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Furuta A, Amino M, Yoshio M, Oiwa K, Kojima H, Furuta K. Creating biomolecular motors based on dynein and actin-binding proteins. Nat Nanotechnol 2017; 12:233-237. [PMID: 27842063 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2016.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Biomolecular motors such as myosin, kinesin and dynein are protein machines that can drive directional movement along cytoskeletal tracks and have the potential to be used as molecule-sized actuators. Although control of the velocity and directionality of biomolecular motors has been achieved, the design and construction of novel biomolecular motors remains a challenge. Here we show that naturally occurring protein building blocks from different cytoskeletal systems can be combined to create a new series of biomolecular motors. We show that the hybrid motors-combinations of a motor core derived from the microtubule-based dynein motor and non-motor actin-binding proteins-robustly drive the sliding movement of an actin filament. Furthermore, the direction of actin movement can be reversed by simply changing the geometric arrangement of these building blocks. Our synthetic strategy provides an approach to fabricating biomolecular machines that work along artificial tracks at nanoscale dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akane Furuta
- Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe, Hyogo 651-2492, Japan
| | - Misako Amino
- Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe, Hyogo 651-2492, Japan
| | - Maki Yoshio
- Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe, Hyogo 651-2492, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Oiwa
- Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe, Hyogo 651-2492, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
- Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Harima Science Park City, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kojima
- Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe, Hyogo 651-2492, Japan
| | - Ken'ya Furuta
- Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe, Hyogo 651-2492, Japan
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102
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Cao J, Li X, Lv Y. Dynein light chain family genes in 15 plant species: Identification, evolution and expression profiles. Plant Sci 2017; 254:70-81. [PMID: 27964786 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Dynein light chain (DLC) is one important component of the dynein complexes, which have been proved involving in a variety of cellular functions. However, higher plants lack all other components of the complexes except DLCs, suggesting that in plants, the DLC protein does not carry out the same function as it in animals. Therefore, the function of this family in plants is mysterious. In this study, we investigated the DLC gene family in 15 plant species and analyzed their expression profiles. In total, 128 DLC genes were identified from the 15 studied plant species and were divided into eight groups by their phylogenetic relation. Highly conserved gene structure and motif arrangement was discovered within each group, indicating their functional correlation. Genetic variation and recombination events were also detected in DLC genes. Through selection analyses, we also identified some significant site-specific constraints in most of the DLC paralogs. In addition, DLC genes presented various expression profiles in different development stages, or under different abiotic stresses or phytohormone treatments. This may be associated with a variety of cis-elements responding to stress and phytohormone in the upstream sequences of the DLC genes. Functional network analysis exhibited 123 physical or functional interactions. The results provide a foundation for exploring the characterization of the DLC genes in plants and offer insights for additional functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cao
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Road 301, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Xiangyang Li
- Industrial Crop Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, PR China
| | - Yueqing Lv
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Road 301, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
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103
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Rahi SJ, Pecani K, Ondracka A, Oikonomou C, Cross FR. The CDK-APC/C Oscillator Predominantly Entrains Periodic Cell-Cycle Transcription. Cell 2016; 165:475-87. [PMID: 27058667 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Throughout cell-cycle progression, the expression of multiple transcripts oscillate, and whether these are under the centralized control of the CDK-APC/C proteins or can be driven by a de-centralized transcription factor (TF) cascade is a fundamental question for understanding cell-cycle regulation. In budding yeast, we find that the transcription of nearly all genes, as assessed by RNA-seq or fluorescence microscopy in single cells, is dictated by CDK-APC/C. Three exceptional genes are transcribed in a pulsatile pattern in a variety of CDK-APC/C arrests. Pursuing one of these transcripts, the SIC1 inhibitor of B-type cyclins, we use a combination of mathematical modeling and experimentation to provide evidence that, counter-intuitively, Sic1 provides a failsafe mechanism promoting nuclear division when levels of mitotic cyclins are low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahand Jamal Rahi
- Laboratory of Cell Cycle Genetics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Center for Studies in Physics and Biology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Kresti Pecani
- Laboratory of Cell Cycle Genetics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Andrej Ondracka
- Laboratory of Cell Cycle Genetics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Catherine Oikonomou
- Laboratory of Cell Cycle Genetics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91107, USA
| | - Frederick R Cross
- Laboratory of Cell Cycle Genetics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Center for Studies in Physics and Biology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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104
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Livshits G, Gao F, Malkin I, Needhamsen M, Xia Y, Yuan W, Bell CG, Ward K, Liu Y, Wang J, Bell JT, Spector TD. Contribution of Heritability and Epigenetic Factors to Skeletal Muscle Mass Variation in United Kingdom Twins. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:2450-9. [PMID: 27144936 PMCID: PMC4891794 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-1219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Skeletal muscle mass (SMM) is one of the major components of human body composition, with deviations from normal values often leading to sarcopenia. OBJECTIVE Our major aim was to conduct a genome-wide DNA methylation study in an attempt to identify potential genomic regions associated with SMM. DESIGN This was a mixed cross-sectional and longitudinal study. SETTING Community-based study. PARTICIPANTS A total of 1550 middle-aged United Kingdom twins (monozygotic [MZ] and dizygotic [DZ]), 297 of which were repeatedly measured participated in the study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Appendicular lean mass assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry technology, and methylated DNA immunoprecipitation sequencing DNA methylation profiling genome-wide were obtained from each individual. RESULTS Heritability estimate of SMM, with simultaneous adjustment for covariates obtained using variance decomposition analysis, was h(2) = 0.809 ± 0.050. After quality control and analysis of longitudinal stability, the DNA methylation data comprised of 723 029 genomic sites, with positive correlations between repeated measurements (Rrepeated = 0.114-0.905). Correlations between MZ and DZ twins were 0.51 and 0.38 at a genome-wide average, respectively, and clearly increased with Rrepeated. Testing for DNA methylation association with SMM in 50 discordant MZ twins revealed 36 081 nominally significant results, of which the top-ranked 134 signals (P < .01 and Rrepeated > 0.40) were subjected to replication in the sample of 1196 individuals. Seven SMM methylation association signals replicated at a false discovery rate less than 0.1, and these were located in or near genes DNAH12, CAND1, CYP4F29P, and ZFP64, which have previously been highlighted in muscle-related studies. Adjusting for age, smoking, and blood cell heterogeneity did not alter significance of these associations. CONCLUSION This epigenome-wide study, testing longitudinally stable methylation sites, discovered and replicated a number of associations between DNA methylation at CpG loci and SMM. Four replicated signals were related to genes with potential muscle functions, suggesting that the methylome of whole blood may be informative of SMM variation.
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Engelke MF, Winding M, Yue Y, Shastry S, Teloni F, Reddy S, Blasius TL, Soppina P, Hancock WO, Gelfand VI, Verhey KJ. Engineered kinesin motor proteins amenable to small-molecule inhibition. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11159. [PMID: 27045608 PMCID: PMC4822052 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The human genome encodes 45 kinesin motor proteins that drive cell division, cell motility, intracellular trafficking and ciliary function. Determining the cellular function of each kinesin would benefit from specific small-molecule inhibitors. However, screens have yielded only a few specific inhibitors. Here we present a novel chemical-genetic approach to engineer kinesin motors that can carry out the function of the wild-type motor yet can also be efficiently inhibited by small, cell-permeable molecules. Using kinesin-1 as a prototype, we develop two independent strategies to generate inhibitable motors, and characterize the resulting inhibition in single-molecule assays and in cells. We further apply these two strategies to create analogously inhibitable kinesin-3 motors. These inhibitable motors will be of great utility to study the functions of specific kinesins in a dynamic manner in cells and animals. Furthermore, these strategies can be used to generate inhibitable versions of any motor protein of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin F. Engelke
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Michael Winding
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Yang Yue
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Shankar Shastry
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Federico Teloni
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Sanjay Reddy
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - T. Lynne Blasius
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Pushpanjali Soppina
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - William O. Hancock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Vladimir I. Gelfand
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Kristen J. Verhey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Kurkowiak M, Ziętkiewicz E, Greber A, Voelkel K, Wojda A, Pogorzelski A, Witt M. ZMYND10--Mutation Analysis in Slavic Patients with Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148067. [PMID: 26824761 PMCID: PMC4732763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare recessive disease with a prevalence of 1/10,000; its symptoms are caused by a kinetic dysfunction of motile cilia in the respiratory epithelium, flagella in spermatozoids, and primary cilia in the embryonic node. PCD is genetically heterogeneous: genotyping the already known PCD-related genes explains the genetic basis in 60-65% of the cases, depending on the population. While identification of new genes involved in PCD pathogenesis remains crucial, the search for new, population-specific mutations causative for PCD is equally important. The Slavs remain far less characterized in this respect compared to West European populations, which significantly limits diagnostic capability. The main goal of this study was to characterize the profile of causative genetic defects in one of the PCD-causing genes, ZMYND10, in the cohort of PCD patients of Slavic origin. The study was carried out using biological material from 172 unrelated PCD individuals of Polish origin, with no causative mutation found in nine major PCD genes. While none of the previously described mutations was found using the HRM-based screening, a novel frameshift mutation (c.367delC) in ZMYND10, unique for Slavic PCD population, was found in homozygous state in two unrelated PCD patients. Immunofluorescence analysis confirmed the absence of outer and inner dynein arms from the ciliary axoneme, consistent with the already published ZMYND10-mutated phenotype; cDNA analysis revealed the lack of ZMYND10 mRNA, indicating nonsense-mediated decay of the truncated transcript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Kurkowiak
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
- * E-mail: (MK); (EZ)
| | - Ewa Ziętkiewicz
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
- * E-mail: (MK); (EZ)
| | - Agnieszka Greber
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Voelkel
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Alina Wojda
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Andrzej Pogorzelski
- Department of Pneumology and Cystic Fibrosis, Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Rabka Zdrój, Poland
| | - Michał Witt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
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107
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Wilson CS, Chang AJ, Greene R, Machado S, Parsons MW, Takats TA, Zambetti LJ, Springer AL. Knockdown of Inner Arm Protein IC138 in Trypanosoma brucei Causes Defective Motility and Flagellar Detachment. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139579. [PMID: 26555902 PMCID: PMC4640498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Motility in the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei is conferred by a single flagellum, attached alongside the cell, which moves the cell forward using a beat that is generated from tip-to-base. We are interested in characterizing components that regulate flagellar beating, in this study we extend the characterization of TbIC138, the ortholog of a dynein intermediate chain that regulates axonemal inner arm dynein f/I1. TbIC138 was tagged In situ-and shown to fractionate with the inner arm components of the flagellum. RNAi knockdown of TbIC138 resulted in significantly reduced protein levels, mild growth defect and significant motility defects. These cells tended to cluster, exhibited slow and abnormal motility and some cells had partially or fully detached flagella. Slight but significant increases were observed in the incidence of mis-localized or missing kinetoplasts. To document development of the TbIC138 knockdown phenotype over time, we performed a detailed analysis of flagellar detachment and motility changes over 108 hours following induction of RNAi. Abnormal motility, such as slow twitching or irregular beating, was observed early, and became progressively more severe such that by 72 hours-post-induction, approximately 80% of the cells were immotile. Progressively more cells exhibited flagellar detachment over time, but this phenotype was not as prevalent as immotility, affecting less than 60% of the population. Detached flagella had abnormal beating, but abnormal beating was also observed in cells with no flagellar detachment, suggesting that TbIC138 has a direct, or primary, effect on the flagellar beat, whereas detachment is a secondary phenotype of TbIC138 knockdown. Our results are consistent with the role of TbIC138 as a regulator of motility, and has a phenotype amenable to more extensive structure-function analyses to further elucidate its role in the control of flagellar beat in T. brucei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne S. Wilson
- Department of Biology, Siena College, Loudonville, New York, United States of America
| | - Alex J. Chang
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Greene
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sulynn Machado
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Matthew W. Parsons
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Taylor A. Takats
- Department of Biology, Siena College, Loudonville, New York, United States of America
| | - Luke J. Zambetti
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Amy L. Springer
- Department of Biology, Siena College, Loudonville, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Bertalan Z, Budrikis Z, La Porta CAM, Zapperi S. Role of the Number of Microtubules in Chromosome Segregation during Cell Division. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141305. [PMID: 26506005 PMCID: PMC4624697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Faithful segregation of genetic material during cell division requires alignment of chromosomes between two spindle poles and attachment of their kinetochores to each of the poles. Failure of these complex dynamical processes leads to chromosomal instability (CIN), a characteristic feature of several diseases including cancer. While a multitude of biological factors regulating chromosome congression and bi-orientation have been identified, it is still unclear how they are integrated so that coherent chromosome motion emerges from a large collection of random and deterministic processes. Here we address this issue by a three dimensional computational model of motor-driven chromosome congression and bi-orientation during mitosis. Our model reveals that successful cell division requires control of the total number of microtubules: if this number is too small bi-orientation fails, while if it is too large not all the chromosomes are able to congress. The optimal number of microtubules predicted by our model compares well with early observations in mammalian cell spindles. Our results shed new light on the origin of several pathological conditions related to chromosomal instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Bertalan
- Institute for Scientific Interchange Foundation, Via Alassio 11/C, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Zoe Budrikis
- Institute for Scientific Interchange Foundation, Via Alassio 11/C, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Caterina A. M. La Porta
- Center for Complexity and Biosystems, Department of Bioscience, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
- * E-mail: (CAMLP); (SZ)
| | - Stefano Zapperi
- Institute for Scientific Interchange Foundation, Via Alassio 11/C, 10126 Torino, Italy
- Center for Complexity and Biosystems, Department of Physics, University of Milan, via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
- CNR - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per l’Energetica e le Interfasi, Via R. Cozzi 53, 20125 Milano, Italy
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 14100, FIN-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
- * E-mail: (CAMLP); (SZ)
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Dona M, Bachmann-Gagescu R, Texier Y, Toedt G, Hetterschijt L, Tonnaer EL, Peters TA, van Beersum SEC, Bergboer JGM, Horn N, de Vrieze E, Slijkerman RWN, van Reeuwijk J, Flik G, Keunen JE, Ueffing M, Gibson TJ, Roepman R, Boldt K, Kremer H, van Wijk E. NINL and DZANK1 Co-function in Vesicle Transport and Are Essential for Photoreceptor Development in Zebrafish. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005574. [PMID: 26485514 PMCID: PMC4617706 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciliopathies are Mendelian disorders caused by dysfunction of cilia, ubiquitous organelles involved in fluid propulsion (motile cilia) or signal transduction (primary cilia). Retinal dystrophy is a common phenotypic characteristic of ciliopathies since photoreceptor outer segments are specialized primary cilia. These ciliary structures heavily rely on intracellular minus-end directed transport of cargo, mediated at least in part by the cytoplasmic dynein 1 motor complex, for their formation, maintenance and function. Ninein-like protein (NINL) is known to associate with this motor complex and is an important interaction partner of the ciliopathy-associated proteins lebercilin, USH2A and CC2D2A. Here, we scrutinize the function of NINL with combined proteomic and zebrafish in vivo approaches. We identify Double Zinc Ribbon and Ankyrin Repeat domains 1 (DZANK1) as a novel interaction partner of NINL and show that loss of Ninl, Dzank1 or both synergistically leads to dysmorphic photoreceptor outer segments, accumulation of trans-Golgi-derived vesicles and mislocalization of Rhodopsin and Ush2a in zebrafish. In addition, retrograde melanosome transport is severely impaired in zebrafish lacking Ninl or Dzank1. We further demonstrate that NINL and DZANK1 are essential for intracellular dynein-based transport by associating with complementary subunits of the cytoplasmic dynein 1 motor complex, thus shedding light on the structure and stoichiometry of this important motor complex. Altogether, our results support a model in which the NINL-DZANK1 protein module is involved in the proper assembly and folding of the cytoplasmic dynein 1 motor complex in photoreceptor cells, a process essential for outer segment formation and function. The cytoplasmic dynein 1 motor complex is known to be essential for photoreceptor outer segment formation and function. NINL, an important interaction partner of three ciliopathy-associated proteins (lebercilin, USH2A and CC2D2A), was previously shown to associate with this motor complex. In this work, we scrutinize the role of NINL using a combination of affinity proteomics and zebrafish studies, in order to gain insight into the pathogenic mechanisms underlying these three associated hereditary disorders. We identify DZANK1 as an important interaction partner of NINL and show that loss of Ninl, Dzank1, or a combination of both synergistically results in impaired transport of trans Golgi-derived vesicles and, as a consequence, defective photoreceptor outer segment formation. Using affinity proteomics, we demonstrate that NINL and DZANK1 associate with complementary subunits of the cytoplasmic dynein 1 complex. Our results support a model in which the NINL-DZANK1 protein module is essential for the proper assembly and folding of the cytoplasmic dynein 1 motor complex, shedding light on the structure and stoichiometry of this important motor complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margo Dona
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ruxandra Bachmann-Gagescu
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yves Texier
- Division of Experimental Ophthalmology, and Medical Proteome Center, Centre for Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Grischa Toedt
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lisette Hetterschijt
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Edith L. Tonnaer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Theo A. Peters
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sylvia E. C. van Beersum
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Judith G. M. Bergboer
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Nicola Horn
- Division of Experimental Ophthalmology, and Medical Proteome Center, Centre for Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Erik de Vrieze
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ralph W. N. Slijkerman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen van Reeuwijk
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Gert Flik
- Department of Organismal Animal Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan E. Keunen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Division of Experimental Ophthalmology, and Medical Proteome Center, Centre for Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Toby J. Gibson
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ronald Roepman
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Karsten Boldt
- Division of Experimental Ophthalmology, and Medical Proteome Center, Centre for Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hannie Kremer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Erwin van Wijk
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Brunsch M, Schubert D, Gube M, Ring C, Hanisch L, Linde J, Krause K, Kothe E. Dynein Heavy Chain, Encoded by Two Genes in Agaricomycetes, Is Required for Nuclear Migration in Schizophyllum commune. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135616. [PMID: 26284622 PMCID: PMC4540427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The white-rot fungus Schizophyllum commune (Agaricomycetes) was used to study the cell biology of microtubular trafficking during mating interactions, when the two partners exchange nuclei, which are transported along microtubule tracks. For this transport activity, the motor protein dynein is required. In S. commune, the dynein heavy chain is encoded in two parts by two separate genes, dhc1 and dhc2. The N-terminal protein Dhc1 supplies the dimerization domain, while Dhc2 encodes the motor machinery and the microtubule binding domain. This split motor protein is unique to Basidiomycota, where three different sequence patterns suggest independent split events during evolution. To investigate the function of the dynein heavy chain, the gene dhc1 and the motor domain in dhc2 were deleted. Both resulting mutants were viable, but revealed phenotypes in hyphal growth morphology and mating behavior as well as in sexual development. Viability of strain Δdhc2 is due to the higher expression of kinesin-2 and kinesin-14, which was proven via RNA sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Brunsch
- Institute of Microbiology, Microbial Communication, Friedrich Schiller University, Neugasse 25, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Daniela Schubert
- Institute of Microbiology, Microbial Communication, Friedrich Schiller University, Neugasse 25, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Matthias Gube
- Institute of Microbiology, Microbial Communication, Friedrich Schiller University, Neugasse 25, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Christiane Ring
- Institute of Microbiology, Microbial Communication, Friedrich Schiller University, Neugasse 25, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Lisa Hanisch
- Institute of Microbiology, Microbial Communication, Friedrich Schiller University, Neugasse 25, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Jörg Linde
- Research Group Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology–Hans-Knöll-Institute, Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Katrin Krause
- Institute of Microbiology, Microbial Communication, Friedrich Schiller University, Neugasse 25, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Erika Kothe
- Institute of Microbiology, Microbial Communication, Friedrich Schiller University, Neugasse 25, 07743, Jena, Germany
- * E-mail:
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111
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Xiang X, Qiu R, Yao X, Arst HN, Peñalva MA, Zhang J. Cytoplasmic dynein and early endosome transport. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3267-80. [PMID: 26001903 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1926-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Microtubule-based distribution of organelles/vesicles is crucial for the function of many types of eukaryotic cells and the molecular motor cytoplasmic dynein is required for transporting a variety of cellular cargos toward the microtubule minus ends. Early endosomes represent a major cargo of dynein in filamentous fungi, and dynein regulators such as LIS1 and the dynactin complex are both required for early endosome movement. In fungal hyphae, kinesin-3 and dynein drive bi-directional movements of early endosomes. Dynein accumulates at microtubule plus ends; this accumulation depends on kinesin-1 and dynactin, and it is important for early endosome movements towards the microtubule minus ends. The physical interaction between dynein and early endosome requires the dynactin complex, and in particular, its p25 component. The FTS-Hook-FHIP (FHF) complex links dynein-dynactin to early endosomes, and within the FHF complex, Hook interacts with dynein-dynactin, and Hook-early endosome interaction depends on FHIP and FTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA,
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112
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Xing H, Wang Z, Gao X, Chen D, Wang L, Li S, Xu S. Atrazine and chlorpyrifos exposure induces liver autophagic response in common carp. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2015; 113:52-58. [PMID: 25483372 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Under normal conditions, autophagy occurs at basal levels but can be induced rapidly in response to stress conditions and extracellular signals. Increasing experimental evidence indicates that the expression of autophagy-related genes play very important roles in toxicology. Atrazine (ATR) and chlorpyrifos (CPF) are the most common agrochemical in the freshwater ecosystems of the world. This study assessed the effects of ATR, CPF and combined ATR/CPF exposure on the liver of common carp. Carp were sampled after a 40-d exposure to ATR and CPF, individually or in combination, followed by a 40-d recovery to measure the mRNA and protein levels of autophagy-related genes in the liver. In addition, we also investigated the change in ultrastructure in the liver. The results revealed that the mRNA and protein levels of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 B (LC3B) and dynein were significantly induced in the treated groups compared to the solvent control group. Transmission electron microscope assays indicated that autolysosomes were observed in the exposure and recovery groups. These results indicated that ATR and CPF could induce autophagy in carp liver. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to study the autophagy effects caused by sub-chronic exposure to ATR, CPF and the ATR/CPF combination in common carp. The information presented in the present study may provide new insights into the mechanisms used by fish to adapt to stressful environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houjuan Xing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin 150030, PR China; Animal Health Supervision Institute of Heilongjiang Province, 243 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Zhilei Wang
- Animal Health Supervision Institute of Heilongjiang Province, 243 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Xuejiao Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130032, PR China
| | - Dechun Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Liangliang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Shu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin 150030, PR China.
| | - Shiwen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin 150030, PR China.
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113
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Diggle CP, Moore DJ, Mali G, zur Lage P, Ait-Lounis A, Schmidts M, Shoemark A, Garcia Munoz A, Halachev MR, Gautier P, Yeyati PL, Bonthron DT, Carr IM, Hayward B, Markham AF, Hope JE, von Kriegsheim A, Mitchison HM, Jackson IJ, Durand B, Reith W, Sheridan E, Jarman AP, Mill P. HEATR2 plays a conserved role in assembly of the ciliary motile apparatus. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004577. [PMID: 25232951 PMCID: PMC4168999 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia are highly conserved microtubule-based structures that perform a variety of sensory and motility functions during development and adult homeostasis. In humans, defects specifically affecting motile cilia lead to chronic airway infections, infertility and laterality defects in the genetically heterogeneous disorder Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD). Using the comparatively simple Drosophila system, in which mechanosensory neurons possess modified motile cilia, we employed a recently elucidated cilia transcriptional RFX-FOX code to identify novel PCD candidate genes. Here, we report characterization of CG31320/HEATR2, which plays a conserved critical role in forming the axonemal dynein arms required for ciliary motility in both flies and humans. Inner and outer arm dyneins are absent from axonemes of CG31320 mutant flies and from PCD individuals with a novel splice-acceptor HEATR2 mutation. Functional conservation of closely arranged RFX-FOX binding sites upstream of HEATR2 orthologues may drive higher cytoplasmic expression of HEATR2 during early motile ciliogenesis. Immunoprecipitation reveals HEATR2 interacts with DNAI2, but not HSP70 or HSP90, distinguishing it from the client/chaperone functions described for other cytoplasmic proteins required for dynein arm assembly such as DNAAF1-4. These data implicate CG31320/HEATR2 in a growing intracellular pre-assembly and transport network that is necessary to deliver functional dynein machinery to the ciliary compartment for integration into the motile axoneme.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel J. Moore
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Girish Mali
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Petra zur Lage
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Aouatef Ait-Lounis
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Miriam Schmidts
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Birth Defect Research Center, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amelia Shoemark
- Paediatric Respiratory Department, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amaya Garcia Munoz
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mihail R. Halachev
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Philippe Gautier
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia L. Yeyati
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ian M. Carr
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Bruce Hayward
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jilly E. Hope
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alex von Kriegsheim
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hannah M. Mitchison
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Birth Defect Research Center, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J. Jackson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Bénédicte Durand
- Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 5534 CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Walter Reith
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eamonn Sheridan
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (ES); (APJ); (PM)
| | - Andrew P. Jarman
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (ES); (APJ); (PM)
| | - Pleasantine Mill
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (ES); (APJ); (PM)
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114
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Kang MJ, Hansen TJ, Mickiewicz M, Kaczynski TJ, Fye S, Gunawardena S. Disruption of axonal transport perturbs bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)--signaling and contributes to synaptic abnormalities in two neurodegenerative diseases. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104617. [PMID: 25127478 PMCID: PMC4134223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Formation of new synapses or maintenance of existing synapses requires the delivery of synaptic components from the soma to the nerve termini via axonal transport. One pathway that is important in synapse formation, maintenance and function of the Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-signaling pathway. Here we show that perturbations in axonal transport directly disrupt BMP signaling, as measured by its downstream signal, phospho Mad (p-Mad). We found that components of the BMP pathway genetically interact with both kinesin-1 and dynein motor proteins. Thick vein (TKV) vesicle motility was also perturbed by reductions in kinesin-1 or dynein motors. Interestingly, dynein mutations severely disrupted p-Mad signaling while kinesin-1 mutants showed a mild reduction in p-Mad signal intensity. Similar to mutants in components of the BMP pathway, both kinesin-1 and dynein motor protein mutants also showed synaptic morphological defects. Strikingly TKV motility and p-Mad signaling were disrupted in larvae expressing two human disease proteins; expansions of glutamine repeats (polyQ77) and human amyloid precursor protein (APP) with a familial Alzheimer's disease (AD) mutation (APPswe). Consistent with axonal transport defects, larvae expressing these disease proteins showed accumulations of synaptic proteins along axons and synaptic abnormalities. Taken together our results suggest that similar to the NGF-TrkA signaling endosome, a BMP signaling endosome that directly interacts with molecular motors likely exist. Thus problems in axonal transport occurs early, perturbs BMP signaling, and likely contributes to the synaptic abnormalities observed in these two diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jung Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Timothy J. Hansen
- Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Monique Mickiewicz
- Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Tadeusz J. Kaczynski
- Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Samantha Fye
- Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Shermali Gunawardena
- Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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115
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Duellberg C, Trokter M, Jha R, Sen I, Steinmetz MO, Surrey T. Reconstitution of a hierarchical +TIP interaction network controlling microtubule end tracking of dynein. Nat Cell Biol 2014; 16:804-11. [PMID: 24997520 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Growing microtubule end regions recruit a variety of proteins collectively termed +TIPs, which confer local functions to the microtubule cytoskeleton. +TIPs form dynamic interaction networks whose behaviour depends on a number of potentially competitive and hierarchical interaction modes. The rules that determine which of the various +TIPs are recruited to the limited number of available binding sites at microtubule ends remain poorly understood. Here we examined how the human dynein complex, the main minus-end-directed motor and an important +TIP (refs , , ), is targeted to growing microtubule ends in the presence of different +TIP competitors. Using a total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy-based reconstitution assay, we found that a hierarchical recruitment mode targets the large dynactin subunit p150Glued to growing microtubule ends via EB1 and CLIP-170 in the presence of competing SxIP-motif-containing peptides. We further show that the human dynein complex is targeted to growing microtubule ends through an interaction of the tail domain of dynein with p150Glued. Our results highlight how the connectivity and hierarchy within dynamic +TIP networks are orchestrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Duellberg
- 1] London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK [2] European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina Trokter
- 1] London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK [2] European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany [3]
| | - Rupam Jha
- London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Indrani Sen
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Michel O Steinmetz
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Surrey
- 1] London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK [2] European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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116
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Feng J, Tang X, Zhan W. Cloning and characterization of cytoplasmic dynein intermediate chain in Fenneropenaeus chinensis and its essential role in white spot syndrome virus infection. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2014; 39:407-414. [PMID: 24925758 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the role of cytoplasmic dynein in white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection, the full-length cDNA of cytoplasmic dynein intermediate chain (FcDYNCI) was cloned in Fenneropenaeus chinensis, which consists of 2582 bp and encodes a polypeptide of 660 amino acids. Sequence analysis and multiple sequence alignment displayed that FcDYNCI was a member of cytoplasmic dynein 1 family. The FcDYNCI mRNA was most highly expressed in hemocytes, which was significantly up-regulated post WSSV infection. At 12 h post infection (hpi), confocal microscopic observation showed that WSSV could be co-localized with cytoplasmic dynein in hemocytes. After silencing by specific FcDYNCI dsRNA, the FcDYNCI mRNA level and the protein amount of FcDYNCI in hemocytes both exhibited a significant reduction, and the expression levels of three WSSV genes ie1, wsv477 and vp28 all exhibited the greatest decreases at 24 hpi. These results suggested that cytoplasmic dynein was involved in WSSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixing Feng
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Xiaoqian Tang
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Wenbin Zhan
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China.
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117
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Fujita S, Matsuo T, Ishiura M, Kikkawa M. High-throughput phenotyping of chlamydomonas swimming mutants based on nanoscale video analysis. Biophys J 2014; 107:336-345. [PMID: 25028875 PMCID: PMC4104059 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on biflagellated algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutants have resulted in significant contributions to our understanding of the functions of cilia/flagella components. However, visual inspection conducted under a microscope to screen and classify Chlamydomonas swimming requires considerable time, effort, and experience. In addition, it is likely that identification of mutants by this screening is biased toward individual cells with severe swimming defects, and mutants that swim slightly more slowly than wild-type cells may be missed by these screening methods. To systematically screen Chlamydomonas swimming mutants, we have here developed the cell-locating-with-nanoscale-accuracy (CLONA) method to identify the cell position to within 10-nm precision through the analysis of high-speed video images. Instead of analyzing the shape of the flagella, which is not always visible in images, we determine the position of Chlamydomonas cell bodies by determining the cross-correlation between a reference image and the image of the cell. From these positions, various parameters related to swimming, such as velocity and beat frequency, can be accurately estimated for each beat cycle. In the examination of wild-type and seven dynein arm mutants of Chlamydomonas, we found characteristic clustering on scatter plots of beat frequency versus swimming velocity. Using the CLONA method, we have screened 38 Chlamydomonas strains and detected believed-novel motility-deficient mutants that would be missed by visual screening. This CLONA method can automate the screening for mutants of Chlamydomonas and contribute to the elucidation of the functions of motility-associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Fujita
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Matsuo
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Masahide Kikkawa
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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118
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Raaijmakers JA, Medema RH. Function and regulation of dynein in mitotic chromosome segregation. Chromosoma 2014; 123:407-22. [PMID: 24871939 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-014-0468-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein is a large minus-end-directed microtubule motor complex, involved in many different cellular processes including intracellular trafficking, organelle positioning, and microtubule organization. Furthermore, dynein plays essential roles during cell division where it is implicated in multiple processes including centrosome separation, chromosome movements, spindle organization, spindle positioning, and mitotic checkpoint silencing. How is a single motor able to fulfill this large array of functions and how are these activities temporally and spatially regulated? The answer lies in the unique composition of the dynein motor and in the interactions it makes with multiple regulatory proteins that define the time and place where dynein becomes active. Here, we will focus on the different mitotic processes that dynein is involved in, and how its regulatory proteins act to support dynein. Although dynein is highly conserved amongst eukaryotes (with the exception of plants), there is significant variability in the cellular processes that depend on dynein in different species. In this review, we concentrate on the functions of cytoplasmic dynein in mammals but will also refer to data obtained in other model organisms that have contributed to our understanding of dynein function in higher eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Raaijmakers
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Genomics Center, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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119
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Arens J, Duong TT, Dehmelt L. A morphometric screen identifies specific roles for microtubule-regulating genes in neuronal development of P19 stem cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79796. [PMID: 24260302 PMCID: PMC3832585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The first morphological change after neuronal differentiation is the microtubule-dependent initiation of thin cell protrusions called neurites. Here we performed a siRNA-based morphometric screen in P19 stem cells to evaluate the role of 408 microtubule-regulating genes during this early neuromorphogenesis step. This screen uncovered several novel regulatory factors, including specific complex subunits of the microtubule motor dynein involved in neurite initiation and a novel role for the microtubule end-binding protein EB2 in attenuation of neurite outgrowth. Epistasis analysis suggests that competition between EB1 and EB2 regulates neurite length, which links its expression to neurite outgrowth. We propose a model that explains how microtubule regulators can mediate cellular morphogenesis during the early steps of neuronal development by controlling microtubule stabilization and organizing dynein-generated forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Arens
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molekular Physiology, and Fachbereich Chemische Biologie, Dortmund University of Technology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Thanh-Thuy Duong
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molekular Physiology, and Fachbereich Chemische Biologie, Dortmund University of Technology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Leif Dehmelt
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molekular Physiology, and Fachbereich Chemische Biologie, Dortmund University of Technology, Dortmund, Germany
- * E-mail:
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120
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Sanghavi P, Laxani S, Li X, Bullock SL, Gonsalvez GB. Dynein associates with oskar mRNPs and is required for their efficient net plus-end localization in Drosophila oocytes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80605. [PMID: 24244700 PMCID: PMC3823658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In order for eukaryotic cells to function properly, they must establish polarity. The Drosophila oocyte uses mRNA localization to establish polarity and hence provides a genetically tractable model in which to study this process. The spatial restriction of oskar mRNA and its subsequent protein product is necessary for embryonic patterning. The localization of oskar mRNA requires microtubules and microtubule-based motor proteins. Null mutants in Kinesin heavy chain (Khc), the motor subunit of the plus end-directed Kinesin-1, result in oskar mRNA delocalization. Although the majority of oskar particles are non-motile in khc nulls, a small fraction of particles display active motility. Thus, a motor other than Kinesin-1 could conceivably also participate in oskar mRNA localization. Here we show that Dynein heavy chain (Dhc), the motor subunit of the minus end-directed Dynein complex, extensively co-localizes with Khc and oskar mRNA. In addition, immunoprecipitation of the Dynein complex specifically co-precipitated oskar mRNA and Khc. Lastly, germline-specific depletion of Dhc resulted in oskar mRNA and Khc delocalization. Our results therefore suggest that efficient posterior localization of oskar mRNA requires the concerted activities of both Dynein and Kinesin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulomi Sanghavi
- Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Shobha Laxani
- Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Xuan Li
- Division of Cell Biology, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon L. Bullock
- Division of Cell Biology, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Graydon B. Gonsalvez
- Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Boissonneault KR, Henningsen BM, Bates SS, Robertson DL, Milton S, Pelletier J, Hogan DA, Housman DE. Gene expression studies for the analysis of domoic acid production in the marine diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries. BMC Mol Biol 2013; 14:25. [PMID: 24180290 PMCID: PMC3832940 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-14-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries Hasle (Hasle) (Ps-n) is distinctive among the ecologically important marine diatoms because it produces the neurotoxin domoic acid. Although the biology of Ps-n has been investigated intensely, the characterization of the genes and biochemical pathways leading to domoic acid biosynthesis has been limited. To identify transcripts whose levels correlate with domoic acid production, we analyzed Ps-n under conditions of high and low domoic acid production by cDNA microarray technology and reverse-transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) methods. Our goals included identifying and validating robust reference genes for Ps-n RNA expression analysis under these conditions. RESULTS Through microarray analysis of exponential- and stationary-phase cultures with low and high domoic acid production, respectively, we identified candidate reference genes whose transcripts did not vary across conditions. We tested eleven potential reference genes for stability using RT-qPCR and GeNorm analyses. Our results indicated that transcripts encoding JmjC, dynein, and histone H3 proteins were the most suitable for normalization of expression data under conditions of silicon-limitation, in late-exponential through stationary phase. The microarray studies identified a number of genes that were up- and down-regulated under toxin-producing conditions. RT-qPCR analysis, using the validated controls, confirmed the up-regulation of transcripts predicted to encode a cycloisomerase, an SLC6 transporter, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, glutamate dehydrogenase, a small heat shock protein, and an aldo-keto reductase, as well as the down-regulation of a transcript encoding a fucoxanthin-chlorophyll a-c binding protein, under these conditions. CONCLUSION Our results provide a strong basis for further studies of RNA expression levels in Ps-n, which will contribute to our understanding of genes involved in the production and release of domoic acid, an important neurotoxin that affects human health as well as ecosystem function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Rose Boissonneault
- Department of Biological Sciences, Plymouth State University, MSC 64, 17 High St., Plymouth, NH 03264, USA
- Koch Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 76-553, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Brooks M Henningsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Plymouth State University, MSC 64, 17 High St., Plymouth, NH 03264, USA
- Present address: Mascoma Corporation, 67 Etna Road Suite 300, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA
| | - Stephen S Bates
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Gulf Fisheries Centre, P.O. Box 5030, Moncton, New Brunswick E1C 9B6, Canada
| | - Deborah L Robertson
- Biology Department, Clark University, 950 Main Street, Worcester, MA 01610, USA
| | - Sean Milton
- Koch Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 76-553, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Present address: Vertex Pharmaceuticals, 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jerry Pelletier
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Deborah A Hogan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vail Building Room 208, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - David E Housman
- Koch Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 76-553, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Korrodi-Gregório L, Margarida Lopes A, Esteves SLC, Afonso S, Lemos de Matos A, Lissovsky AA, da Cruz e Silva OAB, da Cruz e Silva EF, Esteves PJ, Fardilha M. An intriguing shift occurs in the novel protein phosphatase 1 binding partner, TCTEX1D4: evidence of positive selection in a pika model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77236. [PMID: 24130861 PMCID: PMC3795061 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
T-complex testis expressed protein 1 domain containing 4 (TCTEX1D4) contains the canonical phosphoprotein phosphatase 1 (PPP1) binding motif, composed by the amino acid sequence RVSF. We identified and validated the binding of TCTEX1D4 to PPP1 and demonstrated that indeed this protein is a novel PPP1 interacting protein. Analyses of twenty-one mammalian species available in public databases and seven Lagomorpha sequences obtained in this work showed that the PPP1 binding motif 90RVSF93 is present in all of them and is flanked by a palindromic sequence, PLGS, except in three species of pikas (Ochotona princeps, O. dauurica and O. pusilla). Furthermore, for the Ochotona species an extra glycosylation site, motif 96NLS98, and the loss of the palindromic sequence were observed. Comparison with other lagomorphs suggests that this event happened before the Ochotona radiation. The dN/dS for the sequence region comprising the PPP1 binding motif and the flanking palindrome highly supports the hypothesis that for Ochotona species this region has been evolving under positive selection. In addition, mutational screening shows that the ability of pikas TCTEX1D4 to bind to PPP1 is maintained, although the PPP1 binding motif is disrupted, and the N- and C-terminal surrounding residues are also abrogated. These observations suggest pika as an ideal model to study novel PPP1 complexes regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Korrodi-Gregório
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Centre for Cell Biology, Health Sciences Department and Biology Department, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Margarida Lopes
- CIBIO/UP, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos/Universidade do Porto, InBio, Laboratório Associado, Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Zoologia e Antropologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- INSERM, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unit 892, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Sara L. C. Esteves
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Centre for Cell Biology, Health Sciences Department and Biology Department, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sandra Afonso
- CIBIO/UP, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos/Universidade do Porto, InBio, Laboratório Associado, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Ana Lemos de Matos
- CIBIO/UP, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos/Universidade do Porto, InBio, Laboratório Associado, Vairão, Portugal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America
| | | | - Odete A. B. da Cruz e Silva
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Centre for Cell Biology, Health Sciences Department and Biology Department, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Edgar F. da Cruz e Silva
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Centre for Cell Biology, Health Sciences Department and Biology Department, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Pedro José Esteves
- CIBIO/UP, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos/Universidade do Porto, InBio, Laboratório Associado, Vairão, Portugal
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Gandra PRD, Portugal
- * E-mail: (MF); (PJE)
| | - Margarida Fardilha
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Centre for Cell Biology, Health Sciences Department and Biology Department, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- * E-mail: (MF); (PJE)
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Knowles MR, Ostrowski LE, Loges NT, Hurd T, Leigh MW, Huang L, Wolf WE, Carson JL, Hazucha MJ, Yin W, Davis SD, Dell SD, Ferkol TW, Sagel SD, Olivier KN, Jahnke C, Olbrich H, Werner C, Raidt J, Wallmeier J, Pennekamp P, Dougherty GW, Hjeij R, Gee HY, Otto EA, Halbritter J, Chaki M, Diaz KA, Braun DA, Porath JD, Schueler M, Baktai G, Griese M, Turner EH, Lewis AP, Bamshad MJ, Nickerson DA, Hildebrandt F, Shendure J, Omran H, Zariwala MA. Mutations in SPAG1 cause primary ciliary dyskinesia associated with defective outer and inner dynein arms. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 93:711-20. [PMID: 24055112 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a genetically heterogeneous, autosomal-recessive disorder, characterized by oto-sino-pulmonary disease and situs abnormalities. PCD-causing mutations have been identified in 20 genes, but collectively they account for only ∼65% of all PCDs. To identify mutations in additional genes that cause PCD, we performed exome sequencing on three unrelated probands with ciliary outer and inner dynein arm (ODA+IDA) defects. Mutations in SPAG1 were identified in one family with three affected siblings. Further screening of SPAG1 in 98 unrelated affected individuals (62 with ODA+IDA defects, 35 with ODA defects, 1 without available ciliary ultrastructure) revealed biallelic loss-of-function mutations in 11 additional individuals (including one sib-pair). All 14 affected individuals with SPAG1 mutations had a characteristic PCD phenotype, including 8 with situs abnormalities. Additionally, all individuals with mutations who had defined ciliary ultrastructure had ODA+IDA defects. SPAG1 was present in human airway epithelial cell lysates but was not present in isolated axonemes, and immunofluorescence staining showed an absence of ODA and IDA proteins in cilia from an affected individual, thus indicating that SPAG1 probably plays a role in the cytoplasmic assembly and/or trafficking of the axonemal dynein arms. Zebrafish morpholino studies of spag1 produced cilia-related phenotypes previously reported for PCD-causing mutations in genes encoding cytoplasmic proteins. Together, these results demonstrate that mutations in SPAG1 cause PCD with ciliary ODA+IDA defects and that exome sequencing is useful to identify genetic causes of heterogeneous recessive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Knowles
- Department of Medicine, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Xu X, Zhang Q, Hu JY, Zhang DX, Jiang XP, Jia JZ, Zhu JC, Huang YS. Phosphorylation of DYNLT1 at serine 82 regulates microtubule stability and mitochondrial permeabilization in hypoxia. Mol Cells 2013; 36:322-32. [PMID: 24170091 PMCID: PMC3887991 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-013-0114-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-induced microtubule disruption and mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT) are crucial events leading to fatal cell damage and recent studies showed that microtubules (MTs) are involved in the modulation of mitochondrial function. Dynein light chain Tctex-type 1 (DYNLT1) is thought to be associated with MTs and mitochondria. Previously we demonstrated that DYNLT1 knockdown aggravates hypoxia-induced mitochondrial permeabilization, which indicates a role of DYNLT1 in hypoxic cytoprotection. But the underlying regulatory mechanism of DYNLT1 remains illusive. Here we aimed to investigate the phosphorylation alteration of DYNLT1 at serine 82 (S82) in hypoxia (1% O2). We therefore constructed recombinant adenoviruses to generate S82E and S82A mutants, used to transfect H9c2 and HeLa cell lines. Development of hypoxia-induced mPT (MMP examining, Cyt c release and mPT pore opening assay), hypoxic energy metabolism (cellular viability and ATP quantification), and stability of MTs were examined. Our results showed that phosph-S82 (S82-P) expression was increased in early hypoxia; S82E mutation (phosphomimic) aggravated mitochondrial damage, elevated the free tubulin in cytoplasm and decreased the cellular viability; S82A mutation (dephosphomimic) seemed to diminish the hypoxia-induced injury. These data suggest that DYNLT1 phosphorylation at S82 is involved in MTs and mitochondria regulation, and their interaction and cooperation contribute to the cellular hypoxic tolerance. Thus, we provide new insights into a DYNLT1 mechanism in stabilizing MTs and mitochondria, and propose a potential therapeutic target for hypoxia cytoprotective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Xu
- School of Nursing, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jiong-yu Hu
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Dong-xia Zhang
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xu-pin Jiang
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - jie-zhi Jia
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jing-ci Zhu
- School of Nursing, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue-sheng Huang
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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Moughamian AJ, Osborn GE, Lazarus JE, Maday S, Holzbaur ELF. Ordered recruitment of dynactin to the microtubule plus-end is required for efficient initiation of retrograde axonal transport. J Neurosci 2013; 33:13190-203. [PMID: 23926272 PMCID: PMC3735891 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0935-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-range retrograde axonal transport in neurons is driven exclusively by the microtubule motor cytoplasmic dynein. The efficient initiation of dynein-mediated transport from the distal axon is critical for normal neuronal function, and neurodegenerative disease-associated mutations have been shown to specifically disrupt this process. Here, we examine the role of dynamic microtubules and microtubule plus-end binding proteins (+TIPs) in the initiation of dynein-mediated retrograde axonal transport using live-cell imaging of cargo motility in primary mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons. We show that end-binding (EB)-positive dynamic microtubules are enriched in the distal axon. The +TIPs EB1, EB3, and cytoplasmic linker protein-170 (CLIP-170) interact with these dynamic microtubules, recruiting the dynein activator dynactin in an ordered pathway, leading to the initiation of retrograde transport by the motor dynein. Once transport has initiated, however, neither the EBs nor CLIP-170 are required to maintain transport flux along the mid-axon. In contrast, the +TIP Lis1 activates transport through a distinct mechanism and is required to maintain processive organelle transport along both the distal and mid-axon. Further, we show that the EB/CLIP-170/dynactin-dependent mechanism is required for the efficient initiation of transport from the distal axon for multiple distinct cargos, including mitochondria, Rab5-positive early endosomes, late endosomes/lysosomes, and TrkA-, TrkB-, and APP-positive organelles. Our observations indicate that there is an essential role for +TIPs in the regulation of retrograde transport initiation in the neuron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armen J Moughamian
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6085, USA
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Abstract
Neurons and other cells require intracellular transport of essential components for viability and function. Previous work has shown that while net amyloid precursor protein (APP) transport is generally anterograde, individual vesicles containing APP move bi-directionally. This discrepancy highlights our poor understanding of the in vivo regulation of APP-vesicle transport. Here, we show that reduction of presenilin (PS) or suppression of gamma-secretase activity substantially increases anterograde and retrograde velocities for APP vesicles. Strikingly, PS deficiency has no effect on an unrelated cargo vesicle class containing synaptotagmin, which is powered by a different kinesin motor. Increased velocities caused by PS or gamma-secretase reduction require functional kinesin-1 and dynein motors. Together, our findings suggest that a normal function of PS is to repress kinesin-1 and dynein motor activity during axonal transport of APP vesicles. Furthermore, our data suggest that axonal transport defects induced by loss of PS-mediated regulatory effects on APP-vesicle motility could be a major cause of neuronal and synaptic defects observed in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) pathogenesis. Thus, perturbations of APP/PS transport could contribute to early neuropathology observed in AD, and highlight a potential novel therapeutic pathway for early intervention, prior to neuronal loss and clinical manifestation of disease.
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Zhu M, Settele F, Kotak S, Sanchez-Pulido L, Ehret L, Ponting CP, Gönczy P, Hoffmann I. MISP is a novel Plk1 substrate required for proper spindle orientation and mitotic progression. J Cell Biol 2013; 200:773-87. [PMID: 23509069 PMCID: PMC3601349 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201207050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Precise positioning of the mitotic spindle determines the correct cell division axis and is crucial for organism development. Spindle positioning is mediated through a cortical machinery by capturing astral microtubules, thereby generating pushing/pulling forces at the cell cortex. However, the molecular link between these two structures remains elusive. Here we describe a previously uncharacterized protein, MISP (C19orf21), as a substrate of Plk1 that is required for correct mitotic spindle positioning. MISP is an actin-associated protein throughout the cell cycle. MISP depletion led to an impaired metaphase-to-anaphase transition, which depended on phosphorylation by Plk1. Loss of MISP induced mitotic defects including spindle misorientation accompanied by shortened astral microtubules. Furthermore, we find that MISP formed a complex with and regulated the cortical distribution of the +TIP binding protein p150(glued), a subunit of the dynein-dynactin complex. We propose that Plk1 phosphorylates MISP, thus stabilizing cortical and astral microtubule attachments required for proper mitotic spindle positioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zhu
- Cell Cycle Control and Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian Settele
- Cell Cycle Control and Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sachin Kotak
- School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luis Sanchez-Pulido
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, England, UK
| | - Lena Ehret
- Cell Cycle Control and Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Chris P. Ponting
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, England, UK
| | - Pierre Gönczy
- School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ingrid Hoffmann
- Cell Cycle Control and Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Zhang Z, Xu H, Gan W, Zeng S, Hu X. Schistosoma japonicum calcium-binding tegumental protein SjTP22.4 immunization confers praziquantel schistosomulumicide and antifecundity effect in mice. Vaccine 2012; 30:5141-50. [PMID: 22683520 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A family of platyhelminth tegument-specific proteins comprising of one or two calcium ion binding EF-hand and a dynein light chain-like domain, termed tegumental proteins, are considered as candidates of vaccine. In this study, we cloned and characterized SjTP22.4, a novel membrane-anchored tegumental protein in Schistosoma japonicum with theoretic MW of 22.4. The recombinant SjTP22.4 could be recognized by S. japonicum infected sera. Immunofluorescence revealed that this protein is not only located on the surface of tegument of adult and schistosomulum and cercaria, but also in the parenchymatous tissues and intestinal epithelium. Circular dichroism (CD) measurement demonstrated rSjTP22.4 had Ca(2+)-binding ability. The rSjTP22.4 vaccination without adjuvants produced comparable high level of antibody with that of immunization with adjuvants together indicated it was an antigen of strong antigenicity. The level of IgG1 is much higher than that of IgG2a and IgE is nearly negative in S. japonicum-infected and rSjTP22.4 immunized mice. In cercaria challenge experiment, mice vaccinated with SjTP22.4 showed no reduction in adult burden and egg production, comparing with the control mice, but 41% decrease in egg mature rate and 32% reduction in liver egg granuloma area. However, the SjTP22.4 immunized mice that received praziquantel treatment at 10d post infection caused 26% reduction in adult burden and 53% decrease in egg mature rate, comparing with the control mice only received praziquantel treatment. In conclusion, SjTP22.4 is a valuable vaccine candidate for S. japonicum of anti-pathogenesis and anti-transmission effect and plays a synergetic role in praziquantel to kill schistosomulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoping Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Wang Q, Feng H, Zheng P, Shen B, Chen L, Liu L, Liu X, Hao Q, Wang S, Chen J, Teng J. The intracellular transport and secretion of calumenin-1/2 in living cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35344. [PMID: 22514732 PMCID: PMC3325945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Calumenin isoforms 1 and 2 (calu-1/2), encoded by the CALU gene, belong to the CREC protein family. Calu-1/2 proteins are secreted into the extracellular space, but the secretory process and regulatory mechanism are largely unknown. Here, using a time-lapse imaging system, we visualized the intracellular transport and secretory process of calu-1/2-EGFP after their translocation into the ER lumen. Interestingly, we observed that an abundance of calu-1/2-EGFP accumulated in cellular processes before being released into the extracellular space, while only part of calu-1/2-EGFP proteins were secreted directly after attaching to the cell periphery. Moreover, we found the secretion of calu-1/2-EGFP required microtubule integrity, and that calu-1/2-EGFP-containing vesicles were transported by the motor proteins Kif5b and cytoplasmic dynein. Finally, we determined the export signal of calu-1/2-EGFP (amino acid positions 20–46) and provided evidence that the asparagine at site 131 was indispensable for calu-1/2-EGFP stabilization. Taken together, we provide a detailed picture of the intracellular transport of calu-1/2-EGFP, which facilitates our understanding of the secretory mechanism of calu-1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-membrane and Membrane Bio-engineering and Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-membrane and Membrane Bio-engineering and Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Pengli Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-membrane and Membrane Bio-engineering and Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Birong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-membrane and Membrane Bio-engineering and Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-membrane and Membrane Bio-engineering and Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-membrane and Membrane Bio-engineering and Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-membrane and Membrane Bio-engineering and Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingsong Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-membrane and Membrane Bio-engineering and Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shunchang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-membrane and Membrane Bio-engineering and Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianguo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-membrane and Membrane Bio-engineering and Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Center for Theoretical Biology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Junlin Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-membrane and Membrane Bio-engineering and Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Kiyomitsu T, Cheeseman IM. Chromosome- and spindle-pole-derived signals generate an intrinsic code for spindle position and orientation. Nat Cell Biol 2012; 14:311-7. [PMID: 22327364 PMCID: PMC3290711 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitotic spindle positioning by cortical pulling forces defines the cell division axis and location, which is critical for proper cell division and development. Although recent work has identified developmental and extrinsic cues that regulate spindle orientation, the contribution of intrinsic signals to spindle positioning and orientation remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that cortical force generation in human cells is controlled by distinct spindle-pole- and chromosome-derived signals that regulate cytoplasmic dynein localization. First, dynein exhibits a dynamic asymmetric cortical localization that is negatively regulated by spindle-pole proximity, resulting in spindle oscillations to centre the spindle within the cell. We find that this signal comprises the spindle-pole-localized polo-like kinase (Plk1), which regulates dynein localization by controlling the interaction between dynein-dynactin and its upstream cortical targeting factors NuMA and LGN. Second, a chromosome-derived RanGTP gradient restricts the localization of NuMA-LGN to the lateral cell cortex to define and maintain the spindle orientation axis. RanGTP acts in part through the nuclear localization sequence of NuMA to locally alter the ability of NuMA-LGN to associate with the cell cortex in the vicinity of chromosomes. We propose that these chromosome- and spindle-pole-derived gradients generate an intrinsic code to control spindle position and orientation.
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Jin Q, Gao G, Mulder KM. Requirement of a dynein light chain in transforming growth factor β signaling in zebrafish ovarian follicle cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 348:233-40. [PMID: 21920407 PMCID: PMC3205241 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported that the dynein light chains km23-1 and km23-2 are required for TGFβ signaling in mammalian cells. Here we describe another member of the km23/DYNLRB/LC7/robl family of dynein light chains in zebrafish, termed zkm23, which is also involved in TGFβ signaling. zkm23 was rapidly phosphorylated after TGFβ stimulation. TGFβ RII kinase activity was absolutely required for zkm23 phosphorylation, whereas a constitutively active TGFβ RI did not induce phosphorylation. Further, TGFβ stimulated a rapid recruitment of the zkm23 dynein light chain to the dynein intermediate chain of the dynein complex, and the TGFβ RII kinase was required for this interaction. Finally, blockade of zkm23 using morpholino oligos resulted in an inhibition of TGFβ-mediated transcriptional responses. Thus, our results demonstrate for the first time that the dynein light chain zkm23 is required for TGFβ signaling in cultured zebrafish ovarian follicle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kathleen M. Mulder
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-MC H171, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, Telephone: 717-531-6789; FAX: 717-531-0939,
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132
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Wang C, Li S, Januschke J, Rossi F, Izumi Y, Garcia-Alvarez G, Gwee SSL, Soon SB, Sidhu HK, Yu F, Matsuzaki F, Gonzalez C, Wang H. An ana2/ctp/mud complex regulates spindle orientation in Drosophila neuroblasts. Dev Cell 2011; 21:520-33. [PMID: 21920316 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila neural stem cells, larval brain neuroblasts (NBs), align their mitotic spindles along the apical/basal axis during asymmetric cell division (ACD) to maintain the balance of self-renewal and differentiation. Here, we identified a protein complex composed of the tumor suppressor anastral spindle 2 (Ana2), a dynein light-chain protein Cut up (Ctp), and Mushroom body defect (Mud), which regulates mitotic spindle orientation. We isolated two ana2 alleles that displayed spindle misorientation and NB overgrowth phenotypes in larval brains. The centriolar protein Ana2 anchors Ctp to centrioles during ACD. The centriolar localization of Ctp is important for spindle orientation. Ana2 and Ctp localize Mud to the centrosomes and cell cortex and facilitate/maintain the association of Mud with Pins at the apical cortex. Our findings reveal that the centrosomal proteins Ana2 and Ctp regulate Mud function to orient the mitotic spindle during NB asymmetric division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- Neuroscience & Behavioral Disorder Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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133
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Morgan JL, Song Y, Barbar E. Structural dynamics and multiregion interactions in dynein-dynactin recognition. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:39349-59. [PMID: 21931160 PMCID: PMC3234759 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.296277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein is a 1.2-MDa multisubunit motor protein complex that, together with its activator dynactin, is responsible for the majority of minus end microtubule-based motility. Dynactin targets dynein to specific cellular locations, links dynein to cargo, and increases dynein processivity. These two macromolecular complexes are connected by a direct interaction between dynactin's largest subunit, p150(Glued), and dynein intermediate chain (IC) subunit. Here, we demonstrate using NMR spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry that the binding footprint of p150(Glued) on IC involves two noncontiguous recognition regions, and both are required for full binding affinity. In apo-IC, the helical structure of region 1, the nascent helix of region 2, and the disorder in the rest of the chain are determined from coupling constants, amide-amide sequential NOEs, secondary chemical shifts, and various dynamics measurements. When bound to p150(Glued), different patterns of spectral exchange broadening suggest that region 1 forms a coiled-coil and region 2 a packed stable helix, with the intervening residues remaining disordered. In the 150-kDa complex of p150(Glued), IC, and two light chains, the noninterface segments remain disordered. The multiregion IC binding interface, the partial disorder of region 2 and its potential for post-translational modification, and the modulation of the length of the longer linker by alternative splicing may provide a basis for elegant and multifaceted regulation of binding between IC and p150(Glued). The long disordered linker between the p150(Glued) binding segments and the dynein light chain consensus sequences could also provide an attractive recognition platform for diverse cargoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Morgan
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - Yujuan Song
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - Elisar Barbar
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
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134
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Duguay D, Bélanger-Nelson E, Mongrain V, Beben A, Khatchadourian A, Cermakian N. Dynein light chain Tctex-type 1 modulates orexin signaling through its interaction with orexin 1 receptor. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26430. [PMID: 22028875 PMCID: PMC3197643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexins (OX-A, OX-B) are neuropeptides involved in the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle, feeding and reward, via activation of orexin receptors 1 and 2 (OX1R, OX2R). The loss of orexin peptides or functional OX2R has been shown to cause the sleep disorder, narcolepsy. Since the regulation of orexin receptors remains largely undefined, we searched for novel protein partners of the intracellular tail of orexin receptors. Using a yeast two-hybrid screening strategy in combination with co-immunoprecipitation experiments, we found interactions between OX1R and the dynein light chains Tctex-type 1 and 3 (Dynlt1, Dynlt3). These interactions were mapped to the C-terminal region of the dynein light chains and to specific residues within the last 10 amino acids of OX1R. Hence, we hypothesized that dynein light chains could regulate orexin signaling. In HEK293 cells expressing OX1R, stimulation with OX-A produced a less sustained extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) activation when Dynlt1 was co-expressed, while it was prolonged under reduced Dynlt1 expression. The amount of OX1R located at the plasma membrane as well as the kinetics and extent of OX-A-induced internalization of OX1R (disappearance from membrane) were not altered by Dynlt1. However, Dynlt1 reduced the localization of OX1R in early endosomes following initial internalization. Taken together, these data suggest that Dynlt1 modulates orexin signaling by regulating OX1R, namely its intracellular localization following ligand-induced internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Duguay
- Laboratory of Molecular Chronobiology, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Erika Bélanger-Nelson
- Laboratory of Molecular Chronobiology, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Valérie Mongrain
- Laboratory of Molecular Chronobiology, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anna Beben
- Laboratory of Molecular Chronobiology, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Armen Khatchadourian
- Laboratory of Molecular Chronobiology, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Cermakian
- Laboratory of Molecular Chronobiology, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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135
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Hom EF, Witman GB, Harris EH, Dutcher SK, Kamiya R, Mitchell DR, Pazour GJ, Porter ME, Sale WS, Wirschell M, Yagi T, King SM. A unified taxonomy for ciliary dyneins. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2011; 68:555-65. [PMID: 21953912 PMCID: PMC3222151 DOI: 10.1002/cm.20533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The formation and function of eukaryotic cilia/flagella require the action of a large array of dynein microtubule motor complexes. Due to genetic, biochemical, and microscopic tractability, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has become the premier model system in which to dissect the role of dyneins in flagellar assembly, motility, and signaling. Currently, 54 proteins have been described as components of various Chlamydomonas flagellar dyneins or as factors required for their assembly in the cytoplasm and/or transport into the flagellum; orthologs of nearly all these components are present in other ciliated organisms including humans. For historical reasons, the nomenclature of these diverse dynein components and their corresponding genes, mutant alleles, and orthologs has become extraordinarily confusing. Here, we unify Chlamydomonas dynein gene nomenclature and establish a systematic classification scheme based on structural properties of the encoded proteins. Furthermore, we provide detailed tabulations of the various mutant alleles and protein aliases that have been used and explicitly define the correspondence with orthologous components in other model organisms and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik F.Y. Hom
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, NW469, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - George B. Witman
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655
| | - Elizabeth H. Harris
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, North Carolina 27708
| | - Susan K. Dutcher
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Street, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Ritsu Kamiya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - David R. Mitchell
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Upstate Medical University, 750 E. Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210
| | - Gregory J. Pazour
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Mary E. Porter
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, 6-160 Jackson Hall, University of Minnesota, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Winfield S. Sale
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Whitehead Biomedical Research Building, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Maureen Wirschell
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Whitehead Biomedical Research Building, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Toshiki Yagi
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Stephen M. King
- Department of Molecular, Microbial and Structural Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-3305
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136
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Flores-Rodriguez N, Rogers SS, Kenwright DA, Waigh TA, Woodman PG, Allan VJ. Roles of dynein and dynactin in early endosome dynamics revealed using automated tracking and global analysis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24479. [PMID: 21915335 PMCID: PMC3167862 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule-dependent movement is crucial for the spatial organization of endosomes in most eukaryotes, but as yet there has been no systematic analysis of how a particular microtubule motor contributes to early endosome dynamics. Here we tracked early endosomes labeled with GFP-Rab5 on the nanometer scale, and combined this with global, first passage probability (FPP) analysis to provide an unbiased description of how the minus-end microtubule motor, cytoplasmic dynein, supports endosome motility. Dynein contributes to short-range endosome movement, but in particular drives 85-98% of long, inward translocations. For these, it requires an intact dynactin complex to allow membrane-bound p150(Glued) to activate dynein, since p50 over-expression, which disrupts the dynactin complex, inhibits inward movement even though dynein and p150(Glued) remain membrane-bound. Long dynein-dependent movements occur via bursts at up to ∼8 µms(-1) that are linked by changes in rate or pauses. These peak speeds during rapid inward endosome movement are still seen when cellular dynein levels are 50-fold reduced by RNAi knock-down of dynein heavy chain, while the number of movements is reduced 5-fold. Altogether, these findings identify how dynein helps define the dynamics of early endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Salman S. Rogers
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Kenwright
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Photon Science Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A. Waigh
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Photon Science Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Philip G. Woodman
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria J. Allan
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Photon Science Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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137
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Groh KJ, Nesatyy VJ, Segner H, Eggen RIL, Suter MJF. Global proteomics analysis of testis and ovary in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). Fish Physiol Biochem 2011; 37:619-647. [PMID: 21229308 PMCID: PMC3146978 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-010-9464-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms controlling sex determination and differentiation in zebrafish (Danio rerio) are largely unknown. A genome-wide analysis may provide comprehensive insights into the processes involved. The mRNA expression in zebrafish gonads has been fairly well studied, but much less data on the corresponding protein expression are available, although the proteins are considered to be more relevant markers of gene function. Because mRNA and protein abundances rarely correlate well, mRNA profiles need to be complemented with the information on protein expression. The work presented here analyzed the proteomes of adult zebrafish gonads by a multidimensional protein identification technology, generating the to-date most populated lists of proteins expressed in mature zebrafish gonads. The acquired proteomics data partially confirmed existing transcriptomics information for several genes, including several novel transcripts. However, disagreements between mRNA and protein abundances were often observed, further stressing the necessity to assess the expression on different levels before drawing conclusions on a certain gene's expression and function. Several gene groups expressed in a sexually dimorphic way in zebrafish gonads were identified. Their potential importance for gonad development and function is discussed. The data gained in the current study provide a basis for further work on elucidating processes occurring during zebrafish development with use of high-throughput proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia J. Groh
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Environmental Toxicology, Überlandstrasse 133, Postbox 611, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Victor J. Nesatyy
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Environmental Toxicology, Überlandstrasse 133, Postbox 611, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Present Address: EPFL, Station 15, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Helmut Segner
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Postbox 8466, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rik I. L. Eggen
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Environmental Toxicology, Überlandstrasse 133, Postbox 611, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Marc J.-F. Suter
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Environmental Toxicology, Überlandstrasse 133, Postbox 611, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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138
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Fort AG, Murray JW, Dandachi N, Davidson MW, Dermietzel R, Wolkoff AW, Spray DC. In vitro motility of liver connexin vesicles along microtubules utilizes kinesin motors. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:22875-85. [PMID: 21536677 PMCID: PMC3123055 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.219709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2011] [Revised: 04/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Trafficking of the proteins that form gap junctions (connexins) from the site of synthesis to the junctional domain appears to require cytoskeletal delivery mechanisms. Although many cell types exhibit specific delivery of connexins to polarized cell sites, such as connexin32 (Cx32) gap junctions specifically localized to basolateral membrane domains of hepatocytes, the precise roles of actin- and tubulin-based systems remain unclear. We have observed fluorescently tagged Cx32 trafficking linearly at speeds averaging 0.25 μm/s in a polarized hepatocyte cell line (WIF-B9), which is abolished by 50 μM of the microtubule-disrupting agent nocodazole. To explore the involvement of cytoskeletal components in the delivery of connexins, we have used a preparation of isolated Cx32-containing vesicles from rat hepatocytes and assayed their ATP-driven motility along stabilized rhodamine-labeled microtubules in vitro. These assays revealed the presence of Cx32 and kinesin motor proteins in the same vesicles. The addition of 50 μM ATP stimulated vesicle motility along linear microtubule tracks with velocities of 0.4-0.5 μm/s, which was inhibited with 1 mM of the kinesin inhibitor AMP-PNP (adenylyl-imidodiphosphate) and by anti-kinesin antibody but only minimally affected by 5 μM vanadate, a dynein inhibitor, or by anti-dynein antibody. These studies provide evidence that Cx32 can be transported intracellularly along microtubules and presumably to junctional domains in cells and highlight an important role of kinesin motor proteins in microtubule-dependent motility of Cx32.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John W. Murray
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | | | - Michael W. Davidson
- the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory and Department of Biological Science, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, and
| | - Rolf Dermietzel
- the Neuroanatomy and Molecular Brain Research, Ruhr University, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Allan W. Wolkoff
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - David C. Spray
- From the Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience and
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139
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Palmer KJ, MacCarthy-Morrogh L, Smyllie N, Stephens DJ. A role for Tctex-1 (DYNLT1) in controlling primary cilium length. Eur J Cell Biol 2011; 90:865-71. [PMID: 21700358 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The microtubule motor complex cytoplasmic dynein is known to be involved in multiple processes including endomembrane organization and trafficking, mitosis, and microtubule organization. The majority of studies of cytoplasmic dynein have focused on the form of the motor that is built around the dynein-1 heavy chain. A second isoform, dynein heavy chain-2, and its specifically associated light intermediate chain, LIC3 (D2LIC), are known to be involved in the formation and function of primary cilia. We have used RNAi in human epithelial cells to define the cytoplasmic dynein subunits that function with dynein heavy chain 2 in primary cilia. We identify the dynein light chain Tctex-1 as a key modulator of cilia length control; depletion of Tctex-1 results in longer cilia as defined by both acetylated tubulin labeling of the axoneme and Rab8a labeling of the cilia membrane. Suppression of dynein heavy chain-2 causes concomitant loss of Tctex-1 and this correlates with an increase in cilia length. Compared to individual depletions, double siRNA depletion of DHC2 and Tctex-1 causes an even greater increase in cilia length. Our data show that Tctex-1 is a key regulator of cilia length and most likely functions as part of dynein-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krysten J Palmer
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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140
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Bader JR, Kasuboski JM, Winding M, Vaughan PS, Hinchcliffe EH, Vaughan KT. Polo-like kinase1 is required for recruitment of dynein to kinetochores during mitosis. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:20769-77. [PMID: 21507953 PMCID: PMC3121523 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.226605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2011] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinetochore dynein has been implicated in microtubule capture, correcting inappropriate microtubule attachments, chromosome movement, and checkpoint silencing. It remains unclear how dynein coordinates this diverse set of functions. Phosphorylation is responsible for some dynein heterogeneity (Whyte, J., Bader, J. R., Tauhata, S. B., Raycroft, M., Hornick, J., Pfister, K. K., Lane, W. S., Chan, G. K., Hinchcliffe, E. H., Vaughan, P. S., and Vaughan, K. T. (2008) J. Cell Biol. 183, 819-834), and phosphorylated and dephosphorylated forms of dynein coexist at prometaphase kinetochores. In this study, we measured the impact of inhibiting polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) on both dynein populations. Phosphorylated dynein was ablated at kinetochores after inhibiting Plk1 with a small molecule inhibitor (5-Cyano-7-nitro-2-(benzothiazolo-N-oxide)-carboxamide) or chemical genetic approaches. The total complement of kinetochore dynein was also reduced but not eliminated, reflecting the presence of some dephosphorylated dynein after Plk1 inhibition. Although Plk1 inhibition had a profound effect on dynein, kinetochore populations of dynactin, spindly, and zw10 were not reduced. Plk1-independent dynein was reduced after p150(Glued) depletion, consistent with the binding of dephosphorylated dynein to dynactin. Plk1 phosphorylated dynein intermediate chains at Thr-89 in vitro and generated the phospho-Thr-89 phospho-epitope on recombinant dynein intermediate chains. Finally, inhibition of Plk1 induced defects in microtubule capture and persistent microtubule attachment, suggesting a role for phosphorylated dynein in these functions during prometaphase. These findings suggest that Plk1 is a dynein kinase required for recruitment of phosphorylated dynein to kinetochores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R. Bader
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556 and
| | - James M. Kasuboski
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556 and
| | - Michael Winding
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556 and
| | - Patricia S. Vaughan
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556 and
| | | | - Kevin T. Vaughan
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556 and
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141
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Abstract
We analyzed the relatively poorly understood IFT-dynein (class DYNC2)-driven retrograde IFT pathway in C. elegans cilia, which yielded results that are surprising in the context of current models of IFT. Assays of C. elegans dynein gene expression and intraflagellar transport (IFT) suggest that conventional IFT-dynein contains essential heavy (CHE-3), light-intermediate (XBX-1), plus three light polypeptide chains that participate in IFT, but no “essential” intermediate chain. IFT assays of XBX-1::YFP suggest that IFT-dynein is transported as cargo to the distal tip of the cilium by kinesin-2 motors, but independent of the IFT-particle/BBSome complexes. Finally, we were surprised to find that the subset of cilia present on the OLQ (outer labial quadrant) neurons assemble independently of conventional “CHE-3” IFT-dynein, implying that there is a second IFT-dynein acting in these cilia. We have found a novel gene encoding a dynein heavy chain, DHC-3, and two light chains, in OLQ neurons, which could constitute an IFT-dynein complex in OLQ neuronal cilia. Our results underscore several surprising features of retrograde IFT that require clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Hao
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Evgeni Efimenko
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Biosciences at NOVUM, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Peter Swoboda
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Biosciences at NOVUM, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
- * E-mail: (PS); (JMS)
| | - Jonathan M. Scholey
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PS); (JMS)
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142
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Sommi P, Cheerambathur D, Brust-Mascher I, Mogilner A. Actomyosin-dependent cortical dynamics contributes to the prophase force-balance in the early Drosophila embryo. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18366. [PMID: 21483831 PMCID: PMC3069073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The assembly of the Drosophila embryo mitotic spindle during prophase depends upon a balance of outward forces generated by cortical dynein and inward forces generated by kinesin-14 and nuclear elasticity. Myosin II is known to contribute to the dynamics of the cell cortex but how this influences the prophase force-balance is unclear. Principal Findings Here we investigated this question by injecting the myosin II inhibitor, Y27632, into early Drosophila embryos. We observed a significant increase in both the area of the dense cortical actin caps and in the spacing of the spindle poles. Tracking of microtubule plus ends marked by EB1-GFP and of actin at the cortex revealed that astral microtubules can interact with all regions of these expanded caps, presumably via their interaction with cortical dynein. In Scrambled mutants displaying abnormally small actin caps but normal prophase spindle length in late prophase, myosin II inhibition produced very short spindles. Conclusions These results suggest that two complementary outward forces are exerted on the prophase spindle by the overlying cortex. Specifically, dynein localized on the mechanically firm actin caps and the actomyosin-driven contraction of the deformable soft patches of the actin cortex, cooperate to pull astral microtubules outward. Thus, myosin II controls the size and dynamic properties of the actin-based cortex to influence the spacing of the poles of the underlying spindle during prophase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Sommi
- Human Physiology Section, Department of Physiology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Dhanya Cheerambathur
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ingrid Brust-Mascher
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Alex Mogilner
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Mathematics, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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143
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Caviston JP, Zajac AL, Tokito M, Holzbaur EL. Huntingtin coordinates the dynein-mediated dynamic positioning of endosomes and lysosomes. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 22:478-92. [PMID: 21169558 PMCID: PMC3038646 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e10-03-0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntingtin (Htt) is a membrane-associated scaffolding protein that interacts with microtubule motors as well as actin-associated adaptor molecules. We examined a role for Htt in the dynein-mediated intracellular trafficking of endosomes and lysosomes. In HeLa cells depleted of either Htt or dynein, early, recycling, and late endosomes (LE)/lysosomes all become dispersed. Despite altered organelle localization, kinetic assays indicate only minor defects in intracellular trafficking. Expression of full-length Htt is required to restore organelle localization in Htt-depleted cells, supporting a role for Htt as a scaffold that promotes functional interactions along its length. In dynein-depleted cells, LE/lysosomes accumulate in tight patches near the cortex, apparently enmeshed by cortactin-positive actin filaments; Latrunculin B-treatment disperses these patches. Peripheral LE/lysosomes in dynein-depleted cells no longer colocalize with microtubules. Htt may be required for this off-loading, as the loss of microtubule association is not seen in Htt-depleted cells or in cells depleted of both dynein and Htt. Inhibition of kinesin-1 relocalizes peripheral LE/lysosomes induced by Htt depletion but not by dynein depletion, consistent with their detachment from microtubules upon dynein knockdown. Together, these data support a model of Htt as a facilitator of dynein-mediated trafficking that may regulate the cytoskeletal association of dynamic organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane P. Caviston
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Allison L. Zajac
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Mariko Tokito
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Erika L.F. Holzbaur
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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144
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Abstract
Dynein light chains are bivalent dimers that bind two copies of dynein intermediate chain IC to form a cargo attachment subcomplex. The interaction of light chain LC8 with the natively disordered N-terminal domain of IC induces helix formation at distant IC sites in or near a region predicted to form a coiled-coil. This fostered the hypothesis that LC8 binding promotes IC self-association to form a coiled-coil or other interchain helical structure. However, recent studies show that the predicted coiled-coil sequence partially overlaps the light chain LC7 recognition sequence on IC, raising questions about the apparently contradictory effects of LC8 and LC7. Here, we use NMR and fluorescence quenching to localize IC self-association to residues within the predicted coiled-coil that also correspond to helix 1 of the LC7 recognition sequence. LC8 binding promotes IC self-association of helix 1 from each of two IC chains, whereas LC7 binding reverses self-association by incorporating the same residues into two symmetrical, but distant, helices of the LC7-IC complex. Isothermal titration experiments confirm the distinction of LC8 enhancement of IC self-association and LC7 binding effects. When all three light chains are bound, IC self-association is shifted to another region. Such flexibility in association modes may function in maintaining a stable and versatile light chain-intermediate chain assembly under changing cellular conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afua Nyarko
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - Elisar Barbar
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
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145
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Kuta A, Deng W, Morsi El-Kadi A, Banks GT, Hafezparast M, Pfister KK, Fisher EMC. Mouse cytoplasmic dynein intermediate chains: identification of new isoforms, alternative splicing and tissue distribution of transcripts. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11682. [PMID: 20657784 PMCID: PMC2908135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intracellular transport of cargoes including organelles, vesicles, signalling molecules, protein complexes, and RNAs, is essential for normal function of eukaryotic cells. The cytoplasmic dynein complex is an important motor that moves cargos along microtubule tracks within the cell. In mammals this multiprotein complex includes dynein intermediate chains 1 and 2 which are encoded by two genes, Dync1i1 and Dync1i2. These proteins are involved in dynein cargo binding and dynein complexes with different intermediate chains bind to specific cargoes, although the mechanisms to achieve this are not known. The DYNC1I1 and DYNC1I2 proteins are translated from different splice isoforms, and specific forms of each protein are essential for the function of different dynein complexes in neurons. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we have undertaken a systematic survey of the dynein intermediate chain splice isoforms in mouse, basing our study on mRNA expression patterns in a range of tissues, and on bioinformatics analysis of mouse, rat and human genomic and cDNA sequences. We found a complex pattern of alternative splicing of both dynein intermediate chain genes, with maximum complexity in the embryonic and adult nervous system. We have found novel transcripts, including some with orthologues in human and rat, and a new promoter and alternative non-coding exon 1 for Dync1i2. Conclusions/Significance These data, including the cloned isoforms will be essential for understanding the role of intermediate chains in the cytoplasmic dynein complex, particularly their role in cargo binding within individual tissues including different brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kuta
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wenhan Deng
- Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Ali Morsi El-Kadi
- Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth T. Banks
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Majid Hafezparast
- Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - K. Kevin Pfister
- Cell Biology Department, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth M. C. Fisher
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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146
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Arumugam P. Homolog pairing during meiosis: dyneins on the move. Cell Cycle 2010; 9:2060. [PMID: 20559027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
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147
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Harder S, Thiel M, Clos J, Bruchhaus I. Characterization of a subunit of the outer dynein arm docking complex necessary for correct flagellar assembly in Leishmania donovani. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010; 4:e586. [PMID: 20126266 PMCID: PMC2811169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In order to proceed through their life cycle, Leishmania parasites switch between sandflies and mammals. The flagellated promastigote cells transmitted by the insect vector are phagocytized by macrophages within the mammalian host and convert into the amastigote stage, which possesses a rudimentary flagellum only. During an earlier proteomic study of the stage differentiation of the parasite we identified a component of the outer dynein arm docking complex, a structure of the flagellar axoneme. The 70 kDa subunit of the outer dynein arm docking complex consists of three subunits altogether and is essential for the assembly of the outer dynein arm onto the doublet microtubule of the flagella. According to the nomenclature of the well-studied Chlamydomonas reinhardtii complex we named the Leishmania protein LdDC2. Methodology/Principal Findings This study features a characterization of the protein over the life cycle of the parasite. It is synthesized exclusively in the promastigote stage and localizes to the flagellum. Gene replacement mutants of lddc2 show reduced growth rates and diminished flagellar length. Additionally, the normally spindle-shaped promastigote parasites reveal a more spherical cell shape giving them an amastigote-like appearance. The mutants lose their motility and wiggle in place. Ultrastructural analyses reveal that the outer dynein arm is missing. Furthermore, expression of the amastigote-specific A2 gene family was detected in the deletion mutants in the absence of a stage conversion stimulus. In vitro infectivity is slightly increased in the mutant cell line compared to wild-type Leishmania donovani parasites. Conclusions/Significance Our results indicate that the correct assembly of the flagellum has a great influence on the investigated characteristics of Leishmania parasites. The lack of a single flagellar protein causes an aberrant morphology, impaired growth and altered infectiousness of the parasite. Leishmania parasites are responsible for the disease leishmaniasis. They are spread through sandflies. The primary hosts are mammals, including humans. They occur in two different morphological forms. The flagellated promastigotes live in the gut of the sandfly vector. After transmission to the mammalian host they get phagocytized by macrophages and convert into the amastigote form, which is able to survive within the phagolysosome. The molecular mechanisms underlying this transformation process from promastigote to amastigote are poorly understood so far. A striking difference of the life cycle stages is a long flagellum in the promastigote compared to only a rudimentary flagellum in the mammalian stage amastigote. During an earlier study of the stage differentiation of Leishmania donovani we identified a flagellar protein, a subunit of the outer dynein arm docking complex (ODA-DC2). This protein is part of a flagellar structure called the axoneme. Here we have further characterized the protein regarding its role within the life cycle of the parasite. Mutant promastigotes lacking DC2 protein show reduced flagellar length and a more amastigote-like appearance overall. In addition, the motility is heavily retrenched and transmission electron microscopy indicated that the flagellar ultrastructure is affected. Furthermore, the mutants express amastigote-specific genes and show increased in vitro infectiousness towards macrophages. Therefore, we conclude that the correct assembly of the flagellum is vital for maintenance of the promastigote stage of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Harder
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.
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148
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Bayly PV, Lewis BL, Kemp PS, Pless RB, Dutcher SK. Efficient spatiotemporal analysis of the flagellar waveform of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2010; 67:56-69. [PMID: 20169530 PMCID: PMC4109274 DOI: 10.1002/cm.20424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The 9 + 2 axoneme is a microtubule-based machine that powers the oscillatory beating of cilia and flagella. Its highly regulated movement is essential for the normal function of many organs; ciliopathies cause congenital defects, chronic respiratory tract infections and infertility. We present an efficient method to obtain a quantitative description of flagellar motion, with high spatial and temporal resolution, from high speed video recording of bright field images. This highly automated technique provides the shape, shear angle, curvature, and bend propagation speeds along the length of the flagellum, with approximately 200 temporal samples per beat. We compared the waveforms of uniflagellated wild-type and ida3 mutant cells, which lack the I1 inner dynein complex. Video images were captured at 350 fps. Rigid-body motion was eliminated by fast Fourier transform (FFT)-based registration, and the Cartesian (x-y) coordinates of points on the flagellum were identified. These x-y "point clouds" were embedded in two data dimensions using Isomap, a nonlinear dimension reduction method, and sorted by phase in the flagellar cycle. A smooth surface was fitted to the sorted point clouds, which provides high-resolution estimates of shear angle and curvature. Wild-type and ida3 cells exhibit large differences in shear amplitude, but similar maximum and minimum curvature values. In ida3 cells, the reverse bend begins earlier and travels more slowly relative to the principal bend, than in wild-type cells. The regulation of flagellar movement must involve I1 dynein in a manner consistent with these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Bayly
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Structural Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA.
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149
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Benison G, Chiodo M, Karplus PA, Barbar E. Structural, thermodynamic, and kinetic effects of a phosphomimetic mutation in dynein light chain LC8. Biochemistry 2009; 48:11381-9. [PMID: 19863079 PMCID: PMC2821902 DOI: 10.1021/bi901589w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Dynein light chain LC8 is a small, dimeric, very highly conserved globular protein first identified as an integral part of the dynein and myosin molecular motors but now recognized as a dimerization hub with wider significance. Phosphorylation at Ser88 is thought to be involved in regulating LC8 in the apoptotic pathway. The phosphomimetic Ser88Glu mutation weakens dimerization of LC8 and thus its overall ligand-binding affinity, because only the dimer binds ligands. The 1.9 A resolution crystal structure of dimeric LC8(S88E) bound to a fragment of the ligand Swallow (Swa) presented here shows that the tertiary structure is identical to that of wild-type LC8/Swa, with Glu88 well accommodated sterically at the dimer interface. NMR longitudinal magnetization exchange spectroscopy reveals remarkably slow association kinetics (k(on) approximately 1 s(-1) mM(-1)) in the monomer-dimer equilibrium of both wild-type LC8 and LC8(S88E), possibly due to the strand-swapped architecture of the dimer. The Ser88Glu mutation raises the dimer dissociation constant (K(D)) through a combination of a higher k(off) and lower k(on). Using a minimal model of titration linked to dimerization, we dissect the thermodynamics of dimerization of wild-type LC8 and LC8(S88E) in their various protonation states. When both Glu88 residues are protonated, the LC8(S88E) dimer is nearly as stable as the wild-type dimer, but deprotonation of one Glu88 residue raises K(D) by a factor of 400. We infer that phosphorylation of one subunit of wild-type LC8 raises K(D) by at least as much to prevent dimerization of LC8 at physiological concentrations. Some LC8 binding partners may bind tightly enough to promote dimerization even when one subunit is phosphorylated; thus linkage between phosphorylation and dimerization provides a mechanism for differential regulation of binding of LC8 to its diverse partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Benison
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Marcus Chiodo
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - P. Andrew Karplus
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Elisar Barbar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
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150
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Loges NT, Olbrich H, Becker-Heck A, Häffner K, Heer A, Reinhard C, Schmidts M, Kispert A, Zariwala MA, Leigh MW, Knowles MR, Zentgraf H, Seithe H, Nürnberg G, Nürnberg P, Reinhardt R, Omran H. Deletions and point mutations of LRRC50 cause primary ciliary dyskinesia due to dynein arm defects. Am J Hum Genet 2009; 85:883-9. [PMID: 19944400 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Revised: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic defects affecting motility of cilia and flagella cause chronic destructive airway disease, randomization of left-right body asymmetry, and, frequently, male infertility in primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). The most frequent defects involve outer and inner dynein arms (ODAs and IDAs) that are large multiprotein complexes responsible for cilia-beat generation and regulation, respectively. Here, we demonstrate that large genomic deletions, as well as point mutations involving LRRC50, are responsible for a distinct PCD variant that is characterized by a combined defect involving assembly of the ODAs and IDAs. Functional analyses showed that LRRC50 deficiency disrupts assembly of distally and proximally DNAH5- and DNAI2-containing ODA complexes, as well as DNALI1-containing IDA complexes, resulting in immotile cilia. On the basis of these findings, we assume that LRRC50 plays a role in assembly of distinct dynein-arm complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Tomas Loges
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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