of plant-based extracts on the solar aging and antimicrobial properties of impregnated ethylene-norbornene (EN) copolymer and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) were investigated. In this study, the impregnation yield of polyolefin, lacking in active centers capable of phytochemical bonding, and polyester, abundant in active sides, was measured. Moreover, two different extracts plentiful in phytochemicals-thyme (TE) and clove (CE)-were employed in the solvent-based impregnation process. The effect of thymol and eugenol, the two main compounds embodied in the extracts, was studied as well. Interestingly, oxidation induction times (OIT) for the impregnation of EN with thyme and clove extracts were established to be, respectively, 27.7 and 39.02 min, which are higher than for thymol (18.4 min) and eugenol (21.1 min). Therefore, an aging experiment, mimicking the full spectrum of sunlight, was carried out to investigate the resistance to common radiation of materials impregnated with antioxidative substances. As expected, the experiment revealed that the natural extracts increased the shelf-life of the polymer matrix by inhibiting the degradation processes. The aging resistance was assessed based on detected changes in the materials' behavior and structure that were examined with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, contact angle measurements, color quantification, tensile tests, and hardness investigation. Such broad results of solar aging regarding materials impregnated with thyme and clove extracts have not been reported to date. Moreover, CE was found to be the most effective modifying agent for enabling material with antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli to be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Masek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 16, 90-537 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Stefan Cichosz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 16, 90-537 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Piotrowska
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 71/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
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El Ouahdani K, Es-safi I, Mechchate H, Al-zahrani M, Qurtam AA, Aleissa M, Bari A, Bousta D. Thymus algeriensis and Artemisia herba-alba Essential Oils: Chemical Analysis, Antioxidant Potential and In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory, Analgesic Activities, and Acute Toxicity. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226780. [PMID: 34833872 PMCID: PMC8625911 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of bioactive molecules of natural origin is a focus of current research. Thymus algeriensis and Artemisia herba-alba are two medicinal plants widely used by the Moroccan population in the traditional treatment of several pathologies linked to inflammation. This study aimed to evaluate the single and combined antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of the essential oils extracted from these two medicinal plants, and also their potential toxicity. Essential oils were extracted using hydro-distillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by two methods: the scavenging of the free radical DPPH, and the reduction in iron. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by evaluating the edema development induced by carrageenan injecting, while the analgesic power was evaluated according to the number of abdominal contortions induced by the intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid (0.7%). The acute oral toxicity was performed to assess the potential toxicity of the studied EOs, followed by an analysis of the blood biochemical parameters. The results of the two antioxidant tests indicated that our extract mixture exhibits good iron reduction capacity and very interesting DPPH free radical scavenging power, with an IC50 of around 4.38 ± 0.98 μg/mL higher than that of the benchmark antioxidant, BHT. The anti-inflammatory test demonstrated that the mixture administered orally at a dose of 150 mg/kg has a better activity, exceeding that of 1% Diclofenac, with a percentage of maximum inhibition of the edema of 89.99 ± 4.08. The number of cramps in the mice treated with the mixture at a dose of 150 mg/kg is significantly lower (29.80 ± 1.92) than those of the group treated with Tramadol (42.00 ± 2.70), respectively. The toxicity results show no signs of toxicity with an LD50 greater than 150 mg/Kg. These interesting results show that the two plants’ EOs had an important anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant activity, and also a powerful synergistic effect, which encourages further in-depth investigations on their pharmacological proprieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadija El Ouahdani
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Environment, Agri-Food and Health (LBEAS), Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University (USMBA), Fez B.P. 1796, Morocco; (K.E.O.); (H.M.); (A.B.); (D.B.)
| | - Imane Es-safi
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Environment, Agri-Food and Health (LBEAS), Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University (USMBA), Fez B.P. 1796, Morocco; (K.E.O.); (H.M.); (A.B.); (D.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Hamza Mechchate
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Environment, Agri-Food and Health (LBEAS), Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University (USMBA), Fez B.P. 1796, Morocco; (K.E.O.); (H.M.); (A.B.); (D.B.)
| | - Mohammed Al-zahrani
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.-z.); (A.A.Q.); (M.A.)
| | - Ashraf Ahmed Qurtam
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.-z.); (A.A.Q.); (M.A.)
| | - Mohammed Aleissa
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.-z.); (A.A.Q.); (M.A.)
| | - Amina Bari
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Environment, Agri-Food and Health (LBEAS), Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University (USMBA), Fez B.P. 1796, Morocco; (K.E.O.); (H.M.); (A.B.); (D.B.)
| | - Dalila Bousta
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Environment, Agri-Food and Health (LBEAS), Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University (USMBA), Fez B.P. 1796, Morocco; (K.E.O.); (H.M.); (A.B.); (D.B.)
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Antih J, Houdkova M, Urbanova K, Kokoska L. Antibacterial Activity of Thymus vulgaris L. Essential Oil Vapours and Their GC/MS Analysis Using Solid-Phase Microextraction and Syringe Headspace Sampling Techniques. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216553. [PMID: 34770961 PMCID: PMC8588168 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
While the inhalation of Thymus vulgaris L. essential oil (EO) is commonly approved for the treatment of mild respiratory infections, there is still a lack of data regarding the antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of its vapours. The antibacterial activity of the three T. vulgaris EOs against respiratory pathogens, including Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pyogenes, was assessed in both liquid and vapour phases using the broth microdilution volatilisation (BMV) method. With the aim of optimising a protocol for the characterisation of EO vapours, their chemical profiles were determined using two headspace sampling techniques coupled with GC/MS: solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and syringe headspace sampling technique (HS-GTS). All EO sample vapours exhibited antibacterial activity with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) ranging from 512 to 1024 μg/mL. According to the sampling technique used, results showed a different distribution of volatile compounds. Notably, thymol was found in lower amounts in the headspace—peak percentage areas below 5.27% (HS-SPME) and 0.60% (HS-GTS)—than in EOs (max. 48.65%), suggesting that its antimicrobial effect is higher in vapour. Furthermore, both headspace sampling techniques were proved to be complementary for the analysis of EO vapours, whereas HS-SPME yielded more accurate qualitative results and HS-GTS proved a better technique for quantitative analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Antih
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical Agrisciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 21 Prague-Suchdol, Czech Republic; (J.A.); (M.H.)
| | - Marketa Houdkova
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical Agrisciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 21 Prague-Suchdol, Czech Republic; (J.A.); (M.H.)
| | - Klara Urbanova
- Department of Sustainable Technologies, Faculty of Tropical Agrisciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 21 Prague-Suchdol, Czech Republic;
| | - Ladislav Kokoska
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical Agrisciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 21 Prague-Suchdol, Czech Republic; (J.A.); (M.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-224-382-180
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Kianersi F, Pour-Aboughadareh A, Majdi M, Poczai P. Effect of Methyl Jasmonate on Thymol, Carvacrol, Phytochemical Accumulation, and Expression of Key Genes Involved in Thymol/Carvacrol Biosynthetic Pathway in Some Iranian Thyme Species. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11124. [PMID: 34681782 PMCID: PMC8539593 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyme species are a good source of thymol and carvacrol, which play a key role in controlling diseases. For the first time, the expression patterns of γ-terpinene synthase (TPS2), CYP71D178, and CYP71D180 genes and the amount of phenolics compounds were evaluated in T. migricus and T. daenensis after different methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatments. The highest thymol and carvacrol contents were observed in T. migricus (86.27%) and T. daenensis (17.87%) at MeJA 100 µM, which was consistent with the expression patterns of the three investigated genes. All species treated showed high total phenolic and flavonoid content compared to control plants for which the highest amounts were observed in T. vulgaris treated with 100 µM and 10 µM MeJA. Furthermore, in the 100 µM MeJA treatment, the relative expression of TPS2 and CYP71D178 in T. migricus increased 7.47 and 9.86-fold compared with the control, respectively. The highest level of CYP71D180 transcripts (5.15-fold) was also observed for T. daenensis treated. This finding highlights the notion that thymol was known as the dominant component of the essential oil rather than carvacrol in diffident thyme species. This implies that MeJA at different concentrations influenced metabolic pathways and induced expression changes, resulting in a rise in essential oil levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Kianersi
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan P.O. Box 6517838695, Iran;
| | - Alireza Pour-Aboughadareh
- Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj P.O. Box 3183964653, Iran
| | - Mohammad Majdi
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj P.O. Box 1517566177, Iran;
- Research Center for Medicinal Plant Breeding and Development, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj P.O. Box 1517566177, Iran
| | - Peter Poczai
- Botany Unit, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 7, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Omar HS, Abd El-Rahman SN, AlGhannam SM, Reyad NEHA, Sedeek MS. Antifungal Evaluation and Molecular Docking Studies of Olea europaea Leaf Extract, Thymus vulgaris and Boswellia carteri Essential Oil as Prospective Fungal Inhibitor Candidates. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26206118. [PMID: 34684700 PMCID: PMC8539494 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The present study investigated the antifungal activity and mode of action of four Olea europaea leaf extracts, Thymus vulgaris essential oil (EO), and Boswellia carteri EO against Fusarium oxysporum. Methods:Fusarium oxysporum lactucae was detected with the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. The chemical compositions of chloroform and dichloromethane extracts of O. europaea leaves and T. vulgaris EO were analyzed using GC-MS analysis. In addition, a molecular docking analysis was used to identify the expected ligands of these extracts against eleven F. oxysporum proteins. Results: The nucleotide sequence of the F. oxysporum lactucae isolate was deposited in GenBank with Accession No. MT249304.1. The T. vulgaris EO, chloroform, dichloromethane and ethanol efficiently inhibited the growth at concentrations of 75.5 and 37.75 mg/mL, whereas ethyl acetate, and B. carteri EO did not exhibit antifungal activity. The GC-MS analysis revealed that the major and most vital compounds of the T. vulgaris EO, chloroform, and dichloromethane were thymol, carvacrol, tetratriacontane, and palmitic acid. Moreover, molecular modeling revealed the activity of these compounds against F. oxysporum. Conclusions: Chloroform, dichloromethane and ethanol, olive leaf extract, and T. vulgaris EO showed a strong effect against F. oxysporum. Consequently, this represents an appropriate natural source of biological compounds for use in healthcare. In addition, homology modeling and docking analysis are the best analyses for clarifying the mechanisms of antifungal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa S. Omar
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
- GMO Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Research Park, CURP, Giza 12613, Egypt
- Correspondence: (H.S.O.); (S.N.A.E.-R.)
| | - Soheir N. Abd El-Rahman
- Crops Technology Research Department, Food Technology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt
- Correspondence: (H.S.O.); (S.N.A.E.-R.)
| | - Sheikha M. AlGhannam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Nour El-Houda A. Reyad
- Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed S. Sedeek
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Giza 11562, Egypt;
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El Yaagoubi M, Mechqoq H, El Hamdaoui A, Jrv Mukku V, El Mousadik A, Msanda F, El Aouad N. A review on Moroccan Thymus species: Traditional uses, essential oils chemical composition and biological effects. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 278:114205. [PMID: 34000364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The genus Thymus is among the most important genera in the Lamiaceae family with 215 species and is widely distributed globally, mainly in the Mediterranean region. The genus contains many medicinal plants used in traditional Moroccan medicine for a long time in treating diverse diseases. AIM OF THE REVIEW This review describes the traditional uses, biological activities and chemical composition of essential oils (EOs) obtained from Thymus species growing in Morocco. MATERIALS AND METHODS Information related to the traditional uses, essential oils chemical composition and biological activities on Moroccan Thymus species were obtained using the electronic databases Web of science, Scopus, SciFinder, Pubmed and Google Scholar. RESULTS Moroccan Thymus species have been used in treatment of several diseases, namely diabetes, digestive, circulatory, genital, nervous, urinary, skin and respiratory diseases. Diverse biological activities of Moroccan Thymus species EOs have been reported, such as antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-proliferative, anti-tumoral, insecticidal, larvicidal, nematicide, anti-inflammatory, anti-cyanobacterial and anti-acetylcholinesterase. The chemical compositions of Thymus EOs is primarily composed of monoterpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El Yaagoubi
- Laboratory of Biotechnologies and Valorization of Natural Ressources, Faculty of Sciences, B.P. 8106, Cité Dakhla, Agadir, 80000, Morocco
| | - Hicham Mechqoq
- Laboratory of Biotechnologies and Valorization of Natural Ressources, Faculty of Sciences, B.P. 8106, Cité Dakhla, Agadir, 80000, Morocco
| | - Abdellah El Hamdaoui
- Laboratory of Biotechnologies and Valorization of Natural Ressources, Faculty of Sciences, B.P. 8106, Cité Dakhla, Agadir, 80000, Morocco
| | - Venugopal Jrv Mukku
- Math, Science and Technology Department, University of Minnesota Crookston, Crookston, USA
| | - Abdelhamid El Mousadik
- Laboratory of Biotechnologies and Valorization of Natural Ressources, Faculty of Sciences, B.P. 8106, Cité Dakhla, Agadir, 80000, Morocco
| | - Fouad Msanda
- Laboratory of Biotechnologies and Valorization of Natural Ressources, Faculty of Sciences, B.P. 8106, Cité Dakhla, Agadir, 80000, Morocco
| | - Noureddine El Aouad
- Laboratory of Biotechnologies and Valorization of Natural Ressources, Faculty of Sciences, B.P. 8106, Cité Dakhla, Agadir, 80000, Morocco; Research Team on Biological Engerineering, Agrifood and Aquaculture, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Larache, University Abdelmalek Essaadi, Route de Rabat, Larache, 92000, Morocco.
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Fan S, Liu X, Wang Y, Ren X, Liu Y, Dong Y, Fan Q, Wei J, Ma J, Yu A, Song R, Sui H, Shen M, Fang F, Xia Q, She G. Thymus quinquecostatus Celak. ameliorates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury via dual antioxidant actions: Activating Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway and directly scavenging ROS. Phytomedicine 2021; 91:153673. [PMID: 34416627 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymus quinquecostatus Celak. has been widely used as a spice and a folk medicine for relieving exterior syndrome and alleviating pain in China. PURPOSE To explore the protective effects and the underlying mechanism against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) of the T. quinquecostatus combining with its chemical composition. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS High-polar extract (HPE) was extracted from T. quinquecostatus and polyphenols in HPE were enriched to obtain polyphenol-rich fraction (PRF) using Macroporous resin. The free radicals and zebrafish embryos were used to compare the antioxidant activities of HPE and PRF in vitro and in vivo. Then, the transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model was established in rats. Neurological deficit score, infarction rate, morphology and apoptosis of neurons were examined to investigate the protective effects of PRF on CIRI. The mRNA and protein levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) and the activities of downstream antioxidant enzymes in ischemia tissues were determined to clarify the underlying mechanisms. Also, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in zebrafish embryos were detected after incubation with PRF for a short time (2 h) to investigate whether PRF could directly eliminate free radicals. Finally, chemical composition of PRF were analyzed to investigate the material basis for antioxidant activity and anti-CIRI effect. RESULTS Compared with HPE, PRF showed stronger antioxidant activities. PRF exhibited obvious protective effects including ameliorating neurological deficit, lowering infarction rate, and improving the cellular morphology in hippocampus CA1 and cortex after tMCAO. TUNEL staining suggested PRF dose-dependently improved the apoptosis of the neurons in ischemic cortex. RT-qPCR and Western Blot results suggested that PRF regulated oxidative stress (OS) via activating the Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Also, PRF could directly scavenge excessive ROS in zebrafish embryos after a short-time PRF incubation. The anti-CIRI effect might be primarily attributed to the abundant polyphenols in PRF, including flavonoids, polymethoxylated flavonoids, flavonoid glycosides, and phenolic acids. CONCLUSION T. quinquecostatus contains abundant polyphenols and exhibited a good protective effect against CIRI via dual antioxidant mechanisms, providing a reference for further research and application for this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusheng Fan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Northeast Corner of the Intersection of Sunshine South Street and Baiyang East Road, Fangshan District, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Northeast Corner of the Intersection of Sunshine South Street and Baiyang East Road, Fangshan District, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Northeast Corner of the Intersection of Sunshine South Street and Baiyang East Road, Fangshan District, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Xueyang Ren
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Northeast Corner of the Intersection of Sunshine South Street and Baiyang East Road, Fangshan District, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Yue Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Northeast Corner of the Intersection of Sunshine South Street and Baiyang East Road, Fangshan District, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Ying Dong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Northeast Corner of the Intersection of Sunshine South Street and Baiyang East Road, Fangshan District, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Qiqi Fan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Northeast Corner of the Intersection of Sunshine South Street and Baiyang East Road, Fangshan District, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Jing Wei
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Northeast Corner of the Intersection of Sunshine South Street and Baiyang East Road, Fangshan District, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Jiamu Ma
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Northeast Corner of the Intersection of Sunshine South Street and Baiyang East Road, Fangshan District, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Axiang Yu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Northeast Corner of the Intersection of Sunshine South Street and Baiyang East Road, Fangshan District, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Ruolan Song
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Northeast Corner of the Intersection of Sunshine South Street and Baiyang East Road, Fangshan District, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Hong Sui
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Meng Shen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Northeast Corner of the Intersection of Sunshine South Street and Baiyang East Road, Fangshan District, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Fang Fang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Northeast Corner of the Intersection of Sunshine South Street and Baiyang East Road, Fangshan District, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Qing Xia
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), 28789 Jingshi East Road, Licheng District, Jinan, Shandong Province 250103, China.
| | - Gaimei She
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Northeast Corner of the Intersection of Sunshine South Street and Baiyang East Road, Fangshan District, Beijing 102488, China.
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Orfanakis E, Markoulidakis M, Philippidis A, Zoumi A, Velegrakis M. Optical spectroscopy methods combined with multivariate statistical analysis for the classification of Cretan thyme, multi-floral and honeydew honey. J Sci Food Agric 2021; 101:5337-5347. [PMID: 33650153 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The botanical origin of honey attracts both commercial and research interest. Consumers' preferences and medicinal uses of particular honey types drive the demand for the determination of their authenticity with regard to their botanical origin. This study presents the discrimination of thyme, multi-floral. and honeydew honeys by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and ultraviolet (UV) absorption spectroscopy combined with multivariate statistical analysis. UV absorption spectroscopy was applied without any dilution of the sample using a custom-made cuvette. FTIR and UV absorption spectroscopic data were processed by means of the orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis. RESULTS The optimal classification of floral and honeydew honeys was accomplished with UV spectroscopy with a successful estimation of 92.65% for floral honey and 91.30% for honeydew honey. The discrimination of thyme versus the multi-floral honey was best achieved with FTIR, with a correct classification of 95.56% and 100% for multi-floral and thyme honey respectively. Furthermore, our findings revealed the region of 2400-4000 cm-1 of the FTIR spectra as the most significant for this discrimination. CONCLUSION This work demonstrates that optical spectroscopic techniques in combination with multivariate statistical analysis can be a rapid, low-cost, easy-to-use approach for the determination of the botanical origin of honey without sample pretreatment. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Orfanakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (IESL-FORTH), Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Aggelos Philippidis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (IESL-FORTH), Heraklion, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Zoumi
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (IESL-FORTH), Heraklion, Greece
| | - Michalis Velegrakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (IESL-FORTH), Heraklion, Greece
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Nafis A, Iriti M, Ouchari L, El Otmani F, Marraiki N, Elgorban AM, Syed A, Mezrioui N, Hassani L, Custódio L. New Insight into the Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial and Synergistic Effects of the Moroccan Endemic Thymus atlanticus (Ball) Roussine Essential Oil in Combination with Conventional Antibiotics. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195850. [PMID: 34641393 PMCID: PMC8510371 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reported the volatile profile, the antimicrobial activity and the synergistic potential of essential oil (EO) from the Moroccan endemic Thymus atlanticus (Ball) Roussine, in combination with the antibiotics ciprofloxacin and fluconazole for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. The EO chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis and the antimicrobial activity assessed by the disc diffusion method against three Gram positive (Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus) and three Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and one clinical isolate, Klebsiella pneumonia). The antifungal activity was evaluated in four pathogenic yeasts (Candida albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei and C. parapsilosis). The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and the synergistic effect with ciprofloxacin and fluconazole were determined by the two-fold dilution technique and checkerboard test, respectively. Twenty-one constituents were identified by GC-MS in the EO, including carvacrol (21.62%) and borneol (21.13%) as the major components. The EO exhibited a significant antimicrobial activity with inhibition zones ranging from 0.7 mm to 22 mm for P. aeruginosa and B. subtilis, respectively, and MIC values varying from 0.56 mg/mL to 4.47 mg/mL. The fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) values ranged from 0.25 to 0.50 for bacteria and from 0.25 to 0.28 for yeasts. The maximum synergistic effect was observed for K. pneumonia with a 256-fold gain of antibiotic MIC. Our results have suggested that EO from T. atlanticus may be used alone or in association with antibiotics as a new potential alternative to prevent and control the emergence of resistant microbial strains both in the medical field and in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Nafis
- Microbiology, Health and Environment Team, Faculty of Sciences, Chouaïb Doukkali University, El Jadida 24000, Morocco;
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnologies, Agrosciences and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (N.M.); (L.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +212-610170760
| | - Marcello Iriti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Milan State University, via G. Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Lahcen Ouchari
- Moroccan Coordinated Collection of Microorganisms (CCMM), National Center for Scientific and Technical Research (CNRST), P.O. Box 8027, Rabat 10102, Morocco;
| | - Fatima El Otmani
- Microbiology, Health and Environment Team, Faculty of Sciences, Chouaïb Doukkali University, El Jadida 24000, Morocco;
| | - Najat Marraiki
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (N.M.); (A.M.E.); (A.S.)
| | - Abdallah M. Elgorban
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (N.M.); (A.M.E.); (A.S.)
| | - Asad Syed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (N.M.); (A.M.E.); (A.S.)
| | - Noureddine Mezrioui
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnologies, Agrosciences and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (N.M.); (L.H.)
| | - Lahcen Hassani
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnologies, Agrosciences and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (N.M.); (L.H.)
| | - Luísa Custódio
- Center of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Algarve, Ed. 7, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal;
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Harčárová M, Čonková E, Proškovcová M, Váczi P, Marcinčáková D, Bujňák L. Comparison of antifungal activity of selected essential oils against Fusarium graminearum in vitro. Ann Agric Environ Med 2021; 28:414-418. [PMID: 34558263 DOI: 10.26444/aaem/137653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fusaria are microscopic filamentous fungi which are spread in soil, in various organic substrates, and include more than 80 phytopathogenic species which are predominantly hosted by cereals, fruits and vegetables. Many of these species, under certain conditions, are capable of synthesizing secondary metabolites, mycotoxins. At present, various substances are used for their elimination and one of the solutions appears to be essential oils. In the presented study, the antifungal activity of essential oils was researched in vitro. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this study, two standard fungal isolates Fusarium graminearum CCM F-683 and Fusarium graminearum CCM 8244 (Brno, Czech Republic) were used. The antifungal effect of 6 tested essential oils (Syzygium aromaticum, Origanum vulgare, Thymus vulgaris, Hyssopus officinalis , Ocimum basilicum, Myristica fragrans) was determined using the broth microdilution method, which allows reading of the MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration). According to the results obtained, the growth inhibition of Fusarium graminearum was determined by assay for the inhibition of radial growth of the mycelium. RESULTS The inhibitory effects of thymus, oregano, basil, myristica, hyssop and syzygium essential oil (EO) on mycelial growth of Fusarium graminearum CCM F-683 and CCM 8244 were investigated. The best antifungal activity against the both strains of Fusarium graminearum (37.4%; 40.7%) was demonstrated by Origanum vulgare EO at the concentration 100 µg/mL. Among the four tested oils, three (Syzygium aromaticum, Thymus vulgaris, Origanum vulgare) achieved the best inhibitory effect (100%) at concentrations 500 µg/mL and 1000 µg/mL. CONCLUSIONS In the protection of plants against pathogenic fungi, essential oils appear to be a suitable substitute for synthetic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Čonková
- University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | | | - Peter Váczi
- University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Dana Marcinčáková
- University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Lukáš Bujňák
- University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovak Republic
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Nazeam JA, Ragab GM, El-Gazar AA, El-Mancy SS, Jamil L, Fayez SM. Topical Nano Clove/Thyme Gel against Genetically Identified Clinical Skin Isolates: In Vivo Targeting Behavioral Alteration and IGF-1/pFOXO-1/PPAR γ Cues. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185608. [PMID: 34577079 PMCID: PMC8465895 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a dramatic global threat; however, the slow progress of new antibiotic development has impeded the identification of viable alternative strategies. Natural antioxidant-based antibacterial approaches may provide potent therapeutic abilities to effectively block resistance microbes' pathways. While essential oils (EOs) have been reported as antimicrobial agents, its application is still limited ascribed to its low solubility and stability characters; additionally, the related biomolecular mechanisms are not fully understood. Hence, the study aimed to develop a nano-gel natural preparation with multiple molecular mechanisms that could combat bacterial resistance in an acne vulgaris model. A nano-emulgel of thyme/clove EOs (NEG8) was designed, standardized, and its antimicrobial activity was screened in vitro and in vivo against genetically identified skin bacterial clinical isolates (Pseudomonas stutzeri, Enterococcus faecium and Bacillus thuringiensis). As per our findings, NEG8 exhibited bacteriostatic and potent biofilm inhibition activities. An in vivo model was also established using the commercially available therapeutic, adapalene in contra genetically identified microorganism. Improvement in rat behavior was reported for the first time and NEG8 abated the dermal contents/protein expression of IGF-1, TGF-β/collagen, Wnt/β-catenin, JAK2/STAT-3, NE, 5-HT, and the inflammatory markers; p(Ser536) NF-κBp65, TLR-2, and IL-6. Moreover, the level of dopamine, protective anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10 and PPAR-γ protein were enhanced, also the skin histological structures were improved. Thus, NEG8 could be a future potential topical clinical alternate to synthetic agents, with dual merit mechanism as bacteriostatic antibiotic action and non-antibiotic microbial pathway inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilan A. Nazeam
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, Giza 12585, Egypt
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +20-010-0302-1798
| | - Ghada M. Ragab
- Pharmacology and Toxicological Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr University, Giza 12585, Egypt;
| | - Amira A. El-Gazar
- Pharmacology and Toxicological Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, Giza 12585, Egypt;
| | - Shereen S. El-Mancy
- Pharmaceutics Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, Giza 12585, Egypt; (S.S.E.-M.); (S.M.F.)
| | - Lina Jamil
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, Giza 12585, Egypt;
| | - Sahar M. Fayez
- Pharmaceutics Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, Giza 12585, Egypt; (S.S.E.-M.); (S.M.F.)
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Cohen SM, Eisenbrand G, Fukushima S, Gooderham NJ, Guengerich FP, Hecht SS, Rietjens IMCM, Rosol TJ, Davidsen JM, Harman CL, Lu V, Taylor SV. FEMA GRAS assessment of natural flavor complexes: Origanum oil, thyme oil and related phenol derivative-containing flavoring ingredients. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 155:112378. [PMID: 34217738 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In 2015, the Expert Panel of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA) initiated a re-evaluation of the safety of over 250 natural flavor complexes (NFCs) used as flavor ingredients, mostly consisting of a variety of essential oils and botanical extracts. This publication, seventh in the series, re-evaluates NFCs with constituent profiles dominated by phenolic derivatives including carvacrol, thymol and related compounds using a constituent-based procedure first published in 2005 and updated in 2018. The procedure is based on the chemical characterization of each NFC as intended for commerce and the estimated intake of the constituent congeneric groups. The procedure applies the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) concept and evaluates relevant data on absorption, metabolism, genotoxic potential and toxicology of the constituent congeneric groups and the NFC under evaluation. Herein, the FEMA Expert Panel affirmed the generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status of seven phenolic derivative-based NFCs, Origanum Oil (Extractive) (FEMA 2828), Savory Summer Oil (FEMA 3013), Savory Summer Oleoresin (FEMA 3014), Savory Winter Oil (FEMA 3016), Savory Winter Oleoresin (FEMA 3017), Thyme Oil (FEMA 3064) and Thyme White Oil (FEMA 3065) under their conditions of intended use as flavor ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Cohen
- Dept. of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 983135 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-3135, USA
| | - Gerhard Eisenbrand
- University of Kaiserslautern, Germany (Retired), Kühler Grund 48/1, 69126, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shoji Fukushima
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, 2445 Hirasawa, Hadano, Kanagawa, 257-0015, Japan
| | - Nigel J Gooderham
- Dept. of Metabolism, Digestion, Reproduction, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center and Dept. of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, 2231 6th St. S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708, WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas J Rosol
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, 1 Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Jeanne M Davidsen
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street NW, Suite 700, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
| | - Christie L Harman
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street NW, Suite 700, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
| | - Vivian Lu
- Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association, 1101 17th Street NW, Suite 700, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
| | - Sean V Taylor
- Scientific Secretary to the FEMA Expert Panel, 1101 17th Street, N.W., Suite 700, Washington, D.C., 20036, USA.
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Najar B, Pistelli L, Ferri B, Angelini LG, Tavarini S. Crop Yield and Essential Oil Composition of Two Thymus vulgaris Chemotypes along Three Years of Organic Cultivation in a Hilly Area of Central Italy. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26165109. [PMID: 34443694 PMCID: PMC8398316 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26165109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymus vulgaris L. is one of the most commonly used medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs), owing to a range of therapeutic properties of its essential oil. Plant growth, biomass yield, essential oil content and composition are influenced by chemotype, environmental conditions, cultivation techniques and vegetative development. Since in MAPs cultivation special attention is paid on high quality of raw material, the adoption of sustainable agriculture methods is of pivotal importance. Therefore, we evaluated the agronomic and qualitative performances of two Thymus vulgaris L. chemotypes, organically cultivated under the Mediterranean climate of hilly lands of central Italy for three consecutive years (2017–2019). Along the trial, total above-ground dry biomass significantly increased from the 1st to 3rd year after planting and large variations in the main biological, biometric and productive traits were observed between the two chemotypes. The ‘thymol’ chemotype EO obviously showed thymol as the major constituent (51.26–49.87%) followed by γ-terpinene and p-cymene. The ‘linalool’ chemotype EO showed high percentages of oxygenated monoterpenes (about 90%) with linalool (75%), linalyl acetate (8.15%) and b-caryophyllene (3.2%) as main constituents. This study highlighted that T. vulgaris can be successfully organically grown in the hilly lands of Tuscany, with interesting biomass and essential oil yields, even though the plants were in the initial years of crop establishment (start in 2017). The introduction of this species into organic cultivation systems could contribute to obtain high-quality raw material, as well as to enhance crop rotation diversification, which is of pivotal importance in the management of organic farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basma Najar
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (B.N.); (B.F.)
| | - Luisa Pistelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (B.N.); (B.F.)
- NUTRAFOOD Interdepartmental Research Center, Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.G.A.); (S.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Benedetta Ferri
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (B.N.); (B.F.)
| | - Luciana Gabriella Angelini
- NUTRAFOOD Interdepartmental Research Center, Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.G.A.); (S.T.)
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvia Tavarini
- NUTRAFOOD Interdepartmental Research Center, Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (L.G.A.); (S.T.)
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Granata G, Stracquadanio S, Leonardi M, Napoli E, Malandrino G, Cafiso V, Stefani S, Geraci C. Oregano and Thyme Essential Oils Encapsulated in Chitosan Nanoparticles as Effective Antimicrobial Agents against Foodborne Pathogens. Molecules 2021; 26:4055. [PMID: 34279395 PMCID: PMC8271874 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26134055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of natural compounds with biocidal activity to fight the growth of bacteria responsible for foodborne illness is one of the main research challenges in the food sector. This study reports the preparation and physicochemical characterization of chitosan nanoparticles loaded with Thymus capitatus (Th-CNPs) and Origanum vulgare (Or-CNPs) essential oils. The nanosystems were obtained by ionotropic gelation technique with high encapsulation efficiency (80-83%) and loading capacity (26-27%). Nanoparticles showed a spherical shape, bimodal particle size distribution, and good stability (zeta potential values > 40 mV). The treatment of the nanosuspensions at different temperatures (4 and 40 °C) and storage times (7, 15, 21, and 30 days) did not affect their physicochemical parameters and highlights their reservoir ability for essential oils also under stressful conditions. Both Or-CNPs and Th-CNPs exhibited an enhanced bactericidal activity against foodborne pathogens (S. aureus, E. coli, L. monocytogenes) than pure essential oils. These ecofriendly nanosystems could represent a valid alternative to synthetic preservatives and be of interest for health and food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Granata
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare-C.N.R., Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Stefano Stracquadanio
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Marco Leonardi
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare-C.N.R., Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Edoardo Napoli
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare-C.N.R., Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Graziella Malandrino
- Department of Chemistry, University off Catania, Via A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Viviana Cafiso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Stefania Stefani
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Corrada Geraci
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare-C.N.R., Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
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Estaiano de Rezende RA, Soares MP, Sampaio FG, Cardoso IL, Ishikawa MM, Lima Dallago BS, Rantin FT, Teixeira Duarte MC. Phytobiotics blend as a dietary supplement for Nile tilapia health improvement. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2021; 114:293-300. [PMID: 34004271 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Functional additives of natural origin included as dietary supplements have become an alternative to synthetic antibiotics to improve health and resistance to ecologically correct pathogenic diseases in fish farming. We tested whether incorporating a mixture of phytobiotics such as volatile oils of thyme, red thyme and pepper rosemary into the diet improves growth performance, oxidative stress, immune and hematological responses and resistance of juvenile Nile tilapia when subjected to a challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila compared to a synthetic antibiotic (enrofloxacin). The experimental design was completely randomized with three experimental groups: control diet, diets containing a mixture of thyme phytobiotic essential oils, red thyme and pepper rosemary (FTB) and the synthetic antibiotic enrofloxacin (ATB), with four replicates (14 fish per repetition/experimental unit). Plasma glucose levels, leukocyte respiratory activity, serum lysozyme levels, number of circulating erythrocytes and leukocytes, levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO), catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity at the end of 20 days of feeding (phase) were evaluated and 24 h after exposure to bacteria (phase II). The supplementation of FTB and ATB did not change the performance parameters, but it was sufficient to increase lysozyme, leukocytes, neutrophils and monocytes after the bacterial challenge, reduction of CAT and LPO activity and the highest GST activity (P < 0.05). The results of the present study suggest that FTB as a dietary supplement has benefits and can replace synthetic ATB, including supplementation with FTB for 20 days to provide greater antioxidant protection in Nile tilapia, mitigate the impacts of stressors and modulate immunity, providing to fish greater resistance and protection against diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Antunes Estaiano de Rezende
- Chemical, Biological and Agricultural Pluridisciplinary Research Center (CPQBA), Campinas State University (UNICAMP), Paulínia, SP, Brazil.
| | - Michelly Pereira Soares
- Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos-UFSCar/São Paulo State University, UNESP Campus Araraquara, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Garcia Sampaio
- Embrapa Environment, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Rod. SP 340, Km 127,5, Caixa Postal 69, CEP: 13.918-110, Jaguariúna, SP, Brazil.
| | - Israel Luz Cardoso
- Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos-UFSCar/São Paulo State University, UNESP Campus Araraquara, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Márcia Mayumi Ishikawa
- Embrapa Environment, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Rod. SP 340, Km 127,5, Caixa Postal 69, CEP: 13.918-110, Jaguariúna, SP, Brazil.
| | - Bruno Stéfano Lima Dallago
- Laboratory of Animal Welfare, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.
| | - Francisco Tadeu Rantin
- Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos-UFSCar/São Paulo State University, UNESP Campus Araraquara, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marta Cristina Teixeira Duarte
- Chemical, Biological and Agricultural Pluridisciplinary Research Center (CPQBA), Campinas State University (UNICAMP), Paulínia, SP, Brazil.
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Mansouri S, Pajohi-Alamoti M, Aghajani N, Bazargani-Gilani B, Nourian A. Stability and antibacterial activity of Thymus daenensis L. essential oil nanoemulsion in mayonnaise. J Sci Food Agric 2021; 101:3880-3888. [PMID: 33336802 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a growing demand in the food industry for the replacement of synthetic preservatives with their natural alternatives. This has led to the development of novel methods such as encapsulation of plants essential oil with appropriate physicochemical stability, and antibacterial and organoleptic properties. This study aimed to prepare an optimal nanoemulsion of Thymus daenensis L. essential oil for use as a natural preservative in mayonnaise. RESULTS The analysis of droplet diameter, polydispersity index, zeta potential, encapsulation rate, and intrinsic stability showed that out of nine T. daenensis essential oil-containing nanoemulsions, two preparations of A and B had high stability scores. In vitro antibacterial tests showed the adverse effect of Tween 80 volume on the antibacterial properties of nanoemulsions. One nanoemulsion (essential oil:Tween 80, ratio 1:1, 15 min sonication) was considered to be optimal based on its long-term stability and antibacterial effects on Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes. However, compared to the optimal nanoemulsion, the pure essential oil showed more antibacterial effects. The bacterial control in mayonnaise was close to equal for sodium benzoate (in maximum limit 1 g kg-1 ) and the optimal nanoemulsion (½ MIC) for 24 h. The optimal nanoemulsion achieved significantly higher sensory scores (taste, appearance, and mouthfeel) than the pure essential oil in mayonnaise (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The results demonstrated similar antibacterial effects for the optimal nanoemulsion and sodium benzoate. The optimal nanoemulsion, due to its desirable sensorial attributes, long-term stability, and slow release of volatile compounds, can be considered an appropriate alternative to synthetic preservatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Mansouri
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Pajohi-Alamoti
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Narjes Aghajani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Behnaz Bazargani-Gilani
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Alireza Nourian
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
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Proškovcová M, Čonková E, Váczi P, Harčárová M, Malinovská Z. Antibiofilm activity of selected plant essential oils from the Lamiaceae family against Candida albicans clinical isolates. Ann Agric Environ Med 2021; 28:260-266. [PMID: 34184508 DOI: 10.26444/aaem/135892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The virulence of Candida albicans is conditioned by several virulence factors, one of which is the formation of biofilm which reduces the sensitivity of the yeast to conventional antimycotics. This study determines the antifungal and antibiofilm activity of five essential oils (EOs) of the Lamiaceae family: Salvia officinalis, Thymus vulgaris, Rosmarinus officinalis, Origanum vulgare, and Hyssopus officinalis. MATERIAL AND METHODS In the preliminary research, the antifungal effect of eachof the EOs was tested in the concentration range of 200-0.4 mg/mL on planktonic Candida albicans (C. albicans) cells. A total of 13 C. albicans clinical isolates and one reference strain were evaluated on biofilm formation. RESULTS Nine isolates (69.2%) showed weak biofilm production and four strains (30.8%) were detected as moderate biofilm producers. The EOs of Thymus vulgaris and Origanum vulgare were seen as effective antifungal agents on planktonic cells with the MIC 0.4 mg/mL. The highest average MIC values were recorded in Salvia officinalis EO (24.0 and 14.8 mg/mL). All isolates were used to determine EOs efficacy on the inhibition of adherence phase and biofilm formation. The biofilm production of C. albicans after exposition by EOs was quantitatively examined by crystal violet dye. CONCLUSIONS The most effective for adherence phase and biofilm formation were EOs of Origanum vulgare (0.1 mg/mL and 0.3 mg/mL) and Thymus vulgaris (0.1 mg/mL and 0.4 mg/mL). The obtained results show that EOs of Thymus vulgaris and Origanum vulgare are potential agents for antifungal treatment or prophylaxis by reducing the resistance of pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Čonková
- University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Peter Váczi
- University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | | | - Zuzana Malinovská
- University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovak Republic
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Kawhena TG, Opara UL, Fawole OA. A Comparative Study of Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Plant Essential Oils and Extracts as Candidate Ingredients for Edible Coatings to Control Decay in 'Wonderful' Pomegranate. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113367. [PMID: 34199618 PMCID: PMC8199716 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study determined the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of lemongrass (LO), thyme (TO), and oregano (OO) essential oils and ethanolic extracts of pomegranate peel (PPE) and grape pomace (GPE) as candidate ingredients for edible coatings. Antifungal effects against Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium spp. were tested using paper disc and well diffusion methods. Radical scavenging activity (RSA) was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2′-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid assays. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis identified limonene (16.59%), α-citral (27.45%), β-citral (27.43%), thymol (33.31%), paracymene (43.26%), 1,8-cineole (17.53%), and trans-caryphellene (60.84%) as major compounds of the essential oils. From both paper disc and well diffusion methods, LO recorded the widest zone of inhibition against tested microbes (B. cinerea and Penicillium spp.). The minimum inhibitory concentrations of LO against B. cinerea and Penicillium spp., were 15 µL/mL and 30 µL/mL, respectively. The highest (69.95%) and lowest (1.64%) RSA at 1 mg/mL were recorded for PPE and OO. Application of sodium alginate and chitosan-based coatings formulated with LO (15 or 30 µL/mL) completely inhibited spore germination and reduced the decay severity of ‘Wonderful’ pomegranate. Lemongrass oil proved to be a potential antifungal agent for edible coatings developed to extend shelf life of ‘Wonderful’ pomegranate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatenda Gift Kawhena
- Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa;
- SARChI Postharvest Technology Research Laboratory, Africa Institute for Postharvest Technology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Umezuruike Linus Opara
- SARChI Postharvest Technology Research Laboratory, Africa Institute for Postharvest Technology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
- UNESCO International Centre for Biotechnology, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria
- Correspondence: or (U.L.O.); or (O.A.F.)
| | - Olaniyi Amos Fawole
- SARChI Postharvest Technology Research Laboratory, Africa Institute for Postharvest Technology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
- Postharvest Research Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
- Correspondence: or (U.L.O.); or (O.A.F.)
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Xagoraris M, Lazarou E, Kaparakou EH, Alissandrakis E, Tarantilis PA, Pappas CS. Botanical origin discrimination of Greek honeys: physicochemical parameters versus Raman spectroscopy. J Sci Food Agric 2021; 101:3319-3327. [PMID: 33226655 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The authenticity of honey is of high importance since it affects its commercial value. The discrimination of the origin of honey is of prime importance to reinforce consumer trust. In this study, four chemometric models were developed based on the physicochemical parameters according to European and Greek legislation and one using Raman spectroscopy to discriminate Greek honey samples from three commercial monofloral botanical sources. RESULTS The results of physicochemical (glucose, fructose, electrical activity) parameters chemometric models showed that the percentage of correct recognition fluctuated from 92.2% to 93.8% with cross-validation 90.6-92.2%, and the placement of test set was 79.0-84.3% successful. The addition of maltose content in the previous discrimination models did not significantly improve the discrimination. The corresponding percentages of the Raman chemometric model were 95.3%, 90.6%, and 84.3%. CONCLUSION The five chemometric models developed presented similar and very satisfactory results. Given that the recording of Raman spectra is simple, fast, a minimal amount of sample is needed for the analysis, no solvent (environmentally friendly) is used, and no specialized personnel are required, we conclude that the chemometric model based on Raman spectroscopy is an efficient tool to discriminate the botanical origin of fir, pine, and thyme honey varieties. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinos Xagoraris
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Elisavet Lazarou
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleftheria H Kaparakou
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleftherios Alissandrakis
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products, Landscape and Environment, Department of Agriculture, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Crete, Greece
| | - Petros A Tarantilis
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos S Pappas
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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