10101
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Abstract
Three new alkaloids were isolated from the root-wood of Brucea mollis var. tonkinensis collected in China. Their structures were determined to be 11-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->6)-beta- D-glucopyranosylcanthin-6-one, 5-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranosylcanthin-6-o ne and 11-hydroxycanthin-6-one-N-oxide, by chemical and spectral methods. In addition, two known alkaloids, canthin-6-one and canthin-6-one-N-oxide, were isolated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ouyang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Chiba, Japan
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10102
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Nkengfack AE, Vouffo TW, Vardamides JC, Fomum ZT, Bergendorff O, Sterner O. Sigmoidins J and K, two new prenylated isoflavonoids from Erythrina sigmoidea. J Nat Prod 1994; 57:1172-1177. [PMID: 7964799 DOI: 10.1021/np50110a008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In addition to the two known compounds neotautenol [2] and erythrinassinate B [4], two new compounds, an isoflavanone named sigmoidin J [1] and a coumestan derivative named sigmoidin K [3], have been isolated and characterized from the root bark of the Cameroonian medicinal plant Erythrina sigmoidea. Their structures have been established as 7, 4'-dihydroxy-2',5'-dimethoxy-6'(gamma, gamma-dimethylally)isoflavanone [1] and 3,9-dihydroxy-2,10-(gamma, gamma dimethylallyl) coumestan [3], respectively, by spectroscopic techniques and from chemical evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Nkengfack
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Yaoundé, Cameroon
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10103
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Matsunaga K, Shibuya M, Ohizumi Y. Cylindrene, a novel sesquiterpenoid from Imperata cylindrica with inhibitory activity on contractions of vascular smooth muscle. J Nat Prod 1994; 57:1183-1184. [PMID: 7964801 DOI: 10.1021/np50110a010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K Matsunaga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Molecular Biology, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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10104
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Abstract
The nutrient and antinutrient components of tubers from seven cultivars of Dioscorea alata were determined. The average crude protein content of D. alata tubers was 7.4%. Starch (75.6-84.3%) was the predominant fraction of the tuber dry matter. Significant differences in crude protein and starch contents were observed among cultivars. Vitamin C content of the yam tubers ranged from 13.0 to 24.7 mg/100 g fresh weight. The results showed yams to be reasonably good sources of minerals. Phytic acid contents of the yams were low, with values ranging from 58.6 to 198.0 mg/100 g dry matter. Total oxalate levels in yam tubers were found to be in the range of 486-781 mg/100 g dry matter, but may not constitute a nutritional concern since 50-75% of the oxalates were in the water-soluble form. The overall results are suggestive of the nutritional superiority of yams compared to other tropical root crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Wanasundera
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
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10105
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Abstract
A further investigation of the methanol-soluble compounds in yellow lupin roots has revealed a new diprenylchromone, a new coumaronochromone (lupinalbin H), a new isoflavone 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-8,3'-di-(3,3-dimethylally)isoflavone (isolupalbigenin), and some complex flavanones. The latter compounds have been identified as two known diprenylated flavanones (lonchocarpol A and euchrestaflavanone A), two diasteroisomeric pairs of dihydrofuranoflavanones (lonchocarpols C1 and C2, and lonchocarpols D1 and D2, the structures formerly proposed for lonchocarpols C and D were also reinvestigated), a new furanoflavanone (lupinenol), and three 8-prenylflavanones with an additional (2RS)-hydroxy-3-methyl-3-butenyl side chain. The structures of the latter flavanones were unambiguously identified by spectroscopic (1H NMR) comparison with 6-, 8- and 3'-prenylnaringenins chemically prepared from (2S)-naringenin. The antifungal activity of the prenylated naringenins, and of the various yellow lupin flavanones, was determined by TLC place bioassays using Cladosporium herbarum as the test fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tahara
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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10106
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Westberg J, Odom WR, Guikema JA. Comparative assessment of the polypeptide profiles from lateral and primary roots of Phaseolus vulgaris L. J Exp Zool 1994; 269:223-9. [PMID: 11536635 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402690307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In Phaseolus vulgaris, primary roots show gravitational sensitivity soon after emerging from the seed. In contrast, lateral roots are agravitropic during early development, and become gravitropic after several cm growth. Primary and lateral root tissues were examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, coupled with western blotting techniques, to compare proteins which may contribute to the acquisition of gravitational sensitivity. Root tips and zones of cell elongation were compared for each root type, using immunological probes for calmodulin, alpha-actin, alpha-tubulin, and proteins of the plastid envelope. Lateral roots contained qualitatively less calmodulin, and showed a slightly different pattern of actin-related epitope proteins, than did primary root tissues, suggesting that polypeptide differences may contribute to the gravitational sensitivity which these root types express.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Westberg
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506-4903, USA
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10107
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Abstract
Twenty five foods cultivated and consumed by the tribals of Andhra Pradesh, India, comprising cereals/millets, legumes, tubers and miscellaneous foods collected seasonally from 20 tribal villages were analysed for proximate composition, vitamins and minerals. The major findings of the study were as follows: Protein content of cereals/millets ranged from 6.8 to 11.8 g per 100 g and that of legumes from 20 to 23.8 g per 100 g. The uncommon legume, judumulu (Vigna sp.) grown by the tribals had the protein content of 22 g per 100 g. A wild legume, Mucuna pruriens, had the highest protein content of 27.9 g per 100 g. Mineral contents of the foods showed greater variations. Two varieties of ragi and horsegram grown in the area had an iron contents of 38 mgs per 100 g. Among the wild tubers analysed, Diascorea hispida and D. bulbifera had about 134 Kcal per 100 g. In vitro starch digestibility (IVSD) analysed in the raw tubers ranged from 8.7 to 11.5 percent and caryota palm pith had IVSD 5.9 percent. Among the miscellaneous foods analysed, rajkeera seed (Amaranthus paniculatus) had protein content of 22 g per 100 g. Amylase inhibitor units of the wild tubers varied from 80 to 400 A/U and that of caryota palm pith was 712 A/U.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rajyalakshmi
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India
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10108
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Huang WA, Meng Y, Huang PL. [An orthogonal method for comparing extracting techniques of licorice root extract]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 1994; 19:283-4, 319. [PMID: 7945867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A L9(3(4)) form developed by the orthogonal method was used to study the size, extraction solvent and extraction frequency of licorice root extract, and taking the recovery of glycyrrhizic acid as the criteria, a comparison was made on the different ways of extracting the herb. The result showed the glycyrrhizic acid could be recovered over 10% (about 7% higher than that from water treatment) when the herb was cut into pieces and then extracted by fluxing for 3 times with 60% alcohol containing 0.3% ammonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Huang
- Guangxi, Yulin pharmaceutical Factory
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10109
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Scheunert I, Topp E, Attar A, Korte F. Uptake pathways of chlorobenzenes in plants and their correlation with N-octanol/water partition coefficients. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 1994; 27:90-104. [PMID: 7525208 DOI: 10.1006/eesa.1994.1009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The bioconcentration factors of 14C-labeled chlorinated benzenes in plants from soil were quantified in short-term laboratory experiments and correlated to Kow. The correlation was negative for barley and positive for cress. In order to interpret these opposite results, the log/log correlation between partition coefficients and Kow of the chemicals was established also for each step of the uptake, via both roots and leaves. For the first step of root uptake--the partition of the chemicals from soil solids into soil water--the correlation with Kow was negative, whereas it was positive for the second step, the partition roots/soil water, of both plant species. Similarly, the correlation between the first step of foliar uptake--the partition of the chemical from soil into air--and Kow was negative, and that between the second step--the partition between aerial plant parts and air--and Kow was positive for both plant species. The slopes of the regression lines differed between plant species. It may be concluded that Kow can be used as a parameter to predict the uptake of chemicals from soil by plants only if the same class of chemicals and the same plant species is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Scheunert
- GSF-Institut für Bodenökologie, Neuherberg, Oberschleissheim, Federal Republic of Germany
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10110
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Wu L, Emberg A, Biggar JA. Effects of elevated selenium concentration on selenium accumulation and nitrogen fixation symbiotic activity of Melilotus indica L. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 1994; 27:50-63. [PMID: 7525204 DOI: 10.1006/eesa.1994.1006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Biological and soil factors which contribute to the successful colonization of an annual legume species. Melilotus indica L., in soils with elevated selenium (Se) were studied. This species was introduced into the Kesterson Reservoir in the fresh top soil that was brought in under the Kesterson Cleanup Action to fill lowering pond sites and prevent the formation of ephemeral pools containing hazardous levels of Se. In 4 years since its introduction, it has expanded its range of colonization from the fresh soil fill sites to the native soil sites and contributed 10 to 50% of biomass to the grassland communities. The plant and nodule tissue Se concentrations of the field grown plants were found to be negatively correlated with the soil sulfate concentration. Nutrient solution culture studies discovered that M. indica was able to accumulate 500 micrograms Se g-1 dry weight without a reduction of growth rate. Plants without nodulation were found to accumulate a greater amount of Se and more vulnerable to Se toxicity. Acetylene reduction rate measurements indicate that the nitrogen fixation symbiotic activity appears to be more susceptible to an elevated Se concentration than its host plant. M. indica is a winter weed, and it occurs naturally in the Se-rich soils. It grows actively over the winter and spring and complete its life cycle in May. If the root nodules and root tissues are incorporated into the soil, the rate of soil Se volatilization may be accelerated over the warm summer months. For disposal of the Se-rich plant materials the plant shoot tissues may be harvested for Se-deficient forage supplementation. Therefore, this species may be useful for field management and reclamation of Se-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wu
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of California, Davis 95616
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10111
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Abstract
Although calcium has been proposed to be an important regulatory element in plant gravitropic growth, as yet no specific function of Ca2+ in growth regulation has been discovered. Our recent studies on a Ca(2+)-binding protein in pea seedlings called p35 indicate that it is a member of the annexin family of proteins and may play a key role in growth regulation through its function in delivering polysaccharides needed for wall construction. We previously reported the isolation of p35 from pea plumules and the production of polyclonal antibodies to it. Immunolocalizaton analyses of p35 in pea tissues revealed high levels of staining in secretory cell types such as developing vascular cells and outer root cap cells. To test how general was the occurrence and distribution of this annexin-like protein in plant cells we initiated an analysis of annexins in the monocot corn using immunological techniques. Our results indicate the immunochemical properties and localization of corn annexins are very similar to those reported for pea. They are consistent with the postulate that annexins may play a general role in the regulation of the secretion of wall polysaccharides needed for growth, and thus could be an important target of calcium action during gravitropic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Clark
- Department of Botany, University of Texas, Austin 78713
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10112
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Chaillou S, Rideout JW, Raper CD, Morot-Gaudry J-F. Responses of soybean to ammonium and nitrate supplied in combination to the whole root system or separately in a split-root system. Physiol Plant 1994; 90:259-68. [PMID: 11537975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
To address the questions of whether allocation of carbohydrates to roots is influenced by ionic form of nitrogen absorbed and whether allocation of carbohydrates to roots in turn influences proportionality between NH4+ and NO3- uptake from mixed sources, NH4+ and NO3- were supplied separately to halves of a split-root hydroponic system and were supplied in combination to a whole-root system. Dry matter accumulation in the split-root system was 18% less in the NH4(+)-fed axis than in the NO3(-)-fed axis. This, however, does not indicate that partitioning of carbohydrate between the two axes was different. Most of the reduction in dry matter accumulation in the NH4(+)-fed axis can be accounted for by the retransport of CH2O equivalents from the root back to the shoot with amino acids produced by NH4+ assimilation. Uptake of NH4+ or NO3- by the respective halves of the split-root system was proportional to the estimated allocation of carbohydrate to that half. When NH4+ and NO3- were supplied to separate halves of the split-root system, the cumulative NH4+ to NO3- uptake ratio was 0.81. When supplied in combination to the whole-root system, the cumulative NH4+ to NO3- uptake ratio was 1.67. Thus, while the shoot may affect total nitrogen uptake through the export of carbohydrates to roots, the shoot (common for halves of the split-root system) apparently does not exert a direct effect on proportionality of NH4+ and NO3- uptake by roots. For whole roots supplied with both NH4+ and NO3-, the restriction in uptake of NO3- may involve a stimulation of NO3- efflux rather than an inhibition of NO3- influx. While only the net uptake of NH4+ and NO3- was measured by ion chromatography, monitoring at approximately hourly intervals during the first 3 days of treatment revealed irregularly occurring intervals of both depletion (net influx) and enrichment (net efflux) in solutions. In the case of NH4+, numbers of net efflux events were similar (21 to 24 out of 65 sequential sampling intervals) whether NH4+ was supplied with NO3- to whole-root systems or separately to an axis of the split-root system. In the case of NO3-, however, the number of net efflux events increased from 8 when NO3- was supplied to a separate axis of the split-root system to between 19 and 24 when NO3- was supplied with NH4+ to whole-root systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chaillou
- Laboratoire du Métabolisme, INRA, Versailles, France
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10113
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Wheeler RM, Berry WL, Mackowiak C, Corey KA, Sager JC, Heeb MM, Knott WM. A data base of crop nutrient use, water use, and carbon dioxide exchange in a 2O square meter growth chamber: I. Wheat as a case study. J Plant Nutr 1993; 16:1881-1915. [PMID: 11538007 DOI: 10.1080/01904169309364659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A data set is given describing the daily nutrient uptake, gas exchange, environmental conditions, and carbon (C), and nutrient partitioning at harvest for the entire canopy and root system of a wheat crop (Triticum aestivum, cv. Yecora Rojo). The data were obtained from a 20 m2 stand of wheat plants grown from planting to maturity in a closed, controlled environment, and include daily nutrient uptake [macronutrients, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S); and micronutrients, iron (Fe), boron (B), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and molybdenum (Mo)], canopy carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange rates, and transpiration. Environmental factors such as relative humidity, air temperature, nutrient solution temperature, pH and electrical conductivity, and photoperiod were controlled in the chamber to specific set points. A detailed description of biomass yield for each of the 64 plant growth trays comprising the 20 m2 of growth area is also provided, and includes dry weights of grain, straw, chaff, and roots, along with the concentration of nutrients in different plant tissues and the percent carbohydrate, fat, and protein. To our knowledge, this information represents one of the most extensive data sets available for a canopy of wheat grown from seed to maturity under controlled environmental and nutritional conditions, and thus may provide useful information for model development and validation. A methods section is included to qualify any assumptions that might be required for the use of the data in plant growth models, along with a daily event calendar indicating when adjustments in set points and occasional equipment or sensor failures occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Wheeler
- NASA Biomedical Operations and Research Office, Kennedy Space Center, FL 32890, USA
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10114
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Feldman LJ, Hidaka H. Inhibitory effects of KN-93, an inhibitor of Ca2+ calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, on light-regulated root gravitropism in maize. Plant Physiol Biochem 1993; 31:857-862. [PMID: 11540083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Light is essential for root gravitropism in Zea mays L., cultivar Merit. It is hypothesized that calcium mediates this light-regulated response. KN-93, an inhibitor of calcium/calmodulin kinase II (CaMK II), inhibits light-regulated root gravitropism but does not affect light perception. We hypothesize that CaMK II, or a homologue, operates late in the light/gravity signal transduction chain. Here we provide evidence suggesting a possible physiological involvement of CaMK II in root gravitropism in plants.
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10115
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Berry WL, Goldstein G, Dreschel TW, Wheeler RM, Sager JC, Knott WM. Water relations, gas exchange, and nutrient response to a long term constant water deficit. Soil Sci 1992; 153:442-451. [PMID: 11538048 DOI: 10.1097/00010694-199206000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Wheat plants (Triticum aestivum) were grown for 43 days in a micro-porous tube nutrient delivery system. Roots were unable to penetrate the microporous tube, but grew on the surface and maintained capillary contact with the nutrient solution on the inside of the tube through the 5-micron pores of the porous tube. Water potential in the system was controlled at -0.4, -0.8, and -3.0 kPa by adjusting the applied pressure (hydrostatic head) to the nutrient solution flowing through the microporous tubes. A relatively small decrease in applied water potential from -0.4 to -3.0 kPa resulted in a 34% reduction of shoot growth but only a moderate reduction in the midday leaf water potential from -1.3 to -1.7 MPa. Carbon dioxide assimilation decreased and water use efficiency increased with the more negative applied water potentials, while intercellular CO2 concentration remained constant. This was associated with a decrease in stomatal conductance to water vapor from 1.90 to 0.98 mol m-2 s-1 and a decrease in total apparent hydraulic conductance from 47 to 12 micromoles s-1 MPa-1. Although the applied water potentials were in the -0.4 to -3.0 kPa range, the actual water potential perceived by the plant roots appeared to be in the range of -0.26 to -0.38 MPa as estimated by the leaf water potential of bagged plants. The amount of K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, and B accumulated with each unit of transpired water increased as the applied water potential became less negative. The increase in accumulation ranged from 1.4-fold for K to 2.2-fold for B. The physiological responses observed in this study in response to small constant differences in applied water potentials were much greater than expected from either the applied water potential or the observed plant water potential. Even though the micro-porous tube may not represent natural conditions and could possibly introduce morphological and physiological artifacts, it enables a high degree of control of water potential that facilitates the investigation of many aspects of water relations not practical with other experimental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Berry
- Laboratory of Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles 90024
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10116
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Green LS, Yee BC, Buchanan BB, Kamide K, Sanada Y, Wada K. Ferredoxin and ferredoxin-NADP reductase from photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic tissues of tomato. Plant Physiol 1991; 96:1207-13. [PMID: 11538002 PMCID: PMC1080917 DOI: 10.1104/pp.96.4.1207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ferredoxin and ferredoxin-NADP+ oxidoreductase (FNR) were purified from leaves, roots, and red and green pericarp of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum, cv VFNT and cv Momotaro). Four different ferredoxins were identified on the basis of N-terminal amino acid sequence and charge. Ferredoxins I and II were the most prevalent forms in leaves and green pericarp, and ferredoxin III was the most prevalent in roots. Red pericarp of the VFNT cv yielded variable amounts of ferredoxins II and III plus a unique form, ferredoxin IV. Red pericarp of the Momotaro cv contained ferredoxins I, II, and IV. This represents the first demonstration of ferredoxin in a chromoplast-containing tissue. There were no major differences among the tomato ferredoxins in absorption spectrum or cytochrome c reduction activity. Two forms of FNR were present in tomato as judged by anion exchange chromatography and by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. FNR II had a lower apparent relative molecular weight, a slightly altered absorption spectrum, and a lower specific activity for cytochrome c reduction than FNR I. FNR II could be a partially degraded form of FNR I. The FNRs from the different tissues of tomato plants all showed diaphorase activity, with FNR II being more active than FNR I. The presence of ferredoxin and FNR in heterotrophic tissues of tomato is consistent with the existence of a nonphotosynthetic ferredoxin/FNR redox pathway to support the function of ferredoxin-dependent enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Green
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720, USA
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10117
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Hardy DH, Raper CD, Miner GS. Chemical restrictions of roots in Ultisol subsoils lessened by long-term management. Soil Sci Soc Am J 1990; 54:1657-1660. [PMID: 11538085 DOI: 10.2136/sssaj1990.03615995005400060025x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Exchangeable Al in subsoils of Ultisols in the southeastern USA can restrict rooting depth. Downward movement of basic cations (Ca, Mg, and K), applied as lime and fertilizer, may diminish that restriction over time. Materials from the argillic horizon were collected from three paired sites, having managed (long-term cropping) and nonmanaged topsoils (Typic Paleudults and Hapludults). One managed site was cropped continuously for 15 yr while the others were cultivated for more than 30 yr. Concentrations of extractable cations and other nutrients from the paired sites were compared to determine the magnitude of change due to management. The ability of the subsoils to support plant growth was evaluated in a missing-nutrient greenhouse experiment with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. Subsoils of managed sites had greater effective cation-exchange capacity (CEC) and base saturation than those of non-managed sites. While availabilities of Ca, Mg, and K in subsoils of nonmanaged sites were inadequate to support maximal plant growth, they were adequate in subsoils of managed sites. Compared with nonmanaged sites, KCl-exchangeable Al in subsoils of managed sites was 23% lower at the 15-yr location and 65 and 100% lower at the two other locations. In the absence of lime, sorghum growth was almost totally inhibited on nonmanaged subsoils amended with optimum nutrients. On the managed subsoils, where 100, 65, and 23% of the nonmanaged exchangeable Al had been neutralized by topsoil fertilization and liming, growth reductions under the same conditions were 0, 50, and 100%, respectively. Thus, relatively long-term management had improved these Ultisol subsoils for root growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Hardy
- Dep. of Soil Science, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh 27695-7619, USA
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10118
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Abstract
Primary roots of Zea mays L. cv. Tx 5855 treated with fluridone are strongly graviresponsive, but have undetectable levels of abscisic acid (ABA). Primary roots of the carotenoid-deficient w-3, vp-5, and vp-7 mutants of Z. mays are also graviresponsive despite having undetectable amounts of ABA. Graviresponsive roots of untreated and wild-type seedlings contain 286 to 317 ng ABA g-1 f. wt, respectively. These results indicate that ABA is not necessary for root gravicurvature.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Moore
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 45435
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10119
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Vessey JK, Raper CD, Henry LT. Effect of ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride and root-zone acidity on inorganic ion content of tobacco. J Plant Nutr 1990; 13:827-42. [PMID: 11538281 DOI: 10.1080/01904169009364120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv NC82) were supplied with (NH4)2SO4 or NH4Cl at root-zone pH of 6.0 and 4.5 in hydroponic culture for 28 days. Dry matter accumulation, total N and C content, and leaf area and number were not affected by the NH4+ source or root-zone pH. Plants supplied with NH4Cl accumulated up to 1.2 mM Cl g DW-1, but accumulated 37% less inorganic H2PO4- and 47% less SO4(2-) than plants supplied with (NH4)2SO4. The large Cl- accumulation resulted in NH4Cl- supplied plants having a 31% higher inorganic anion (NO3-, H2, PO4-, SO4(2-), and Cl-) charge. This higher inorganic anion charge in the NH4Cl-supplied plants was balanced by a similar increase in K+ charge. Plants supplied with NH4Cl accumulated greater concentrations of Cl- in leaves (up to 5.1% of DW) than plants supplied with (NH4)2SO4 (less than -% DW). Despite the high Cl- concentration of leaves in NH4Cl supplied plants, these plants showed no symptoms of Cl- toxicity. This demonstrates that toxicity symptoms are not due solely to an interaction between high Cl- concentration in tissue and NH4+ nutrition. The increase in root-zone acidity to pH 4.5 from 6.0 did not induce toxicity symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Vessey
- Dept. of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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10120
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Pullockaran AJ, Kingston DG, Lewis NG. Synthesis of stereospecifically deuterated desoxypodophyllotoxins and 1H-nmr assignment of desoxypodophyllotoxin. J Nat Prod 1989; 52:1290-1295. [PMID: 11536618 DOI: 10.1021/np50066a015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
[4 beta- 2H1]Desoxypodophyllotoxin [3], [4 alpha- 2H1]desoxypodophyllotoxin [4], and [4, 4- 2 H2]desoxypodophyllotoxin [9] were prepared from podophyllotoxin [1] via its chloride [5]. A complete assignment of the 1H-nmr spectrum of desoxypodophyllotoxin [2] was made on the basis of the spectra of the deuterated compounds [3] and [4].
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Pullockaran
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061-0212
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10121
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Polulakh YuA, Zhadko SI, Klimchuk DA, Baraboy VA, Alpatov AN, Sytnik KM. Plant cell plasma membrane structure and properties under clinostatting. Adv Space Res 1989; 9:71-4. [PMID: 11537351 DOI: 10.1016/0273-1177(89)90057-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Structural-functional organization of plasma membrane of pea roots seedling was investigated by methods of chemiluminescence, fluorescence probes, chromatography and freeze-fracture studies under normal conditions and clinostatting. Phase character of lipid peroxidation intensity was fixed. The initial phase of this process is characterized by lipid peroxidation decreasing with its next induction. The primary changes depending on free-radical mechanisms of lipid peroxidation were excellently revealed by chemiluminescence. Plasmalemma microviscosity increased on the average of 15-20% under microgravity at the initial stages of its phenomenon. There were major changes of phosphatidilcholine and phosphatidilethanolamine contents. The total quantity of phospholipids remained rather stable. Changes of phosphatide acid concentration point to degradation and phospholipids biosynthesis. There were increases of unsaturated fatty acids mainly at the expense of linoleic and linolenic acids and also a decrease of saturated fatty acid content at the expense of palmitic and stearic acids. Unsaturation index of fatty acids increased as well. On the whole fatty acid composition was variable in comparison with phospholipids. Probably it is one of mechanisms of maintaining of microviscosity within definite limits. Considerable structural changes in organization of plasmalemma protein-lipid complex were not revealed by the freeze-fracture studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polulakh YuA
- N.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany of the Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences, Kiev, USSR
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10122
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Abstract
Fusicoccin (FC), a fungal phytotoxin, stimulates the H(+) -ATPase located in the plasma membrane (PM) of higher plants. The first event in the reaction chain leading to enhanced H(+) -efflux seems to be the binding of FC to a FC-binding protein (FCBP) in the PM. We solubilized 90% of the FCBP from oat (Avena sativa L. cv Victory) root PM in an active form with 1% octyl-glucoside. The FCBP was stabilized by the presence of protease inhibitors. The FCBP was purified by affinity chromatography using FC-linked adipic acid dihydrazide agarose (FC-AADA). Upon elution with 8 molar urea, two major protein bands on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyaerylamide gel electrophoresis with molecular weights of 29,700 and 31,000 were obtained. Successive chromatography on BBAB Bio-Gel A, hexyl agarose, and FC-AADA resulted in the same two bands when the FC-AADA was eluted with sodium dodecyl sulfate. A direct correlation was made between 3H-FC-binding activity and the presence of the two protein bands. The stoichiometry of the 29,700 and 31,000 molecular weight bands was 1:2. This suggests that the FCBP occurs in the native form as a heterotrimer with an apparent molecular weight of approximately 92,000.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H de Boer
- University of Washington, Department of Botany, Seattle 98195, USA
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10123
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Sandstrom RP, Cleland RE. Comparison of the lipid composition of oat root and coleoptile plasma membranes: lack of short-term change in response to auxin. Plant Physiol 1989; 90:1207-1213. [PMID: 11537452 PMCID: PMC1061866 DOI: 10.1104/pp.90.3.1207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The total lipid composition of plasma membranes (PM), isolated by the phase partitioning method from two different oat (Avena sativa L.) tissues, the root and coleoptile, was compared. In general, the PM lipid composition was not conserved between these two organs of the oat seedling. Oat roots contained 50 mole percent phospholipid, 25 mole percent glycolipid, and 25 mole percent free sterol, whereas comparable amounts in the coleoptile were 42, 39, and 19 mole percent, respectively. Individual lipid components within each lipid class also showed large variations between the two tissues. Maximum specific ATPase activity in the root PM was more than double the activity in the coleoptile. Treatment of coleoptile with auxin for 1 hour resulted in no detectable changes in PM lipids or extractable ATPase activity. Differences in the PM lipid composition between the two tissues that may define the limits of ATPase activity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Sandstrom
- Portland State University, Department of Biology, Oregon 97207, USA
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10124
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Wang M, Wang Q, Yang Q, Yan X, Feng S, Wang Z. Cavernous transformation of the portal vein. Molecules 1988; 25:molecules25010160. [PMID: 31906109 PMCID: PMC6983063 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Roots of Morinda officinalis and Morinda citrifolia have been interchangeably used in traditional Chinese medicine. However, there is no experimental evidence to support this. In this study, a ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF-MS)-based approach and a multivariate statistical analysis (MSA) were adopted to compare the difference in the chemical compounds present in the root extract of M. officinalis and M. citrifolia. There were 26 anthraquinones, 15 triterpenes, and 8 iridoid glycosides identified in the root extracts of M. officinalis, 30 anthraquinones, 1 triterpene, and 8 iridoid glycosides in the root extracts of M. citrifolia. Among these, 25 compounds presented in both plants. In addition, a principal component analysis (PCA) showed that these two herbs could be separated clearly. Furthermore, an orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) found 9 components that could be used as chemical markers to discrimination the root extracts of M. officinalis and M. citrifolia. In addition, the results of a Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK-8) assay and cell colony formation assay indicated that methanol root extracts of M. officinalis and M. citrifolia showed no cell cytotoxicity to normal cells, even promoted the proliferation of normal liver cells. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the differences between the root extracts of M. officinalis and M. citrifolia (Hainan province) have been observed systematically at the chemistry level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoyuan Wang
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou 571101, China; (M.W.); (Q.W.); (Q.Y.); (X.Y.)
- Tropical Wild Plant Gene Resource, Ministry of Agriculture, Danzhou 571737, China
| | - Qinglong Wang
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou 571101, China; (M.W.); (Q.W.); (Q.Y.); (X.Y.)
- Tropical Wild Plant Gene Resource, Ministry of Agriculture, Danzhou 571737, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou 571101, China; (M.W.); (Q.W.); (Q.Y.); (X.Y.)
- Tropical Wild Plant Gene Resource, Ministry of Agriculture, Danzhou 571737, China
| | - Xiaoxia Yan
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou 571101, China; (M.W.); (Q.W.); (Q.Y.); (X.Y.)
- Tropical Wild Plant Gene Resource, Ministry of Agriculture, Danzhou 571737, China
| | - Shixiu Feng
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Plant Diversity, Fairy Lake Botanical Garden, Shenzhen & Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518004, China
- Correspondence: (S.F.); (Z.W.); Fax: +86-755-25702889 (S.F.); +86-898-233006150 (Z.W.)
| | - Zhunian Wang
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou 571101, China; (M.W.); (Q.W.); (Q.Y.); (X.Y.)
- Tropical Wild Plant Gene Resource, Ministry of Agriculture, Danzhou 571737, China
- Correspondence: (S.F.); (Z.W.); Fax: +86-755-25702889 (S.F.); +86-898-233006150 (Z.W.)
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10125
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Fellows RJ, Patterson RP, Raper CD, Harris D. Nodule activity and allocation of photosynthate of soybean during recovery from water stress. Plant Physiol 1987; 84:456-60. [PMID: 11539766 PMCID: PMC1056602 DOI: 10.1104/pp.84.2.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Nodulated soybean plants (Glycine max [L.] Merr. cv Ransom) in a growth-chamber study were subjected to a leaf water potential (psi w) of -2.0 megapascal during vegetative growth. Changes in nonstructural carbohydrate contents of leaves, stems, roots, and nodules, allocation of dry matter among plant parts, in situ specific nodule activity, and in situ canopy apparent photosynthetic rate were measured in stressed and nonstressed plants during a 7-day period following rewatering. Leaf and nodule psi w also were determined. At the time of maximum stress, concentration of nonstructural carbohydrates had declined in leaves of stressed, relative to nonstressed, plants, and the concentration of nonstructural carbohydrates had increased in stems, roots, and nodules. Sucrose concentrations in roots and nodules of stressed plants were 1.5 and 3 times greater, respectively, than those of nonstressed plants. Within 12 hours after rewatering, leaf and nodule psi w of stressed plants had returned to values of nonstressed plants. Canopy apparent photosynthesis and specific nodule activity of stressed plants recovered to levels for nonstressed plants within 2 days after rewatering. The elevated sucrose concentrations in roots and nodules of stressed plants also declined rapidly upon rehydration. The increase in sucrose concentration in nodules, as well as the increase of carbohydrates in roots and stems, during water stress and the rapid disappearance upon rewatering indicates that inhibition of carbohydrate utilization within the nodule may be associated with loss of nodule activity. Availability of carbohydrates within the nodules and from photosynthetic activity following rehydration of nodules may mediate the rate of recovery of N2-fixation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Fellows
- Battelle-Northwest, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
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10126
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Moore R, Cameron IL, Hunter KE, Olmos D, Smith NK. The locations and amounts of endogenous ions and elements in the cap and elongating zone of horizontally oriented roots of Zea mays L.: an electron-probe EDS study. Ann Bot 1987; 59:667-677. [PMID: 11539729 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a087365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We used quantitative electron-probe energy-dispersive x-ray microanalysis to localize endogenous Na, Cl, K, P, S, Mg and Ca in cryofixed and freeze-dried cryosections of the cap (i.e. the putative site of graviperception) and elongating zone (i.e. site of gravicurvature) of horizontally oriented roots of Zea mays. Ca, Na, Cl, K and Mg accumulate along the lower side of caps of horizontally oriented roots. The most dramatic asymmetries of these ions occur in the apoplast, especially the mucilage. We could not detect any significant differences in the concentrations of these ions in the central cytoplasm of columella cells along the upper and lower sides of caps of horizontally-oriented roots. However, the increased amounts of Na, Cl, K and Mg in the longitudinal walls of columella cells along the lower side of the cap suggest that these ions may move down through the columella tissue of horizontally-oriented roots. Ca also accumulates (largely in the mucilage) along the lower side of the elongating zone of horizontally-oriented roots, while Na, P, Cl and K tend to accumulate along the upper side of the elongating zone. Of these ions, only K increases in concentration in the cytoplasm and longitudinal walls of cortical cells in the upper vs lower sides of the elongating zone. These results indicate that (1) gravity-induced asymmetries of ions differ significantly in the cap and elongating zone of graviresponding roots, (2) Ca accumulates along the lower side of the cap and elongating zone of graviresponding roots, (3) increased growth of the upper side of the elongating zone of horizontally-oriented roots correlates positively with increased amounts of K in the cytoplasm and longitudinal walls of cortical cells, and (4) the apoplast (especially the mucilage) may be an important component of the pathway via which ions move in graviresponding rots of Zea mays. These results are discussed relative to mechanisms for graviperception and gravicurvature of roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Moore
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, USA
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10127
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Dauwalder M, Roux SJ, Hardison L. Distribution of calmodulin in pea seedlings: immunocytochemical localization in plumules and root apices. Planta 1986; 168:461-70. [PMID: 11539095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Immunofluorescence techniques have been used to study the distribution of calmodulin in several tissues in young etiolated pea (Pisum sativum L.) seedlings. A fairly uniform staining was seen in the nucleoplasm and background cytoplasm of most cell types. Cell walls and nucleoli were not stained. In addition, patterned staining reactions were seen in many cells. In cells of the plumule, punctate staining of the cytoplasm was common, and in part this stain appeared to be associated with the plastids. A very distinctive staining of amyloplasts was seen in the columella of the root cap. Staining associated with cytoskeletal elements could be shown in division stages. By metaphase, staining of the spindle region was quite evident. In epidermal cells of the stem and along the underside of the leaf there was an intense staining of the vacuolar contents. Guard cells lacked this vacuolar stain. Vacuolar staining was sometimes seen in cells of the stele, but the most distinctive pattern in the stele was associated with young conducting cells of the xylem. These staining patterns are consistent with the idea that the interactions of plastids and the cytoskeletal may be one of the Ca(2+)-mediated steps in the response of plants to environmental stimuli. Nuclear functions may also be controlled, at least in part, by Ca2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dauwalder
- Department of Botany, University of Texas, Austin 78713-7640, USA
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10128
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Abstract
Antimonate staining procedures and energy dispersive X-ray micro-analytical techniques were used to determine the patterns of localization of calcium in nonstimulated and gravistimulated corn roots. In horizontally positioned roots within the region of the developing bend there was a change in the staining from that principally localized within cells of the stele to asymmetric staining within the vacuoles of the cortical cells along the upper root surface. There was little staining in the walls. The pattern observed is quite different from that seen in gravistimulated coleoptiles. Staining of mitochondria, plastids and Golgi stacks was seen in most cell types, but no asymmetry of staining was observed. In the rootcap where graviperception is thought to occur, there was little staining of any cellular organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dauwalder
- Cell Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, USA
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10129
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Abstract
The levels of putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine and spermine were determined in seedling roots of pea, tomato, millet and corn, as well as in corn coleoptiles and pea internodes. In all roots, putrescine content increased as elongation progressed, and the putrescine/spermine ratio closely paralleled the sigmoid growth curve up until the time of lateral root initiation. Spermidine and spermine were most abundant near the apices and declined progressively with increasing age of the cells. In the zone of differentiation of root hairs in pea roots, putrescine rose progressively with increasing age, while cadaverine declined. In both pea internodes and corn coleoptiles, the putrescine/spermidine ratio rises with increasing age and elongation. Thus, a block in the conversion of the diamine putrescine to the triamine spermidine may be an important step in the change from cell division to cell elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Shen
- Department of Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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10130
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Becker H, Schrall R. Valepotriates in tissue cultures of nine different Valerianaceae species in comparison to literature data of the intact plants. J Nat Prod 1980; 43:721-723. [PMID: 20707394 DOI: 10.1021/np50012a004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Becker
- Institut für Pharmaseutische Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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10131
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Abstract
Uninoculated roots of pea (Pisum sativum) and French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) have been shown to exude a number of antifungal compounds when grown in a non-sterile aqueous aerated medium. These have been identified and their possible importance in relation to disease resistance is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Burden
- Agricultural Research Council Unit on Plant Growth Substances and Systemic Fungicides, Wye College, University of London, Ashford, Kent
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10132
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Vosa
- Botany School, University of Oxford
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