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Singab ANB, Youssef DTA, Noaman E, Kotb S. Hepatoprotective effect of flavonol glycosides rich fraction from Egyptian Vicia calcarata Desf. against CCl4-induced liver damage in rats. Arch Pharm Res 2006; 28:791-8. [PMID: 16114493 DOI: 10.1007/bf02977344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The hepatoprotective activity of flavonol glycosides rich fraction (F-2), prepared from 70% alcohol extract of the aerial parts of V. calcarata Desf., was evaluated in a rat model with a liver injury induced by daily oral administration of CCl4 (100 mg/kg, b.w) for four weeks. Treatment of the animals with F-2 using a dose of (25 mg/kg, b.w) during the induction of hepatic damage by CCl4 significantly reduced the indices of liver injuries. The hepatoprotective effects of F-2 significantly reduced the elevated levels of the following serum enzymes: alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The antioxidant activity of F-2 markedly ameliorated the antioxidant parameters including glutathione (GSH) content, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), plasma catalase (CAT) and packed erythrocytes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) to be comparable with normal control levels. In addition, it normalized liver malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and creatinine concentration. Chromatographic purification of F-2 resulted in the isolation of two flavonol glycosides that rarely occur in the plant kingdom, identified as quercetin-3, 5-di-O-beta-D-diglucoside (5) and kaempferol-3, 5-di-O-beta-D-diglucoside (4) in addition to the three known compounds identified as quercetin-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnosyl- (1-->6)-beta-D-glucoside [rutin, 3], quercetin-3-O-beta-D-glucoside [isoquercitrin, 2] and kaempferol-3-O-beta-D-glucoside [astragalin, 1]. These compounds were identified based on interpretation of their physical, chemical, and spectral data. Moreover, the spectrophotometric estimation of the flavonoids content revealed that the aerial parts of the plant contain an appreciable amount of flavonoids (0.89%) calculated as rutin. The data obtained from this study revealed that the flavonol glycosides of F-2 protect the rat liver from hepatic damage induced by CCl4 through inhibition of lipid peroxidation caused by CCl4 reactive free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel Nasser B Singab
- Dept. of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt.
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202
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Lei T, Zhang XZ, He M. [Effect of multi-glycosides of tripterygii on latent autoimmune diabetes in adults in early stage]. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 2006; 26:511-3. [PMID: 16841666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the effect of multi-glycosides of tripterygii (MT) on latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA) in early stage. METHODS The diabetic patients were divided randomly into the control group treated with insulin alone and the treated group treated with insulin and MT. Levels of insulin, C-peptide, glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody (GADAb) and islet cell antibody (ICA) were detected and clinical features of the disease were observed. RESULTS There was no difference between the control group and the treated group in body mass index (BMI), the occurrence of diabetic keto-acidosis and the function of liver and kidney (P >0.05). After 6 months' treatment, the positive rate of GADAb and ICA decreased, plasma levels of fasting and 2 hrs post-prandial C-peptide and also 2 hrs post-prandial true insulin in the treated group increased (P <0.01), while all the above indexes improved more significantly after 1 year's treatment (P <0.01). CONCLUSION Compared treatment of insulin with multi-glycosides of tripterygii in early stage of LADA has better effects in relieving autoimmune injury and recovering function of pancreatic island than insulin alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Lei
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai.
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203
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Oinonen PP, Jokela JK, Hatakka AI, Vuorela PM. Linarin, a selective acetylcholinesterase inhibitor from Mentha arvensis. Fitoterapia 2006; 77:429-34. [PMID: 16815640 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2006.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2006] [Accepted: 05/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Linarin (acacetin-7-O-beta-d-rutinoside) from the flower extract of Mentha arvensis showed selective dose dependent inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi P Oinonen
- Drug Discovery and Development Technology Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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204
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Isozaki Y, Yoshida N, Kuroda M, Takagi T, Handa O, Kokura S, Ichikawa H, Naito Y, Okanoue T, Yoshikawa T. Effect of a novel water-soluble vitamin E derivative as a cure for TNBS-induced colitis in rats. Int J Mol Med 2006; 17:497-502. [PMID: 16465398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation mediated by oxygen free radicals plays an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Vitamin E is a lipid-soluble antioxidant and is generally considered to protect against lipid peroxidation of the cell membrane and to scavenge singlet oxygen and superoxide anion radical. Therefore, vitamin E or its derivatives are expected to have particular application for patients suffering from IBD. The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidative effects of the water-soluble vitamin E derivative, 2-(alpha-D-glucopyranosyl)methyl-2,5,7,8-tetra-methylchroman-6-ol(TMG), on the therapy of experimental colitis in rats. Colitis was induced in male Wistar rats weighing 200 g using an enema of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) dissolved in 50% ethanol; TMG dissolved in physiological saline was injected intra-peritoneally every day from 24 h after the enema of TNBS. The damage score, wet weight of the colon, and increase in body weight were estimated 1 week after the enema of TNBS. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBA-RS), an index of lipid peroxidation, and tissue-associated myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in the colonic mucosa were measured 1 week after the induction of colitis. As a result, increase in body weight was inhibited by the induction of colitis, although the inhibition was reduced in the group treated with TMG. The damage score, wet weight, TBA-RS and MPO activity were increased significantly in the colitis group; however, they were inhibited by the administration of TMG. These results suggest that TMG is effective for the treatment of colitis in rats induced by TNBS. In the future, TMG could be a new therapeutic agent for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Isozaki
- Inflammation and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Japan
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205
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Prokudina EN, Galegov GA, Semenova NP, Grigor'eva TA, Kalinina TS, Litvin AA, Stovbun SV, Sergienko VI. [Effect of Panavir on influenza A virus reproduction]. Antibiot Khimioter 2006; 51:7-10. [PMID: 17523415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Mitogenic properties of panavir, as well as its effect on the grippe virus reproduction in cell systems in vitro and the effect on the survival of mice with the experimental grippe infection were studied. It was shown that panavir had no cytotoxic action whereas it was characterized by pronounced mitogenic activity and subsequently could be considered as a perspective immunomodulator. Under in vitro conditions with the use of relatively high doses for the cell contamination with the grippe virus, panavir lowered the virus production in the cell systems. When the contaminating doses were low, panavir inhibited the virus production detected at the early stages of the infection. In the in vivo studies on mice with the experimental grippe infection panavir showed antigrippe activity against both the romantadine resistant and the remantadine nonresistant populations of the grippe A virus.
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Abstract
SUMMARY Phytochemical constituents of medicinal plants demonstrate inhibition of tissue and bacterial hyaluronidase. Echinacoside is a caffeoyl conjugate of Echinacea with known anti-hyaluronidase properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate the wound healing effects of Echinacea on vocal fold wound healing and functional voice outcomes. Pig animal model. METHODS Vocal fold injury was induced in 18 pigs by unilateral vocal fold stripping. The uninjured vocal fold served as control. Three groups of six pigs randomly received a topical application of 300, 600, or 1,200 mg of standardized Echinacea on the injured side. Animals were euthanized after 3, 10, and 15 days of wound healing. Phonation threshold pressure and vocal economy measurements were obtained from excised larynges. Treatment outcomes were examined by comparing the animals receiving treatment with a set of 19 untreated and 5 historical controls. Treatment effects on wound healing were evaluated by histologic staining for hyaluronan and collagen. Treated larynges revealed improved vocal economy and phonation threshold pressure compared with untreated larynges. Histologically, treated vocal folds revealed stable hyaluronan content and no significant accumulation of collagen compared with control. Findings provide a favorable outcome of anti-hyaluronidase treatment on acute vocal fold wound healing and functional measures of voice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Rousseau
- Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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207
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Abstract
A phytochemical study of the tubers of Hemsleya jinfushanensis L. T. Shen resulted in the isolation of four new cucurbitane glycosides, jinfushanosides A-D (1- 4), as well as four known compounds 5-8. Compounds 1-7 were tested for bioactivity against rabbit platelet aggregation induced by PAF, ADP, or AA. Among them, compounds 1, 5, 6 and 7 weakly inhibited PAF-induced platelet aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Chao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 610 Longquan Road, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China
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208
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Abstract
The chloroform extract of Valeriana officinalis led to the isolation of clionasterol-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside and a mixture of 6'-O-acyl-beta-D-glucosyl-clionasterols. The acyl moieties were identified as hexadecanoyl, 8 E,11 E-octadecadienoyl and 14-methylpentadecanoyl by alkaline hydrolysis followed by GC-MS analysis. The isolated compounds did not exhibit any anti-inflammatory, anticancer or cytotoxic activity when tested in a variety of in vitro cell-based assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas V Pullela
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
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209
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Abstract
Investigation of the stem bark of the unique Amazonian herbal plant Potalia amara yielded two new phenolic glycosides, potalioside A (1) and B (2), along with di-O-methylcrenatin (3), 2,6-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenol 1-glucoside and sweroside. The structures of potalioside A and B were established by interpretation of spectral data as 4-hydroxymethyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenyl 1-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside and 4-hydroxymethyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenyl 1-O-beta- D-xylopyranosyl(1-->6)- beta-D-glucopyranoside, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Cong Li
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
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210
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Wan YG, Sun W, Zhen YJ. [Preventive effect of multi-glycoside of tripterygium Wilfordii Hook. f. on proteinuria and mesangial injury in experimental mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis]. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 2005; 25:817-21. [PMID: 16248246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the preventive effect of multi-glycoside of Tripterygium Wilfordii Hook. f. (GYW) on proteinuria and mesentery injury in experimental mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis in vivo. METHODS The reversible anti-Thyl.1 antibody glomerulo nephritis model of rats was established with monoclonal antibody 1-22-3 and intervened with GTW, and a control group was set up in the same time. Changes of 24h urinary protein excretion, serum creatinine (Scr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total plasma protein (TP) and glomerular morphology were observed, and the level of mRNA expression of proliferative factors, including platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), in renal tissue was determined. RESULTS GTW could inhibit proteinuria and mesangial injury in anti-Thyl. 1 antibody nephritis model. The PDGF-BB and TGF-beta mRNA expression in the anti-Thy1.1 antibody nephritis model rats were increased for 2.84 and 1.64 times respectively to those in the normal control group. GTW could down-regulate the over-expression of PDGF-BB mRNA by 33.1%, it was significantly different to that in the control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION GTW could reduce the proteinuria and inhibit mesangial cells proliferation and extracellular matrix deposition, these effects maybe related to the down-regulating of PDGF-BB mRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-gang Wan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing
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211
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Nakanishi R, Yasumoto K. Multiglycosidorum tripterygii versus Tacrolimus for rat tracheal allografts. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2005; 28:588-93. [PMID: 16126404 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2005.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2004] [Revised: 04/14/2005] [Accepted: 04/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several other immunosuppressive agents still need to be found for rejection as alternatives to Tacrolimus in lung transplantation. We tried to elucidate the treatment effect of Multiglycosidorum tripterygii on tracheal allografts in comparison to that of Tacrolimus. METHODS Treatment effect of agents on tracheal allografts, undergoing incomplete immunosuppression for 12 weeks after transplantation, was investigated using a heterotopic rat tracheal transplantation model. Treatments with Tacrolimus (1.0 or 1.5mg/kg per day), Multiglycosidorum tripterygii (150 or 225mg/kg per day) and a combination of Tacrolimus (1.0mg/kg per day) and Multiglycosidorum tripterygii (150mg/kg per day) were applied as a therapy for allografts. Four weeks after administering this therapy, the effect of each treatment was investigated by the morphologic assessment of transplants. RESULTS Treatment group with high doses of Multiglycosidorum tripterygii demonstrated a significantly better graft patency and lower cartilage dislocation than that without any treatment and tended to show better morphological findings than the other treatment groups, in addition to being safe. Some of allografts with high doses of Tacrolimus or Multiglycosidorum tripterygii therapy had a viable epithelium and viable tracheal glands in part, whereas the allografts with other treatments showed almost a completely denuded epithelium. High doses of Multiglycosidorum tripterygii therapy demonstrated less infiltration of mononuclear cells into the allografts, whereas other therapies showed a higher infiltration of such cells. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that high doses of Multiglycosidorum tripterygii may be a useful alternative to Tacrolimus as an immunosuppressant for rat tracheal allografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Nakanishi
- Second Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan.
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Sturm HB, van Gilst WH, Swedberg K, Hobbs FDR, Haaijer-Ruskamp FM. Heart failure guidelines and prescribing in primary care across Europe. BMC Health Serv Res 2005; 5:57. [PMID: 16131393 PMCID: PMC1236923 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6963-5-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2004] [Accepted: 08/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major international differences in heart failure treatment have been repeatedly described, but the reasons for these differences remain unclear. National guideline recommendations might be a relevant factor. This study, therefore, explored variation of heart failure guideline recommendations in Europe. METHODS Treatment recommendations of 14 national guidelines published after 1994 were analyzed in relation to the heart failure treatment guideline of the European Society of Cardiology. To test potential relations between recommendations and prescribing, national prescribing patterns as obtained by a European study in primary care (IMPROVEMENT-HF) were related to selected recommendations in those countries. RESULTS Besides the 14 national guidelines used by primary care physicians in the countries contacted, the European guideline was used in four countries, and separate guidelines for specialists and primary care were available in another four countries. Two countries indicated that no guideline was used up to 2000. Comprehensiveness of the guidelines varied with respect to length, literature included and evidence ratings. Relevant differences in treatment recommendations were seen only in drug classes where evidence had changed recently (beta-blockers and spironolactone). The relation between recommendation and prescribing for selected recommendations was inconsistent among countries. CONCLUSION Differences in guideline recommendations are not sufficient to explain variation of prescribing among countries, thus other factors must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidrun B Sturm
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wiek H van Gilst
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Karl Swedberg
- Göteborg University, Department of Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-416 85 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - FD Richard Hobbs
- Department of Primary Care and General Practice, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Flora M Haaijer-Ruskamp
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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213
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Koo KA, Sung SH, Park JH, Kim SH, Lee KY, Kim YC. In vitro neuroprotective activities of phenylethanoid glycosides from Callicarpa dichotoma. Planta Med 2005; 71:778-80. [PMID: 16142646 DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-871213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Ten phenylethanoid glycosides, forsythoside B, acteoside, 2'-acetylacteoside, poliumoside, brandioside, echinacoside, isoacteoside, cistanoside H and E-tubuloside E as well as a new compound, Z-tubuloside E, were isolated from the n-BuOH fraction of Callicarpa dichotoma Raeuschel (Verbenaceae) by bioactivity-guided fractionation using glutamate-injured primary cultures of rat cortical cells as a screening system. These phenylethanoid glycosides significantly attenuated glutamate-induced neurotoxicity at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Ah Koo
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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214
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Shen YH, Weng ZY, Zhao QS, Zeng YQ, Ríos JL, Xiao WL, Xu G, Sun HD. Five new triterpene glycosides from Lysimachia foenum-graecum and evaluation of their effect on the arachidonic acid metabolizing enzyme. Planta Med 2005; 71:770-5. [PMID: 16142644 DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-871289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Five new oleanane-type triterpene saponins, named foenumosides A ( 1), B ( 2), C ( 3), D ( 4) and E ( 5), were isolated from the aerial parts of Lysimachia foenum-graecum Hance. Their structures were identified on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR techniques, including H-H COSY, HMQC, HMBC, HMQC-TOCSY, ROESY experiments as well as chemical methods. We have evaluated the cytotoxity of 1 - 5 against rat and human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and the effect of 5 on the arachidonic acid metabolizing enzyme. All compounds showed a high degree of toxicity except for compound 5, while 5 notably reduced the production of leukotriene B (4) (LTB (4)) from rat peritoneal leukocytes with an IC (50) value of 74 microM without inhibiting human elastase. Compound 5 also reduced the production of 12-HHTrE and 12-HETE by 14 % and 50 % as a measurement for cyclooxygenase-1 and 12-lipoxygenase inhibition at 100 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Heng Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, PR China
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215
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Setzer WN, Vogler B, Schmidt JM, Petty JL, Haber WA. Isolation of cupanioside, a novel cytotoxic and antibacterial long-chain fatty alcohol glycoside from the bark of Cupania glabra. Planta Med 2005; 71:686-8. [PMID: 16041658 DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-871278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The crude dichloromethane extract from the stem bark of Cupania glabra (Sapindaceae), showed in vitro cytotoxic activity against Hep G2, MDA-MB-231, Hs 578T, MCF-7, and PC-3 cells, and antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. Bioactivity-directed fractionation led to isolation of the new 1-O-[2'',3'',4''-tri-O-acetyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta- D-glucopyranosyl]-hexadecanol (cupanioside) as the cytotoxic agent. The structure was elucidated by analysis of 2D-NMR spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- William N Setzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama, USA.
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216
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Li JX, Hareyama T, Tezuka Y, Zhang Y, Miyahara T, Kadota S. Five new oleanolic acid glycosides from Achyranthes bidentata with inhibitory activity on osteoclast formation. Planta Med 2005; 71:673-9. [PMID: 16041655 DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-871275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Bioassay-directed fractionation of a butanol-soluble fraction of methanol extract of the root of Achyranthes bidentata resulted in the isolation of 5 new oleanolic acid glycosides 1-5, namely, 18-(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-28-oxoolean-12-en-3beta-yl 3-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid methyl ester (1), achyranthoside C dimethyl ester (2), achyranthoside C butyl dimethyl ester (3), achyranthoside E dimethyl ester (4), and achyranthoside E butyl methyl ester (5), together with 10 known compounds. Their structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic interpretation and chemical methods. All the oleanolic acid glycosides inhibited the formation of osteoclast-like multinucleated cells (OCLs) induced by 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 in a co-culture assay system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Xin Li
- Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China.
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217
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Li JX, Hareyama T, Tezuka Y, Zhang Y, Miyahara T, Kadota S. Five new oleanolic acid glycosides from Achyranthes bidentata with inhibitory activity on osteoclast formation. Planta Med 2005. [PMID: 16041655 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00320.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Bioassay-directed fractionation of a butanol-soluble fraction of methanol extract of the root of Achyranthes bidentata resulted in the isolation of 5 new oleanolic acid glycosides 1-5, namely, 18-(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-28-oxoolean-12-en-3beta-yl 3-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid methyl ester (1), achyranthoside C dimethyl ester (2), achyranthoside C butyl dimethyl ester (3), achyranthoside E dimethyl ester (4), and achyranthoside E butyl methyl ester (5), together with 10 known compounds. Their structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic interpretation and chemical methods. All the oleanolic acid glycosides inhibited the formation of osteoclast-like multinucleated cells (OCLs) induced by 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 in a co-culture assay system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Xin Li
- Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China.
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218
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Hamed AI, Piacente S, Autore G, Marzocco S, Pizza C, Oleszek W. Antiproliferative hopane and oleanane glycosides from the roots of Glinus lotoides. Planta Med 2005; 71:554-60. [PMID: 15971128 DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-864158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Three new hopane saponins, lotoidosides A - C (1 - 3), and four new oleanane saponins, lotoidosides D - G (4 - 7), were isolated from the roots of Glinus lotoides L. (Molluginaceae). Their structures were determined by extensive 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopy and ESI-MS analysis. The antiproliferative activity of compounds 1 - 7 was evaluated using three continuous murine and human culture cell lines J774.A1, HEK-293, WEHI-164. Compounds 1 and 3 - 7 showed significant cytotoxicity against the three cancer cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 0.018 to 0.62 microM, while compound 2 exerted a weak activity only against the cell line HEK-293.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arafa I Hamed
- Botany Department, Aswan Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Aswan, Egypt
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219
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Singh M, Tiwari V, Jain A, Ghoshal S. Protective activity of picroliv on hepatic amoebiasis associated with carbon tetrachloride toxicity. Indian J Med Res 2005; 121:676-82. [PMID: 15937372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Picroliv, isolated from the root and rhizome of Picrorhiza kurroa, is known to have significant hepatoprotective activity. Its effects against Entamoeba histolytica induced liver damage are not studied. This study aims to evaluate the hepatoprotective action of picroliv against the hepatotoxic changes induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) and E. histolytica infection in three animal models. METHODS Mastomys, gerbils and albino Druckray rats were used in this study. A total of 30 animals were used for each model and divided into five groups of six animals each. Group I consisted of normal animals. The rest received six doses of CCl(4) intraperitoneally. Group II served as hepatotoxic control. The remaining animals were infected intraperitoneally with E. histolytica trophozoites, of which group III was the hepatotoxic plus amoeba infected control. The remaining animals were divided into two groups, one received hepatoprotective agent picroliv and the other silymarin. All animals were sacrificed seven days post amoeba infection. RESULTS Increase in the enzyme levels induced by CCl(4) was further elevated after E. histolytica infection. Pinpoint abscesses were found to develop only in gerbils after E. histolytica infection. Picroliv was found to possess hepatoprotective activity against amoebic liver abscess. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSION Significant recovery obtained in serum enzyme levels in all animal models and against amoebic liver abscess in gerbils on treatment with picroliv indicated that picroliv possesses therapeutic activity against E. histolytica induced hepatic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhulika Singh
- Division of Microbiology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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220
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Kuo YC, Lu CK, Huang LW, Kuo YH, Chang C, Hsu FL, Lee TH. Inhibitory effects of acylated kaempferol glycosides from the leaves of Cinnamomum kotoense on the proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Planta Med 2005; 71:412-5. [PMID: 15931577 DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-864134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A new chemical entity, namely kaempferol 3- O-alpha-L-[2-(Z)-p-coumaroyl-4-(E)-p-coumaroyl]rhamnopyranoside (1), and the known kaempferol 3-O-alpha-L-[2,4-di-(E)-p-coumaroyl]rhamnopyranoside (2) have been isolated from the methanolic extract of leaves of Cinnamomum kotoense. Structural elucidation of compounds 1 and 2 were achieved on the basis of spectroscopic analysis. The effects of compounds 1 and 2 on phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulated cell proliferation were studied towards human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The results indicated that compounds 1 and 2 suppressed PBMC proliferation induced by PHA with an IC50 value of 5.0 +/- 1.3 and 6.0 +/- 1.5 microM, respectively. Interleukin-2 production in activated PBMC inhibited by compounds 1 and 2 were in a concentration-dependent manner. Therefore, we suggested that compounds 1 and 2 in C. kotoense were likely the growth modulators for PBMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuh-Chi Kuo
- Department of Life Science, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan
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221
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Hostanska K, Nisslein T, Freudenstein J, Reichling J, Saller R. Evaluation of cell death caused by triterpene glycosides and phenolic substances from Cimicifuga racemosa extract in human MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2005; 27:1970-5. [PMID: 15577215 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.27.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that the antiproliferative effect of an isopropanolic-aqueous extract of black cohosh (iCR) on MCF-7 estrogen-responsive breast cancer cell line was due to the induction of apoptosis. Here we address the question to what extent apoptosis induction can be ascribed to one of the two major fractions of iCR, the triterpene glycosides (TTG) or the cinnamic acid esters (CAE). Furthermore, as black cohosh is routinely administered orally, we studied whether its pharmacological effects would withstand simulated liver metabolism. The antiproliferative activity of TTG and CAE as well as of rat liver microsomal S9 fraction-pretreated iCR on MCF-7 cells were investigated by WST-1 assay. The features of cell death induced were tested for apoptosis by flow cytometry (light scatter characteristics, Annexin V binding). Irrespective of S9-pretreatment, 72 h iCR treatment induced a dose-dependent down regulation of cell proliferation with the same IC50 of 55.3 microg/ml dry residue which corresponds to 19.3 microg/ml TTG and 2.7 microg/ml CAE. The degree of apoptotic MCF-7 cells was also comparable. Both, isolated TTG and CAE fractions inhibited cell growth, the IC50 being 59.3 microg/ml and 26.1 microg/ml, respectively. Interestingly, whereas IC50 and apoptosis induction correspond well for the whole extract, TTG and CAE fractions induced apoptosis at concentrations (25 and 5 microg/ml) well below those required for significant growth inhibition. Observation of this study firstly showed that the cell death induced by iCR withstood a metabolic activation system. In addition, TTG and CAE compounds significantly contributed to its apoptotic effect, CAE being the more potent inhibitor of proliferation and apoptosis inducer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Hostanska
- Department of Internal Medicine F GEL 102, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland.
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222
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Ma RQ, Chen JW, Pang JX, Lan XJ, Qiu CH. [Protective effects of total paeony glycoside against global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in gerbils]. Di Yi Jun Yi Da Xue Xue Bao 2005; 25:471-3. [PMID: 15837661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the protective effects of the total paeony glycoside (TPG) against global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in gerbils. METHODS Gerbils models of global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury were prepared by bilateral common carotid artery ligation for 12 min followed by 24-hour reperfusion. The effects of TGP on brain edema index, superoxide dismatase (SOD) activity and malonaldehyde (MDA) concentration of the cerebral tissue homogenate and pathology of the brain were examined 24 h after model establishment. RESULTS Compared with the model group, TPG at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg could significantly relieve brain edema, enhance SOD activity and lower MDA concentration in the gerbils. Pathological examination showed that the gerbils with TPG treatment had milder injury of the cells in the hippocampal CA1 region. CONCLUSIONS TPG has obvious protective effects against global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Qiang Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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223
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Chen TH, Chen SC, Chan P, Chu YL, Yang HY, Cheng JT. Mechanism of the hypoglycemic effect of stevioside, a glycoside of Stevia rebaudiana. Planta Med 2005; 71:108-113. [PMID: 15729617 DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-837775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the effects of stevioside on the glucose and insulin metabolism in 2 models of diabetes in rats, STZ-induced diabetic rats and NIDDM diabetic rats induced by feeding with fructose. Stevioside (0.5 mg/kg), lowered the blood glucose levels in STZ-induced diabetic rats, peaking at 90 min. Stevioside administered twice daily also demonstrated dose-dependent effects in lowering the glucose levels in both diabetic rat models. Stevioside reduced the rise in glucose during glucose tolerance testing in normal rats. Stevioside dose-dependently decreased protein levels of phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and PEPCK mRNA after 15 days of treatment. Stevioside also reduced insulin resistance in the diabetic animals as shown by the glucose lowering effects of tolbutamide. In conclusion, stevioside was able to regulate blood glucose levels by enhancing not only insulin secretion, but also insulin utilization in insulin-deficient rats; the latter was due to decreased PEPCK gene expression in rat liver by stevioside's action of slowing down gluconeogenesis. Further studies of this agent for the treatment of diabetes appear warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tso-Hsiao Chen
- Department of Medicine, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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224
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Hu JF, Yoo HD, Williams CT, Garo E, Cremin PA, Zeng L, Vervoort HC, Lee CM, Hart SM, Goering MG, O'Neil-Johnson M, Eldridge GR. Miniaturization of the structure elucidation of novel natural products--two trace antibacterial acylated caprylic alcohol glycosides from Arctostaphylos pumila. Planta Med 2005; 71:176-180. [PMID: 15729628 DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-837787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput isolation, purification and analysis methods applied to natural products libraries from plants gave rise to the discovery of two novel acylated caprylic alcohol glycosides (1, 2) produced by Arctostaphylos pumila. The NMR spectra were acquired using the CapNMR probe and performed on mass-limited samples, which enabled us to elucidate the structures of 2,6-diacetyl-3,4-diisobutyl-1- O-octylglucopyranoside (1, 200 microg) and 2,6-diacetyl-3,4-dimethylbutyl-1- O-octylglucopyranosid (2, 70 microg). Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited antibacterial activity against Gram-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with an MIC of 128 microg/mL and 64 microg/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Feng Hu
- Lead Discovery and Rapid Structure Elucidation Group, Sequoia Sciences, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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225
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Abstract
The antifungal activity of a crude steroidal glycoside extract from Yucca gloriosa flowers, named alexin, was investigated in vitro against a panel of human pathogenic fungi, yeasts as well as dermatophytes and filamentous species. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by an agar dilution method. Alexin had a broad spectrum of antifungal activity, found to reside entirely in the spirostanoid fraction. The major tigogenyl glycosides, yuccaloeside B and yuccaloeside C, exhibited MICs between 0.39 and 6.25 microg[sol ]mL for all the tested yeast strains except for two (C. lusitaniae and C. kefyr). They were also active against several clinical Candida isolates known to be resistant to the usual antifungal agents. The MICs for the dermatophytes were between 0.78 and 12.5 microg[sol ]mL. The most sensitive filamentous species was A. fumigatus (MIC = 1.56 microg[sol ]mL). For most of the strains, the MICs of both glycosides were similar to those of the reference antifungal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Favel
- Laboratory of Botany and Cryptogamy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marseille, France
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226
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Abstract
Two new norsesquiterpenoid glycosides named austrosides A and B, together with four known glycosides, corchoionoside B, citroside A, icariside B1 and dihydrophaseic acid 4'- O-beta- D-glucopyranoside were isolated from Evodia austrosinensis. Their structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR data. Austroside A showed antibacterial activity against the Staphylococcus aureus antibiotic resistant strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsong Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, P. R. China
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227
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Kang TH, Cho H, Oh H, Sohn DH, Kim YC. Flavonol glycosides with free radical-scavenging activity of Saururus chinensis. Fitoterapia 2005; 76:115-7. [PMID: 15664474 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2004.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2004] [Accepted: 10/25/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
An activity-guided fractionation procedure was used to identify the antioxidative components of the aerial parts of Saururus chinensis. The antioxidant activity was investigated with the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical- and superoxide anion-scavenging assays. Three active compounds (flavonol glycosides) were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Kang
- College of Pharmacy and PFRC, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea
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228
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Abstract
Luteolin and its derived glycosides such as a cynaroside, cesioside, isoorientin and stereolensin have been isolated and identified from different kinds of plant species. A (13)C NMR spectroscopic analysis of stereolensin has been done for the first time. These structurally related flavonoids were examined in vitro for their abilities to inhibit enzymes for the synthesis of thromboxane B(2) and leukotriene B(4) as well as hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity. Luteolin exhibited a high inhibitory activity against both thromboxane and leukotriene synthesis. In particular, a remarkable inhibitory effect was observed against leukotriene enzyme activity. The glycosides, cynaroside and cesioside, possessed a moderate inhibition activity against both enzyme synthesis pathways, while isoorientin and stereolensin exhibited selectively good activity against thromboxane synthesis. All the flavonoids showed excellent scavenging activity for the hydrogen peroxide at all the concentrations tested. The results demonstrated that the reactivities of luteolin and its related glycosides against arachidonic acid synthesis and hydrogen peroxide scavenging are dependent on their molecular structures. The presence of ortho-dihydroxy groups at the B ring and OH substitution pattern at C-5 position of the A ring could significantly contribute to the antiinflammatory and antioxidant activities of flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Odontuya
- Natural Product Chemistry Laboratory, Research Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar.
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229
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To complete a year's follow-up on patients from a 6-week double-blind pilot comparison between 44 Doloteffin patients and 44 rofecoxib patients being treated for acute exacerbations of chronic low back pain. METHODS 38 "ex-Doloteffin" (ex-D) and 35 "ex-rofecoxib" (ex-R) received Doloteffin containing 60 mg harpagoside per day for up to 54 weeks. Pain, additional analgesics, mobility, general health and adverse events were assessed from diary records and at 6-week visits. RESULTS 53 patients remained in the follow-up at 24 weeks and 43 at 54 weeks. There was never any convincing difference between ex-D and ex-R patients in the number of patients remaining in follow-up, diary pain scores, additional analgesics, Arhus Index and health assessment questionnaire scores (HAQ). Individual fluctuations notwithstanding, the follow-up showed a slight overall improvement on the improvements in Arhus and HAQ scores achieved in the pilot study (MANOVA p = 0.016). Of the 21761 patient-days, the respective percentages with no, mild, moderate, severe and excruciating pain were 28%, 39%, 22%, 8.5% and 1.5%, respectively. Few patients requested additional treatments for their pain. Three patients suffered from minor adverse drug reactions. CONCLUSION Long-term treatment with Doloteffin was well tolerated. Ex-R and ex-D patients behaved similarly during the follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chrubasik
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 9, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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230
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Lee KY, Yoon JS, Kim ES, Kang SY, Kim YC. Anti-acetylcholinesterase and anti-amnesic activities of a pregnane glycoside, cynatroside B, from Cynanchum atratum. Planta Med 2005; 71:7-11. [PMID: 15678366 DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-837743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that seven pregnane glycosides including cynatroside B isolated from the roots of Cynanchum atratum significantly inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. In the present study, we have characterized the mode of AChE inhibition of cynatroside B, the most potent of these isolated pregnane glycoside inhibitors. We have also examined the anti-amnesic activity of cynatroside B. Cynatroside B inhibited AChE activity in a dose-dependent manner and its IC50 value was 3.6 microM. The mode of AChE inhibition by cynatroside B was reversible and non-competitive in nature. Moreover, cynatroside B (1.0 mg/kg body weight i.p.) significantly ameliorated memory impairments induced in mice by scopolamine (1.0 mg/kg body weight s.c.) as measured in the passive avoidance and the Morris water maze tests. We suggest, therefore, that cynatroside B has both anti-AChE and anti-amnesic activities that may ultimately hold significant therapeutic value in alleviating certain memory impairments observed in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Yong Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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231
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Abstract
A novel biologically active flavonol glycoside (1), C26H28O17, m.p. 216-217 degrees C, was isolated from the chloroform soluble fraction of the ethanol extract of the stems of Teramnus labialis. Its structure was characterized as 3,5,7,3',4',5'-hexahydroxyflavone-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1-->3)-O-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside by spectral analysis. The chloroform extract of compound (1) showed antibacterial and antifungal activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Yadava
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Products Laboratory, Dr. H.S. Gour University, Sagar (M.P.) 470003, India.
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232
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Vasil'eva IS, Vanyushkin SA, Zinov'eva SV, Udalova ZV, Paseshnichenko VA, Sonin MD. Effect of furastanol glycosides of Dioscorea on lipid peroxidation in tomatoes infected with gall nematode. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2004; 397:207-9. [PMID: 15523826 DOI: 10.1023/b:dobi.0000039464.00717.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I S Vasil'eva
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr 33, Moscow, 117071 Russia
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233
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Abstract
Macrophage-specific delivery systems are the subject of much interest nowadays, because of the fact that macrophages act as host cells for many parasites and bacteria, which give rise to outbreak of so many deadly diseases(eg. leishmaniasis, tuberculosis etc.) in humans. To combat these deadly diseases initially macrophage specific liposomal delivery system were thought of and tested in vivo against experimental leishmaniasis in hamsters using a series of indigenous or synthetic antileishmanial compounds and the results were critically discussed. In vitro testing was also done against macrophages infected with Leishmania donovani, the causative agent for visceral leishmaniasis. The common problem of liposome therapy being their larger size, stability and storage, non-ionic surfactant vesicles, niosomes were prepared, for their different drug distribution and release characteristics compared to liposomes. When tested in vivo, the retention capacity of niosomes was found to be higher than that of liposomes due to the absence of lipid molecules and their smaller size. Thus the therapeutic efficacy of certain antileishmanial compounds was found to be better than that in the liposomal form. The niosomes, being cheaper, less toxic, biodegradable and non-immunogenic, were considered for sometime as suitable alternatives to liposomes as drug carriers. Besides the advent of other classical drugs carriers(e.g. neoglycoproteins), the biggest challenge came from polymeric delivery vehicles, specially the polymeric nanoparticles which were made of cost effective biodegradable polymers and different natural polymers. Because of very small size and highly stable nature, use of nanoparticles as effective drug carriers has been explored in experimental leishmaniasis using a series of antileishmanial compounds, both of indigenous and synthetic origin. The feasibility of application in vivo, when tested for biological as well as for other physicochemical parameters, the polymeric nanoparticles have turned out to be the best and thus may be projected for effective use in the clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukul Kumar Basu
- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja SC Mullick Road, Kolkata-700032, India.
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234
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Gagnier JJ, Chrubasik S, Manheimer E. Harpgophytum procumbens for osteoarthritis and low back pain: a systematic review. Altern Ther Health Med 2004; 4:13. [PMID: 15369596 PMCID: PMC520753 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-4-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2004] [Accepted: 09/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this review is to determine the effectiveness of Harpagophytum procumbens preparations in the treatment of various forms of musculoskeletal pain. METHODS Several databases and other sources were searched to identify randomized controlled trials, quasi-randomized controlled trials, and controlled clinical trials testing Harpagophytum preparations in adults suffering from pain due to osteoarthritis or low back pain. RESULTS Given the clinical heterogeneity and insufficient data for statistical pooling, trials were described in a narrative way, taking into consideration methodological quality scores. Twelve trials were included with six investigating osteoarthritis (two were identical trials), four low back pain, and three mixed-pain conditions. CONCLUSIONS There is limited evidence for an ethanolic Harpagophytum extract containing less than <30 mg harpagoside per day in the treatment of knee and hip osteoarthritis. There is moderate evidence of effectiveness for (1) the use of a Harpagophytum powder at 60 mg harpagoside in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the spine, hip and knee; (2) the use of an aqueous Harpagophytum extract at a daily dose of 100 mg harpagoside in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic non-specific low back pain; and (3) the use of an aqueous extract of Harpagophytum procumbens at 60 mg harpagoside being non-inferior to 12.5 mg rofecoxib per day for chronic non-specific low-back pain (NSLBP) in the short term. Strong evidence exists for the use of an aqueous Harpagophytum extract at a daily dose equivalent of 50 mg harpagoside in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic NSLBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel J Gagnier
- Department of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Canada
- Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine, Academics, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sigrun Chrubasik
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Herbal Medicines Research and Education Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Eric Manheimer
- Center for Integrative Medicine, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, USA
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235
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The severity of the alcohol hangover may be related to inflammation induced by impurities in the alcohol beverage and byproducts of alcohol metabolism. An extract of the Opuntia ficus indica (OFI) plant diminishes the inflammatory response to stressful stimuli. METHODS In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial, 64 healthy, young adult volunteers were randomly assigned to receive OFI (1600 IU) and identical placebo, given 5 hours before alcohol consumption. During 4 hours, subjects consumed up to 1.75 g of alcohol per kilogram of body weight. Hangover severity (9 symptoms) and overall well-being were assessed on a scale (0-6), and blood and urine samples were obtained the following morning. Two weeks later, the study protocol was repeated with OFI and placebo reversed. RESULTS Fifty-five subjects completed both the OFI and placebo arms of the study. Three of the 9 symptoms-nausea, dry mouth, and anorexia-were significantly reduced by OFI (all P<.05). Overall, the symptom index was reduced by 2.7 points on average (95% confidence interval, -0.2 to 5.5; P =.07), and the risk of a severe hangover (>/=18 points) was reduced by half (odds ratio, 0.38; 95% confidence interval, 0.16-0.88; P =.02). C-reactive protein levels were strongly associated with hangover severity; the mean symptom index was 4.1 (95% confidence interval, 1.2-7.1; P =.007) higher in subjects with morning C-reactive protein levels greater than 1.0 mg/L. In addition, C-reactive protein levels were 40% higher after subjects consumed placebo compared with OFI. CONCLUSIONS The symptoms of the alcohol hangover are largely due to the activation of inflammation. An extract of the OFI plant has a moderate effect on reducing hangover symptoms, apparently by inhibiting the production of inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Wiese
- General Internal Medicine Section and Department of Medicine, Tulane Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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236
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Kim HY, Moon BH, Lee HJ, Choi DH. Flavonol glycosides from the leaves of Eucommia ulmoides O. with glycation inhibitory activity. J Ethnopharmacol 2004; 93:227-230. [PMID: 15234757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2003] [Accepted: 03/08/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Eucommia ulmoides leaves have been used as a folk remedy for the treatment of diabetes in Korea. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify the compounds which inhibited advanced glycation end-product formation, one of main molecular mechanisms implicated in diabetic complications. A new flavonol glycoside, quercetin 3-O-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (1), and known flavonols kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (astragalin) (2), quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (isoquercitrin) (3) were isolated from the leaves of Eucommia ulmoides. These compounds exhibited glycation inhibitory activity comparable to that of aminoguanidine, a known glycation inhibitor. The results suggest that the flavonol glycosides with glycation inhibitory activity could be attributed to the anti-diabetic action of Eucommia ulmoides leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Young Kim
- Food Function Research Division, Korea Food Research Institute, Kyonggi-do 463-746, Republic of Korea.
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237
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Abstract
Our extensive investigation of the isoprenoidal glycosides in Solanaceae and Leguminosae folk medicines to verify their effectiveness, antiherpes and anti-HSV-1 activities, and hepatoprotective action has resulted in the elucidation of their structure-activity relationships. We present the respective optimum models here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Nohara
- Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan.
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238
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Zhou X, Zhou Z, Jin M, Wang H, Wu M, Song Y, Cheng H. Clinical study of qingluo tongbi granules in treating 63 patients with rheumatoid arthritis of the type of yin-deficiency and heat in collaterals. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2004; 24:83-7. [PMID: 15270253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
The study is to observe the therapeutic effects of qingluo tongbi granules (QTG) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and the changes of immune indexes. In this series there are 63 patients with RA of the type of yin-deficiency and heat in collaterals treated with QTG as the treated group and 55 patients of the same type treated with Tripterygium glycosides as the control group. As a result, in the treated group, the curative rate is 9.52% and markedly effective rate 38.10%, with a total effective rate of 90.48%, while the corresponding rates in the control group are 0, 20.00% and 83.64%, respectively. The curative effect in the treated group is better than that in the control group (P<0.05). Besides, no obvious adverse reactions are found in the treated group. Therefore it is concluded that as a new medicinal preparation QTG is safe and effective in the treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Zhou
- The First Clinical Medicine College, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 282, Hanzhong Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210020
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239
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Abstract
Rubus species (family Rosaceae) have been cultivated for centuries for their fruits. These and other parts of the plants have been used traditionally for therapeutic purposes. This article highlights these and the potential they can offer. The constituents reported in the various species and those demonstrated to exhibit pharmacological properties have been reviewed. In the search for biologically active compounds, one of the most frequently documented species of the genus is the raspberry plant R. idaeus, the leaves of which have been used traditionally as a uterine relaxant and stimulant during confinement, for the treatment of diarrhoea and similar enteric disorders and as an astringent. Investigations of other Rubus species have been conducted in the last twenty-five years, and have shown possible application for a wide range of indications, including bacterial infections, anxiety, pain and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Patel
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 2DT, UK.
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240
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Chin YW, Lim SW, Kim YC, Choi SZ, Lee KR, Kim J. Hepatoprotective flavonol glycosides from the aerial parts of Rodgersia podophylla. Planta Med 2004; 70:576-577. [PMID: 15229810 DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-827163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A new acylated flavonoid, quercetin 3- O-alpha- L-(5"- O-acetyl)-arabinofuranoside ( 1), along with six known flavonoids ( 2 - 7) were isolated from the aerial parts of Rodgersia podophylla. The new flavonoid 1 exhibited 50.1 % hepatoprotective activity at a concentration of 100 microM, and the three known compounds 3, 5 and 6 showed hepatoprotective activities at a concentration of 50 microM (45.7, 50.8 and 57.3 %, respectively) by using the primary cultures of rat hepatocytes injured by H (2)O (2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Won Chin
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Shinlim-dong, Kwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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241
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Kuo WH, Wang CJ, Young SC, Sun YC, Chen YJ, Chou FP. Differential induction of the expression of GST subunits by geniposide in rat hepatocytes. Pharmacology 2004; 70:15-22. [PMID: 14646352 DOI: 10.1159/000074238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2003] [Accepted: 06/23/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Geniposide, an iridoid glycoside isolated from the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, has the biological capabilities of detoxication, antioxidation, and anticarcinogenesis. In this study, the mechanism of geniposide affecting the GST (glutathione S-transferase) system was investigated. Primary cultured rat hepatocytes were treated with geniposide and examined for total GST activity and expression of GST subunits. The results showed that the geniposide-induced GST activity was dose and time dependent. Western blotting data demonstrated that geniposide induced increased protein levels of GSTM1 and GSTM2 (approximately 1.7- and 1.8-fold of control, respectively), but did not increase those of GSTA1. The corresponding transcripts levels were confirmed by RT-PCR. Using PD98059, the effect of geniposide was verified to be via the MEK pathway. The results suggest that geniposide possesses a potential for detoxication by inducing GST activity via increasing the transcription of GSTM1 and GSTM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Hsien Kuo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Armed Forces Taichung General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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242
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Abstract
CPH 82 [Reumacon] is a purified semi-synthetic lignan glycoside derivative of the medicinal herb Podophyllum emodi which inhibits microtubules. It has been jointly developed by the Swedish company Conpharm and the Swiss company Analytecon SA. It has potential for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The Swedish company Meda is licencing the drug and has taken over responsibility from Conpharm for development and documentation. Meda has obtained exclusive marketing rights for Reumacon worldwide, except in China and some other Asian countries. Meda plans to form partnerships with other companies in the marketing of Reumacon.
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243
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Abstract
Various preparations from Harpagophytum procumbens are used for the treatment of pain in the joints and lower back. Studies published in peer reviewed journals were examined for their clinical evidence. The studies offering preparations with 50-60 mg harpagoside in the daily dosage are of better quality and provide more reliable evidence on efficacy than a proprietary ethanol extract with half the amount of harpagoside per day. However, confirmatory studies are required for all extracts before they can gain a place in treatment guidelines.
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244
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Abstract
A new diterpene glycoside, acantrifoside D ( 1), as well as three known diterpenes (2 - 4) were isolated from the stem bark of Acanthopanax trifoliatus from Vietnam. Based on 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data, their chemical structures were determined to be 16alpha,17-dihydroxy- ent-kauran-19-oic acid 16- O-beta- D-glucopyranoside 19- O-beta- D-glucopyranosyl ester (1), 16alpha H,17-isovalerate- ent-kauran-19-oic acid (2), ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid ( 3), and ent-pimara-8(14),15-dien-19-oic acid (4). Compounds 2 - 4 had strong inhibitory effects against COX-1 in an in vitro assay, with IC50 values of 0.21, 0.15 and 0.19 mM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phan Van Kiem
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, NCST, Nghiado, Caugiay, Hanoi, Vietnam
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245
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Liu HW, Wang SL, Cai B, Qu GX, Yang XJ, Kobayashi H, Yao XS. New furostanol glycosides from the rhizomes of Dioscorea futschauensis R. Kunth. J Asian Nat Prod Res 2003; 5:241-247. [PMID: 14604232 DOI: 10.1080/1028602031000105849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Two new furostanol glycosides, 26-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-3beta,26-dihydroxy-23(S)-methoxyl-25(R)-furosta-5,20(22)-dien-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1 --> 2)-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1 --> 3)]-beta-D-glucopyranoside (dioscoreside E, 1) and 26-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-3beta,26-dihydroxy-25(R)-furosta-5,20(22)-dien-3-O-alpha-Lrhamnopyranosyl(1 --> 2)-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl (1 --> 3)]-beta-D-glucopyranoside (prtotogracillin, 2), together with 11 known furostanol glycosides were isolated from the rhizomes of Dioscorea futshauensis R. Kunth. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis (NMR and FABMS). Their anti-fungal activity against the plant pathogenic fungus Pyricularia oryzae and cytotoxic activity on K562 cancer cell line were evaluated in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Wei Liu
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua-Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China
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246
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Corsino J, Silva DHS, Zanoni MVB, da Silva Bolzani V, França SC, Pereira AMS, Furlan M. Antioxidant flavan-3-ols and flavonol glycosides from Maytenus aquifolium. Phytother Res 2003; 17:913-6. [PMID: 13680823 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
TLC autographic assay revealed, in the EtOAc extract obtained from leaves and root bark of Maytenus aquifolium (Celastraceae), the presence of fi ve compounds exhibiting antioxidant properties towards beta-carotene. They were isolated and identified as epigallocatechin (1), (+) ouratea-catechin (2), proanthocyanidin (3), kaempferol 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1-->6)-O-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl (1-->3)-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)]-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl (4) and quercetin 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1-->6)-O-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl (1-->3)-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)]-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl (5). The isolates were investigated for their redox properties using cyclic voltammetry and for their radical scavenging abilities through spectrophotometric assay on the reduction of 2,2-diphenyl-pycryl hydrazyl (DPPH). These results were correlated to the inhibition of beta-carotene bleaching on TLC autographic assay and to structural features of the flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Corsino
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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247
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Boje K, Lechtenberg M, Nahrstedt A. New and known iridoid- and phenylethanoid glycosides from Harpagophytum procumbens and their in vitro inhibition of human leukocyte elastase. Planta Med 2003; 69:820-825. [PMID: 14598207 DOI: 10.1055/s-2003-43225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Ten compounds, harpagoside (1), 8- p-coumaroylharpagide (2), 8-feruloylharpagide (3), 8-cinnamoylmyoporoside (4), pagoside (5), acteoside (6), isoacteoside (7), 6'- O-acetylacteoside (8), cinnamic acid (9) and caffeic acid (10) were isolated from the storage roots of Harpagophytum procumbens, Pedaliaceae. Compounds 1, 2, 6, 7 and 9 are known for H. procumbens; 3 and 10 were isolated the first time from H. procumbens; compounds 4, 5 and 8 are new natural products. Their structures were elucidated using spectroscopic data (NMR, with NOE, COSY and HMBC experiments, UV, [alpha]). The inhibitory activity of aqueous extracts of the roots of H. procumbens and H. zeyheri as well as the main compounds isolated from H. procumbens was tested on human neutrophile elastase. Although inhibition was comparatively weak a dose-dependence was observed. An IC (50) of 542 microg/mL was determined for the aqueous extract of H. procumbens, but 1012 microg/mL for that of H. zeyheri. 6'- O-Acetylacteoside (8), that is not present in H. zeyheri, inhibited the enzyme with an IC (50) of 47 microg/mL (70 microM), compound 7 with 179 microg/mL (286 microM), 2 with 179 microg/mL (331 microM), 5 with 154 microg/mL (260 microM) and 10, which was also used as reference compound, with an IC (50) of 86 microg/mL (475 microM). The IC (50) values of acteoside, harpagoside, cinnamic acid and stachyose were higher than 300 microg/mL and thus not further determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Boje
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Phytochemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Hittorstrasse 56, 48149 Münster, Germany
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248
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Oh H, Kang DG, Kwon TO, Jang KK, Chai KY, Yun YG, Chung HT, Lee HS. Four glycosides from the leaves of Abeliophyllum distichum with inhibitory effects on angiotensin converting enzyme. Phytother Res 2003; 17:811-3. [PMID: 12916084 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The bioassay-guided fractionation of the n-BuOH extract of Abeliophyllum distichum afforded acteoside (1), isoacteoside (2), rutin (3), and hirsutrin (4). Compounds 1-3 moderately inhibited the angiotensin I converting enzyme activity in a dose-dependent manner. Compounds 1-3 showed the 50% inhibitory concentration values of 228 micro g/mL, 290 micro g/mL, and 278 micro g/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuncheol Oh
- Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chonbuk, Republic of Korea
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249
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Moharram FA, Marzouk MS, El-Toumy SAA, Ahmed AAE, Aboutabl EA. Polyphenols of Melaleuca quinquenervia leaves--pharmacological studies of grandinin. Phytother Res 2003; 17:767-73. [PMID: 12916075 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Four polyphenolic acid derivatives and three ellagitannins were isolated from the leaves of Melaleuca quinquenervia (Clav.) S. T. Blake for the first time. Their structures were elucidated as gallic acid (1), ellagic acid (2), 3-O-methylellagic acid (3), 3,4,3'-tri-O-methylellagic acid (4), 2,3-O-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-(alpha/beta)-D-(4)C(1)-glucopyranose (5), castalin (6) and grandinin (7) on the basis of chemical, mass spectrometric (-ve ESI-MS) and spectroscopic (UV, (1)H-, (13)C NMR, (1)H,(1)H-, (1)H,(13)C-COSY, (1)H,(1)H-TOCSY and HMBC) analyses. Grandinin (the major compound) showed radical scavenging properties by its reaction with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical [EC(50) = 4.3 +/- 0.3 micro g mL(-1)]. It was found to be relatively nontoxic in mice [LD(50) = 316 mg Kg(-1) b.wt.]. It exhibited a significant dose-dependent (35-70 mg Kg(-1)) hypoglycemic effect by significantly reducing blood glucose level in basal condition and after heavy glucose load in normal mice. Moreover, it reduced the elevated blood glucose level in STZ-induced diabetic mice. In addition, grandinin reduced the elevated blood urea nitrogen and serum lipid peroxides in STZ-induced diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Moharram
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
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250
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Abstract
An unusual monoterpene glycoside named dissectol A ( 1) was isolated from the EtOH extract of Incarvillea dissectifoliola, and its structure was determined by 1D and 2D NMR data. The antimicrobial bioassays showed that dissectol A had modest inhibitory activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis when compared to rifampicin in an agar diffusion assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, P. R. China
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