151
|
Xiao Y, Xiao Q. Impact of large-scale tree planting in Yunnan Province, China, on the water supply balance in Southeast Asia. Environ Monit Assess 2018; 191:20. [PMID: 30554342 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-7131-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Along with rapid economic development and population growth, anthropogenic disturbances to natural ecosystems increase the progressively worsening environmental problems in and around water resources, making the potential ecological risks more severe and unpredictable. In order to cope with the increasingly serious issues related to the ecological environment and poverty alleviation, the Government of Yunnan in Southwest China launched a large-scale afforestation campaign (plantation forestry) on the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, which is the main source of several major river systems in Southeast Asia. In this study, we use GIS to investigate the impacts of a large-scale afforestation on the water storage balance of Southeast Asia. Results show an expansion of the arid zone in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau in recent years, and runoff from rivers has decreased year after year. In contrast to natural forests, planted forests are a characteristic of more water shortages, less rainfall, and higher evapotranspiration rates. Moreover, planted forests may exacerbate conflicts between humans and nature over water resources. Additionally, with respect to downstream populations affected by the government's afforestation policy, China has bore the brunt of the resultant water scarcity predicament (approximately 52.29%), followed by Vietnam (26.39%), Laos (6.78%), Cambodia (6.16%), Thailand (4.42%), and Myanmar (3.96%). To alleviate this problem and the potential crises that may result from it, the Government of China should change its policy from its focus on afforestation to promoting natural vegetation conservation practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xiao
- College of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Jishou University, Jishou, 416000, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Qiang Xiao
- Chongqing College of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, 402160, China.
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Bajgain R, Xiao X, Basara J, Wagle P, Zhou Y, Mahan H, Gowda P, McCarthy HR, Northup B, Neel J, Steiner J. Carbon dioxide and water vapor fluxes in winter wheat and tallgrass prairie in central Oklahoma. Sci Total Environ 2018; 644:1511-1524. [PMID: 30743864 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and tallgrass prairie are common land cover types in the Southern Plains of the United States. During the last century, agricultural expansion into native grasslands was extensive, particularly managed pasture or winter wheat. In this study, we measured carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapor (H2O) fluxes from winter wheat and tallgrass prairie sites in Central Oklahoma using the eddy covariance in 2015 and 2016. The objective of this study was to contrast CO2 and H2O fluxes between these two ecosystems to provide insights on the impacts of conversion of tallgrass prairie to winter wheat on carbon and water budgets. Daily net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) reached seasonal peaks of -9.4 and -8.8 g C m-2 in 2015 and -6.2 and -7.5 g C m-2 in 2016 at winter wheat and tall grass prairie sites, respectively. Both sites were net sink of carbon during their growing seasons. At the annual scale, the winter wheat site was a net source of carbon (56 ± 13 and 33 ± 9 g C m-2 year-1 in 2015 and 2016, respectively). In contrast, the tallgrass prairie site was a net sink of carbon (-128 ± 69 and -119 ± 53 g C m-2 year-1 in 2015 and 2016, respectively). Daily ET reached seasonal maximums of 6.0 and 5.3 mm day-1 in 2015, and 7.2 and 8.2 mm day-1 in 2016 at the winter wheat and tallgrass prairie sites, respectively. Although ecosystem water use efficiency (EWUE) was higher in winter wheat than in tallgrass prairie at the seasonal scale, summer fallow contributed higher water loss from the wheat site per unit of carbon fixed, resulting into lower EWUE at the annual scale. Results indicate that the differences in magnitudes and patterns of fluxes between the two ecosystems can influence carbon and water budgets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajen Bajgain
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, Center for Spatial Analysis, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Xiangming Xiao
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, Center for Spatial Analysis, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA.
| | - Jeffrey Basara
- School of Meteorology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA; Oklahoma Climate Survey, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Pradeep Wagle
- USDA-ARS Grazinglands Research Laboratory, El Reno, OK, USA
| | - Yuting Zhou
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University, OK, USA
| | - Hayden Mahan
- School of Meteorology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Prasanna Gowda
- USDA-ARS Grazinglands Research Laboratory, El Reno, OK, USA
| | - Heather R McCarthy
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, Center for Spatial Analysis, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Brian Northup
- USDA-ARS Grazinglands Research Laboratory, El Reno, OK, USA
| | - Jim Neel
- USDA-ARS Grazinglands Research Laboratory, El Reno, OK, USA
| | - Jean Steiner
- USDA-ARS Grazinglands Research Laboratory, El Reno, OK, USA
| |
Collapse
|
153
|
Szota C, McCarthy MJ, Sanders GJ, Farrell C, Fletcher TD, Arndt SK, Livesley SJ. Tree water-use strategies to improve stormwater retention performance of biofiltration systems. Water Res 2018; 144:285-295. [PMID: 30048867 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Biofiltration systems are highly valued in urban landscapes as they remove pollutants from stormwater runoff whilst contributing to a reduction in runoff volumes. Integrating trees in biofilters may improve their runoff retention performance, as trees have greater transpiration than commonly used sedge or herb species. High transpiration rates will rapidly deplete retained water, creating storage capacity prior to the next runoff event. However, a tree with high transpiration rates in a biofilter system will likely be frequently exposed to drought stress. Selecting appropriate tree species therefore requires an understanding of how different trees use water and how they respond to substrate drying. We selected 20 tree species and quantified evapotranspiration (ET) and drought stress (leaf water potential; Ψ) in relation to substrate water content. To compare species, we developed metrics which describe: (i) maximum rates of ET under well-watered conditions, (ii) the sensitivity of ET and (iii) the response of Ψ to declining substrate water content. Using these three metrics, we classified species into three groups: risky, balanced or conservative. Risky and balanced species showed high maximum ET, whereas conservative species always had low ET. As substrates dried, the balanced species down-regulated ET to delay the onset of drought stress; whereas risky species did not. Therefore, balanced species with high ET are more likely to improve the retention performance of biofiltration systems without introducing significant drought risk. This classification of tree water use strategies can be easily integrated into water balance models and improve tree species selection for biofiltration systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Szota
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 500 Yarra Boulevard, Richmond, Victoria, 3121, Australia.
| | - M J McCarthy
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 500 Yarra Boulevard, Richmond, Victoria, 3121, Australia
| | - G J Sanders
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 500 Yarra Boulevard, Richmond, Victoria, 3121, Australia
| | - C Farrell
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 500 Yarra Boulevard, Richmond, Victoria, 3121, Australia
| | - T D Fletcher
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 500 Yarra Boulevard, Richmond, Victoria, 3121, Australia
| | - S K Arndt
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 500 Yarra Boulevard, Richmond, Victoria, 3121, Australia
| | - S J Livesley
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 500 Yarra Boulevard, Richmond, Victoria, 3121, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
154
|
Rashid M, Ahmed S. Appraisal of the groundwater balance components from multi-remote sensing datasets in a semi-arid region. Environ Monit Assess 2018; 190:681. [PMID: 30368603 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-7067-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Semi-arid regions across the globe are fronting water crises, signaling a challenge to ensure future water security. Given the high inter-seasonal rainfall variability and unrestrained groundwater extraction, the precise quantification of groundwater flow components in an aquifer system is a priority. To address this challenge, we used high-resolution remote sensing (RS) data (Landsat and IRS) and GIS modeling (SEBAL, ArcCN) to spatially quantify major groundwater balance (GWB) components, viz., evapotranspiration (ET), rainfall recharge (R), surface runoff (Q), groundwater extraction (PG), irrigation return flow (IRF), and ultimately changes in groundwater storage (ΔS) in a small semi-arid crystalline representative watershed. Results show that a total of ~ 230 mm of groundwater is extracted during 2008-2009, creating a negative impact on the groundwater resource, which is further enhanced by limited recharge and high ET. A decrease of approximately 65 mm in groundwater storage is observed in a single hydrological year, and given a very low specific yield, this decrease will introduce large water level decline. The study establishes that declining groundwater level in the watershed is a direct result of over-extraction, and owing to this scenario, efficient irrigation and land use policies are suggested as potential approaches to minimize extraction specifically in the dry season. Our methodology provides a systematic assessment of vital GWB components at a high spatial resolution and an insight on various sustainable mitigation methods. This methodology is useful in the planning and management of groundwater resources, particularly in water-stressed areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehnaz Rashid
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China.
- CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad, India.
| | - Shakeel Ahmed
- CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
155
|
Wagle P, Gowda PH, Moorhead JE, Marek GW, Brauer DK. Net ecosystem exchange of CO 2 and H 2O fluxes from irrigated grain sorghum and maize in the Texas High Plains. Sci Total Environ 2018; 637-638:163-173. [PMID: 29751299 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapor (H2O) fluxes from irrigated grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) and maize (Zea mays L.) fields in the Texas High Plains were quantified using the eddy covariance (EC) technique during 2014-2016 growing seasons and examined in terms of relevant controlling climatic variables. Eddy covariance measured evapotranspiration (ETEC) was also compared against lysimeter measured ET (ETLys). Daily peak (7-day averages) NEE reached approximately -12 g C m-2 for sorghum and -14.78 g C m-2 for maize. Daily peak (7-day averages) ETEC reached approximately 6.5 mm for sorghum and 7.3 mm for maize. Higher leaf area index (5.7 vs 4-4.5 m2 m-2) and grain yield (14 vs 8-9 t ha-1) of maize compared to sorghum caused larger magnitudes of NEE and ETEC in maize. Comparisons of ETEC and ETLys showed a strong agreement (R2 = 0.93-0.96), while the EC system underestimated ET by 15-24% as compared to lysimeter without any corrections or energy balance adjustments. Both NEE and ETEC were not inhibited by climatic variables during peak photosynthetic period even though diurnal peak values (~2-weeks average) of photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), air temperature (Ta), and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) had reached over 2000 μmol m-2 s-1, 30 °C, and 2.5 kPa, respectively, indicating well adaptation of both C4 crops in the Texas High Plains under irrigation. However, more sensitivity of NEE and H2O fluxes beyond threshold Ta and VPD for maize than for sorghum indicated higher adaptability of sorghum for the region. These findings provide baseline information on CO2 fluxes and ET for a minimally studied grain sorghum and offer a robust geographic comparison for maize outside the United States Corn Belt. However, longer-term measurements are required for assessing carbon and water dynamics of these globally important agro-ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Wagle
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Grazinglands Research Laboratory, El Reno, OK 73036, USA.
| | - Prasanna H Gowda
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Grazinglands Research Laboratory, El Reno, OK 73036, USA
| | - Jerry E Moorhead
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Conservation and Production Research Laboratory, Bushland, TX 79012, USA
| | - Gary W Marek
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Conservation and Production Research Laboratory, Bushland, TX 79012, USA
| | - David K Brauer
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Conservation and Production Research Laboratory, Bushland, TX 79012, USA
| |
Collapse
|
156
|
Çetin S, Köksal ES. Potential use of remote sensing techniques in evapotranspiration estimations at watershed level. Environ Monit Assess 2018; 190:601. [PMID: 30242737 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6955-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In hydrology, evapotranspiration (ET) is defined as phase conversion and rise of water in soils, plants, rivers, lakes, and seas under the atmospheric conditions. Investigation of water displacement through either ET or precipitations, runoffs and infiltrations may provide significant contributions for water resources management practices. In this study, daily, monthly, and seasonal ET maps were generated for Minöz Stream Watershed of Kavak town of Samsun province with the aid of energy balance-based METRIC model for the water-year of 2007. Resultant ET maps were assessed through vegetation covers, land use patterns, actual precipitations, and runoff parameters. In a previous study carried out over the same watershed, amount of water to be converted into ET was calculated as 517.0 mm for water-year of 2007. In present study, total ET for the relevant period of the same watershed was estimated as 610.0 mm. Estimated ET value was slightly greater than the total quantity of water to be converted into ET. Present ET maps were also well complied with the land use patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sakine Çetin
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Structures and Irrigation, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey.
| | - Eyüp Selim Köksal
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Structures and Irrigation, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
157
|
Diamond JS, McLaughlin DL, Slesak RA, D'Amato AW, Palik BJ. Forested versus herbaceous wetlands: Can management mitigate ecohydrologic regime shifts from invasive emerald ash borer? J Environ Manage 2018; 222:436-446. [PMID: 29894947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.05.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Wetlands self-organize through reciprocal controls between vegetation and hydrology, but external disturbance may disrupt these feedbacks with consequent changes to ecosystem state. Imminent and widespread emerald ash borer (EAB) infestation throughout North American forested wetlands has raised concern over possible ecosystem state shifts (i.e., wetter, more herbaceous systems) and loss of forest function, calling for informed landscape-scale management strategies. In response, we employed a large-scale manipulative study to assess the ecohydrologic response of black ash wetlands to three alternative EAB management strategies: 1) a do-nothing approach (i.e., simulated EAB infestation via tree girdling), 2) a preemptive, complete harvesting approach (i.e., clearcut), and 3) an overstory replacement approach via group selection. We analyzed six years of daily water table and evapotranspiration (ET) dynamics in six blocks comprising black ash wetlands (controls) and management strategy treatments to quantify potential for hydrologic change and subsequent recovery. In both the do-nothing approach and complete harvesting approach, we found persistent changes in hydrologic regime defined by shallower water tables and lower ET rates coupled with increased herbaceous vegetation growth, indicating ecosystem state shifts driven by vegetation-water table interactions. The do-nothing approach showed the least hydrologic recovery after five years, which we attribute to reduction in overstory transpiration as well as greater shade (via standing dead trees) that reduces open water evaporation and herbaceous layer transpiration compared to complete harvesting. We found no evidence of ecohydrologic disturbance in the overstory replacement approach, highlighting its potential as a management strategy to preserve forested wetland habitat if periodically executed over time before EAB infestation. Although the scale of potential disturbance is daunting, our findings provide a baseline assessment for forest managers to develop preemptive mitigation strategies to address the threat of EAB to ecological functions in black ash wetlands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S Diamond
- School for Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic University, Blacksburg VA, USA.
| | - Daniel L McLaughlin
- School for Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic University, Blacksburg VA, USA
| | | | - Anthony W D'Amato
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington VT, USA
| | - Brian J Palik
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Grand Rapids MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
158
|
Dovie DBK, Kasei RA. Hydro-climatic stress, shallow groundwater wells and coping in Ghana's White Volta basin. Sci Total Environ 2018; 636:1268-1278. [PMID: 29913589 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Debates of the nexus between water-related stresses and water availability for groundwater-dependent irrigation which comprises of non-conventional groundwater abstraction schemes is only recently emerging. The interaction between Seasonal Shallow Wells (SSWs), one of such indigenous abstractions scheme and groundwater recharge remains new to groundwater science and development. The SSWs supplement formal irrigation (e.g. reservoirs) and surface water for dry season agriculture in Ghana's White Volta Basin, yet links with the overall gradient of groundwater is unknown. Therefore, using the Water Evaluation And Planning (WEAP) model and qualitative techniques, the implications of groundwater recharge and surface runoff in their orientation to shallow wells is explored. Standardized precipitation index (SPI) from a regional downscale model for droughts and floods showed increased drought and flood influence on groundwater recharge and irrigation. Enhanced surface runoff water and climate change continuously reduced groundwater recharge by 2030, with decreased stream and water inflows. Irrigation water requirements of reservoirs were computed to be between 173% and 327% of normal reservoir water requirements, yet majority of dams did not meet these requirements especially during the dry season. The basin has history of dryness and exhibited uneven distribution of groundwater, yet recharged water of unsaturated soil moisture zones made water available to the SSWs. The SSWs were patronised mostly by women and farming households based on perceptions of limited cost, less sophistication and no formal regulatory measures. The paper therefore provides framework for establishing links between the mechanics of SSWs, and existing climatic and hydrologic conditions for informed groundwater development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delali Benjamin K Dovie
- Regional Institute for Population Studies, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa.
| | - Raymond Abudu Kasei
- University for Development Studies, Climate Change and Food Security Department, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
159
|
Ren Y, Gao C, Han H, Li Q. Response of water use efficiency and carbon emission to no-tillage and winter wheat genotypes in the North China Plain. Sci Total Environ 2018; 635:1102-1109. [PMID: 29710565 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
No-tillage management practices reduce net CO2 losses from farmland and keep soil from degrading, but also decrease winter wheat grain yield and water use efficiency (WUE) in the North China Plain (NCP). Suitable management practices, namely, the choice of genotypes, could enhance crop yield and WUE; however, how the WUE and CO2 exchange responds to no-tillage practices and winter wheat genotypes remains unclear. In the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 winter wheat growing seasons in the NCP, a field experiment was carried out, and tested two tillage methods (no-tillage with mulching and conventional tillage) and two winter wheat genotypes ('Tainong 18' and 'Jimai 22'). The goal of the study was to identify the relationship between winter wheat grain yield, water consumption, and carbon emissions in no-tillage practices. The results showed that, compared to conventional tillage, no-tillage significantly reduced the net CO2-C cumulative emissions and water consumption; however, the grain yield was significantly reduced by 6.8% and 12.0% in the first and second growing seasons, respectively. Compared with Jimai 22, Tainong 18 had a compensatory effect on the yield reduction caused by no-tillage. As a result, the yield carbon utilization efficiency (R) and WUE were the highest in no-tillage with Tainong 18 (NT18), and the carbon emission per unit water consumption was the lowest in NT18. The results support the idea that a combination of no-tillage with genotype can improve the regulation of soil carbon emissions and water consumption of winter wheat, thus, providing theoretical support for sustainable crop production and soil development in the NCP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Ren
- College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Chao Gao
- College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Huifang Han
- College of Agronomy, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Quanqi Li
- College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.
| |
Collapse
|
160
|
Gharbia SS, Smullen T, Gill L, Johnston P, Pilla F. Spatially distributed potential evapotranspiration modeling and climate projections. Sci Total Environ 2018; 633:571-592. [PMID: 29579668 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Evapotranspiration integrates energy and mass transfer between the Earth's surface and atmosphere and is the most active mechanism linking the atmosphere, hydrosphsophere, lithosphere and biosphere. This study focuses on the fine resolution modeling and projection of spatially distributed potential evapotranspiration on the large catchment scale as response to climate change. Six potential evapotranspiration designed algorithms, systematically selected based on a structured criteria and data availability, have been applied and then validated to long-term mean monthly data for the Shannon River catchment with a 50m2 cell size. The best validated algorithm was therefore applied to evaluate the possible effect of future climate change on potential evapotranspiration rates. Spatially distributed potential evapotranspiration projections have been modeled based on climate change projections from multi-GCM ensembles for three future time intervals (2020, 2050 and 2080) using a range of different Representative Concentration Pathways producing four scenarios for each time interval. Finally, seasonal results have been compared to baseline results to evaluate the impact of climate change on the potential evapotranspiration and therefor on the catchment dynamical water balance. The results present evidence that the modeled climate change scenarios would have a significant impact on the future potential evapotranspiration rates. All the simulated scenarios predicted an increase in potential evapotranspiration for each modeled future time interval, which would significantly affect the dynamical catchment water balance. This study addresses the gap in the literature of using GIS-based algorithms to model fine-scale spatially distributed potential evapotranspiration on the large catchment systems based on climatological observations and simulations in different climatological zones. Providing fine-scale potential evapotranspiration data is very crucial to assess the dynamical catchment water balance to setup management scenarios for the water abstractions. This study illustrates a transferable systematic method to design GIS-based algorithms to simulate spatially distributed potential evapotranspiration on the large catchment systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salem S Gharbia
- Department of Planning and Environmental Policy, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Trevor Smullen
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Laurence Gill
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul Johnston
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Francesco Pilla
- Department of Planning and Environmental Policy, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
161
|
Wieser G, Gruber A, Oberhuber W. Growing season water balance of an inner alpine Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) forest. IForest 2018; 11:469-475. [PMID: 30079155 PMCID: PMC6071915 DOI: 10.3832/ifor2626-011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We estimated components of the water cycle of a 150-year-old Pinus sylvestris forest in an inner Alpine dry valley of the Tyrol, Austria throughout five growing seasons. Forest canopy transpiration (TC) was measured by sap flow measurements scaled to the stand canopy level. Estimates of understory transpiration and forest floor evaporation (ETU) were derived from the soil water budget method, while interception (I) was modelled. Growing season cumulative evapotranspiration (ET = TC + ETU + I) varied between 256 and 322 mm or 51 to 79% of the growing season precipitation. The contribution of TC, ETU, and I to ET were 33, 40 and 27% respectively. Although these values of each layer (evapo)-transpiration are in good agreement with studies carried out in other European Scots pine forests, our estimated growing season total forest water use (Ttot = Tc + ETu) of 200-244 mm is at the lower end of values reported for coniferous forest ecosystems, and thus reflects an adaptation to the low shallow soil water availability. We conclude that Scots pine forests in inner alpine dry valleys are able to cope with high evaporative demand, even when shallow soil water availability is limited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Wieser
- Department of Alpine Timberline Ecophysiology, Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape (BFW), Rennweg 1, A-6020 Innsbruck (Austria)
| | - Andreas Gruber
- Department of Botany, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße15, A-6020 Innsbruck (Austria)
| | - Walter Oberhuber
- Department of Botany, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße15, A-6020 Innsbruck (Austria)
| |
Collapse
|
162
|
Ndehedehe CE, Okwuashi O, Ferreira VG, Agutu NO. Exploring evapotranspiration dynamics over Sub-Sahara Africa (2000-2014). Environ Monit Assess 2018; 190:400. [PMID: 29904821 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6780-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring changes in evapotranspiration (ET) is useful in the management of water resources in irrigated agricultural landscapes and in the assessment of crop stress and vegetation conditions of drought-vulnerable regions. Information on the impacts of climate variability on ET dynamics is profitable in developing water management adaptation strategies. Such impacts, however, are generally unreported and not conclusively determined in some regions. In this study, changes in MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)-derived ET (2000-2014) over large proportions of Sub-Sahara Africa (SSA) are explored. The multivariate analyses of ET over SSA showed that four leading modes of observed dynamics in ET, accounting for about 90% of the total variability, emanated mostly from some sections of the Sudano-Sahel and Congo basin. Based on Man-Kendall's statistics, significant positive trends (α = 0.05) in ET over the Central African Republic and most parts of the Sahel region were observed. Over much of the Congo basin nonetheless, ET showed significant (α = 0.05) distributions of widespread negative trends. These trends in ET were rather found to be consistent with observed changes in model soil moisture but not in all locations, perhaps due to inconsistent trends in maximum rainfall and land surface temperature. However, the results of spatio-temporal drought analysis confirm that the extensive ET losses in the Congo basin were somewhat induced by soil moisture deficits. Amidst other prominent drivers of ET, the dynamics of ET over the terrestrial ecosystems of SSA appear to be a more complex phenomenon that may transcend natural climate variations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Ndehedehe
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia.
- Griffith School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia.
- Department of Spatial Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Onuwa Okwuashi
- Department of Geo-Informatics and Surveying, University of Uyo, P.M.B. 1017, Uyo, Nigeria
| | - Vagner G Ferreira
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
| | - Nathan O Agutu
- Department of Spatial Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
163
|
Jódar J, Carpintero E, Martos-Rosillo S, Ruiz-Constán A, Marín-Lechado C, Cabrera-Arrabal JA, Navarrete-Mazariegos E, González-Ramón A, Lambán LJ, Herrera C, González-Dugo MP. Combination of lumped hydrological and remote-sensing models to evaluate water resources in a semi-arid high altitude ungauged watershed of Sierra Nevada (Southern Spain). Sci Total Environ 2018; 625:285-300. [PMID: 29289777 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Assessing water resources in high mountain semi-arid zones is essential to be able to manage and plan the use of these resources downstream where they are used. However, it is not easy to manage an unknown resource, a situation that is common in the vast majority of high mountain hydrological basins. In the present work, the discharge flow in an ungauged basin is estimated using the hydrological parameters of an HBV (Hydrologiska Byråns Vattenbalansavdelning) model calibrated in a "neighboring gauged basin". The results of the hydrological simulation obtained in terms of average annual discharge are validated using the VI-ETo model. This model relates a simple hydrological balance to the discharge of the basin with the evaporation of the vegetal cover of the soil, and this to the SAVI index, which is obtained remotely by means of satellite images. The results of the modeling for both basins underscore the role of the underground discharge in the total discharge of the hydrological system. This is the result of the deglaciation process suffered by the high mountain areas of the Mediterranean arc. This process increases the infiltration capacity of the terrain, the recharge and therefore the discharge of the aquifers that make up the glacial and periglacial sediments that remain exposed on the surface as witnesses of what was the last glaciation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Jódar
- Groundwater Hydrology Group, Dept. Civil and Environmental Eng., Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), Hydromodel Host S.L. and Aquageo Proyectos S.L., Spain.
| | - E Carpintero
- Instituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria, Pesquera, Alimentaria y de la Producción Ecológica de Andalucía (IFAPA), Córdoba, Spain
| | - S Martos-Rosillo
- Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), Granada, Spain; Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - A Ruiz-Constán
- Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), Granada, Spain; Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - C Marín-Lechado
- Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), Granada, Spain; Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - J A Cabrera-Arrabal
- Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), Granada, Spain; Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - A González-Ramón
- Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), Granada, Spain; Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - L J Lambán
- Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), Granada, Spain; Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - C Herrera
- Departamento de Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Católica del Norte (UCN), Antofagasta, Chile
| | - M P González-Dugo
- Instituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria, Pesquera, Alimentaria y de la Producción Ecológica de Andalucía (IFAPA), Córdoba, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
164
|
Chen Y, Xue Y, Hu Y. How multiple factors control evapotranspiration in North America evergreen needleleaf forests. Sci Total Environ 2018; 622-623:1217-1224. [PMID: 29890589 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Identifying the factors dominating ecosystem water flux is a critical step for predicting evapotranspiration (ET). Here, the fuzzy rough set with binary shuffled frog leaping (BSFL-FRSA) was used to identify both individual factors and multi-factor combinations that dominate the half-hourly ET variation at evergreen needleleaf forests (ENFs) sites across three different climatic zones in the North America. Among 21factors, air temperature (TA), atmospheric CO2 concentration (CCO2), soil temperature (TS), soil water content (SWC) and net radiation (NETRAD) were evaluated as dominant single factors, contributed to the ET variation averaged for all ENF sites by 48%, 36%, 32%, 18% and 13%, respectively. While the importance order would vary with climatic zones, and TA was assessed as the most influential factor at a single climatic zone level, counting a contribution rate of 54.7%, 49.9%, and 38.6% in the subarctic, warm summer continental, and Mediterranean climatic zones, respectively. In view of impacts of each multi-factors combination on ET, both TA and CCO2 made a contribution of 71% across three climate zones; the combination of TA, CCO2 and NETRAD was evaluated the most dominant at Mediterranean and subarctic ENF sites, and the combination of TA, CCO2 and TS at warm summer continental sites. Our results suggest that temperature was most critical for ET variation at the warm summer continental ENF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueming Chen
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; College of Electronic Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yueju Xue
- College of Electronic Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Information Monitoring in Agricultural, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Yueming Hu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| |
Collapse
|
165
|
Bergier I, Assine ML, McGlue MM, Alho CJR, Silva A, Guerreiro RL, Carvalho JC. Amazon rainforest modulation of water security in the Pantanal wetland. Sci Total Environ 2018; 619-620:1116-1125. [PMID: 29734590 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Pantanal is a large wetland mainly located in Brazil, whose natural resources are important for local, regional and global economies. Many human activities in the region rely on Pantanal's ecosystem services including cattle breeding for beef production, professional and touristic fishing, and contemplative tourism. The conservation of natural resources and ecosystems services provided by the Pantanal wetland must consider strategies for water security. We explored precipitation data from 1926 to 2016 provided by a regional network of rain gauge stations managed by the Brazilian Government. A timeseries obtained by dividing the monthly accumulated-rainfall by the number of rainy days indicated a positive trend of the mean rate of rainy days (mm/day) for the studied period in all seasons. We assessed the linkage of Pantanal's rainfall patterns with large-scale climate data in South America provided by NOAA/ESRL from 1949 to 2016. Analysis of spatiotemporal correlation maps indicated that, in agreement with previous studies, the Amazon biome plays a significant role in controlling summer rainfall in the Pantanal. Based on these spatiotemporal maps, a multi-linear regression model was built to predict the mean rate of summer rainy days in Pantanal by 2100, relative to the 1961-1990 mean reference. We found that the deforestation of the Amazon rainforest has profound implications for water security and the conservation of Pantanal's ecosystem services.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mario L Assine
- Instituto de Geociências e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Michael M McGlue
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Cleber J R Alho
- Pós-Graduação em Meio Ambiente, Universidade Anhanguera, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Aguinaldo Silva
- Departamento de Geografia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Corumbá, MS, Brazil
| | | | - João C Carvalho
- Water National Agency, Management and Supervision of the National Hydrometeorology Network, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
166
|
Radolinski J, Wu J, Xia K, Stewart R. Transport of a neonicotinoid pesticide, thiamethoxam, from artificial seed coatings. Sci Total Environ 2018; 618:561-568. [PMID: 29156230 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoid insecticides coat the seeds of major crops worldwide; however, the high solubility of these compounds, combined with their toxicity to non-target organisms, makes it critical to decipher the processes by which they are transported through soils and into aquatic environments. Transport and distribution of a neonicotinoid (thiamethoxam, TMX) were investigated by growing TMX-coated corn seeds in coarse-textured and fine-textured soil columns (20 and 60cm lengths). To understand the influence of living plants, corn plants were terminated in half of the columns (no plant treatment) and allowed to grow to the V5 growth stage (33days of growth) in the other half (with plant treatment). TMX was analyzed in leachate 12 times over 33days and in bulk soil after 8, 19, and 33days of corn growth. All 20cm columns leached TMX at levels exceeding the United States Environmental Protection Agency benchmark for aquatic invertebrates (17.5μgL-1). TMX migrated from seeds to adjacent bulk soil by the eighth day and reached deeper soil sections in later growth stages (e.g., 30-45cm depth by Day 33). Fine-particle soils transported over two orders of magnitude more TMX than coarse-textured soils (e.g., 29.9μg vs 0.17μg, respectively), which was attributed to elevated evapotranspiration (ET) rates in the sandy soil driving a higher net retention of the pesticide and to structural flow occurring in the fine-textured soil. Living plants increased TMX concentrations at depth (i.e., 30-60cm) compared to the no plant treatment, suggesting that corn growth may drive preferential transport of TMX from coated seeds. Altogether, this study showed that neonicotinoid seed coatings can be mobilized through soil leachate in concentrations considered acutely toxic to aquatic life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Radolinski
- Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, 185 Ag Quad Lane, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Junxue Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, PR China
| | - Kang Xia
- Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, 185 Ag Quad Lane, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Ryan Stewart
- Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, 185 Ag Quad Lane, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| |
Collapse
|
167
|
Latha R, Vinayak B, Murthy BS. Response of heterogeneous vegetation to aerosol radiative forcing over a northeast Indian station. J Environ Manage 2018; 206:1224-1232. [PMID: 29066023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Importance of atmospheric aerosols through direct and indirect effects on hydrological cycle is highlighted through multiple studies. This study tries to find how much the aerosols can affect evapo-transpiration (ET), a key component of the hydrological cycle over high NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index)/dense canopy, over Dibrugarh, known for vast tea plantation. The radiative effects of aerosols are calculated using satellite (Terra-MODIS) and reanalysis data on daily and monthly scales. Aerosol optical depth (AOD) obtained from satellite and ground observations compares well. Aerosol radiative forcing (ARF), calculated using MERRA data sets of 'clean-clear radiation' and 'clear-radiation' at the surface, shows a lower forcing efficiency, 35 Wm-zs, that is about half of that of ground observations. As vegetation controls ET over high NDVI area to the maximum and that gets modified through ARF, a regression equation is fitted between ET, AOD and NDVI for this station as ET = 0.25 + (-84.27) × AOD + (131.51) × NDVI that explains 82% of 'daily' ET variation using easily available satellite data. ET is found to follow net radiation closely and the direct relation between soil moisture and ET is weak on daily scale over this station as it may be acting through NDVI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Latha
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, NCL P O, Pashan, Pune 411008, India.
| | - B Vinayak
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, NCL P O, Pashan, Pune 411008, India; DASS, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India.
| | - B S Murthy
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, NCL P O, Pashan, Pune 411008, India.
| |
Collapse
|
168
|
Yagci AL, Santanello JA. Estimating Evapotranspiration From Satellite Using Easily Obtainable Variables: A case study over the Southern Great Plains, U.S.A. IEEE J Sel Top Appl Earth Obs Remote Sens 2018; 11:12-23. [PMID: 30450152 PMCID: PMC6235458 DOI: 10.1109/jstars.2017.2753723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Evapotranspiration (ET) is a critical component of the Earth's water budget, a critical modulator of land-atmosphere (L-A) interactions, and also plays a crucial role in managing the Earth's energy balance. In this study, the feasibility of generating spatially-continuous daily evaporative fraction (EF) and ET from minimal remotely-sensed and meteorological inputs in a trapezoidal framework is demonstrated. A total of four variables, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Land surface temperature (Ts ), gridded daily average temperature (Ta ) and elevation (z) are required to estimate EF. Then, ET can be estimated with the available soil heat flux (G) and net radiation (Rn) data. Firstly, the crucial model variable, Ts - Ta , is examined how well it characterizes the variation in EF using in situ data recorded at two eddy correlation flux towers in Southern Great Plains, U.S.A in 2011. Next, accuracy of satellite-based Ts are compared to ground-based Ts . Finally, EF and ET estimates are validated. The results reveal that the model performed satisfactorily in modeling EF and ET variation at winter wheat and deciduous forest during the high evaporative months. Even though the model works best with the observed MODIS-Ts as opposed to temporally interpolated Ts , results obtained from interpolated Ts are able to close the gaps with reasonable accuracy. Due to the fact that Ts - Ta , is not a good indicator of EF outside the growing season when deciduous forest is dormant, potential improvements to the model are proposed to improve accuracy in EF and ET estimates at the expense of adding more variables.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali L Yagci
- Hydrological Sciences Laboratory (617), Goddard Space Flight Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Greenbelt, Maryland, 20771, U.S.A
| | - Joseph A Santanello
- Hydrological Sciences Laboratory (617), Goddard Space Flight Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Greenbelt, Maryland, 20771, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
169
|
Zhao W, Hu Z, Li S, Guo Q, Liu Z, Zhang L. Comparison of surface energy budgets and feedbacks to microclimate among different land use types in an agro-pastoral ecotone of northern China. Sci Total Environ 2017; 599-600:891-898. [PMID: 28501013 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The biophysical effect of land use conversion plays a significant role in regulating climate change. Owing to albedo and evapotranspiration (ET) change, the effect of energy budget difference on land surface temperature (LST) is important but unclear among contrasting land use types, especially in temperate semi-arid regions. Based on moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, we compared the differences in albedo, ET, and LST between cropland and grassland (CR-GR), and between planted forest and grassland (PF-GR) in the Horqin Sandy Land of Inner Mongolia, an agro-pastoral ecotone of northern China. Our main objective was to explore the magnitude and direction of albedo and ET change during the growing season and, subsequently, to estimate the biophysical effects on LST as a result of land use and land cover change. Our results indicate no significant difference in mean monthly albedo for CR-GR and PF-GR. Cropland lost more water through ET and significantly decreased daytime LST compared with grassland from July to September, but no significant differences in ET and LST were observed for PF-GR in any month. The biophysical climate effects were more pronounced for CR-GR compared with PF-GR. The response of LST to the changes in energy budget confirmed that ET was the critical driving factor relative to albedo. Compared with grassland, cropland and planted forest tended to cool the land surface by 5.15°C and 1.51°C during the growing season, respectively, because of the biophysical effects. Our findings suggest the significance of local-scale biophysical effect on climate variation after land use conversion in semi-arid regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Resources and Environment (CRE), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongmin Hu
- School of Geography, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Resources and Environment (CRE), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Shenggong Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Resources and Environment (CRE), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Qun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengjia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Resources and Environment (CRE), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
170
|
Yavari S, Malakahmad A, Sapari NB, Yavari S, Khan E. Nutrient balancing for phytoremediation enhancement of urea manufacturing raw wastewater. J Environ Manage 2017; 202:225-231. [PMID: 28735207 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Application of urea manufacturing wastewater to teak (Tectona grandis) trees, a fast growing tropical timber plants, is an environmentally-friendly and cost-effective alternative for treatment of nitrogen-rich wastewater. However, the plant growth is strongly limited by lack of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) elements when the plants are irrigated with wastewater containing high concentration of nitrogen (N). A greenhouse experiment was conducted to optimize the efficiency of teak-based remediation systems in terms of nutrient balance. Twelve test solutions consisted of 4 levels of P (95, 190, 570, 1140 mgL-1) and 3 levels of K (95, 190, 570 mgL-1) with a constant level of N (190 mgL-1) were applied to teak seedlings every four days during the study period. Evapotranspiration rate, nutrient removal percentage, leaf surface area, dry weight and nutrient contents of experimental plants were determined and compared with those grown in control solution containing only N (N:P:K = 1:0:0). Teak seedlings grown in units with 1:0.5:1 N:P:K ratio were highly effective at nutrient removal upto 47%, 48% and 49% for N, P and K, respectively. Removal efficiency of teak plants grown in other experimental units decreased with increasing P and K concentrations in test solutions. The lowest nutrient removal and plant growth were recorded in units with 1:6:0.5 N:P:K ratio which received the highest ratio of P to K. The findings indicated that teak seedlings functioned effectively as phytoremediation plants for N-rich wastewater treatment when they were being supplied with proper concentrations of P and K.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Yavari
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Amirhossein Malakahmad
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Malaysia.
| | - Nasiman B Sapari
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Saba Yavari
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
| | - Eakalak Khan
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| |
Collapse
|
171
|
Arámburo-Miranda IV, Ruelas-Ramírez EH. Desalination of sea water with aquatic lily (Eichhornia crassipes). Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:25676-25681. [PMID: 27402252 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7160-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
During the last decades, methods of halo conditioning have been developed to increase the tolerance to salinity in glucophyta crops. Some experiments have carried out the application of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), in support to the modification of cell tolerance in saline medium. The first objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the incorporation of H2O2 in salinity tolerance development of the aquatic lily (Eichhornia crassipes). Results showed that the incorporation of 0.03 % H2O2 salinity tolerance developed in salt concentrations similar to seawater. Saline stress tolerance in aquatic lily was shown by the excretion of salts in its leaves; this process helped also in removing salt from seawater. At the same time, the reproduction of the lily is intimately linked to the content of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) (nutrients) in water. This reason is important to control the concentrations of these elements in the water. This will allow maintaining a control in the dissemination of the lily. Considering the mentioned above, the second objective was to continue development of the adaptation of the aquatic lily in seawater, using H2O2 and the required amount of nutrients. This paper points out the importance of considering a biological process for the treatments in the desalination of seawater, making the process more sustainable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isela Victoria Arámburo-Miranda
- Universidad Mexiquense del Bicentenario UES Tultitlán, Av. Ex-Hacienda de Portales s/n, Col. Villa Esmeralda, C.P. 54910, Tultitlán, México, México.
| | - Emmanuel Hammurabi Ruelas-Ramírez
- Universidad Mexiquense del Bicentenario UES Tultitlán, Av. Ex-Hacienda de Portales s/n, Col. Villa Esmeralda, C.P. 54910, Tultitlán, México, México
| |
Collapse
|
172
|
Li G, Zhang F, Jing Y, Liu Y, Sun G. Response of evapotranspiration to changes in land use and land cover and climate in China during 2001-2013. Sci Total Environ 2017; 596-597:256-265. [PMID: 28433768 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Land surface evapotranspiration (ET) is a central component of the Earth's global energy balance and water cycle. Understanding ET is important in quantifying the impacts of human influences on the hydrological cycle and thus helps improving water use efficiency and strengthening water use planning and watershed management. China has experienced tremendous land use and land cover changes (LUCC) as a result of urbanization and ecological restoration under a broad background of climate change. This study used MODIS data products to analyze how LUCC and climate change affected ET in China in the period 2001-2013. We examined the separate contribution to the estimated ET changes by combining LUCC and climate data. Results showed that the average annual ET in China decreased at a rate of -0.6mm/yr from 2001 to 2013. Areas in which ET decreased significantly were mainly distributed in the northwest China, the central of southwest China, and most regions of south central and east China. The trends of four climatic factors including air temperature, wind speed, sunshine duration, and relative humidity were determined, while the contributions of these four factors to ET were quantified by combining the ET and climate datasets. Among the four climatic factors, sunshine duration and wind speed had the greatest influence on ET. LUCC data from 2001 to 2013 showed that forests, grasslands and croplands in China mutually replaced each other. The reduction of forests had much greater effects on ET than change by other land cover types. Finally, through quantitative separation of the distinct effects of climate change and LUCC on ET, we conclude that climate change was the more significant than LULC change in influencing ET in China during the period 2001-2013. Effective water resource management and vegetation-based ecological restoration efforts in China must consider the effects of climate change on ET and water availability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gen Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education, 210044 Nanjing, China; WMO-NUIST Global Research Institute of Applied Meteorology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology, College of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 210044 Nanjing, China
| | - Fangmin Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education, 210044 Nanjing, China; WMO-NUIST Global Research Institute of Applied Meteorology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology, College of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 210044 Nanjing, China.
| | - Yuanshu Jing
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education, 210044 Nanjing, China; WMO-NUIST Global Research Institute of Applied Meteorology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology, College of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 210044 Nanjing, China.
| | - Yibo Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education, 210044 Nanjing, China; WMO-NUIST Global Research Institute of Applied Meteorology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology, College of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 210044 Nanjing, China
| | - Ge Sun
- Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center, Southern Research Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Raleigh, 27606, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
173
|
Detsch F, Otte I, Appelhans T, Nauss T. A glimpse at short-term controls of evapotranspiration along the southern slopes of Kilimanjaro. Environ Monit Assess 2017; 189:465. [PMID: 28836041 PMCID: PMC5569136 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6179-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Future climate characteristics of the southern Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania, are mainly determined by local land-use and global climate change. Reinforcing increasing dryness throughout the twentieth century, ongoing land transformation processes emphasize the need for a proper understanding of the regional-scale water budget and possible implications on related ecosystem functioning and services. Here, we present an analysis of scintillometer-based evapotranspiration (ET) covering seven distinct habitat types across a massive climate gradient from the colline savanna woodlands to the upper-mountain Helichrysum zone (940 to 3960 m.a.s.l.). Random forest-based mean variable importance indicates an outstanding significance of net radiation (R net) on the observed ET across all elevation levels. Accordingly, topography and frequent cloud/fog events have a dampening effect at high elevations, whereas no such constraints affect the energy and moisture-rich submontane coffee/grassland level. By contrast, long-term moisture availability is likely to impose restrictions upon evapotranspirative net water loss in savanna, which particularly applies to the pronounced dry season. At plot scale, ET can thereby be approximated reasonably using R net, soil heat flux, and to a lesser degree, vapor pressure deficit and rainfall as predictor variables (R 2 0.59 to 1.00). While multivariate regression based on pooled meteorological data from all plots proves itself useful for predicting hourly ET rates across a broader range of ecosystems (R 2 = 0.71), additional gains in explained variance can be achieved when vegetation characteristics as seen from the NDVI are considered (R 2 = 0.87). To sum up, our results indicate that valuable insights into land cover-specific ET dynamics, including underlying drivers, may be derived even from explicitly short-term measurements in an ecologically highly diverse landscape.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Detsch
- Environmental Informatics, Faculty of Geography, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Deutschhausstr. 12, 35032, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Insa Otte
- Environmental Informatics, Faculty of Geography, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Deutschhausstr. 12, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Tim Appelhans
- Environmental Informatics, Faculty of Geography, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Deutschhausstr. 12, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Nauss
- Environmental Informatics, Faculty of Geography, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Deutschhausstr. 12, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
174
|
Zölch T, Henze L, Keilholz P, Pauleit S. Regulating urban surface runoff through nature-based solutions - An assessment at the micro-scale. Environ Res 2017; 157:135-144. [PMID: 28558261 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Urban development leads to changes of surface cover that disrupt the hydrological cycle in cities. In particular, impermeable surfaces and the removal of vegetation reduce the ability to intercept, store and infiltrate rainwater. Consequently, the volume of stormwater runoff and the risk of local flooding rises. This is further amplified by the anticipated effects of climate change leading to an increased frequency and intensity of heavy rain events. Hence, urban adaptation strategies are required to mitigate those impacts. A nature-based solution, more and more promoted in politics and academia, is urban green infrastructure as it contributes to the resilience of urban ecosystems by providing services to maintain or restore hydrological functions. However, this poses a challenge to urban planners in deciding upon effective adaptation measures as they often lack information on the performance of green infrastructure to moderate surface runoff. It remains unclear what type of green infrastructure (e.g. trees, green roofs), offers the highest potential to reduce discharge volumes and to what extent. Against this background, this study provides an approach to gather quantitative evidence on green infrastructure's regulation potential. We use a micro-scale scenario modelling approach of different variations of green cover under current and future climatic conditions. The scenarios are modelled with MIKE SHE, an integrated hydrological simulation tool, and applied to a high density residential area of perimeter blocks in Munich, Germany. The results reveal that both trees and green roofs increase water storage capacities and hence reduce surface runoff, although the main contribution of trees lies in increasing interception and evapotranspiration, whereas green roofs allow for more retention through water storage in their substrate. With increasing precipitation intensities as projected under climate change their regulating potential decreases due to limited water storage capacities. The performance of both types stays limited to a maximum reduction of 2.4% compared to the baseline scenario, unless the coverage of vegetation and permeable surfaces is significantly increased as a 14.8% reduction is achieved by greening all roof surfaces. We conclude that the study provides empirical support for the effectiveness of urban green infrastructure as nature-based solution to stormwater regulation and assists planners and operators of sewage systems in selecting the most effective measures for implementation and estimation of their effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Zölch
- Technical University of Munich, Centre for Urban Ecology and Climate Adaptation, Germany.
| | - Lisa Henze
- Technical University of Munich, Chair for Strategic Landscape Planning and Management, Germany
| | | | - Stephan Pauleit
- Technical University of Munich, Chair for Strategic Landscape Planning and Management, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
175
|
Bilibio C, Schellert C, Retz S, Hensel O, Schmeisky H, Uteau D, Peth S. Water balance assessment of different substrates on potash tailings piles using non-weighable lysimeters. J Environ Manage 2017; 196:633-643. [PMID: 28365548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Water balance is an important tool to evaluate water deficit or excess in crop systems. However, few studies have evaluated the water balance of vegetation grown on the residues from potash mining because the high sodium chloride levels of the residues hinder agricultural development. Therefore, this study aims to measure the water balance components in eight non-weighing lysimeters installed on a potash tailings pile in Heringen (Werra), Germany. These lysimeters were filled with different mixtures of household waste incineration slags and coal combustion residues, resulting in 4 different substrates with two repetitions. Manual seeding was performed using 65% perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), 25% red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) and 10% Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.). Environmental conditions were monitored using an automatic weather station; ground-level and 1-m-high rain gauges. Precipitation and drainage were recorded weekly following the initial saturation of the lysimeters. Water balance components were determined for two hydrological years based on the expression: ET (mm) = P - D, where ET = evapotranspiration, P = precipitation and D = drainage. In addition, evapotranspiration was studied using the standard FAO Penman-Monteith equation and Haude's method. The lysimeter water balance measured in 2014 revealed an actual evapotranspiration rate of 66.4% for substrate 1, 66.9% for substrate 2, 65.1% for substrate 3 and 64.1% for substrate 4. In 2015, evapotranspiration ranged from 65.7% for substrate 4 to 70.2% for substrate 1. We observed that the FAO Penman-Monteith and Haude's evapotranspiration models generally overestimated the water use of the green coverage by 67% and 23%, respectively. Our study suggests that an evapotranspiration cover for potash tailings piles may decrease brine drainage from these piles and reduce soil and water contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Bilibio
- Department of Agricultural Engineering - University of Kassel, Nordbahnhofstraße 1a, D-37213 Witzenhausen, Germany.
| | - Christian Schellert
- Department of Agricultural Engineering - University of Kassel, Nordbahnhofstraße 1a, D-37213 Witzenhausen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Retz
- Department of Agricultural Engineering - University of Kassel, Nordbahnhofstraße 1a, D-37213 Witzenhausen, Germany
| | - Oliver Hensel
- Department of Agricultural Engineering - University of Kassel, Nordbahnhofstraße 1a, D-37213 Witzenhausen, Germany
| | - Helge Schmeisky
- Schmeisky Environmental Consultancy, Steinstrasse 21, D-37213 Witzenhausen, Germany
| | - Daniel Uteau
- Department of Soil Science - University of Kassel, Nordbahnhofstraße 1a, D-37213 Witzenhausen, Germany
| | - Stephan Peth
- Department of Soil Science - University of Kassel, Nordbahnhofstraße 1a, D-37213 Witzenhausen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
176
|
Gunawardena KR, Wells MJ, Kershaw T. Utilising green and bluespace to mitigate urban heat island intensity. Sci Total Environ 2017; 584-585:1040-1055. [PMID: 28161043 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
It has long been recognised that cities exhibit their own microclimate and are typically warmer than the surrounding rural areas. This 'mesoscale' influence is known as the urban heat island (UHI) effect and results largely from modification of surface properties leading to greater absorption of solar radiation, reduced convective cooling and lower water evaporation rates. Cities typically contain less vegetation and bodies of water than rural areas, and existing green and bluespace is often under threat from increasing population densities. This paper presents a meta-analysis of the key ways in which green and bluespace affect both urban canopy- and boundary-layer temperatures, examined from the perspectives of city-planning, urban climatology and climate science. The analysis suggests that the evapotranspiration-based cooling influence of both green and bluespace is primarily relevant for urban canopy-layer conditions, and that tree-dominated greenspace offers the greatest heat stress relief when it is most needed. However, the magnitude and transport of cooling experienced depends on size, spread, and geometry of greenspaces, with some solitary large parks found to offer minimal boundary-layer cooling. Contribution to cooling at the scale of the urban boundary-layer climate is attributed mainly to greenspace increasing surface roughness and thereby improving convection efficiency rather than evaporation. Although bluespace cooling and transport during the day can be substantial, nocturnal warming is highlighted as likely when conditions are most oppressive. However, when both features are employed together they can offer many synergistic ecosystem benefits including cooling. The ways in which green and bluespace infrastructure is applied in future urban growth strategies, particularly in countries expected to experience rapid urbanisation, warrants greater consideration in urban planning policy to mitigate the adverse effects of the UHI and enhance climate resilience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K R Gunawardena
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - M J Wells
- Biodiversity by Design Ltd., Waterhouse Lane, Monkton Combe, Bath BA2 7JB, UK
| | - T Kershaw
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
177
|
Tong X, Zhang J, Meng P, Li J, Zheng N. Environmental controls of evapotranspiration in a mixed plantation in North China. Int J Biometeorol 2017; 61:227-238. [PMID: 27378282 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-016-1205-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The mixed plantation plays an important role in the water cycle in the hilly area of North China. To evaluate the effect of afforestation on the water balance in this region, the temporal variation of evapotranspiration (ET) and environmental controls were investigated based on the eddy flux measurement of water vapor in a 31-year-old mixed plantation from 2006 to 2010. During 5 years, annual ET ranged from 513 to 680 mm, with an average of 579 mm. Growing season ET accounted for 72-82 % of annual ET during the 5-year period and its interannual variation was determined by the number of rainy days. In the non-growing and growing seasons, monthly ET was primarily dependent on monthly mean soil water content and monthly mean net radiation, respectively. Annual mean Priestley-Taylor coefficient (α) was 0.64, and the decoupling factor (Ω) was 0.48. High values of α and Ω implied that ET was energy limited in the growing seasons of 2006-2010. The mean annual ratio of ET to precipitation (ET/P) was 1.10. The density of the mixed plantation was around 50 % higher than the optimal value determined by local water capacity, leading to a large ET/P ratio. The dense plantation needs to be thinned to prevent excessive water loss in the hilly area of North China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Tong
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Ping Meng
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ning Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| |
Collapse
|
178
|
Heusinger J, Weber S. Surface energy balance of an extensive green roof as quantified by full year eddy-covariance measurements. Sci Total Environ 2017; 577:220-230. [PMID: 27810303 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Green roofs are discussed as a promising type of green infrastructure to lower heat stress in cities. In order to enhance evaporative cooling, green roofs should ideally have similar Bowen ratio (β=sensible heat flux/latent heat flux) characteristics such as rural sites, especially during summer periods with high air temperatures. We use the eddy-covariance (EC) method to quantify the energy balance of an 8600m2 extensive, non-irrigated green roof at the Berlin Brandenburg Airport, Germany over a full annual cycle. To understand the influence of water availability on green roof-atmosphere energy exchange, we studied dry and wet periods and looked into functional relationships between leaf area, volumetric water content (VWC) of the substrate, shortwave radiation and β. The surface energy balance was dominated by turbulent heat fluxes in comparison to conductive substrate heat fluxes. The Bowen ratio was slightly below unity on average but highly variable due to ambient meteorology and substrate water availability, i.e. β increased to 2 in the summer season. During dry periods mean daytime β was 3, which is comparable to typical values of urban instead of rural sites. In contrast, mean daytime β was 0.3 during wet periods. Following a summer wet period the green roof maximum daily evapotranspiration (ET) was 3.3mm, which is a threefold increase with respect to the mean summer ET. A multiple regression model indicated that the substrate VWC at the present site has to be >0.11m3m-3 during summer high insolation periods (>500Wm-2) in order to maintain favourable green roof energy partitioning, i.e. mid-day β<1. The microclimate benefit of urban green roofs can be significantly optimised by using sustainable irrigation approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jannik Heusinger
- Climatology and Environmental Meteorology, Institute of Geoecology, TU Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 19c, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Stephan Weber
- Climatology and Environmental Meteorology, Institute of Geoecology, TU Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 19c, Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
179
|
Bastiaanssen WGM, Steduto P. The water productivity score (WPS) at global and regional level: Methodology and first results from remote sensing measurements of wheat, rice and maize. Sci Total Environ 2017; 575:595-611. [PMID: 27712867 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Scarce water resources are one of the major constraints to achieve more food production. Food production needs therefore also to be evaluated in terms of water consumption, besides the conventional unit of land. Crop Water Productivity (CWP) is defined as the crop yield per unit of water evaporated. Contrary to crop yield, local benchmark values for CWP do not exist. This paper shows how operational earth observation satellites can measure CWP indirectly on a pixel-by-pixel basis, which provides an opportunity to define local, regional and global benchmark values. In analogy to a grading system for earthquakes (Richter) or wind force (Beaufort), a grading system for CWP is introduced: the Water Productivity Score (WPS). A regional scale WPS and a global version - Global Water Productivity Score (GWPS) - are presented. Crop yield zones are used to reflect local production potential, which reflects also the presence of irrigation systems besides general physio-graphical conditions. The 99th percentiles of climatic normalized CWP values at global scale are 2.45, 2.3 and 4.9kgm-3 for wheat, rice and maize respectively. There is significant scope to produce the same - or more - food from less water resources, provided that locally specific best on-farm practices are implemented. At the upstream level, Governments can use (G)WPS to define national water and food policies and use it as a means to report to the Sustainable Development Goal standards. At the downstream level, WPS helps to improve on-farm water management practices by growers, both for rainfed and irrigated crops. While the current paper is based on wheat, rice and maize, the same framework can be expanded to potatoes, sugarbeet, sugarcane, fruit trees, cotton and other crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wim G M Bastiaanssen
- UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, P.O. Box 3015, 2611, DA, Delft, The Netherlands; Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Stevinweg 1, 2628, CN, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Pasquale Steduto
- FAO, UN Food and Agricultural Organization, 11 El Eslah El Zerai Street, Dokki, P.O. Box 2223, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
180
|
Redhead JW, Stratford C, Sharps K, Jones L, Ziv G, Clarke D, Oliver TH, Bullock JM. Empirical validation of the InVEST water yield ecosystem service model at a national scale. Sci Total Environ 2016; 569-570:1418-1426. [PMID: 27395076 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A variety of tools have emerged with the goal of mapping the current delivery of ecosystem services and quantifying the impact of environmental changes. An important and often overlooked question is how accurate the outputs of these models are in relation to empirical observations. In this paper we validate a hydrological ecosystem service model (InVEST Water Yield Model) using widely available data. We modelled annual water yield in 22 UK catchments with widely varying land cover, population and geology, and compared model outputs with gauged river flow data from the UK National River Flow Archive. Values for input parameters were selected from existing literature to reflect conditions in the UK and were subjected to sensitivity analyses. We also compared model performance between precipitation and potential evapotranspiration data sourced from global- and UK-scale datasets. We then tested the transferability of the results within the UK by additional validation in a further 20 catchments. Whilst the model performed only moderately with global-scale data (linear regression of modelled total water yield against empirical data; slope=0.763, intercept=54.45, R(2)=0.963) with wide variation in performance between catchments, the model performed much better when using UK-scale input data, with closer fit to the observed data (slope=1.07, intercept=3.07, R(2)=0.990). With UK data the majority of catchments showed <10% difference between measured and modelled water yield but there was a minor but consistent overestimate per hectare (86m(3)/ha/year). Additional validation on a further 20 UK catchments was similarly robust, indicating that these results are transferable within the UK. These results suggest that relatively simple models can give accurate measures of ecosystem services. However, the choice of input data is critical and there is a need for further validation in other parts of the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J W Redhead
- NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, UK.
| | - C Stratford
- NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, UK
| | - K Sharps
- NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - L Jones
- NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - G Ziv
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - D Clarke
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Southampton, University Road, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - T H Oliver
- NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, UK
| | - J M Bullock
- NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
181
|
Zhang T, Peng J, Liang W, Yang Y, Liu Y. Spatial-temporal patterns of water use efficiency and climate controls in China's Loess Plateau during 2000-2010. Sci Total Environ 2016; 565:105-122. [PMID: 27161132 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Accurate assessments of spatial-temporal variations in water use efficiency (WUE) are important for evaluation of carbon and water balances. In this study, the spatial and temporal patterns of WUE and associated climate controls in China's Loess Plateau are investigated over 2000-2010 by utilizing remote sensing data and multiple statistical methods; which provides a greater understanding about how WUE changed after the Grain to Green Program (GTGP) launched. Carbon sequestration (i.e., net primary productivity, NPP) is estimated with the CASA model and water consumption (i.e., evapotranspiration, ET) is obtained from the MODIS product (i.e., MOD16). Our results identify an increasing trend in the regional mean NPP that amounted to 7.593gC/m(2)·yr with an average value of 310.035gC/m(2)·yr. Changes in ET are segmented into three stages, the growth (2000-2003), decline (2004-2006) and stable (2007-2010) stages. Regional WUE is measured at 0.915gC/mm·m(2) and shows an upward trend at a rate of 0.027gC/mm·m(2)·yr. Spatially, significant regional heterogeneity is found in both NPP and WUE with gradients decreasing from the southeast to the northwest, but sharp rises detected in northern Shaanxi. At the biome level, the annual average WUE of the four groups decrease in the order of grasslands>woodlands>shrublands>croplands. Moreover, all biomes in the grassland ecosystems exhibit a growth in WUE as does the arid desert zone in the northwestern region, suggesting that vegetation in moderately water-deficient areas may have a higher tolerance to drought. Among different meteorological factors, precipitation and drought severity index (DSI) in the Loess Plateau show a latitudinal zonality and influences the WUE, which indicated that the moisture rather than temperature would be the major control factor of the regional WUE. Finally, significant variation in vegetation WUE sensitivity in response to meteorological factors is noted. Temperature is found to be the dominant driving factor of shrublands WUE, whereas precipitation primarily influenced the WUE of grasslands, croplands, and woodlands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zhang
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Ministry of Education, 100871 Beijing, China.
| | - Jian Peng
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Ministry of Education, 100871 Beijing, China.
| | - Wei Liang
- College of Tourism and Environmental Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 710062 Xi'an, China.
| | - Yuting Yang
- CSIRO Land and Water, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - Yanxu Liu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Ministry of Education, 100871 Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
182
|
Corbella C, Garfí M, Puigagut J. Long-term assessment of best cathode position to maximise microbial fuel cell performance in horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands. Sci Total Environ 2016; 563-564:448-455. [PMID: 27151501 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The cathode of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) implemented in constructed wetlands (CWs) is generally set in close contact with water surface to provide a rich oxygen environment. However, water level variations caused by plants evapotranspiration in CWs might decrease MFC performance by limiting oxygen transfer to the cathode. Main objective of this work was to quantify the effect of water level variation on MFC performance implemented in HSSF CW. For the purpose of this work two MFCs were implemented within a HSSF CW pilot plant fed with primary treated domestic wastewater. Cell voltage (Ecell) and the relative distance between the cathode and the water level were recorded for one year. Results showed that Ecell was greatly influenced by the relative distance between the cathode and the water level, giving an optimal cathode position of about 1 to 2cm above water level. Both water level variation and Ecell were daily and seasonal dependent, showing a pronounced day/night variation during warm periods and showing almost no daily variation during cold periods. Energy production under pronounced daily water level variation was 40% lower (80±56mWh/m(2)·day) than under low water level variation (131±61mWh/m(2)·day). Main conclusion of the present work is that of the performance of MFC implemented in HSSF CW is highly dependent on plants evapotranspiration. Therefore, MFC that are to be implemented in CWs shall be designed to be able to cope with pronounced water level variations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clara Corbella
- GEMMA, Department Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, c/Jordi Girona 1-3, Building D1, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marianna Garfí
- GEMMA, Department Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, c/Jordi Girona 1-3, Building D1, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Puigagut
- GEMMA, Department Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, c/Jordi Girona 1-3, Building D1, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
183
|
Yin W, Feng F, Zhao C, Yu A, Hu F, Chai Q, Gan Y, Guo Y. Integrated double mulching practices optimizes soil temperature and improves soil water utilization in arid environments. Int J Biometeorol 2016; 60:1423-1437. [PMID: 26813883 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-016-1134-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Water shortage threatens agricultural sustainability in many arid and semiarid areas of the world. It is unknown whether improved water conservation practices can be developed to alleviate this issue while increasing crop productivity. In this study, we developed a "double mulching" system, i.e., plastic film coupled with straw mulch, integrated together with intensified strip intercropping. We determined (i) the responses of soil evaporation and moisture conservation to the integrated double mulching system and (ii) the change of soil temperature during key plant growth stages under the integrated systems. Experiments were carried out in northwest China in 2009 to 2011. Results show that wheat-maize strip intercropping in combination with plastic film and straw covering on the soil surface increased soil moisture (mm) by an average of 3.8 % before sowing, 5.3 % during the wheat and maize co-growth period, 4.4 % after wheat harvest, and 4.9 % after maize harvest, compared to conventional practice (control). The double mulching decreased total evapotranspiration of the two intercrops by an average of 4.6 % (P < 0.05), compared to control. An added feature was that the double mulching system decreased soil temperature in the top 10-cm depth by 1.26 to 1.31 °C in the strips of the cool-season wheat, and by 1.31 to 1.51 °C in the strips of the warm-season maize through the 2 years. Soil temperature of maize strips higher as 1.25 to 1.94 °C than that of wheat strips in the top 10-cm soil depth under intercropping with the double mulching system; especially higher as 1.58 to 2.11 °C under intercropping with the conventional tillage; this allows the two intercrops to grow in a well "collaborative" status under the double mulching system during their co-growth period. The improvement of soil moisture and the optimization of soil temperature for the two intercrops allow us to conclude that wheat-maize intensification with the double mulching system can be used as an effective farming model in alleviating water shortage issues experiencing in water shortage areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Yin
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, 730070, China
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Fuxue Feng
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Cai Zhao
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, 730070, China
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Aizhong Yu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, 730070, China
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Falong Hu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, 730070, China
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Qiang Chai
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
| | - Yantai Gan
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Semiarid Prairie Agricultural Research Centre, Swift Current, SK, S9H 3X2, Canada.
| | - Yao Guo
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, 730070, China
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| |
Collapse
|
184
|
Tunc T, Sahin U. Red cabbage yield, heavy metal content, water use and soil chemical characteristics under wastewater irrigation. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23:6264-6276. [PMID: 26611631 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5848-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this 2-year field study was to evaluate the effects of drip irrigation with urban wastewaters reclaimed using primary (filtration) and secondary (filtration and aeration) processes on red cabbage growth and fresh yield, heavy metal content, water use and efficiency and soil chemical properties. Filtered wastewater (WW1), filtered and aerated wastewater (WW2), freshwater and filtered wastewater mix (1:1 by volume) (WW3) and freshwater (FW) were investigated as irrigation water treatments. Crop evapotranspiration decreased significantly, while water use efficiency increased under wastewater treatments compared to FW. WW1 treatment had the lowest value (474.2 mm), while FW treatments had the highest value (556.7 mm). The highest water use efficiency was found in the WW1 treatment as 8.41 kg m(-3), and there was a twofold increase with regard to the FW. Wastewater irrigation increased soil fertility and therefore red cabbage yield. WW2 treatment produced the highest total fresh yield (40.02 Mg ha(-1)). However, wastewater irrigation increased the heavy metal content in crops and soil. Cd content in red cabbage heads was above the safe limit, and WW1 treatment had the highest value (0.168 mg kg(-1)). WW3 treatment among wastewater treatments is less risky in terms of soil and crop heavy metal pollution and faecal coliform contamination. Therefore, WW3 wastewater irrigation for red cabbage could be recommended for higher yield and water efficiency with regard to freshwater irrigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Talip Tunc
- East Anatolia Agricultural Research Institute, 25090, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Ustun Sahin
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Structures and Irrigation, Ataturk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
185
|
Mosomtai G, Evander M, Sandström P, Ahlm C, Sang R, Hassan OA, Affognon H, Landmann T. Association of ecological factors with Rift Valley fever occurrence and mapping of risk zones in Kenya. Int J Infect Dis 2016; 46:49-55. [PMID: 26996461 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a mosquito-borne infection with great impact on animal and human health. The objectives of this study were to identify ecological factors that explain the risk of RVF outbreaks in eastern and central Kenya and to produce a spatially explicit risk map. METHODS The sensitivity of seven selected ecological variables to RVF occurrence was assessed by generalized linear modelling (GLM). Vegetation seasonality variables (from normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data) and 'evapotranspiration' (ET) (metrics) were obtained from 0.25-1km MODIS satellite data observations; 'livestock density' (N/km(2)), 'elevation' (m), and 'soil ratio' (fraction of all significant soil types within a certain county as a function of the total area of that county) were used as covariates. RESULTS 'Livestock density', 'small vegetation integral', and the second principal component of ET were the most significant determinants of RVF occurrence in Kenya (all p ≤ 0.01), with high RVF risk areas identified in the counties of Tana River, Garissa, Isiolo, and Lamu. CONCLUSIONS Wet soil fluxes measured with ET and vegetation seasonality variables could be used to map RVF risk zones on a sub-regional scale. Future outbreaks could be better managed if relevant RVF variables are integrated into early warning systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gladys Mosomtai
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, PO Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Magnus Evander
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Per Sandström
- Department of Forest Resource Management, Faculty of Forest Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Clas Ahlm
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Rosemary Sang
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, PO Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Osama Ahmed Hassan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hippolyte Affognon
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, PO Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Tobias Landmann
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, PO Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| |
Collapse
|
186
|
Wang L, Liu H, Sun J, Feng J. Water and carbon dioxide fluxes over an alpine meadow in southwest China and the impact of a spring drought event. Int J Biometeorol 2016; 60:195-205. [PMID: 26059924 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-015-1016-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Based on the eddy covariance measurements from June 2011 to December 2013, the seasonal variations and the controls of water and CO2 fluxes were investigated over an alpine meadow in Lijiang, southwest China. The year 2012 had the largest total precipitation among years from 2011 to 2013 (1037.9, 1190.4, and 1066.1 mm, respectively). A spring drought event occurred from March to May 2012, and the peak normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in 2012 was the lowest. Throughout the whole year, net radiation (Rn), vapor pressure deficit, and air temperature (Ta) were the primary controls on evapotranspiration (ET), and R n is the most important factor. The influence of R n on ET was much more in the wet season (R(2) = 0.93) than in the dry season (R(2) = 0.28). In the wet season, the ratio of ET to equilibrium ET (ETeq) (0.92 ± 0.14; mean ± S.D.) did not show a clear seasonal pattern with NDVI when the soil water content (SWC) was usually more than 0.25 m(3) m(-3), indicating that ET could be predicted well by ETeq (or radiation and temperature). On half-hourly and daily scales, photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) and air temperature were the main meteorological factors in determining the net ecosystem production (NEP). The seasonal trends of NEP were closely related with the change of NDVI. The integrated NEP in the 2012 wet season (157.8 g C m(-2) year(-1)) was 19.5 and 23.8 % lower than in the 2011 and 2013 wet season (207.0 and 196.1 g C m(-2) year(-1)). The mean ET/ETeq for each of the wet seasons from 2011 to 2013 was 0.88. The 2012 spring drought and its reduction in NDVI decreased the total NEP significantly but had little effect on the total ET in the wet season. The different response of NEP and ET to the spring drought was attributed to the high SWC and small vapor pressure deficit during the wet season.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 100029
| | - Huizhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 100029.
| | - Jihua Sun
- Yunnan Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Kunming, China, 650034
| | - Jianwu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 100029
| |
Collapse
|
187
|
Peña-Arancibia JL, Mainuddin M, Kirby JM, Chiew FHS, McVicar TR, Vaze J. Assessing irrigated agriculture's surface water and groundwater consumption by combining satellite remote sensing and hydrologic modelling. Sci Total Environ 2016; 542:372-382. [PMID: 26520262 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Globally, irrigation accounts for more than two thirds of freshwater demand. Recent regional and global assessments indicate that groundwater extraction (GWE) for irrigation has increased more rapidly than surface water extraction (SWE), potentially resulting in groundwater depletion. Irrigated agriculture in semi-arid and arid regions is usually from a combination of stored surface water and groundwater. This paper assesses the usefulness of remotely-sensed (RS) derived information on both irrigation dynamics and rates of actual evapotranspiration which are both input to a river-reach water balance model in order to quantify irrigation water use and water provenance (either surface water or groundwater). The assessment is implemented for the water-years 2004/05-2010/11 in five reaches of the Murray-Darling Basin (Australia); a heavily regulated basin with large irrigated areas and periodic droughts and floods. Irrigated area and water use are identified each water-year (from July to June) through a Random Forest model which uses RS vegetation phenology and actual evapotranspiration as predicting variables. Both irrigated areas and actual evapotranspiration from irrigated areas were compared against published estimates of irrigated areas and total water extraction (SWE+GWE).The river-reach model determines the irrigated area that can be serviced with stored surface water (SWE), and the remainder area (as determined by the Random Forest Model) is assumed to be supplemented by groundwater (GWE). Model results were evaluated against observed SWE and GWE. The modelled SWE generally captures the observed interannual patterns and to some extent the magnitudes, with Pearson's correlation coefficients >0.8 and normalised root-mean-square-error<30%. In terms of magnitude, the results were as accurate as or better than those of more traditional (i.e., using areas that fluctuate based on water resource availability and prescribed crop factors) irrigation modelling. The RS irrigated areas and actual evapotranspiration can be used to: (i) understand irrigation dynamics, (ii) constrain irrigation models in data scarce regions, as well as (iii) pinpointing areas that require better ground-based monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John M Kirby
- CSIRO Land and Water, GPO Box 1666, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | | | - Tim R McVicar
- CSIRO Land and Water, GPO Box 1666, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Jai Vaze
- CSIRO Land and Water, GPO Box 1666, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
188
|
Levi L, Jaramillo F, Andričević R, Destouni G. Hydroclimatic changes and drivers in the Sava River Catchment and comparison with Swedish catchments. Ambio 2015; 44:624-34. [PMID: 25753574 PMCID: PMC4591234 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-015-0641-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigate long-term hydroclimatic changes and their possible relation to regional changes in climate, land-use and water-use over the twentieth century in the transboundary Sava River Catchment (SRC) in South Eastern Europe. In a hydropower dominated part of the SRC, unlike in an unregulated part, we find increase in average annual evapotranspiration and decrease in temporal runoff variability, which are not readily explainable by observed concurrent climate change in temperature and precipitation and may be more related to landscape-internal change drivers. Among the latter investigated here, results indicate hydropower developments as most closely related to the found hydroclimatic shifts, consistent with previous such indications in studies of Swedish hydropower catchments. Overall, the present results have quantitatively framed the recent history and present state of hydroclimate in the SRC, of relevance for water resources in several countries and for a majority of their populations. This provides a useful basis for further assessment of possible future hydroclimatic changes, under different scenarios of climate change and land/water-use developments in the region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lea Levi
- Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering (SEED), Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Teknikringen 76, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Applied Hydraulics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Geodesy, University of Split, 21 000, Split, Croatia.
| | - Fernando Jaramillo
- Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Roko Andričević
- Department of Applied Hydraulics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Geodesy, University of Split, 21 000, Split, Croatia.
| | - Georgia Destouni
- Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
189
|
Connan O, Maro D, Hébert D, Solier L, Caldeira Ideas P, Laguionie P, St-Amant N. In situ measurements of tritium evapotranspiration (³H-ET) flux over grass and soil using the gradient and eddy covariance experimental methods and the FAO-56 model. J Environ Radioact 2015; 148:1-9. [PMID: 26091609 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The behaviour of tritium in the environment is linked to the water cycle. We compare three methods of calculating the tritium evapotranspiration flux from grassland cover. The gradient and eddy covariance methods, together with a method based on the theoretical Penmann-Monteith model were tested in a study carried out in 2013 in an environment characterised by high levels of tritium activity. The results show that each of the three methods gave similar results. The various constraints applying to each method are discussed. The results show a tritium evapotranspiration flux of around 15 mBq m(-2) s(-1) in this environment. These results will be used to improve the entry parameters for the general models of tritium transfers in the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Connan
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PRP-ENV/SERIS/LRC, Laboratoire de Radioécologie de Cherbourg Octeville, Cherbourg-Octeville 50130, France.
| | - D Maro
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PRP-ENV/SERIS/LRC, Laboratoire de Radioécologie de Cherbourg Octeville, Cherbourg-Octeville 50130, France
| | - D Hébert
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PRP-ENV/SERIS/LRC, Laboratoire de Radioécologie de Cherbourg Octeville, Cherbourg-Octeville 50130, France
| | - L Solier
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PRP-ENV/SERIS/LRC, Laboratoire de Radioécologie de Cherbourg Octeville, Cherbourg-Octeville 50130, France
| | - P Caldeira Ideas
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), IPRP-ENV/SESURE/LS3E, Laboratoire de Surveillance et d'Expertise Environnementale par Echantillonnage, Le Vésinet 78116, France
| | - P Laguionie
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PRP-ENV/SERIS/LRC, Laboratoire de Radioécologie de Cherbourg Octeville, Cherbourg-Octeville 50130, France
| | - N St-Amant
- Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission, Ottawa, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
190
|
Klein T, Randin C, Körner C. Water availability predicts forest canopy height at the global scale. Ecol Lett 2015; 18:1311-20. [PMID: 26423470 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The tendency of trees to grow taller with increasing water availability is common knowledge. Yet a robust, universal relationship between the spatial distribution of water availability and forest canopy height (H) is lacking. Here, we created a global water availability map by calculating an annual budget as the difference between precipitation (P) and potential evapotranspiration (PET) at a 1-km spatial resolution, and in turn correlated it with a global H map of the same resolution. Across forested areas over the globe, Hmean increased with P-PET, roughly: Hmean (m) = 19.3 + 0.077*(P-PET). Maximum forest canopy height also increased gradually from ~ 5 to ~ 50 m, saturating at ~ 45 m for P-PET > 500 mm. Forests were far from their maximum height potential in cold, boreal regions and in disturbed areas. The strong association between forest height and P-PET provides a useful tool when studying future forest dynamics under climate change, and in quantifying anthropogenic forest disturbance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamir Klein
- Institute of Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Randin
- Institute of Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, Basel, 4056, Switzerland.,Department of Ecology & Evolution, University of Lausanne, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Körner
- Institute of Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
191
|
Folch A, Ferrer N. The impact of poplar tree plantations for biomass production on the aquifer water budget and base flow in a Mediterranean basin. Sci Total Environ 2015; 524-525:213-224. [PMID: 25897729 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Poplar plantations are used for biomass production in many countries. These plantations are often located in areas where the tree roots can reach the water table of shallow aquifers to reduce irrigation costs and increase evapotranspiration, mainly during the summer. This study aims to assess the effects of these plantations on an aquifer water budget and on the stream flow of a Mediterranean basin (Santa Coloma River, 321.3 km(2) NE Spain). A numerical flow model was constructed to simulate shallow aquifers and to simulate the stream-aquifer interaction for a period of 9 years. Once the model was calibrated, different land use scenarios, such as deciduous forests, dry farming and irrigated farming, were simulated for comparison. The mass balance shows that poplar extracts an average of 2.40 hm(3) from the aquifer, i.e., approximately 18% of the average recharge of the modelled area. This effect reduces the groundwater flow to the main stream and increases the infiltration from the stream to the aquifer. As a result, there is an average reduction in the main stream flow by 46% during the summer, when the lowest flow occurs and when the river is most sensitive. The results indicate that these impacts should be considered in basin management plans and in evaluating the benefits of this type of biomass production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albert Folch
- Hydrogeology Group (UPC-CSIC), Department of Geotechnical Engineering and Geo-sciences, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Núria Ferrer
- Hydrogeology Group (UPC-CSIC), Department of Geotechnical Engineering and Geo-sciences, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
192
|
Kirschbaum MUF, Rutledge S, Kuijper IA, Mudge PL, Puche N, Wall AM, Roach CG, Schipper LA, Campbell DI. Modelling carbon and water exchange of a grazed pasture in New Zealand constrained by eddy covariance measurements. Sci Total Environ 2015; 512-513:273-286. [PMID: 25634732 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We used two years of eddy covariance (EC) measurements collected over an intensively grazed dairy pasture to better understand the key drivers of changes in soil organic carbon stocks. Analysing grazing systems with EC measurements poses significant challenges as the respiration from grazing animals can result in large short-term CO2 fluxes. As paddocks are grazed only periodically, EC observations derive from a mosaic of paddocks with very different exchange rates. This violates the assumptions implicit in the use of EC methodology. To test whether these challenges could be overcome, and to develop a tool for wider scenario testing, we compared EC measurements with simulation runs with the detailed ecosystem model CenW 4.1. Simulations were run separately for 26 paddocks around the EC tower and coupled to a footprint analysis to estimate net fluxes at the EC tower. Overall, we obtained good agreement between modelled and measured fluxes, especially for the comparison of evapotranspiration rates, with model efficiency of 0.96 for weekly averaged values of the validation data. For net ecosystem productivity (NEP) comparisons, observations were omitted when cattle grazed the paddocks immediately around the tower. With those points omitted, model efficiencies for weekly averaged values of the validation data were 0.78, 0.67 and 0.54 for daytime, night-time and 24-hour NEP, respectively. While not included for model parameterisation, simulated gross primary production also agreed closely with values inferred from eddy covariance measurements (model efficiency of 0.84 for weekly averages). The study confirmed that CenW simulations could adequately model carbon and water exchange in grazed pastures. It highlighted the critical role of animal respiration for net CO2 fluxes, and showed that EC studies of grazed pastures need to consider the best approach of accounting for this important flux to avoid unbalanced accounting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Susanna Rutledge
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Isoude A Kuijper
- Landcare Research, Private Bag 11052, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Paul L Mudge
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand; Landcare Research, Private Bag 3127, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Nicolas Puche
- Landcare Research, Private Bag 11052, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Aaron M Wall
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Chris G Roach
- DairyNZ, Private Bag 3221, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Louis A Schipper
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - David I Campbell
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
193
|
Klammler G, Fank J. Determining water and nitrogen balances for beneficial management practices using lysimeters at Wagna test site (Austria). Sci Total Environ 2014; 499:448-462. [PMID: 24982000 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The shallow Murtal aquifer south of Graz, Austria, provides easily withdrawable groundwater, which is supplied as drinking water without any chemical treatment. The aquifer is also used intensively by agriculture. Common agricultural management practices are the main source for diffuse nitrogen leaching and high groundwater nitrate concentrations. To safeguard the coexisting use of these two important resources, lysimeters are operated at the agricultural test site Wagna, Austria, and the influence of two beneficial management practices--low nitrogen input and organic farming--on nitrogen leaching towards groundwater is investigated. The technical lysimeter design as presented here consists of: (1) high-resolution weighing cells, (2) a suction controlled lower boundary condition for sucking off seepage water, thus emulating undisturbed field conditions, (3) comparative soil temperature, water content and matrix potential measurements inside and outside the lysimeter at different depths, (4) an installation of the lysimeters directly into test plots and (5) a removable upper lysimeter ring enabling machinery soil tillage. Our results indicate that oasis effects or fringe effects of the lysimeter cylinder on unsaturated water flow did not occur. Another lysimeter cultivated with lawn is operated for observing grass-reference evapotranspiration, which resulted in good agreement with calculated grass-reference evapotranspiration according to the FAO-Penman-Monteith method. We conclude that lysimeters installed at Wagna test site did not show any fringe effects and, thus, are appropriate tools for measuring water balance elements and nitrogen leaching of arable and grass land at point scale. Furthermore, our results for the period of 2005 to 2011 show that beneficial management practices reduced nitrate leaching and, hence, may allow for a sustainable coexistence of drinking water supply and agriculture in the Murtal aquifer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Klammler
- JOANNEUM RESEARCH Graz, RESOURCES, Institute for Water, Energy and Sustainability, Elisabethstraße 18/II, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Johann Fank
- JOANNEUM RESEARCH Graz, RESOURCES, Institute for Water, Energy and Sustainability, Elisabethstraße 18/II, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
194
|
Aguado A, Capote N, Romero F, Dodd IC, Colmenero-Flores JM. Physiological and gene expression responses of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) plants differ according to irrigation placement. Plant Sci 2014; 227:37-44. [PMID: 25219304 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To investigate effects of soil moisture heterogeneity on plant physiology and gene expression in roots and leaves, three treatments were implemented in sunflower plants growing with roots split between two compartments: a control (C) treatment supplying 100% of plant evapotranspiration, and two treatments receiving 50% of plant evapotranspiration, either evenly distributed to both compartments (deficit irrigation - DI) or unevenly distributed to ensure distinct wet and dry compartments (partial rootzone drying - PRD). Plants receiving the same amount of water responded differently under the two irrigation systems. After 3 days, evapotranspiration was similar in C and DI, but 20% less in PRD, concomitant with decreased leaf water potential (Ψleaf) and increased leaf xylem ABA concentration. Six water-stress responsive genes were highly induced in roots growing in the drying soil compartment of PRD plants, and their expression was best correlated with local soil water content. On the other hand, foliar gene expression differed significantly from that of the root and correlated better with xylem ABA concentration and Ψleaf. While the PRD irrigation strategy triggered stronger physiological and molecular responses, suggesting a more intense and systemic stress reaction due to local dehydration of the dry compartment of PRD plants, the DI strategy resulted in similar water savings without strongly inducing these responses. Correlating physiological and molecular responses in PRD/DI plants may provide insights into the severity and location of water deficits and may enable a better understanding of long-distance signalling mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Aguado
- IFAPA Las Torres-Tomejil, Carretera Sevilla-Cazalla Km 12.2, Alcalá del Río, 41200 Sevilla, Spain; Unidad Asociada al CSIC "Sostenibilidad de los recursos naturales agua y suelo en agroecosistemas áridos y semiáridos" (IFAPA Las Torres-Tomejil-IRNAS), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Nieves Capote
- IFAPA Las Torres-Tomejil, Carretera Sevilla-Cazalla Km 12.2, Alcalá del Río, 41200 Sevilla, Spain; Unidad Asociada al CSIC "Sostenibilidad de los recursos naturales agua y suelo en agroecosistemas áridos y semiáridos" (IFAPA Las Torres-Tomejil-IRNAS), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Fernando Romero
- IFAPA Las Torres-Tomejil, Carretera Sevilla-Cazalla Km 12.2, Alcalá del Río, 41200 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ian C Dodd
- The Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, LA1 4YQ, UK.
| | - José M Colmenero-Flores
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia (IRNAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Av. Reina Mercedes 10, 41012 Sevilla, Spain; Unidad Asociada al CSIC "Sostenibilidad de los recursos naturales agua y suelo en agroecosistemas áridos y semiáridos" (IFAPA Las Torres-Tomejil-IRNAS), Sevilla, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
195
|
Riediger J, Breckling B, Nuske RS, Schröder W. Will climate change increase irrigation requirements in agriculture of Central Europe? A simulation study for Northern Germany. Environ Sci Eur 2014; 26:18. [PMID: 27752416 PMCID: PMC5044946 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-014-0018-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND By example of a region in Northern Germany (County of Uelzen), this study investigates whether climate change is likely to require adaption of agricultural practices such as irrigation in Central Europe. Due to sandy soils with low water retention capacity and occasional insufficient rainfall, irrigation is a basic condition for agricultural production in the county of Uelzen. Thus, in the framework of the comprehensive research cluster Nachhaltiges Landmanagement im Norddeutschen Tiefland (NaLaMa-nT), we investigated whether irrigation might need to be adapted to changing climatic conditions. To this end, results from regionalised climate change modelling were coupled with soil- and crop-specific evapotranspiration models to calculate potential amounts of irrigation to prevent crop failures. Three different runs of the climate change scenario RCP 8.5 were used for the time period until 2070. RESULTS The results show that the extent of probable necessary irrigation will likely increase in the future. For the scenario run with the highest temperature rise, the results suggest that the amount of ground water presently allowed to be extracted for irrigation might not be sufficient in the future to retain common agricultural pattern. CONCLUSIONS The investigation at hand exemplifies data requirements and methods to estimate irrigation needs under climate change conditions. Restriction of ground water withdrawal by German environmental regulation may require an adaptation of crop selection and alterations in agricultural practice also in regions with comparable conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Riediger
- Chair of Landscape Ecology, University of Vechta, Driverstraße 22, PO Box 15 53, Vechta, 49377 Germany
| | - Broder Breckling
- Chair of Landscape Ecology, University of Vechta, Driverstraße 22, PO Box 15 53, Vechta, 49377 Germany
| | - Robert S Nuske
- Northwest German Forest Research Station, Grätzelstraße 2, Göttingen, 37079 Germany
| | - Winfried Schröder
- Chair of Landscape Ecology, University of Vechta, Driverstraße 22, PO Box 15 53, Vechta, 49377 Germany
| |
Collapse
|
196
|
Curneen SJ, Gill LW. A comparison of the suitability of different willow varieties to treat on-site wastewater effluent in an Irish climate. J Environ Manage 2014; 133:153-161. [PMID: 24374244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Short rotation coppiced willow trees can be used to treat on-site wastewater effluent with the advantage that, if planted in a sealed basin and sized correctly, they produce no effluent discharge. This paper has investigated the evapotranspiration rate of four different willow varieties while also monitoring the effects of three different effluent types on each variety. The willow varieties used are all cultivars of Salix viminalis. The effluents applied were primary (septic tank) effluent, secondary treated effluent and rain water (control). The results obtained showed that the addition of effluent had a positive effect on the evapotranspiration. The willows were also found to uptake a high proportion of the nitrogen and phosphorus from the primary and secondary treated effluents added during the first year. The effect of the different effluents on the evapotranspiration rate has been used to design ten full scale on-site treatment systems which are now being monitored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S J Curneen
- Environmental Engineering Group, Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - L W Gill
- Environmental Engineering Group, Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
197
|
Stovin V, Poë S, Berretta C. A modelling study of long term green roof retention performance. J Environ Manage 2013; 131:206-215. [PMID: 24178313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This paper outlines the development of a conceptual hydrological flux model for the long term continuous simulation of runoff and drought risk for green roof systems. A green roof's retention capacity depends upon its physical configuration, but it is also strongly influenced by local climatic controls, including the rainfall characteristics and the restoration of retention capacity associated with evapotranspiration during dry weather periods. The model includes a function that links evapotranspiration rates to substrate moisture content, and is validated against observed runoff data. The model's application to typical extensive green roof configurations is demonstrated with reference to four UK locations characterised by contrasting climatic regimes, using 30-year rainfall time-series inputs at hourly simulation time steps. It is shown that retention performance is dependent upon local climatic conditions. Volumetric retention ranges from 0.19 (cool, wet climate) to 0.59 (warm, dry climate). Per event retention is also considered, and it is demonstrated that retention performance decreases significantly when high return period events are considered in isolation. For example, in Sheffield the median per-event retention is 1.00 (many small events), but the median retention for events exceeding a 1 in 1 yr return period threshold is only 0.10. The simulation tool also provides useful information about the likelihood of drought periods, for which irrigation may be required. A sensitivity study suggests that green roofs with reduced moisture-holding capacity and/or low evapotranspiration rates will tend to offer reduced levels of retention, whilst high moisture-holding capacity and low evapotranspiration rates offer the strongest drought resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Stovin
- Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
198
|
Zhang X, Izaurralde RC, Arnold JG, Williams JR, Srinivasan R. Modifying the Soil and Water Assessment Tool to simulate cropland carbon flux: model development and initial evaluation. Sci Total Environ 2013; 463-464:810-822. [PMID: 23859899 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is one of the most compelling modern issues and has important implications for almost every aspect of natural and human systems. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model has been applied worldwide to support sustainable land and water management in a changing climate. However, the inadequacies of the existing carbon algorithm in SWAT limit its application in assessing impacts of human activities on CO2 emission, one important source of greenhouse gasses (GHGs) that traps heat in the earth system and results in global warming. In this research, we incorporate a revised version of the CENTURY carbon model into SWAT to describe dynamics of soil organic matter (SOM)-residue and simulate land-atmosphere carbon exchange. We test this new SWAT-C model with daily eddy covariance (EC) observations of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) and evapotranspiration (ET) and annual crop yield at six sites across the U.S. Midwest. Results show that SWAT-C simulates well multi-year average NEE and ET across the spatially distributed sites and capture the majority of temporal variation of these two variables at a daily time scale at each site. Our analyses also reveal that performance of SWAT-C is influenced by multiple factors, such as crop management practices (irrigated vs. rainfed), completeness and accuracy of input data, crop species, and initialization of state variables. Overall, the new SWAT-C demonstrates favorable performance for simulating land-atmosphere carbon exchange across agricultural sites with different soils, climate, and management practices. SWAT-C is expected to serve as a useful tool for including carbon flux into consideration in sustainable watershed management under a changing climate. We also note that extensive assessment of SWAT-C with field observations is required for further improving the model and understanding potential uncertainties of applying it across large regions with complex landscapes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Zhang
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
199
|
Barbagallo S, Consoli S, Russo A. A one-layer satellite surface energy balance for estimating evapotranspiration rates and crop water stress indexes. Sensors (Basel) 2009; 9:1-21. [PMID: 22389585 DOI: 10.3390/s90100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Revised: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 12/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Daily evapotranspiration fluxes over the semi-arid Catania Plain area (Eastern Sicily, Italy) were evaluated using remotely sensed data from Landsat Thematic Mapper TM5 images. A one-source parameterization of the surface sensible heat flux exchange using satellite surface temperature has been used. The transfer of sensible and latent heat is described by aerodynamic resistance and surface resistance. Required model inputs are brightness, temperature, fractional vegetation cover or leaf area index, albedo, crop height, roughness lengths, net radiation, air temperature, air humidity and wind speed. The aerodynamic resistance (rah) is formulated on the basis of the Monin-Obukhov surface layer similarity theory and the surface resistance (rs) is evaluated from the energy balance equation. The instantaneous surface flux values were converted into evaporative fraction (EF) over the heterogeneous land surface to derive daily evapotranspiration values. Remote sensing-based assessments of crop water stress (CWSI) were also made in order to identify local irrigation requirements. Evapotranspiration data and crop coefficient values obtained from the approach were compared with: (i) data from the semi-empirical approach “Kc reflectance-based”, which integrates satellite data in the visible and NIR regions of the electromagnetic spectrum with ground-based measurements and (ii) surface energy flux measurements collected from a micrometeorological tower located in the experiment area. The expected variability associated with ET flux measurements suggests that the approach-derived surface fluxes were in acceptable agreement with the observations.
Collapse
|
200
|
Qin C, Jia Y, Su Z, Zhou Z, Qiu Y, Suhui S. Integrating Remote Sensing Information Into A Distributed Hydrological Model for Improving Water Budget Predictions in Large-scale Basins through Data Assimilation. Sensors (Basel) 2008; 8:4441-4465. [PMID: 27879946 PMCID: PMC3697185 DOI: 10.3390/s8074441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2008] [Revised: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This paper investigates whether remote sensing evapotranspiration estimates can be integrated by means of data assimilation into a distributed hydrological model for improving the predictions of spatial water distribution over a large river basin with an area of 317,800 km2. A series of available MODIS satellite images over the Haihe River basin in China are used for the year 2005. Evapotranspiration is retrieved from these 1×1 km resolution images using the SEBS (Surface Energy Balance System) algorithm. The physically-based distributed model WEP-L (Water and Energy transfer Process in Large river basins) is used to compute the water balance of the Haihe River basin in the same year. Comparison between model-derived and remote sensing retrieval basin-averaged evapotranspiration estimates shows a good piecewise linear relationship, but their spatial distribution within the Haihe basin is different. The remote sensing derived evapotranspiration shows variability at finer scales. An extended Kalman filter (EKF) data assimilation algorithm, suitable for non-linear problems, is used. Assimilation results indicate that remote sensing observations have a potentially important role in providing spatial information to the assimilation system for the spatially optical hydrological parameterization of the model. This is especially important for large basins, such as the Haihe River basin in this study. Combining and integrating the capabilities of and information from model simulation and remote sensing techniques may provide the best spatial and temporal characteristics for hydrological states/fluxes, and would be both appealing and necessary for improving our knowledge of fundamental hydrological processes and for addressing important water resource management problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changbo Qin
- Department of Water Resources, Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research (IWHR), Beijing, 100038, China.
- International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), 7500AA Enschede, The Netherlands.
- The Center for Clean Technology and Environmental Policy (CSTM), University of Twente, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Yangwen Jia
- Department of Water Resources, Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research (IWHR), Beijing, 100038, China.
| | - Z Su
- International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), 7500AA Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Zuhao Zhou
- Department of Water Resources, Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research (IWHR), Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Yaqin Qiu
- Department of Water Resources, Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research (IWHR), Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Shen Suhui
- Department of Water Resources, Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research (IWHR), Beijing, 100038, China
| |
Collapse
|